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THE HATCH LITH.CO. NEW YORK 





aay LIBRARY: oF 


UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE. 


NTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE ELEMENTS AND INITIAL Je 


|| TANTS OF AIR, EARTH AND WATER; RISE AND FALL OF 


NATIONS ; PLANETS, SUNS, MOONS, STARS, COMETS} 
COINS AND CURRENCY; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES} 
BANKING AND BROKERAGE; MILITARY, 
CIVIL, AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING AND 
SURVEYING ; HUMAN ANATOMY 
AND PHYSIOLOGY; DtSCOVER- 

IES, ANIMALS, PLANTS, 

MINERALS; 


‘TIONAL DEBTS; LAWS; LANDS: SHIPS; STORMS, TORNADOES, 
CYCLONES; FISHERIES; AND A MYRIAD OF 
OTHER SUBJECTS. 


COMPILED BY 
PROF, io Big We WILLIAMS, 


sithor of *‘Analysis of Gems,” etc,, etc.,) assisted by a number of 
leading Sctentists and other learned Professors. 


NEW YORK: 








PREFACE. 


—— 


| ‘The intent of the hablishers and compilers has been 
% to make a work to fill a void felt in almost every house , 
| hold; to furnish in a single book “an abstract and brief 

" chronicle” of a-multitude of things—many of which are. 
difficult of access to the general reader, who is not the 


~ owner of a well-stocked library. Very carefully writ, : 
| cen essays are » devoted ve et every a and science, — 


es othe: Vocabularies of Hwee, ; Spelling 
: and eee of Ancient DS aupis Names5, 

























































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LIBRARY OF 








ABA 


_A, the first letter of the alphabet of all 
the known languages, except the Ethio- 
_pic,in whichit is the thirteenth and 
the Runic in which itisthetenth. It 
stands for the indefinite article as, a 
man ; for the sixth note inthe gamut, 
for the first of the dominical letters in 
the calender,as a numeral for oneamong 
the Greeks and 500 among the Romans, 


or with a stroke over it A, 5,000, for an 
abreviation, as A. M.Artium, Magister, 
Master of Arts, 
A. A. A. In Chemistry stands for Al- 
magam or Amalgamation. 
A.1. Amark to denote a ship of the 
first-class, as to newness and being sea- 
- worthy. 
'  AAM. ADutch measure of liquids, 
varying from 35 to 41 English gallons, 
_- AARD-VARK. An edentate animal, a 
_ (aative of Southern Africa. 
| AARD-WOLF. A carniferous animal 
intermediate between the Civit and the 
Hyena. 
AAVORA. The fruit of a species of 
' West Indian palm tree. 
_ AB. The Hebrew name of father. In 
- the Jewish calendar, the llth month of. 
the civil year, and the fifth of the ec- 
clesiastical year, answering to a part of 
July and of August. In the Syriac cal- 
endar, Ab is the last summer month. 
ie ABABILO. A fabulous animal woich 
- ‘has the feet ofa dog and the beak ofa 
' bird, mentioned in the Koran. 
ABACA. A kind of flax, which grows 
in the Philippine Islands. 
ABACAY. The calangay, a species of 


7 


parrot. 

ABACISOUS. In archeology, any flat 
~Memoer, the square compartment of a 
‘Mosaic pavement. 

_ ABACUS. An instrument for calcula- 
‘¥ion, consisting of a board of an oblong 
figure, divided by several lines or wires, 
and mounted with an equal number of 
alls arranged so as to express units, 
tens, hundreds, thousands, &c. The 
Wall on the lowest line expresses 1; each 
those on the second line, 10, &. ; } 


ORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA — 


UNIVERSAL 


VN 


AL 


UWLEDGE, 








ABE 


those in the middle space’, halfas much 
as those on the lines above them, 





ABADA. A species of large African 
Deer, which has two Korns on its fore- 
head anda third on the nape of its” 
neck. 

ABBEVILLE FLINTS. Rude flint im- 
plements in the form of spear-heads, 
&c., foundin great abundance in the 
post-tertiary sands and gravels of the 
river Somme near Abbeville, in France. 

ABDALAYVI. The Egyptian melon. 

ABDALS. Certain religious fanatics 
in Persia and other Mohammedan coun- 
tries, who occasionally rush into the 
streets, and attempt to kill all they 
meet who are ofa different religion to 
themselves. 

ABDERITE. An inhabitant of Abaera, 
in Thrace. Democritus is called from 
being a native of this town, and as he 
was much prone to laughter, foolish or 
incessant laughter has been termed 
abderian. 

ABELIANS, ABELONIANS, or ABEL- 
ITES. In church history, a sect which 
arose in Africa during the reign of Ar- 
cadius ; they married, but lived in con- 
tinence, after the manner, as they pre- 
tended, of Abel, and attempted to main- 
tain the sect by adopting the children 
of others. USAR, 

ABERRATION, A small apparcatmo- 
tion in the fixed stars, discovered by 
Mr, Molyneux and Dr. Bradley in the 
year 1725; also a deviation of therays of 
light, when inflected bya speculum by 








2 ABS 
whieh they ave prevented mocting in the 
game point 
ABETTOR. Gne who instigates another 
to commit a crime. 

ABEYANCE. The expectancy of an 
estate, honour, or title. 

ABJURATION. A declaration on oath, 
that the son of James Il. and his issue 
have no right to the throne of Great Erit- 
ein; also a voluntary banishment, or leav- 
ing the realm on oath never to return. 

ABLACTATION. A sort of engrafling 
trees, by leaving the graft on its proper 
stock, until it be-fully incorporated with 
tie new stock. 

ABLATIVE, The sixth case of nouns in 

mar. 

ABLUTION. A religious ceremony of 
washing the body, still used by the Turks 
and Mahomedans ; also the washing away 
the superfluous salts out of any body in 
chemistry. 

ABOLLA. A Kind of military garment 
worn by the Greek and Roman soldiers. 

ABOMASUS (in Comparative Ana- 
tomy). The fourth stomach of ruminating 
animals. 

ABORIGINES. The ancient and origi- 
nal inhabitants of [taly, supposed to, have 
been conducted into Latium by Saturn ; 
also the original inhabitants of any country 
In America we call the native Indians, 
Aborigines. 

ABOUT. A sea term, signifying the sit- 
uation of a ship immediately after she has 
tacked. 

ABRAUM., A kind of red clay used by 
cabinet-makerw to deepen the colour of 
new mohogany. 

ABREAST. Side by side ; a sea term, ap- 
plied to two or more ships ranged together. 

ABRIDGING (in Algebra). The re- 
ducing a compound equation to a more 
simple form. 

ABRIDGMENT. The bringing the con- 
tents of a book within a short compass ; in 
Law, the shortening a count or declaration. 

ABSCESS. An inflammatory tumour 
containing purulen. matter. 

ABSCISSE. The part of any diameter 
or axis of a curved line, cut off by a per- 
pendicular line, called the ordinate. 

ABSOLUTION. The forgiveness of 
sins, which the Romish Church claims to 
Yself the power of granting ; in Civil Law, 
asentence whereby the party accused is 
declared innocent of the crime laid to 
his charge. 

ABSORBENTS. Medicines that have 
the power of drying up redundant humours; 
also what causes acids to eflervesce, as 
quick lime, goéa, &c, 






ABSORBENT VESSELS. Vessels — 
whieh carry any fluid into the blood, as 
the inhalent arteries. 3 ye 

ABSORPTION (in Chemistry), The 
conversion of a gaseous fiuid into a liquid ‘ 
or solid, on being united with some other 
solid. , Pe 

ABSTERGENTS. Medicines for cleans. ae 
ing the body from impurities. 

ABSTINENCE. An abstaining from 
meat diet, as practised in the Romish 
Church. 

ABSTRACTION (in Logic). The intel 
lectual act of separating aceidents or qua: 
lities from the subjects in which they re 
side, as whiteness from snow or a wali 
&c.; animal from man or the brutes; in 
Chemistry, the process of drawing off by 
distillation any part of a compound, and 
returning it again any number ve times tc 
be redistilled. 

ABUTMENTS. The extremities of any 
body adjoining another, as the extremities _ 
of a bridge resting on the banks or sides 
of @ river. 

ABYSS. Any deep place that is bottom- 
less, or supposed to be so, a8 the deepest 
or unfathomable parts of the sea. 

ACACIA. A beautiful shrub, a species 
ef which bears rose-coloured flowers. A 
thorny shrub of this name is common in 
the deserts of Asia and Africa, and pre 
duces gum Arabic. 

ACADEMICS. A sect of ancient philo 
sophers ; the term is sometimes applied tc . 
the followers of Socrates and Plato. 

ACADEMY. A school or college for the 
improvement of arts and science, so called 
from the grove of Academus in Athens, 
where Plato kept his school of philosophy. 
The first modern school of this name is 
said to have been established by Charle- 
magne at the instance of Alcuin, an Eng- 
lish monk. This was followed by the — 
Academia Secretorum Nature, established 
at Naples by Baptista Porta in 1560, and 
the Academia Lyncei at Rome, &c. 

ACANTHUS (in Botany). Bearsbreech, 
or Brank Ursine, a plant, the leaves of 
which resemble those of the thistle; in 
Architecture, an ornament representing 
the leaves of the ancient acanthus, and 
used in the capitals of the Corinthian and — 
Composite orders. ey 

ACCELERATION. Increased velocity — 
of motion, particularly applied to falling 
bodies tending towa & the centre of we 
earth by the force of gravity. 

ACCENT. The raising or lowering ot 
the voice in pronouncing certain werds at 
syllables; also the marks en the words or 
syllables, ay the acute aecont marked thus 















serit ing a bill of exchange with the word 
‘ necepted,? and one’s name, by which the 


_ ACCESSARY, or ACCESSORY (in 
Law). One guilty of an offence, not prin- 
_eipally, but by participation. 
- ACCIDENCE. The rules of the inflex- 
ions of nouas and conjugations of verbs 
arranged in grammatical order. 
ACCIDENT. Thet which belongs acci- 
dentally, not essentially, to a thing, as 
_ sweetness, softness, &c.; in Grammar, the 
_ ermination of words. 
_ ACCIPITRES. The first order of birds, 
“having an angular toothlike process on the 
upper inandible, a3 the yulture, falcon, 
owl, &e. 


_ ACEPHALOCYST. A genus of Huto- 
oa or intestinal animal which has the 
appearance of a simple bladder, without 

any visable organs. 
_ ACELDAMA. in Hebrew, the field. of 


Jerusalem, and thus called, because pur- 
chased with the bribe which Judas took 
for betraying his Master. 
ACEPHALAN, or ACEPHALA. A class of 
- mollusca haying no head, as the oyster, 
_ scallop, mussel, &c. Also, an orde” of 
sects. 
ACEPHALT, or ACEPHALITHS. 1 
eclesiastical history, a name given to 
sveral sects who refused to follow 
ome noted leader ; also, to churchinen 
ho were under no bishop. In Eng- 
Ish, history, certain levellers in the 
n of Henry I. who acknowledged no 
ad or superior. In old law, men who 
d lands of no particular lords, that 
not in fee. 
\CETATES. 4 kind of salte formed 


by the combination of acetic acid with a 
salifiable base, as the acetate of patanh. 

ACETIC ACID. Radical dat ane ea 
the strongest acid of vinegar. 

ACHROMATIC. Colourtess, a term 
applied to telescopes which were first con- 
trived by Dr. Bevis, to remedy the aberra. 
tions of colour. 

ACIDIFIABLE. An epithet signifying 
capable of being converted into an aeid by 
an acidifying principle ; an acidifiable base — 
or radical is any-substance that is capable — 
of uniting with such a quantity of oxygen 
as to become possessed of acid properties. 

ACIDS, Substances which are in taste 
sour, change blue vegetable colours to red, _ 
and combine with all the alkalis, and most 
of the metallic oxides and earths, so as to 
form the compounds called salts. Acids are 
distinguished according to the proportion of 
oxygen which they contain, by the termina 
tions ic and ows, as nitric acid, and nitrous 
acid, sulphuric acid, and sulphurous aeid, 
the former of which denotes the larger dose 
or portion of oxygen, and the latter the 
smaller; when the syllable hypo is added 
to either of these, it denotes a degree below 
it in point of oxidizement, as hyposulphuric 
acid, an intermediate between the sulphur- 
ic and the sulphurons acid. 

ACONITE, Wotrssanr, or Mowus- 


Hoop. A plant, the flower of which resem- . 


bles the hood of a monk, 
poison. 

ACOUSTICS. That branch of science 
which treats of the nature and modifica- 
tions of sound. 

ACQUITTAL. A deliverance or setting 
free from the suspicion of guilt, as where 
a person, on the verdict of a jury, is found 
not guilty. 

ACQUITTANCE. A written discharg 
for a sum of money that has been paid. 

ACRE. A measure of land containing 
four square roods or 160 square poles of 
5 yards and a half, or 4840 square yards. 
The French acre is equal to one and 2 
quarter of an English acre. 

ACROSTIC. Aset of verses, the first 
letters of which compose some name, title, 
or motte. 

ACL TON (in Physics). The pressure rc 
percussion of one body against another 
By a law of nature, action and reaction 
are equal; that is, the resistance of th — 
body moved is always equal io che forees 
communicated to it. 

ACTION (in Rhetoric). The carriage 
and motion of the body, and the medule 
tion of the speaker’s voise in deliver? 
an address 


it is a violent 





ADS 


ACTINIA, A genus of Acalephans or 
polypes, which havea soft fleshy body, 
frequently ornamented with bright 
colors, and numerous tentacles or rays 
extending from their mouth, or centre, 
like the petals ofa double flower; and 
hence they have the popular names of 

.8ea-anemones and animal-flowers. 

ACTINOLITE. In mineralogy, ray- 
stone ; a bright green variety of horn- 
blende, occurring usually in glassy, 
prismatic crystals, and also fibrous.— 
Actinoliteschist, a metamorphic rock, 
consisting chiefly of actinolite, with a 
mixture of mica, quartz, or felspar. 

ACTINOMETER. An instrument for 
measuring the intensity of the sun’s 
rays. 

ADANSONIA, The Ethiopian sour 
gourd, monkey’s bread, or African cala- 
bash-tree. It is considered to be the 
largest of trees. It seldom exceeds 18 
feet in height, but its circumference is 
often upwards of 75 feet. 

ADAPIS. An extinct pachydermatous 
animal, resembling a hedge-hog. 

ACUPUNCTURATION.. A method of 
bleeding, in use among the Chinese and 
Japanese, by making punctures or pricks 
with a gold or silver needle in any part of 
the body. It is chiefly employed in head- 
aches, convulsions, lethargies, é&c. 

A. D. Anno Domini, In the Year of our 
Lord. 

ADAGIO. Softly, leisurely ; a term in 
music books, denoting the lowest time. ex- 
cept the grave, as adagio, adagio.’ 

ADAMANT. The hardest sort of dia- 
mond. 

ADAMANTINE SPAR. A sort of earth 
brought from India and China, that is of 
the hardness of adamant. 

ADDER. A small poisonous serpent 
with plaits on the belly, and scales under 
the tail ; it is not rare in Britain. 

ADDITION. The first of the four fun- 
damental rules in arithmetic, whereby sev- 
aral small sums are added or collected into 
one that is larger. 

ADHESION. The property of certain 
bodies to attact other bodies to themselves, 
er the force by which they adhere to each 
other. Adhesion denotes a union toa cer- 
tain point between two distinct bodies; 
cohesion, the union of the parts of the same 
body so as to form one mass. 

AD INFINITUM. Indefinitely, or to 
infinity. 

' ADIPOCERE. A substance resembling 
spermaceti, which is formed from an ani- 
mal in its progress towards decomposition. 

ADIT. The shaft or entrance into a 
mine. 

ADJECTIVE. A part of speech In gram-. 
maar, which is added to a noun to qualify 
tis signification, as bitter, sweet, de. 


4 





ADV 


ADJUTANT... One who assists a supe 
rior officer in a regiment; the adjutant-gem 
eral assists the general with his counse. 
and personal service. Also a very large 
bird of the heron species, common in India 
and New Holland. 

AD LIBITUM. At pleasure 

ADMEASUREMENT (in Law.) A writ 
against those who usurp more than their 
own share, as the Admeasvrement of Pas- 
ture, or the Admeasurement of Dower. 

ADMINISTRATOR (in Law). The 
person to whom the éstate and effects of 
an intestate are committed, for which he 
is to be accountable when required. 

ADMINICULUM. In natural history,a 
term applied to the abdominal semi- 
circular row of teeth, which enables 
certain subterranean insects to force 
their way to the surface. 

ADMETUS. In Mythology, a King of 
Pherae, in Thessaly, and one of the Ar- 
gonants who was at the hunt of the 
Calydonian boar. 

ADNA. In malacology, a term applied 
to those cut-shaped shells found at- 
tached to stones on the sea-coast; ww 
genus of Balani or Barnacles. 

ADNASCENT. In botany, growing t+ 


‘Jor on. 


ADNATE. Growing close to a stem. 

ADMONITIO FUSTIUM. A punish- 
ment among the Romans, which consisted 
in beating the offender with vine branches. 

ADONAI. The name of Jehovah 
among the Jews. 

ADONIS. A beautiful youth, the fa- 
vourite of Venus, who was killed by a 
wild boar. 

ADOPTION. A practice among the 
Greeks and Romans, of making a person 
one’s heir, and investing him with all the 
rights and privileges of a son. 

ADORATION. A mode of reverence or 
worship anciently shown to the gods by 
raising the right hand to the mouth, and 
gently applying it to the lips; also, in gen- 
eral, any outward sign of worship, by 
kissing the hand or feet, walking barefoot, 
and the like. 

AD VALOREM. 
value. 

ADVANCE (in Oommerce). Money 
paid before goods are delivered, work 
done, or any consideration given. 

ADVANCED-GUARD, or Van-euarp 
(in the Military Art). The first line a 
division of an army ranged or marehing 
in order of battle. 

AEVENT. The coming ofour Saviour; 
also the festival commemorative ef the 
Advent, which falls about a month before 
Chnstmas, 

ADVERB. A part of speech in gram 


According to the 











iS 4 Tabout 622 years after Christ, or — vulgas 
OF nification, as largely, neatly, éc. wera. 
he ADVERSARIA. Atermamongliterary| AEROLITES. Air stones, or meteori¢ 
men fer a common-place book, wherein | stones falling from the atmosphere, These 
hey enter whatever occurs to them in | aresemimetallic substances, the descent of 
eading er conversation that is worthy of | which, though mentioned several times ip 
notice. history, has not been authenticated until 
ADVERTISEMENT. Any printed pub- | these few years. The fact is, however, by 
- wation of circumstances, either of public | reeent and frequent obscrvation® now put 
or private interest, particularly that inser- | beyond all doubt Two showers of stone. 
ed in the newspaper. are recorded by Livy and Julius Obsequens 
ADULT (in Civil Law). Any person be- | to have happened at Rome in the reign of 
ween the ages of fourteen and twenty- | Tullus Hostilius, and during the consulate 
five. of C. Martius and M. Torquatus ; a shower 
. . ADULTERATION. The debasing of | ofiron, in Lucania, mentioned by Pliny, 
___ the coin by the mixture of impure metals ; | and a shower of mercury by Dion. Among 
‘ v" also the debasing and corrupting any arti- | the moderns, Carden speaks of about 12,000 
Miah cle of trade by putting improper ingredients | stones, one of 120 Ibs.another of 60 Ibs. that 
iy in it, as is done very frequently . fell at Padua in Italy, in 1510; Gassendi, 
ADYTUM. The inner and most sacred] of a stone of 59 Ibs. on Mount Vaiser in 
part of the ancient heathen temples.| Provence; Muschenbrock’ of two large 
None but the priests were permitted to} stones in Ireland; St. Amand de Baudin 
ching 1 ahr Lhe aie aaron: are oe and others of a great shower of stones 
Holies was a similar part of the Temple the environs of Agen, in 1790 ; the earl of 
Bristol of twelve stones at Sienna in Tus- 


of Jerusalem. 
ADVOWSON (in Law). A right of pre- | cany, in 1794; captain Topham of a stone 
of 56 lbs. at Wold Cottage in Yorkshire, 


sentation to a vacant church or benefice. 
in 1795; Dr. Southey of a stone of 10 Ibs. 


He who poasegses this right is called the : 
in Portugal, in 1796; Philosophical Maga- 


patron of the living. 
ZEDILE. A Roman magistrate who had } zine, of a mass of iron 70 cubic feet, m 
America, in 1800; and M. Fourcroy of 


_ the charge of all public buildings, partic- 
several stones from 10 lbs to 17 Ibs. that fell 


ularly temples and theatres, also of all 
streets, highways, &c. near L’Aigle in Normandy,, besides other 
_ GIS. A shield, particularly Jupiter’s instances equally well attested. The larger 
 Bhieid. sort of these stones have been seen as lumi- 
AENEID. The title of Virgil’s poem, in | noug bodies to move with great velocity, 
which he celebrates the adventures of | descending in an oblique direction, and 
frequently with a loud hissing noise, re- 


#Eneas. 
ZEQOLIAN HARP. A number of strings | sembling that of a mortar shell when pr- 
jected from a piece or ordnance. About 


#0 disposed as to produce a set of musical 
the year 1807, a luminous body of this 


_ tones by the action of the wind upon them. 
#EOLIC DIALECT. One of the five | kind passed over Connecticut, and explo- 
ded with a loud noise like thunder, and 


dialects of the Greek tongue. 
' ZEOLIPILE. A hollow metal ball with | large masses of stones fell in Weston in 
that state, specimens of which are in the 


‘a slender pipe, used to show the converti- 
Cabinet of Yale College. Though differ- 


#) _ bility of water into steam 
ent from every other known terrestrial sub- 


4ERA, or ERA. Any date, period, or 
event from which a calculation of years is | stance, yet these stones perfectly resemble 
each other, having the same appearance 


_.madeto commence. The principal eras 
are the vulgar, or Christian era, dated | of semimetallic matter, coated on the out- 
from the birth of our Saviour; the era of | side with a thin black incrustation, and 
_ the creation, dated by Usher and most | being in their chymical composition very 
_ Chronolegists 4004 years before the vulgar | similar. ‘The stone which fell at L’Aigle 
_ @ra ; the era of the Olympiads, dated about | in France, in 1803, was found to contain 
776 years before the vulgar wra; the wra| of silica 54 parts, oxyde of iron 36, mag- 
of the building of Rome, according to Var- | nesia 9, oxyde of nickel 3, sulphur 2, lime 
re, is 753 years before Christ, the wra of | 1; their specific gravity is also neariy the 
Nabonassar, so dated frem Nabonassar | same, being about 3 ond a half that of com- 
mon water. 


the first king of Babylon, 747 years before 
Cans ; the wra of the Hegira, or the Ma-| AERONAUT. One who sails or ficate 
in the air in a balloon. 


- “hometan @ra, dated from the hegira or 
i AEROSTATION. The modera a ef 






























































" 


flight “yaaa “hee Mecca. dated 





A 











6 AERGSTATION 


raising bodies imto and nivigating the air, 
by means of rarefied air eollected within 
an envelope, commonly called a ballooa 
(see Batnoon). 

AEROSTATION, History or. This 
art ig founded on the principle that any 
body which is specifically lighter tnan the 
atmospheric air will ke buoyed up by it 
and ascend ; a principle which kad doubt- 
less long been known, although tlie appli- 
cation of it to any practical purpose is 
altogether a modern invention. It is true 
that we read of the attempt which was 
made by Dedalus and his son Icarus to 
pass through the air by means of artificial 
wings, in which the former is said to have 
succeeded, but this is commonly reckoned 
among the fables ofthe ancients. Dr. Black, 
in his lectures in 1767 and 1768, was the 
first who, after Mr. Cavendish’s discovery 
of the specific gravity of inflammable air, 
threw out the suggestion that if a bladder, 
sufficiently light and thin, were filled with 

air, it would form a mass lighter than the 
game bulk of atmospheric air, and rise in 
it. But want of leisure prevented him from 
trying the experiment, the honour of which 
velonged to Mr. Cavallo, who communi- 
eated the result to the Royal Society, on 
the20th ofJuneinthatyear. After having 
made several unsuccessful experiments 
with bladders and skins, he succeeded at 
length in making soap balls, which being 
inflated with inflammable air, by dipping 
the end of a small glass tube, connected 
with a bladder containing the air, into a 
thick solution of soap, and gently compres- 
sing the bladder, ascended rapidly. These 
were the first sort of inflammable air bal- 
loons that were made. But while philoso- 
phers in Britain were thus engaged in ex- 
periments on this subject, two brothers, in 
France, Stephen and John Montgolfier, pa- 
per manufacturers of Annonay, had made 
rapid advances towards carrying the pro- 
jectintoexecution. Theiridea wasto form 
an artificial cloud by enclosing smoke in a 
fine silk bag; and having applied burning 
paper to an aperture at the bottom, the 
air thus became rarefied, and the hag as- 
cended to the height of 70 feet. This ex- 
periment was made at Avignon, about the 
middle of the year 1782, and was followed 
by other experiments, al! tending to prove 
the practicability of the scheme. An im- 
mense bag of linen, lined with paper, and 
containing upwards of 23,000 cubic ft., was 
found to have « power of lifting about 500 
pounds, including its own weight. Burning 
chopped straw and wool under the aperture 
ofthe machine caused it toswell and ascend 


im the gpace o{ ten minutes to the height of! culty it was found to be 35 pounds lightes- 






6008 feet: when exhausted, it fell to ths 
ground at the distsace of some thousand 

feet from tue place whera itascended. In 

an experiment tried before the Academy 

of Sciences, a large balloon was made to 

lift eight persons from the ground, who 
would have been carried away had the 
machine net been kept down with force 

On the repetition of the experiment before 

the king at Versailles, with a balloon near 

60 feet high and 43 in diameter, a sheep, 

a cock, and a duck, the first animals that 

ever ascended in a balloon, were carried 

up about 1440 feet, and after remaining ia - 

the air about eight minutes, came to tha’ 
ground in perfect safety, at the distance of 
10,200 feet from the place of ascent. Em.- 
boldened by this experiment, M. Pilatre 

de Rozier offered himself to be the first 
aerial adventurer. A new machine was 
accordingly prepared, with a gallery and 
grate, &c. to enable the person ascending 

to supply the fire with fuel, and thus keep 

up the machine as long as he pleased. On 

the 15th of October, 1783, M. Pilatre took 

his seat in the gallery, and, the machine 
being inflated, he rose to the height of 84 

feet, and, after keeping it afloat about four 
minutes and a half, he gently descended : 

he then rose again to the height of 210 feet, 

ane .ne third time 262. In the descent, a 

gust of wind having blown the machine 

over some large trees, M. Pilatre extricated be 
himself by throwing straw and wool on the 

fire, Which raised him at once to a suffi- WER 
cient height, and in this manner he found sat 
himself able to ascend or descend to a cer- se ha 
tain height at pleasure. Some time after 
he ascended with M Girond de Vilette to 
the height of 330 feet, hovering over Paris 
at least nine minutes, in sight of al the 
inhabitants, and the machine keeping all — 
the while a steady position. In 1783, he 
undertook a third aerial voyage with the 
Marquis d’Arlandes, and in the space of Bayi ° 
twenty-five minutes went about five miles Ki 
In this voyage they met with several differ- 

ent currents of air, the effect of which was 
to give a very sensible shock tothe machine 
They were also in danger of having the 
machine burnt altogether, if the fire had 
not been quickly extinguished by means of 
asponge. After this period aerostatic ma 
chines were elevated by inflammableairen — 
closea, instead of fire, with which Messra 
Roberts and Charies made the‘firstexperi — 
ment. In this case the bag was eompased _ 
of lutestring varnished over witha soli 
tion of elastic gum, called caoutchouc, and 
was about 13 English feet in diameter 
After being filled with considerable diffi. 




















this they aeconded, and in three quatters 
of an hour traversed fifteen miles, Their 
_ sudden descent was occasioned by a rup- 
_ ture which happened to the machine when 
_ it was at its greatest height On a subse- 
_ quent day the same gentlemen made an 
ascent in a balloon filled with inflammable 
air. This machine was formed of gores of 
silk, covered with a varnish of caoutchouc, 
of a spherical figure, and measuring 27 feet 
6 inches in diameter. A net was spread 
‘over the upper hemisphere, and fastened 
to a hoop which passed round the middle 
of the balloon. To this a sort of car was 
suspended, a few feet below the lower part 
of the balloon : and in order to prevent the 
bursting of the machine, a valve was placed 
‘in it, by opening of which some of the in- 
flammable air might be allowed to escape. 
{n the car, which was of basket-work, and 
covered with linen, the two adventurers 
took their seats in the afternoon of the Ist 
of December, 1783. At the time the bal- 
loon rose the barometer was at 30°. 18”. 
and it continued rising until the barometer 
fell to 27°, from which they calculated that 
they had ascended 600 yards. By throw- 
ing out ballast occasionally they found it 
practicable to keep nearly the same dis- 
tance from the earth during the rest of their 
voyage, the mercury fluctuating between 
27° and 27° 65’, and the thermometer be- 
_ tween 53° and 57° the whole time. They 
continued in the air an hour and three 
quarters, and alighted at the distance of 
27 miles from Paris, having suffered no 
inconvenience, nor experienced any of the 
contrary currents described by the marquis 
@Ariandes. M. Roberts having alighted, 
_ and much of the inflammable gas still re- 
_ maining, M. Charles determined on taking 
another voyage. No sooner therefore was 
__ the balloon thus lightened of 130 pounds of 
_ its weight, than it arose with immense ve- 
locity, and in 20 minutes was 9000 feet 
_ above the earth, and out of sight of all ter- 
_ restrial objects. The globe, which had be- 
come flaccid, now began to swell, and 
_when M. Charles drew the valve, to prevent 
the balloon from bursting, the inflammable 
gas, which was much warmer than the 
external air, for a time diffused a warmth 
ground, but afterwards, a considerable 
change was observable in the temperature. 
His, fingers were benumbed with cold, 
_which aleo occasioned a pain in hia right 
ear and jaw, but the beauty of the prospect 
compensated for these nconveniences. 
The sav, which hati been get en his ascent, 
again wisible for a short thne, in 


e of the height which he had 



























































tai balk of gommon aie: | With ir 


sached” Ife saw fors few hinds vapours 
Wising from the valleys and rivers. The 
clouds seemed to rise ftom the earth, and 
collect one upon the other; only their coi- 
our was gray and obscure froin the dimneas 
of the light. By the light of the moon he 
perceived that the machine was turning 
round with him, and that there were con- 
trary currents which brought him back 
again: he also observed with surprise, that 
the wind caused his banners to point up- 
wards, although he was neither rising nor 
descending, but moving horizontally. On 
alighting in a field about three miles distant 
from the place where he set out, he calcu- 
lated that he had ascended, at this time 
not less than 10,500 feet. Hitherto all ex- 
periments of this kind had been unattended 
with any evil consequences, but an attempt 
which was made to put a small aerostatig 
machine with rarefied air under an infilam- 
mable air balloon, proved fatal tothe adven- 
turers, M. Pilatre de Rozier and M. Ro- 
maine. Their inflammable air balloon was 
about 37 feet in diameter, and the power of 
the rarefied air one was equivalent to about 
60 pounds They were not long in the air 
when the inflammable air balloon was seen 
to swell considerably, and the aeronauts 
were observed, by means of telescopes, to 
be very anxious to descend, and busied in 
pulling the valve and giving every possible 
facility of escape to the inflammable air, 
but, in spite of all their endeavours, the 
balloon took fire without any explosion, 
and the unfortunate gentlemen were pre- 
cipitated to the earth at the height of about 
three quarters of a mile. M. Pilatre seem- 
ed to have been dead before he came to the 
ground; but M. Romaine was found to be 
alive, although he expired immediately 
after. The ill success of this experiment, 
which had been made for the purpose of 
diminishing the expense of inflating the 
machine with gas, did not interrupt the 
progress of aerostation. Aerial voyages 
continued to be made on the oid scheme 
The first trial in England was made by 
Vincent Lunardi, an Italian, on the 15th 
of September, 1784. His balloon, the di- 
ameter of which was 33 feet, was made of 
oiled silk, painted in alternate stripes of 
blue and red. From a net, which went 
over about two thirds of the balloon, de- 
scended 45 cords to a hoop hanging below 
it, and to which the gallery was attached. 
Instead of a valve, the aperture at the neck 
of the balloon, which was in the shape of 
a pear, served for admitting or letting out 
the inflarninable air. The air for filling 
the balloon was produced from sine, by 
means of diluted vitriotioacid M TLenart 











ison from the Artillery Ground, at two 


, pigeon. He was obliged to throw out 
- some of his ballast, in order to clear the 
houses, when he rose to a considerable 
height, proceeding first N. W. by W. and 
then nearly N. About half after three he 
descended very near theearth, and landed 
the cat, which was half dead with the cold; 
he then reascended by throwing out some 
‘more of his ballast, and ten minutes past 
four he alighted ina meadow near Ware, 
in Hertfordshire. His thermometer stood 
in the course of his voyage as low as 29°. 
and he observed that the drops of water 
collected round the balloon were frozen. 
The second aerial voyage in England was 
performed by Mr. Blanchard, on the 16th 
of October in the same year, in which he 
was accompanied by Mr. Shelden, profess- 
or of anatomy at the Royal Academy, the 
first Englishman that adventured in such 
an excursion. They ascended a few minutes 
past 12 o’clock, and after proceeding about 
14 miles beyond Chelsea, Mr. Blanchard 
landed Mr. Sheldon, reascended alone, and 
finally landed near Rumsey, in Hampshire, 
about 75 miles from London, which was at 
the rate of about 20 miles an hour Mr. 
Blanchard ascended so high, that ba felta 
- difficulty in breathing; and a pigeon, which 
flew from the boat, laboured for some time 
to sustain itself, but was at length compel- 
led to return and rest on the boat 
Aerial voyages now became frequent in 
England and elsewhere, and afforded no- 
thing worthy of notice before the ascent of 
M. Garnerin, in 1802, who undertook the 
singular and desperate experiment of de- 
scending by means of a parachute (See 
Paracnuure.) .In this descent it was ob- 
served that the parachute, with the appen- 
dage of cords and the basket in which M. 
Garnerin had seated himself, vibrated like 
the pendulum of a clock, and at times the 
vibrations were so violent, that more than 
once the parachute and tbe basket seemed 
to be on the same level, wr quite horizon- 
_ tal, which presented a terrific syectacle of 
danger to the spectator. ‘They diminish- 
ed, however, as M. Garnerin approached 
the earth, and he was landed in safety, 
though strongly affected with the violent 
shocks that his frame had experienced. 
_ Various excursions have since been made 
> by Mr. Sadler, Mr Green, and others. 
AETITES, or Eacie-stows. A stone so 
called, because it was originally found in 
vagies’ nests It is a sort of ore of a kid- 
ney shape, imbedded in iron-shot elay. 
AFPFECTUORO. In an affecting style : 


o'elock, having with him a dog, s cat, and 





AGE apie van’. Sb 
i ; WO te 
& a berth in musle books at the beginning of A 
& movement. - ay 

AGALLOCH, or . AGALLOCHUM, 
wood, the product ofa tree growing in — 
China, and some of the Indian Isles. 
There are three varieties, the calambac, — 
the common lignum aloes, and the cal- 
ambour. The first of these islightand 
porous, and so filled with a fragrant 
resin, that it may be moulded by the 
fingers ; ; the second is denser and less 
resinous; and the third is the aloes- 
wood used by cabinet-makers, &c. t 

AGALMATOLITE. A soft stone, asub- — 
species of mica of various colors, which — 
different mineralogists severally term 
soap-stone, lard-stone, steatite, tale — 
graphique, &c. It contains no magnesia, — 
but otherwise has all the characters of — 
talc. The best specimens are brought 
from China. Itis used in thatcountry — 
in the manufacture of images, at 

AGAMI, A remarkable bird, inhabit- — 
ing the woods of Central America. It is 
of the size of a large fowl, has a short — 
tail, and long legs, and runs with great 
speed. Itis sometimes otherwise cal- 
led the gold-breasted trumpeter. 

AGATE. A precious stone, first found in 
Sicily ; it is a mineral composed of various 
substances, as chalcedony, cornelian, jas- 
per, &c.; alsoastone of the agate kind 
engraven by art, which constitutes among 
antiquarians a species of gems. 

AGE. A certain period or limit of time, x 
marked for the convenience of chronology  —=— 
and history by some remarkable events 
Chronologers commonly reckon Sevensuch 
ages, namely, 1. From the creationtothe 
deluge. 2. Fromthe delugetothebirthof 
Abraham. 3. From the birthof Abraham 
to the departure of the Israelites out of — 
Egypt. 4. From the departure of the Is- 
raelites to the building of the temple by — 
Solomon. 5. From the laying the founda- 
tion of the temple to the reign of Cyrus in > 
Babylon. 6. From the reign of Cyrus to © 
the coming of Christ. 7. Since the birth — 
of our Saviour. Chronologers are generally 


















































creation into seven ages, but they differ 
materially as to the time contained in these _ 
periods. The poets distinguished the nore 
of the world into four ages ; namely, into 
the golden age, or the age of simplicity _ 
and happiness; the silver age, which was 
inferior to the golden age in enjoyments; in 
this age man began to tillthe ground for 
their sustenance. In the brazen age strifes By 
and contentions began, which, in the iron, 
were carried to the utmost extent, and 
accompanied with every evil that affitets, 
mankind. Jtis most probable that this no- 
tion of the four ages was taken from the 




































RY in a dies: watiohed in 

y ETD by which the first monarchy was 
_ denoted the golden one, the second silver, 

_the third brazen, and the fourth iron. The 
Greeks, who derived their mythology from 
the Egyptians, doubtless gathered this idea 
_ from the same source, and wrought it into 
a fable by the ingenuity of their poets. 

AGE. A term in law for those special 
fimes which enable men and women to do 
that which they could not do before ; thus, 
in England, a man may take the oath of 
allegiance at twelve years of age, is at the 
age of discretion at fourteen to choose his 
guardian and contract a marriage, and is 
at full age at twenty-one. A woman at 
the age of nine is dowable, at twelve may 
gonfirm her consent to marriage, at four- 
teen may receive her land into her own 
hands, and at twenty-one may alienate 
her lands and tenements. The laws in 
the United States, are similar. 

AGENT (in Law). A person empow- 
ered to act for another 

AGENT (in Physics). Any thing having 
the power to act on another object, as cold 
or heat. 

AGGREGATE. An order of plants in 
the Linnean system, having compound 
flowers with separate anthers. 

AGGREGATION (in Chemistry). The 
adhesion of parts of the same kind; as 
pieces of sulphur united by fusion form an 

aggregate. . 

AGIO. A term used chiefly in Holland 
and Venice, to denote the difference be- 
tween the bank money and the current 
money, or cash; as when a merchant stipu- 
lates to receive for his goods 100 livres 
bank money or 105 cash, or current money, 
the agio is said to be 5 per cent. 

AGRICULTURE. The art oftilling the 
land according to certain rules of experi- 
ence and science, , 

AGRICULTURE, History or. As the 
ground was, by divine appointment, to fur- 
nish subsistence for man, and after his fall 
he was doomed to procure it by labour, 
husbandry, or the practical part of agricul- 
ture, was of necessity the first and most 
important occupation ofthe descendants of 
Adam; wherefore we learn from Scripture, 
that his two sons, Abel and Cain, were 
both employei in this manner, the former 
_ being a keeper of sheep, and the latter a til- 

-Ierof the ground. With what implements 
this work of tillage was carried on, and 
what degree of art was employed in produ- 


eimg the fruits of the earth, is left to con-, 


_ jecture ; but writers on those early periods, 
_ ewe generally agreed that the antediluvians 






| Aah 
tons whieh were in process of time lect, 
or at least but imperfectly retained among 
the different nations that were acattered 
abroad after the confusion of tongues 
Agriculture was one of the arts which Noah 
and his posterity retained; for we find that 
he cultivated the vine. Those of the line 
of Shem appear to have followed the breed- 
ing and feeding of cattle: but those of the 
line of Ham, who took possession of Egypt, 
applied themselves to the tilling of the 
ground, and with so much ingenuity, in- 
dustry, and success, that, owing to the in- 
undations of the Nile, and the consequent 
fertility of the soil, Egypt was enabled in 
the time of Abraham, and still more se in 
the time of Joseph, to supply its neighbours 
with corn during a period of famine. Nor 
were the inhabitants back ward in assisting 
the liberality of nature: they busied them- 
selves in embanking, irrigation, and drain 
ing, in order to derive all the benefits whick 
the benignant river was capable of afford 
ing them. These works are said to have 
been carried on with particular spirit under 
the auspices of'Sesostris, 1800 years before 
the Christian era. So sensible were the 
Egyptians of the blessings which agricul- 
ture afforded, that, in the blindness of their 
zeal, they ascribed the invention of the art 
to their god Osiris, and the culture of bar- 
ley and wheat to their goddess Isis. 

The Pelasgi, or aboriginal inhabitants of 
Greece, were among the number of those 
who lost all the primeval arts, and fed upon 
acorns and wild fruitsjuntil they were led 
by the Egyptians, with whom they haan 
early communication, to the cultivation of 
the ground. Like them, too, they placed 
their benefactress Ceres, to whom they 
ascribed the introduction of corn, among 
the number of their deities; a goddess whom 
authors agree was no other than the Egyp- 
tian Isis. In the time of Homer, agricul- 
ture was in such esteem that King Laertes 
laid aside his royal dignity, that he might 
cultivate a few fields. Hesiod, the contem- 
porary of this author, has devoted a whole 
poem to the labours of the field in the dif- 
ferent seasons of the year. Of other writ- 
ings, among the Greeks, on agriculture lit- 
tle remains except a treatise by Xenephon 
on rural affeirs, and scattered notices on 
the subject in the works of Aristotle and 
Theophrastus ; but we learn from Varro, 
that there were in his time not less than 
fifty Greek authors to be censulted on 
agricultural matter. 

The Jews, as Scripture informa us, ap 
plied themselves. when they eame into ths 
land of Canaan, to the cultivation of the 
soil, having each their territory allotted to 




















AGRICULTURE. 


them. We may aise tnfer, fromthe fre- 
4nent sllusions to this subject in different 
parts of the Old Testament, that husbandry 
_ formed their principal occupation. The 
laws of Moses have, many of them, for 
_ their ebject the regulation of their flocks, 
their herds, and their fields. David culti- 
_ vated his own land, having officers to take 
charge of his flocks, his herds, his camels, 
his asses, and his warehouses of wine and 
oil, &c. Elisha was in the field with 
twelve yoke of oxen when Elijah found 
him. Besides the frequent mention of 
husbandry business in different parts of 
the sacred writings, as the digging of 
wells, the planting of vineyards, the leas- 
ing, gathering in, threshing, sifting, and 
winnowing of corn, with a number of 
sther things of the like kind. 

That the Carthaginians did not neglect 
agriculture is evident from this, that they 
had writers on the subject, of whom a fa- 
mous general, Mago, was one, who is quo- 
ted by Varro. He wrote no less than twen- 
‘ty-eight books. It is probable that, under 

the auspices of these people, agriculture 
flourished in Sicily , which was afterwards 
the granary of Rome. 

No subject engaged the attention of the 
Romans more than agriculture, theoretical- 
ly as wellas practically. They divided their 
time between war and husbandry ; their 
greatest men in the early ages of the re- 
public, being employed alternately in the 
one andthe other. Cincinnatus was taken 
from the plough to fill the office of dictator; 
and Regulus besought the senate that he 
might return to his little farm for a short 
time, to prevent it from being ruined. Pliny 
observes, that the Romans ploughed their 
fields with the same diligence that they 
pitched their tents, and sowed their corn 
with as much care as they raised their 
armies. When riches had introduced lux- 
ury, and artificial manners and habits, the 
labours of the field were performed by their 
slaves; but there remained many among 
them of the higher orders who directed 
their personal attentian tothe subject. The 
writings of Cato the Censor, Varro, Pliny, 
Columelia, and Palladius, as well as those 
of the poet Virgil, abound with practical 
and useful observations on the whole round 
of farming business. At the same time they 
all agree in lamenting that agriculture was 
zot pursued with the same zeal aa formerly. 
{he great among the Romans had town 
youses as well as villas, and living more in 
the former than in the latter, the manage- 
ment of their farms was left to ther bailiffs 
er servants. The ox, which was the prin- 


stpal boast of burden among the Egyptians, 


the Jews, and ead was tise pores 
esteemed among the Romans. Many diree- — 








tione for the breeding, breaking, feeding, 


and working this animal are to be found 
in the writers abovementioned ; as also in 
regard to the management of bees, which 
were highly prized. As to the implements 
of husbandry used among the Romans, the 
description of them not being illustrated by 


any representation, it is not easy to speak © 


precisely of them; but it is clear that they | 


used the plough with and without wheels, 
with and without boards, with and without 
coulters, also with shares of different con- 
structions. A reaping machine is likewise 
spoken of both by Pliny and Palladius, 
which was driven by an ox; but ‘for the 
most part they cut their corn with the hand. 
either with the hook close to the ground, 
or only the ears with a curved stick anda 
saw attached to it, or otherwise they cut 
the stalks in the middle, leaving the stubble 
to be afterwards mowed. They threshea 
either with a machine composed of rollers, 
or with rods or flails, or they trod it out 
with their feet. Haymaking was performed 
among the Romans much in the same man- 
ner as at present. Harrowing the corn was 
particularly recommended by the Roman 
writers; who also speak of hoeing, weed 
ing, watering, draining, and fellowing the 
ground, which was universal among them 
Agriculture shared the fate of ail the other 
arts on the decline of the empire: from the 
time of Pliny to the fifteenth century, there 
is no work extant on the subject, except 
the Geoponics, which was published by 
Constantine Pogonatus, and probably col 
lected by the emperor himself. Crescenzio, 
a writer of Bologna, was the first who callea 
the attention of his countrymen to this sub- 
ject after this long interval. His little work, 


which was collected from the Roman wri- — 


ters, was followed hy some other Italian 
productions: but probably nothing contri- 
buted more to give an importance to agri- 
cultural pursuits than the introduction of 
the feudal system, which gave to every 
man arank and distinction according tothe 
quantity of land he either possessed or oc- 
cupied; for not only the great lord, who was 
the owner of the scil, or reaped the fruite 
of it, but also his tenants, who cultivated 
it, were invested with political privileges 
that were enjoyed by no other members of 
the community ; and although the feudal 
burdens and restraints have ceased, yet the 
privileges and advantages attached to the 
possession of landed property still give it 
a parnmount advantage. Hence it ie, that 
since the revival of the arts, the science of 





agriculture hat been zealously cultivated — 




















it 


AA 
wy 


* gn this subject have within the last centu- 
yy been more numerous than at any former 


period; and every effort has been made 
py experiments, inventions, and improve- 


- ments to render the land productive. Nor 


have these efforts been without effect, for, 
notwithstanding the immense increase in 
the population, there has been no such 
scarcity as we read of in former times. 

AGUE. An intermitting fever, with hot 
and cold fits alternately. 

AGOUTI. A South American animal, 
tesembling a guineapig, having the charac- 
ters of the rat kind, and the hair and voice 
ofthe hog. When provoked, it raises all 
the hair of its. back upright, and strikes the 


garth with its hinder feet. 





AGUAPECACA. The Jacana, a Brazil- 
ian bird about the size of a pigeon. 

AGRYPNOCOMA. The _ three-toed 
sloth ; so named from its peculiar cry. 

ATA. Brazilian bird of the Spoon- 
bill kind. 

AICURUS. A large and beautiful 
species of parrot, found in Brazil. 

AILURUS. The panda, a carnivorous 
quadruped inhabiting the north of In- 
dia ; itis atlied to the racoon, about the 
size of a large cat, and has; a soft, thick 
fur, of a brilliant fulvous red, on the 
upper parts. 

AIR. An invisible, transparent fluid, 
which we constantly breathe, and which 
is essential to the support of animal 
and vegetable existence. It envelops 
the entire globe, and constitutes the 
atmosphere that surrounds it. Air is 
816 times lighter than its bulk of water; 
1,000 cubic inches at the ordinary tem- 
perature and pressure weighing 305 
grains. It consists of about 80 parts, in 
bulk, of nitrogen, and 20 parts of oxy- 
gen, and about one-thousandth part of 
carbonic acid. Air, when inhaled into 
the lungs, unites with the carbon of 
the blood, and forms carbonic acid, a 
process which produces the heat neces- 
sary to sustain the proper temperature 


. of the animal system.—In zoology, Air- 


cells are membraneous receptacles com- 
municating with the lungs, and in 


birds extending through the different 


parts of the body, by which their spe- 


pi Gific gravity is diminished, and they are 





aiz.—In botany, air-cells are cavities in 
the leaves and stems of certain alga, 


which render them buoyant in water.— 


Air-plants are orchideous plants which 
live for many months suspended in the 
air,—Air-vyessels are spiral vessels or 
ducts in plants containing air, and sup- 
posed to answer the same purpose in 
the vegetable system as lungs do in’ the 
animal. 

AIR-PUMP. A machine for exhausting 


the air out of vessels, in the same manner 
as water is drawn up bya pump. This 
celebrated machine was invented by Otto 
de Guericke, consul of Magdeburgh, who 
exhibited his firat public experiments with 
this instrument before the Emperor ana 
States of Germany, at the breaking up of 
the Imperial Diet at Ratisbon, in the year 
1654; but his description of the machine 
was first published in 1672, at Amsterdam, 
under the title of Experimenta nova Mag 

deburgica de Vacuo Spatio. Before this 
publication, it appears that Mr. Boyle, who 
had particularly directed his attention to 
the study of pneumatics, also conceived u 
similar idea, which led Mc. Hooke: to as- 
cribe the invention to him; but Mr. Boyle 
himself, in a letter to his nephew, Lord 
Dungarvon, expresses his acknowledgment 
for the discovery of this useful machine 
from what he had heard reported of it, al- 
though, as he adds, he had not, at that time, 
perused the account of it. On his becoming 
acquainted with the machine, he made 
many improvements upon it; as did after- 
wards Mr. Hooke and many others. 





AIR-SHAFTS (in Mining). Holes ox 
shafts let down from the open air to dis- 
charge the foul vapours. 

AIR-VESSELS. Spiral ducts or canals 
in the leaves and other parts of planta, 
which are supposed to supply them with 
air, after the manner of lungs im animals. 

ALABASTER. A soft kind of marble 
which is ef a granular texture, and of a 
white colour, and has a certain degree of 
transparency [It is found in Gernnany 


2 


rendered fitter for sustenation in the 








Frakes, Lind dehy, maid ts saad by beetuiane 
for statues. 


‘yepresent those that are unknown. The 


operations with these letters are performed — 





ALBATROSS, er Mar or Wan Brun. 
A large water fowl, which inhabits moet 
seas between the tropice. 

ALBINOS. ‘The white Moors, so called 
by the Portuguese ; they have flaxen hair, 
blue rolling eyes, and a pale livid white- 
nese. 

ALBUMEN. The white of an egg, and 
any viscous fluid without taste or smell that 
ts like it, as the serous part of the blood. 

ALBURNUM. The soft white substance 
.m trees next t&» the liber, or ner bark. 

ALCHEMY Yhat obsolete branch of 
chymistry which ‘yxi for its object the 
transmutation of metals into gold; the 
finding the panacea, or universal remedy ; 
and some other things equally ridiculous. 

ALCOHOL. Commonly called spiri: of 
wine, but obtained by distillation in a state 
more ardent and purified than that liquor. 
It is chiefly employed in preparing var- 
nishes, and dissolving gums, resins, &c. 
Its antiseptic power makes it useful in pre- 
serving anatomical preparations. 

ALCOR. A small star, adjoining the 
bright one in the middle of the tail of Ursa 


Major 
ALCORAN. See Koran 
ALDEBARAN, or Tue Buuv’s Eryx. 


A star of the first magnitude in the con- 
stellation Taurus. 

ALDER. A tree which thrives partic- 
ularly m moist places. The principal sorts 
ef alder are the round leaved, or common 
alder, the long-leaved, and the dwarf alder. 

ALDERMAN. A superior judge, who 
in England sat with the bishop in the coun- 
ty courts in the time of the Saxons. The 
alderman is now @ magistrate next to the 
mayor in a city or borough. 

A-LEE. A sea term, signifying to the 
leeside, or side which the wind blows 
_ Upon. 

ALEMBIC. A vessel formerly used for 
distilling ; in the place of which retorts are 
how mostly in use. 

ALEXANDRINE. A verse in modern 
poetry consisting of ten, twelve, or thirteen 
syllables. 

ALG. A natural order of plants in the 
Linnean system, containing flags, sea- 
weeds, and other marine plants, whose 
rev, leaf, and stem are one. 

ALGZBRA. The science of computing 
abstract quantities by means of symbols or 

_ Signe. It is called Specious Arithmetic by 
Vieta, and Universal Arithmetic by New- 
ten, The first letters of the alphabet, a, 5 
$s, d, &c. are made to represent known 
qmantities; aiad the last letters x, y, 2, tc 


by means of the characters (++) for addi- 
tion, (—) for subtraction, (><) for muitipli 
cation, (+) for division, (==) for equality 
ALGEBRA, History or, The term / 
algebra is of ‘Arabic origin. _ and is deri-; 
ved by some from algeabar ‘almocabaleh 
signifying restitution and comparison, of 
resolution, which properly expresses the 
nature of the thing: others have derived 
it from Geber, a celebrated mathematician. 
This science is not of very ancient date, 
although it is not possible to fix the exact 
period of its commencement. The earliest 
treatise on this subject now extant is that 
of Diophantus, a Greek author of Alexan 
dria, who flourished about the year 350, 
and wrote thirteen books of Arithmetice- — 
rum, of which six only are preserved. 
These books do not contain the elementary 
parts of algebra, only some difficult pro- 
blems respecting square and cube numbers, 
and the properties of numbers in general, 
to which the writings of the more ancient 
authors, as Euclid, Archimedes, and Apol- 
lonius might naturally be supposed to have | 
given birth. Whether the Arabians took — 
their hints from this and similar works 
among the Greeks, and drew out the sci- 
ence of algebra for themselves, or whether 
they more immediately derived it, as they 
did their notation, from the Hondoos, is a 
matter of doubt. It is certain, however, 
that the science was first transmitted by 
the Arabians or Saracens to Europe, about 
the year 1100; and that after its introduc- 
tion the Italians took the lead in its culti- 
vation. Lucas Paciolus, or Lucas de Burgo, 
was one of the first who wrote on the sub- 
ject, and has left several treatises, published - 
between the years 1470 and 1509. In his 
principal work, entitled Summa Arithme- 
tice et Geometriw Proportionumque Pro-— 
portionalitatum, published first in 1494, he 


mentions several writers, and particularly _ 
Leonardus Pisanus, otherwise called Bo- 


nacci, an Italian merchant, who, in the 


thirteenth century, used to trade tothe sea~- 


ports, and thence introduced the seience of 
algebra into Italy, After Lucas de Burge, 
many other Italian writers took up the 


subject, and treated it more at large, ag 


Scipio Ferreus, who found outa rule for 
resolving one case of a compceund cubic 
equation ; but more especially Hieronymus © 
Cardan, who, in ten books published in 
1539-45, has given the whole doctrine ef 
cubic equations ; for part of which, hewev- 
er, he was indebted to Nicholas Tartales. 
or Tartaglea, of Brescia, a contemporary 
of Cardan’s, who publishe ta book on cubic 


























forms of expression used by Lucas de Bur- 
go, calling the first power of the unknown. 
quantity in his language cosa, the second 


 censa, the third cubo, &c. writing the 


names of all the operations in words at 
.engta, without using any contractions, 


‘except the initial R, for root, or radical- 


ity. About this time the acience of alge- 
bra also attracted the attention of the Ger- 
mans, among whom we iind the writers 
Stifelius and Scheubeiius. Stifelius, in 
his Arithmetiza Integra, published at Nu- 
remberg in 1544, introduced the characters 
+, —, and ,/, for plus, minug, and radix, 
ir root, as stn called it ; also the ‘initials phe 
4; bp, for the power 1, 2, 3, &e., and the 
humeral exponents 0, 1, 2, 3, &e. which 
he called by the name of exponens expo- 
nent. He likewise uses the literal no- 
tation, A, B,C, D, &c for the unknown 
or general quantities. John Scheubelius, 


* who wrote about the same time as Car- 


dan and Stifelius, treats largely on surds, 
and gives a general rule for extracting 
the root of any binomial or residual, 
@—t-é, where one or both parts are surds. 
These writers were succeeded by Robert 
Recorde, a mathematician and physician 


of Wales, who in his works, in 1552 and 


1557, on Arithmetic, showed that the sci- 
ence of algebra had not been overlooked 
in England. He first gave rules for the 
extracting of the roots of compound alge- 
braic quantities, and made use of the terms 
binomial and residual, and introduced the 
sign of equality, or—. Peletarius, a French 
algebraist, in his work, which appeared at 


-Paris in 1558, made many improvements 


on those parts of algebra which had already 
been treated of. He was followed by Peter 
Ramus, who published his Arithmetic and 
Algebra in 1560 ; Raphael Bombelli, whose 
Algebra appeared at Bologna in 1579; and 
Simon Steven, of Bruges, who published 
his Arithmetic in 1585, and his Algebra a 
little after. This latter invented a new cha-; 
racter for the unknown quantity, namely, a 


‘small circle (©), within which he placed. 


the numeral exponent of the power; and 
also denoted roots, as well as powers, by 


" mumeral exponents. The algebraical worke 


of Vieta, the next most distinguished alge- 
braist, appeared about the yeer 1600, and 
contain many improvements in the methods 
of working algebraical questions. He uses 
the vowels A, E, I, O, WY. tex the un- 
known quantities, and the eonounants, B, 


ieee &a. for the known Cheihiaion; ‘and 


; dees entitled Quesite Invenzioni di- 
_ verse, which appeared in 1596. Cardan 


- @ften used the literal notation of a, b, c, d, 
- &e., but Tartalea made no alteration in the 


18 


introduced many terms which are in pre. 
sent use, as coefficient, affirmative and 
negative, pure and aafected, &c.: also the 
line, or vineulum, over compound quanti. 
ties (ATB). Albert Girard, an ingenious 
Flemish mathematician, was the first per- 
son who, in his Invention Nouvelle ep 
Algebre, &c. printed in 1629, explained 
the general doctrine of the formation of 
the coefficients of the powers from the 
sums of their roots, and their products. 
He also first understood the use of negative 
roots, in the solution of geometrical pro- 
blems, and first spoke of imaginary roots, 
&c. The celebrated Thomas Harriot, whose 
work on this subject appeared in 1631, in 
troduced the uniform use of the letiers a, 
b,c, &c.; that is the vowels a, e, and o 
for the unknown quantities, and the con- 
sonants, 6, c,d, &c. forthe known quan- 
tities; these he joins together like the 
letters of a word, to represent the multipli- 
cation or product of any number of these 
literal quantities, and prefixing the numeral 
coefficient, as is usual at present, except 
being separated by a point, thus 5.bbe 

For a root he sets the index of the root 
after the mark ,/,as/3 for the cube root, 
and introduces the characters and 

for greater and less; and in the reduction 
of equations he arranged the operations in 
separate steps or lines, setting the expla 

nations in the niargin, on the left hand, 
for each line. * In this manner he brought 
algebra nearly to the form which it now 
bears, and added also much information 
on the subject of equations. Oughtred, in 
his Clavis, which was first published in 
1631, set down the decimals without their 
denominator, separating them thus 21(56 

In algebraic multiplications he either joins 
the letters which represent the factors, or 
connects them with the sign of multiplica- 
tion --., which is the first introduction of 
this character. He aiso seems to have first 
used points to denote proportion, as 7.9 :: 
28 . 36; and for continued proportion has 
the hati in his work we likewise 
meet with the first instance of applying 
algebra to geometry, so as to investigate 
new geometrical properties: which latter 
subject is treated at large by Descartes, in 
his work on Geometry, published in 1637, 
and also by several other subsequent wri- 
ters. Wallis, in his Arithmetiea Infinite- 
rum, first led the way to infinite series, 
particularly to the expression of the qua- 
drature of the circle by en infinite series. 
He also substituted the fractional exponents 
in the place of radical signs, which in many 
instances facilitate the eperations. Huy 

gens, Barrow, and ether mathomaticians 





Goclayed the caloulus in rewel- 
ving many problems which had hitherto 
batiied mathematicians. Sir Isaac New- 
ton, in his Arithmetica Universalis, made 
many improvements in analytics, which 
subject, as well as the theory of infinite se- 
vies, was further developed by Halley, Ber- 
souiti, Taylor, Maclaurin, Nicole, Stirling, 
De Moivre, Clairaut, Lamb «t, Waring; 
Buler, &c. er) 

ALGOL. A fixed star of the second 
magnitude in the consellation of Perseus, 
ex Medusa’s Head. 

ALGORITHM. An Arabie word, fre- 
quently used to denote the practical rules 
of algebra. 

ALIAS (in Law). A word signifying, 
siterally, otherwise ; and employed in de- 
scribing the defendant, who has assumed 
otker names besides his real one. 

ALIBI (in Law). <A term signifying, 
hterally, elsewhere; and used by the de- 
fendant in a criminal prosecution, when 
he wishes to prove his innocence, by show- 
ing that he was in another place, or else- 
where, when the act was committed. 

ALICONDA. An Ethiopian tree, from 
the bark of which flax is spun. 

ALIEN (in Law). One born in a foreign 
country. An alien is incapable of inheriting 
lands until he is naturalized by an act of 
the legislature. He has likewise no right 
to vote at elections, or to eiijoy any office, 
nor to be returned on any jury, unless where 
an alien is to be tried. 

ALIMONY (in the Civil Law). The 
allowance made toa married Woman upon 
ner separation from her husband. 

ALIQUANT PARTS. Such numbers in 
arithmetic as will not divide or measure a 
whole number exactly, as 7, which is the 
aliquant part of 16. 

ALIQUOT PARTS. Such part of a 
aumber as will divide or measure a whole 
qumber exactly, as 2 the aliquot part of 4, 

of 9, and 4 of 16. 

ALKALI or ALCALI. A pertfectiy pure 
salt, which combines with acids 20 ag to 
neutralize or impair their activity, and 
produces salts. Besides, alkalies change 
the purple colour of many vegetables to 4 
green, the reds to a purple, and the yellows 
toabrown. Somealkalies are called fixed, 
becauge they remain fixed in the fire, as 
potash and soda; others are volatile, ag 
ammonia. 

ALLAH. The Arabian name of God. 

ALLEGIANCE (in Law). The fnithful 
ebedience which every subject owes te kis 
wrines ; the outh efallegiance is that which 
every person is required to take vefore he 
enters on any office. 


course; thug the prophets poyeanle! 
Jews under the allegory of vine, plan 


cultivated, and watered by the hand of Goa. 


ALLEGRO. An Italian word used in 
music, to denote that the part is to be play- 
ed in a brisk and sprightly manner. — 

ALLIGATION. A rule in arithmetic 
teaching how to compound several! ingre 
dients for any design proposed. It is ¢ither 
medial or alternate. Alligation medial is 
the method of finding the rate or quality of 
the composition from having the rates. or 


qualities of the several ingredients, as ‘to. 


find the value of brandy per gallon; which 
is composed of 10 gallona at 248. per gal- 
lon, 12 at 30s. per gallon, &c. Alligation 
alternate is the method of finding the quan- 
tities of ingredients necessary to form a 
compound of a given rate, as to find how 
gold of various degrees of fineness, that is 
of 19, 21, and 23 carats fine, &c. may be 
mixed together so that the mixture may 
be 20 carats fine. Questions of this kind 
are better solved by algebra. 


ALLIGATOR. An amphibious animal, — 


abounding in both Noeth and South Amer- 
ica in the torrid zone, and sometimes 
grows to the length of 18 or 20 feet. The 
Alligator is found in the lower parts of 
the Mississippi, but it is more common 
in the large rivers of Soith America. 
It is called Cayman by the Indians, 
It resembles the Crocodile of Africa and 
Asia, but it nev grows as large, and ig 


beside, different in formatiorm 2ad in its 


habits. 





ALLITERATION. A repeating or pinay 


ing upon the same letter in a succession of 3 


words. 


ALLODIAL. An epithet for lands held o | 
without any acknowledgment to a lord ox — 
superior, in oppesition to feudal lands. — 


Alledial lands are exempt frem rent or 
services, 
ALLOY, er ALLAY. 


A prepertisn of 
any baser metal mixed with one that in 
finer, thus the gold coin has an alloy of\ — 


igilver and copper, as silver has of copper 








al 






























ters. 





ST ahs a ake AMR a | , 
ALE 


i Poe 
i 


fer standard gold io 2 carats of alloy ia 


apound weight, or @ carats fine; in the 
latter case, for the silver, there are 18 dws. 
of alloy in 11 oz. 2 dvvts. fine. 

ALL SAINTS. A festival observed by 
some Christians on the first day of Nevem- 
ber, in commemoration of all the saints. 

ALLSPICE, or the Poazntro Ture. A 
beautiful tree of Mexico and the Weat In- 
dies, the fruit of which is highly aromatic. 
The tree is about 30 feet in height, and 2 





ALLUVION. A gradual increase ofiand 
washed to the shore by inundations. Al- 
huvial formations are also to be found in 
valleys and piains, by the deposit of gravel, 
loam, clay, or other earths washed down 
from the mountains. 

ALMAGEST. The name ofa celebrated 
book on astronomy, composed by Ptolemy. 

ALMA MATER. The name given tothe 
universities of Oxford and Cambridge, En- 
gland, by their several members who have 
passed their degrees in each of these uni- 
versities. The same is done by the Am- 
erican Colleges. 

ALMANAC. A calendar or table con- 


taining a list of the months and days, with 


an account of the rising and setting of the 
sun and moon, and other incidentai mat- 
The English Nautical Almanac, or 
Astronomical Ephemeris, is a kind of na- 

almanac, begun in 1767, under the 


i direction and by the advice of the astrono- 
mer royal, the late Rev. Dr. Maskelyne. 


@4 most things easeztial to general 
which are found in other simanacs, it 
contains many new and important matters, 
porticularly the distance of the moon from 
‘+9 sum ond fixed etary, computed to the 





ALT pe) 


meridian of Greenwich, fer overy three 
hours of time, for the purposes of computing 
the longitude et sea. This almanac is 
generally computed a few years forward, 
for the convenience of ships going out upon 
long voyages. A similar work is published 
inf the United States. ‘The American Al 
manac, first published at Boston in 1830, 
embraces a great masa of statistical knew- 
ledge, beside that usually given in an alma- 
nac. 

ALMOND The fruit ofthe almond tree, 
which is a nut, and is either sweet or bit- 
ter 

ALMOND TREE. A tall tree, resem- 
bling the peach tree, which flourishes in 
Asia and the southern parts of Eut»pe. It 
is one of the firat trees that bloom in Spring, 

ALMONEER. In Englanc an ecclesiasti- 
eal officer of thse king, appointed to distrib. 
ute the king’s alms to the poor every day 

ALOE, A tree which originally came 
from India, is remarkable for a bitter juice, 
called alosy, which is extracted from its 


‘leaves, and is very useful in medicine. 


The aloe soccotrina is a European species 
much cultivated in Spain. 

ALFHA. The first letter in the Greek 
alphabet, which with the second letter, be- 
ta, forme the word alpher et. 

ALPHABET. A seviss of the several 
letters ina language, ~h'ch vary in num 
ber in different Jang.ages The-Hebrew 
contains 22 letters, as aizo the Chaldee, 
Samaritan, Syriac, Persian, A‘thiopic, Sa- 
racen, &c, ; but the Irish, whiclris the same 
as the Pelasgian, or Scythian, still retains 
only 17; the Greek alphabet, which wag 
brought by Cadmus into Greece from Phe- 
nicia, and was also Pelasgian in ita origin- 
al, consisted of 16 or 17, to which were af 
terwards added 7 or 8 more, te make up 24. 
The ancient Arabie alphabet consisted of 
24, to which 4 more letters have since been 
added ; the Coptic alphabet consists of 32, 
the Turkish of 33, the Georgian of 36, the 
Russian of 39, the Spanish of 27, the Ital- 
ian of 20, the Latin of 22, the French of 23, 
and the English of 26. See more on this 
subject under the head of Waitina The 
Chinese Lave no proper alphabet, unless 
we reckon as such their keys to classes of 
words, distinguished by the number of 
strokes combined in each, of which they 
have 214 in number. As to the written 
characters of these alphabeta, see Warxrima 

ALT. That part of the great scale of 
sounds lying between F above the treble 
elif note, and G in aitissimeo. 

ALTAR. A table or raised place on which 
any offering wes mace te the Aimighty 
The fset altar mentioned is that baik by 





6 





Neah after the flood. ‘Ihe two grincipal 
Bitars of the Jows were the altar ef burnt 





Yey'e@, 17 the altar of incense 





ALTERNATION A rule in arithmetic 
showing the different ways in which any 
number of quantities may be changed or } 
combined. 

ALTIMETRY. The art of measuring 
altitudes or heights. 

ALTITUDE. The height of an object, 
or its elevation above that plane to which 
the base is referred; thus in mathematics 
the altitude of a figure is the perpendicular 
or nearest distance of its vertex from the 
base. The altitude of an object is the ele- 
vation of an object above the plane of the 
horizon, or a perpendicular let fall te that 
plane, as a perpendicular fet fall from a 
tower. 

Altitudes are either accessible or inacces- 
sible. An accessible altitude of an object 
is that whose baze we can have access to, 
so as to-measure the distance between it 
and the station from which the measure is 
to be taken. 

Inaccesaible altitude is when the base of 
the object cannot be approached. iLnacces- 
Glide altttudes may be measured either hy 


geometry, Betty ea, sptieel reflection 
or by the barometer. The altitudes of 


mountaing may be determined best by the / Shi : | 
barometer, for as the weight of the atmos- | Pitatnege 


phere diminishes aa we rise, the fall of the 
barometer determines the elevation of any 
place The altitude of the pyramids in 
Egypt was measured in the time of Thales, 
by means of their shadow and « pole set 


upright beside them, making the altitudes — 


of the pole and pyramid to be proportional 
to the length of their shadows, 
struments now commonly used in measur- 
ing altitudes are the geometrical square 
the quadrant, and theodolite. 

ALTITUDE (in Optics). The height of 
an object above a line drawn parallel te 
the horizon from the eye of the observer. 

ALTITUDE OF THE EYE (in Per 
spective). The perpendicular height ofthe 
eye above the geometrical plane. - 

ALTITUDE OF A STAR, &e. (in As 
tronomy). The height of any star, &c¢ 
above the horizon, or an arc of a verticle 
circle, intercepted between the star and the 
horizon. Thisaltitude is either true or ap. 
parent, according as it is reckoned from the 
rational or sensible horizon, and the differ. 
ence between these two is termed by as- 
tronomers the parallax of altitude. 

ALTO (in Music books). Italian for th 
upper or counter tenor, and is common in 
music of several parts. 

ALUM. A mineral salt, composed of 
sulphuric acid, potash, alumina, and water, - 


lt is of a white colour, and of an astringent 


acid taste ; natural alum, which was well 
known to the ancients, is a kind of whitish 
friable stone, formerly found in the island 
of Melos, Macedonia, Egypt, &vw. 
tious alum is commonly made of a stone, 
of seaweed, and of urine. 


is colourless ; and Roman alum, which is 
of a reddish colour. . 


ALUM EARTH. The earth from which 


alum is extracted. 


ALUMINA, or ALUMINE. Theeath  __ 
of alum, an argillaceous, soft, and insipid 


sort of earth, which is the base of alam, 
being the principal part of clay. 

ALUM WATER. A preparation used 
by painters in water colour, prepared by — 
dissolving alum in water. ~ 

A. M. An abbreviation for Anno Mundi, 
the year of the world, and Magner Aa 
master of arta, 

AMALGAM, er AMALGAMA, The 
mixture of mercury with seme ether metal © 
Amalgams are used either te render a motel _ 
fit to be eroned on mene a 


The in- | 


Facti- _ 


It is known by > 
the names of rock or English alum, which — 


‘th Lah ty 

































yar ad ae of tin and mereury 
| weed for looking glasses. 
AMALGAMATION. The operat of 
mixing quicksilver with some other metal, 
by fusing the metal, and in that atate ada 
ing &@ portion of mercury to it. Gold of 
_ all metals unites best with mercury, next 
_ to that silver, then lead, tin, and every 
- ether metal, except iron ‘and copper, the 
last of which admits scarcely any of such 
_ amalgamation. 

_  AMANUENSIS. A slave among the 

_Rom’ns, who used to be employed in 
Writing for his master ; also any one among 
_ the moderns who is employed to transcribe 
_ for another. 

AMARANTH. A plant which flourishes 
in the Indies and South America, remark- 
able for the lasting beauty of its flowers 
a AMATEUR. One who follows a parti- 
ular art br profesaion not for gain but for 
_ pleasure. 

- AMBASSADOR. One appointed by a 
_—s sovereign power to represent him, and su- 
péerintend his affairs at a foreign court. 
AMBER. A hard, brittle, tasteless sub- 
stance, mostly semitransparent, or opaque, 
and of a glossy surface. It is highly elec- 
tric, and if a piece be kindled it burns to 
_ the end with pungent white vapours, with- 
~~ out melting. 

AMBERGRIS. A solid sebaceous or fat 
_ substance, found floating in the sea, near 

_ the coasts of various tropical countries. It 
is supposed to be the excrement of the 
“spermatic whale, having frequently been 

‘met with in the intestines of that fish. 
AMBER TREE.) A shrub, tke beauty 
of which lies in its small evergreen leaves; 
‘these grow as close as heath, and when 
rubbed emit a fragrant odour | 
_ AMBIDEXTER. A person who can use 
_ both hands with équal facility. 

_ AMBUSCADE. A place where soldiers 

ae concealed, in order to surprise an enemy. 

_ AMENDE. A pecuniary punishment im- 

_ posed, according to the customs of France, 

by a judge, for any false prosecution or 
groundless appeal. 

_ AMENDE HONORABLE. An infa- 






































© shirt, with a torch in their hand, and 
_arope about their neck, into a church or 
sini to beg pardon of God, the court, 
xt the injured party. 
‘AMENTACEA. A _ natural order of 
plants, bearing catkins, as the poplar, ha- 
egos é&e. 

Lb BMENT. Se MER punish- 


| ment imposed on off doru at the morey 





of the court ; it is contacted from the Latin 
words a misericordia, which signify lite- 
rally from or at the mercy. Amorcementa 
differ from fines, in as much as the latter 
are defined, and the former are proportion- 
ed to the fault, or more pruperly at the dis- 
cretion of the count. 

AMERICAN ELK. A noble animsi ef 
the deer kind. 

AMETHYST. A gem of great hardnesa 
and brilliancy, and of various colours, but 
mostly purple or violet. It comes from _ 
India, and ia used in medicive as an as- 
tringent. 

AMIANTHUS. An incombustible mine- 
ral flax, which may be drawn into threads 
and wove into cloth. It is mostly found 
among rocks. 

AMMON., The title Oder which Jupiter 
was worshipped in Libya, where a temple 
was erected to him, from which oracles 
were delivered for many ages 

AMMONIA. A volatile alkali, which, 
when in its purest state, exists only in the 
form of a gas. It forms a liquid when 
cooled, and is known by the hame of harts- 
horn, because it is obtained from distilling 
the horn of the hart. It may also be ob- 
tained from urine and camei’s dung by . 
distillation. 

AMMONIAC, or GUM AMMONIAC, 
A resinous substance brought from the 
East Indies in drops or granules. The 
best kind is of a yellowish colour without 
and white within 

AMMONITY SNAKE STONE. A 
sort of fossil shells, made up of small cir- 
cles, like those of a snake rolled up. 





AMMUNITION. A Babe term for 
all warlike stores, but more especially 
-| powder, balls, guns, é&c. 

AMORPHOZOA. The lowest class of 
the animal kingdom, as sponges that 
have no regular symmetrical structure. 

AMPETITE. Alum slate, earth used 
by the Ancients to kill insects on vines, 

AMPHIBIA. A elass of animals which 
live equally well in air or water, euch as 
the phocw, or seal tribe, frogs, lisards, 
erocodiles, eels, water Serpents, snakes 
They are remarkable for their tenacity of 





















- when the head is cut eff. 

- AMPIHISCII. A name applied by geogra- 
_ -Bhers to the inhabitants of the torrid zone. 
. AMPHITHEATRE, A circular building 

among the ancients, having seats entirely 
around, and an area in the middle, where 
tel spectacles were exhibited. Some of these, 
asthe Coliseum in Rome, could contain 
from 50,000 to 80,000 persone. 
. AMPLIFICATION (with Rhetoricians). 
An amplifying or enlarging upon an argu- 
ment, either by aggravating or extenuating 
a crime, heightening an eulogium, or en- 
larging a narration, by an enumeration of 
circumstances, so as to excite proper emo- 
_ tions in the audience. 

AMPLITUDE, An arch of the horizon, 
intercepted bet ween the east or west points 
and the eentre of the sun or stars at their 
rising and setting. It is called ortive, or 
eastern amplitude, when the star is rising; 
and occiduous, or western, when the star 
is setting. 

AMPLITUDE MAGNETICAL. Is an 
arc of the horizon, contained between the 
sun or a star at its rising and setting, and 
the magnetical east or west point of the hori- 
zon, indicated by the magnetical compass, 
er the amplitude or azimuth. 

AMPUTATION (in Surgery). The cut- 
ting off a limb or other part of the body 
with an instrument. 

AMULET. A supposed charm or pre- 

 gervative against witchcraft, mischief, or 
diseases. Amulets consist of stone, metal, 
simples, or whatever else the fancy sug- 
‘gested; sometimes words or sentences 
might be employed in this manner. 

AMZEL. A bird of the blackbird kind, 
belonging to the same genus, merula, in 
the Linnean system. The ring-amzel is 
remarkable for having a fine broad white 
ring at the lower part of its throat. 

ANA. A name given to amusing mis- 
cellanies, consisting of anecdotes, traits of 

character, and jacidents relating to any 
person or subject, 

ANABASIS. The title of Xenophon’s 
description of the younger Cyrus’s expedi- 
tion against his brother, in which the wri- 
ter bore a principal part. 

ANACHRONISM. An error ia chrono- 

 kegy, as when an event is releted o have 
happened in the reign of a certain prince, 
‘which happened citer befers or after. 

... ANACLASTICS. Another name for 
ioptrics, or thet branch of opties which 

relates to refracted light. 

.. ANACBRONTIC VERSE. A sort ef 
_ verse so called from the Greek poet Anac- 

en. by whom & wes fret weed. It con- 





_ ie sores wit eontinus to move even, : 










subjects, anne 
ANA GRAM. “The (apeattied of the a 
letters of ens word s0 ae to form entree 
as amor changed into Roma. 
ANALEMMA. A projection ofthe sphere © 
on the plane of the meridian, orthographt 
cally made by atraight lines and ellipses, 
the eye being supposed at an infinite dis 
tance, in an equinoctial point. 
ANALEMMA., Is also an instrument, a 
kind of astrolabe, made either of brase or 
wood, with an hortentt fitted to it; it 
used for finding the time of the sun’s rising 
or setting, the length of the longest day, 
&e. The most ancient treatise on this in- — 
strument was written by Ptolemy, and 
published in 1562, with a Commentary — 
by Commandine. Otherauthors, as Aqui : i 
lonius, Jacquet, Deschales, &c. have gn | ni 
written on the same instrument. 
ANALOGY. The relation which hing 
bear, or are supposed to bear, to each other, 
from their resemblance or proportion to one 
another ; as the analogy between animals — 
and plants, from which a similar treatment 
of them in many cases may be inferred. 
Analogy is one of the principal grounds of 
reasoning in matters of experience. 
ANALYSIS (in Logic). The resolution 
or unfolding of any thing, #0 as to discover — ph 
its component parts as opposed tosynthesigs = 
Analysis is the method of finding outtruth, © 
and synthesis is the method of explaining — 
that truth to others. Among mathematicians — 
it is the art of discovering the truth or false- 
hood of a proposition, by supposing the 
question to be solved, and then examen, 
the consequences, till some truth is disco- 
vered, or the absurdity and impossibility of 
the proposition is discovered. The analysis — 
of finite quantitiea is properly called spe-— oy 
cious arithmetic, or algebra ; the analye ey iF 












































or differential calculus. 

ANALYSIS (in Chemistry). Is the tee 
composition of bodies, as vegetables an¢€ 
minerals, to discover their component parts — 

ANALYTICS. A name given to algebra _ 
being nothing else but a general analysie 
of pure mathematics; or else because fi 
teaches how to solve questions, and oi ; 
strate theorems, by searching into the fu 



























Painting). A monstrous projection, or 
presentation of an image ena pl 
curve ewrtion, Which beheld at a 









ed appa rr and ies badon | Solosiogy, the dectring Hf the iD 





ne ANAPAST. A snetrical foot, having the 
“us _--—s We first short and the last long ("”~), as 
et ' AlGt&s. hi 
: ANARCHY. A society without a govern- 
ce _ ment, or where there is no supreme gov- 
sf :, ernor. 

ANATHEMA. in the general sense, a 
religious curse; in the particulary sense, 
ecclesiastical excommunication. 

ANATOMY. The act cf dissacting bo- 
dies for the purpose of examining their 
structure, and the nature, uses, and fune- 
tions of their several parts ; also the know- 
ledge of the human body derived from such 
dissections and examinations ; when ap- 
plied to animais it is termed Comparative 

Anatomy. In the science of anatomy, the 
body is divided into the head, trunk, and 
extremities, and is composed of dolida and 
 fiuids. The solids are the integuments, 
j bones, cartilages, ligaments, membranes, 
_ Vessels, muscles, nerves, and giands. The 
- principal fluids are the blood, the chyle, the 
lymph, and the bile. Anatomy, from the 
names of the parts treated of, is divided inte 
oe the doctrine of the growth of 








bones in the adult subject ; chondrolagy, 


| the doctrine of the cartilages ; syndeamo- 


logy, the doctrine of the ligaments; my 
ology, the doctrine of the muscles ; bursa. 
logy, the doctrine of the burss mucoss,- 
splanchnology, the dectrine of the viscera , 
angeiology, the doctrine of the vessels; 


ademology, the doctrine of the glands; | 


neurology, the doctrine of the nerves, dc. 
Anatomy, taken absolutely, applies only to 
the dissection of haman subjects ; the dis- 
section and examination ef brutes is called 
Comparative Anatomy. 

ANATOMY, Histony ov. The seionse 
of anatomy was doubtless cosval with that 
of medicine, for the connexion between 
the two studies would naturally suggest t« 
the inquirer into the diseases of the humag 
body the necessity of becoming acquainted 
with its component parts. In Egypt, the 
practice of embalming rendering it neces- 
sary to open the body, led them first te 
Inake observations on the structure of the 
human frame, which was afterwardy en- 
couraged by their kings, who ordered dead 
bodies to be regularly dissected for the 
perfection of the art; but, judging from 
gone specimens which have been preserved 
of their anatomical observations, the sct- 
ence did not make any considerable progress 
among them. There is, however, no doubt, 
but they laid the foundation and the Greeks, 
who derived their earliest information from 
them, enlarged the boundaries of the sci- 
ence by theirresearches. Hippocrates, whe 
lived about 400 years before Christ, is the 
first who expressly wrote on this subject ; 
and the first anatomical dissection recorded 
was made by his friend Democritus, of 
Abdera. In Aristotie’s works there exe 
many minute particulars on this subject, 
which show that he had made the animal 
body his particular study. From the Greeks 
this science, after an interval of several 
centuries, passed again inte Egypt, where, 
by the fostering care of the Ptolemies, i 
was revived and made great advances. 
Erastratus, the pupil and friend of Theo- 
phrastus and Herophilus, laid the founda- 
tion of the famous school of anatomy at 
Alexandria, which was for many centuries 
in such high repute that no one was sup- 
posed qualified for the medical art, who 
had not studied at Alexandria. Herophi- 
lus is said to have dissected not leas than 
700 bodies, and among the rest some living 
subjects, but probubly, as such a moustrous 
piece of cruelty must have defeated its own 
purpose, this latter part of Use story is only 
an exaggeration. The Romans learedifrem 
the Greeks the science of amaicauy. as they 






















26 ! ) 
did most ether arts and sciences ; for the 
first radiments were taught to them by 
Archagathus, a Greek physician, who first 
established himselfat Rome,and afterwards 
ty Asclepiades, whe flourished in the time 
of Pempey, and gained such repute that 
me was looked upon as a second Hippo- 
crates. He waa succeeded by Cassius, who 
was supposed to be thie disciple of Ascle- 
piades, Ceisus, Rufus, Pliny, Colius Aure- 
lianus, and Aratsus, whose works abound 
with anatomical observations, and prove 
that, although their researches were not 
deep, their attention was drawn towards 
the subject. This is also still more evident 
from the works of Galen, who, in point 
of aceuracy and minuteness of detail, sur- 
passed ali that went before him, and also 
all that followed him until within the last 
three centuries The Arabians and Sara- 
cens, on the decline of the empire, took 
the place of the Greeks and Romans in the 
cultivation of the sciences, but as by the 
tenets of their religion they were prohibited 
from touching dead bodies, and conse. 
quently could not practice dissection, they 
were obliged to content themselves with 
commenting upon Galen. To effect this 
object, we find that Abdollatiph, a teacher 
of anatomy in the thirteenth century, ex- 
amined and demonstrated the structure of 
the bones by going to the burying grounds ; 
and by that means he detected some errors 
im Galen. Although the Europeans were not 
under the same restrictions, yet during the 
middle ages it is certain that the science of 
anatomy made no advances. The best trea- 
tise then extant, which gained the author 
great repute, and was the standard book 
in the schools, was that of Mundinus, which 
appeered in 1315, yet this was nothing but 
an abstract of Galen. On the expulsion 
ef the Moors, the prejudice against dissec- 
tion abated, and copies of the Greek authors 
having found their way into Europe after 
the sacking of Constantinople, the study of 
anatomy revived considerably in the fit 
teenth century. Among the Italians, Achil- 
linus Benedictus, Berengarius, and Massa 
added to the stock of anatomical knowledge 
by discoveries of their own from dissections, 
Sut the most distinguished names among 
the anatomists ef that period are thoae who 
flourished in the following century, namely, 
Vegzalius, a native of Brusse}s, Syivius in 
France, Columbus, Faliop‘us, and Eusgta- 
chius in Italy, who, cont~ary to the prae- 
tice ef Galen, drew their observations from 
the human body, rather than from that “of 
the brutes. WVevalius gave the names tothe 
wauscles, most of which are retained to this 
aay. Gabriel Fallepius, in his treatise en- 


titled Ghealewiones A baton | peameaaigs 
in 1561, improved upor the descriptions of — 
Vesatitis The Opuscuis Anatomica of Bar 


tholomw#us Eustachius, published in 1563, 


have ever been admired for the correctnesa 
and exactness of their descriptions. His 
plates. which were intended for a large 
and complete work on the subject, were 

not published until 150 years after, whea, 
being found in an old cabinet, they were 
edited by Lancisi, the pope’s physician, who 
added a short explanatory text, because 
that of Eustachius could not be found. The 
next in the list of distinguished anate- 
mists must be reckoned Harvey, who, after 
having studied in Italy under Fabricius ab 
Aquapendente, was led by the writings of 


his master to consider the manner in which — 


the blood was circulated over the whole 
body; and the offices of the several vessels. 


Fabricius published an account of the valves 


which he discovered in the veing. This 
discovery affected the established doctrine 
of all ages, that the veins carried the blood 
from the liver to all parts of the body far 
nourishinent ; and Harvey was led by this 
to consider more narrowly the functions 
of the heart and the vascular system. The 
result of his investigation was, that the 
heart is the grand reservoir of the blood, 
that the arteries, which had hitherto been 
considered as air vessels, were the channels 


by which it was conveyed to all parts of — 
the body, and the veins were the channels. 


by which it was carried back to the heart 
His doctrine at first met with eonsiderable 
opposition, but farther researches put it at 
length beyond all question, and led to other 
discoveriesof considerable importance. The 
lacteals, or vessels which carry the chyle 
to the intestines, were discovered by As- 
celius, an Italian; the thoracie duet by 
Pecquet, in 1651; the lymphatics by Tho. 
mas Bartholine, a Danish anatomist; be- 
sides numerous other discoveries which 
were made by the help of magnifying glas- 
ses. ‘These were first brought into use by 
Malpighi, after by Laurentius Bellinus, a 
distinguished anatomist of Italy, Swam- 
merdam, Van Horn, De Graaf, and ether 
Dutch anatomists, particularly Antonius 
Liewenhoeck, of Delft, who improved on 
Malpighi’s use of microscopes, and sueceed- 
ed in discovering globules in the bleed, 
animalculg in the semer, and many other 


particulars which had hitherto escaped ne- 


tice. From this time the science of anate- 
my made predigious advances towards ac- 
curacy, so that each particular part has fuy- 


nished matter for the labours of celebraweé rl 
The figures ofthe bones have 
been giver in four large folio volumes, by 


anatonists. 







ax 














f) M.Van a esarigisdics Fall ins cass ‘i 
| player of M. de Kemplin of Presburg, ané 

the chess-player who lately performed woa- 
ders in that game in London The con- 
struction of these autematons is at present 
a secret. 

ANDROMEDA, A smali northern eon- 
stellation consisting of sixty-three stars 

ANEMOMETER. An instrument, used 
for measuring the force and velocity of the 
wind ‘ 

ANEMONE. A beautiful flower origi- 
nally brought from the east, but now much 
cultivated in our gardens. The word sig- 
nifies properly wind-flower, because it was 
supposed that it opened only when the 
wind blew 

ANEMOSCOPE. A machine showing 
from what point of the compass the wind 
blows. ; 


ANDESITE. »A mineral found in the 
Andes containing the fel-spar called 
Andesine. 

ANEMOMETER. An instrument for 
determining the course, the force and 
‘velocity of winds. 

ANGELINA. A planet first observed 
by Tempel, in 1861. 

ANGLES. A German tribe on the Elbe, 
of the race of the Sueyi, who after- 
wards passed over with the Saxons into 
Britain, and gave their name to that 
country. 


ANGIOSPERMIA. A term in the Lin- 
nzan system for such plants of the class 
Didynamia as have their seeds enclosed in 
a capsule or seed-vessel. 

ANGLE. The inclination of two lines 
meeting one another in a peint, which 
lines are called the legs; when the lines 
meet perpendicularly it is a right angle, as 
A, B,C; when they meet so as to make 
















ness. Haller has published a folio on the 
‘3 blood vessels, Dr. Munro, junior, on the 
Oy nerves, Albinus, Roederer, and Hunter on 








on the joints and fresh bones, Soemmering 
en the brain, Zinn on the eye, Cotunnius 
Mickel, junior, and others on the ear, 
“Walter on the nerves of the thorax and 
abdomen, Munroe on the bursem mucose, 
_ besides the several systems of anatomy 
_ from the pexs of Albinus, Keil, Cheselden, 
_. Hunter, Munro, Douglas, Fife, Winslow, 
Bischoff, Gray, Bowman, Virchow, &c. 
ANCESTRY. . The line of ancestors or 
_ forefathers from which any person is de- 
-scended. 
ANCHOR. An instrument for holding 
_ aship in the place where she should ride. 
































_ ANCHORAGE. The ground that is fit 

_ for holding the anchor ; aiso the duty taken 

ef ships for the use of the haven where 

- they cast anchor. 

_ ANCHORET. A hermit, or one who 

retired from the world, and lived in per- 
- fect solitude. 

ANCHOVY. ‘Asmat seafieh much used 

In sauce; ft isso like the common sprat, 
shat the latter is often pickled and sold 
_ ander its name. 





shi! ‘Italian for ex- 
act and just time in binving: 80 as to keep 
the notes distinct from each other. 
_ ANDROIDES (in Mechanics). -A term 
to denote an automaten in the figure 
a man, which, by means of certain 
ngs and other mechanical contrivances, 
ia enabled to walk, and perform other 
y tions: of a man. The most celebrated of 
; > automatons which have been exhib- 
m time are the fiute-player of 


the angle ess than o right angie, it is called 
acute, as A, B, D; and when they maxe 
the angie greater, it is called an obtuse an- 
gle, as A, B, E. i 
ANGLER. A singular fish, also known 
at present by the name of the fizhing frog, 
from the resemblance which it bears te 
that animal in the state of a tadpole. 
ANGLICAN CHURCH. That form of 
doctrine and discipline which is established 
in Engiand, and serves for tho government 



































from the West Indies. 








ef the: whole Christian church in that coun- | 
try. 2:s doctrines are comprehended within 


thirty-nine articles, and its government, 


which is episcopal, consistea of two. arch- 
bishops and twenty-four bishops, together 
wth the different orders of inferior clergy. 

_ The same Church is established in Ameri- 
ca, put is independent of that of England. 


"Phe members of this church are called 
_. Episcopalians. 


ANGLICISM. An idiom or manner of 
speech peculiar to the English, and their 
descendants. 
| ANGLING. The art of fishing with a 
sed, to which are attached a line, hook, 
and bait. Anglers look for breams in the 
deepest water, for eels under banks, for 

_ chub in deep shaded holes, for perch and 
roach in ponds, and for trout in quick 
streams. The best months for angling are 
from April to October ; the time of the day 
early in the morning, or in the evening of 
not days. Fish bite freely in cloudy warm 
weather, but not at all when it is cold and 
stormy. Fish ought to be fed on corn boil- 
ed soft, garbage, worms chopped to pieces, 
oY grains steeped in blood. if you fish in 

stream, it is best to cast in the grains 
above the hook. 

ANIMAL. A living body endued with 
veonsation and spontaneous motion ; in its 
limited sense, any irrational creature, ag 
diatinguished from man. 

ANIMALCULAL, Animale so minute 

98 not to be the immediate object of our 

senses. They are seen only by the help of. 
the microscope. 

ANIMAL KINGDOM. One of the three 
principal divisions into which all organized 
bodies are divided by Linneus. It com- 
prehends six classes of animals; namely, 
Mammalia, or such as suckle their young, 
mostly quadrupeds ; Aves, birds, which are 
oviparous; Amphibia, amphibious ani- 
mals ; Pisces, fishes, such ag live only in 
water, and are covered with scales ; Insec- 
fa, insects, which have few or no organs 
of sense, anda bony coat of mail ; Vermes, 
worms, which have mostly no feet. 

ANIME, or GUM ANIME. A resinous 
substance imported from New Spain and 
the Brazils. 

ANNALS. A species of history, in which 


. events are related in the exact order of 


 ehronclogy 

_ ANNEALING. The process of heating 
stec] and other metal bodies, and then 

- suffering them to cool again gradually 

_ ANNOTTO. A kind of red dye brought 

It ig procured from 

_ Wise pulp of the seed capsules 

- ANNUAL. An epithet for whatever 











nee Ba Ry 
. ie 




























within the year. ALR 
ANNUITY. The pereakel payment of 
money, either yearly, half yearly, or quar- 
terly ; for a determinate period; as ten, 
fifty, or a hundred years; or foraninde- 
terminate period, dependant on acertain — 
contingency, as the death of a person; or 
for an indefinite term, in which latter case 
they ere called perpetual annuities 
ANNULET A small square member in 
the Doric capital. Est AA 
ANNUNCIATION. The deliveryofa 
message, particularly the angel’s message 
to the Virgin Mary, concerning the birth — 
of our Saviour. The festival in commem 
oration of that event is called Lady Day 
ANODYNES. Medicines so called be- 
cause they ease pain and procure slee 
such as the medicinal preparations of the 


ANOMALISTICAL YEAR (in Astro- 
nomy). The time that the earth takes te 
pass through her orbit 

ANOMALOUS VERBS (in Grammar). — 
Verbs which are not conjugated regularly 

ANOMALY. In ageneral sense, irregu- 
larity ; in Astronomy, the irregularity in 
the motion of a planet. 

ANSER. A star of the fifth magnitude ‘ 
in the milky way. 

ANSERES The third order of birds in. 
the Linnean system, including such as 
have the bill somewhat obtuse, covered 
with askin, and gibbous at the bane une 
ths goose, duck, swan, &¢. 










ANT. A gregarious and proverbially 
industrious tribe of insects, which are di- 
vided into males, females, and neutrala — 
Their houses are curiously constructed, — 
and divided into chambers, magazines, &c. 

ANTARCTIC (in Astronomy). Rei 
name of a circle of she sphere, whieh io 
opposite to the aretic or northern pole. 
is nearly 23 and a half degrees distant 





| the meta! ealied antimony combinow ith 


and then quickly draws it in. 
- ANTECEDENT. The word in grammar 
to which the relative refers ; as Ged, whom 
we adore, the word God is the ante- 
eedent 
Beye) ANTEDATE. A date that precedes the 
ae real one; as the antedate of a bill, that 
which is earlier than the time when it is 
Yor drawn. 
ities ANTEDILUVIANS. Persons living be- 
, _ fore the deluge. 

ANTELOPE. A beautiful quadruped, 
of which there are many varieties. Antoe- 
lopes are singularly swift in their motion, 
vain’ and in general natives of hot climates, 
ss iparticularly in Africa and Asia. Europe 
Re. has but twe species, and America but one ; 
RS Mt is called the Prang-horned Antelops. 











aes i ANTENNZ. The horns or feelers of 

ae. insects which project from their .heade, 

% __ and serve them in the sense of feeling and 
ih seeing. 






















ANTHEM A sacred composition used 
as a part of Christian worship. 
_ ANTHER A part of the stamen of a 
flower which is at the top of the filament. 
it containe the pollen or farina, which it 
emits or explodes when ripe. 
ANTHOLOGY. A collection of choice 
podms, particularly a collection of Greek 
epigrams so called. 
ANTHROPOPHAGI. Another name 
_ for cannibals, or men eaters. 
ANTIDOTE. A counterpoison, or any 
medicine generally that counteracts the 
___ effects of what has been swallowed. 
"yan | _ ANTIMONY, A metallic, solid, heavy, 
¥n 3 Ae ‘found pure, but mostly mixed with other 
metals. In its pure state it is called the 
__ regulus of antimory. Crude antimony, in 


\ 
Baie: ‘ { 


prittie substance, which is very seldom | bark of 


_ANTINOMIANS. An anelent sect, whe 
maintained that faith, without good works, 


was sufficient for salvation. Thissect has — 


heen revived since the Reformation 

ANTIPODES. Persons so named in 
geography, whe live diametrically opposite 
to ene another, og it were feet to feet. 
They have equa! latitudes, the one north 
and the other south; but opposite longi 
tudes, consequently when it is day to the 
one it is night to the other, and when 
summer to the one winter to the other 

ANTIQUARY. One who searches after 
the remains of antiquity. The monks who 
were employed in making new copies of 
old books were formerly called antiquarii. 

ANTISCLI (in Geography). People who 
live on different sides of the equator, and 
have their shadows at noon fall directly 
epposite ways. 

ANTISEPTICS. Substances which re 
sist putrefaction. 

ANTITHESIS. A figure of speech, in 
which contraries are put in contrast with 
each other, as, He gained by losing, and by 
falling rose, 

ANTOECI (in Geography). People whe 
Hive under the same meridian, east or west, 
but under opposite parallels of latitude 
they have their noon or midnight at the 
same hour, but their seasons contrary. 

ANTONOMASIA. A form of speech, in 


which the name of some dignity, office, © 


profession, science, or trade, is used in- 
stead of the true name of a person ; or, 
in which a proper name is put in place 
of an appellative: thus, we say tho 
President, the Englishman, the Printer, 
a Cato,.a Solomon. 

ANTOSIANDRIAN. One of a sect of 
rigid Lutherans, so denominated from 
their opposing the doctrines of Osian- 
der, the German reformer, 

ANTRUSTION,. In history, the An- 
trustions were aclass of people among 
the Franks, who were the personal vas- 
sals of the kings and counts. 

“ANUBIS. An Egyptian deity, repre. 
sented by a human figure, witk the 
head of a dog orafox. He was the son 
of Osiris, and was regarded as the con- 
ductor and guardian of departed souls, 

AONIAN. Pertaining te the Muses, or 
to Aonia, their residence, in Beotia. 

AORIST. The name of certain tensey 
in the Greek language, which express 
time indeterminate, that is, either past, 
present, or future. | 

AOUTA. A tree of Otaheite, from thy 
which the natives make cloth, 

AORTA. In «unatomy, the grea 
artery, or main trunk of the arte- 
rial system, proceeding immediately 
from the left ventricle of the 


— preamerse » is a metallic ore, consisting of |heart. It ia distinguished inte 




















4 APL 


the desconding or ascending, according to APOCOPS (in Graramar). The ouceatng 


the manner in whiek it rune. 

APATITE. Phosphate of time ; 8 mine- 
ral which cecura in tin veins, and is found 
in Cornwall and Germany. 

APE. The name of a tribe ef animals 
ef the monkey kind which are witheut 
tails, imitative, chattering, full of gestien- 
lations, thicvish, and mischievous. 





APERIENTS. Opening medicines 

APETALOUS (in Botany). A term for 
plants whose flowers have no flower leaves 
or corolla; as the hippuris, or fox tail 


grees. 

APEX. A little woollen tuft on the cap 
‘of the flamen, or higi priest, among the 
ancients. 

APEX (in Mathematics). The angular 
point ef a cone or conic section. 

A. P.G, An abbreviation for Professor 
ef Astronomy in Gresham College, Eng- 
fond. 

APHARESIS (in Grammar) The 
faking away a letter or syllable from a 
word. 

APHELION. That point at which the 
earth, or any planet, is at the greatest dia- 
tance from the sun. 

APHIS. ‘Fhe plant louse ; an extensive 
genas of the hemiptera order. 

APHORISM. A brief sentence in 
selence, comprehending some experimen- 
tal truth, as the Aphorisms of Hippoernies, 
&e. 

APIARY. A place where bees are kept, 
which should be selected with great care, 
observing that it face the south, be defen- 
ded from high winds, and not within the 
sphere of offensive smells, or liable to the 
attacks of hornets or any other hostile 
Vermin 
. APIS The bee; a genus of insects of 
the order hymenoptera. 

API8.. An Egyptian deity, worshiped 
under the form of an on. 







off the last letter or eyliable efa werd. Soe 

APODAL, The first order of Sshes mm 
the Linnjan system, having eo vent | 
fina, as the eel, the wolf fire, the sword 
fish, the lance, &e. utente 





APOGEE. That point of the erbit at 
which the sun, moon, or any planet is 
most distant from the earth This term, 
86 well as the perigee, was most in use 
among the ancients ; modern astronomers 
making the sun the centre of the paiverse 
mostly use the terms aphelion ana perihe 
lion. 

APOLLO. The god of medicine, music 
poetry, and the fine arts. He was theson 
of Jupiter and Latcna, born tn the islene 
of Deles, and is commonly represented 
naked, with his hyre or how 





APOLOGUE. An instructive fable, qe 
a feigned relation, intended to teach some 
moral truth ; as the Fables of Esop. 
APOPHTHEGM. A brief and pithy 
saying, particularly of some distinguished 
person. 
APOPLEXY. A disorder which sud 
denly surprises the brain, andtakesaway 
all sense and motion. ANE 
APOSTATE. One whe has forsaken 
nis religion ; particularily ene whe has @e- 
serted the Christian profession. An SO 
A POSTERIORI. A teim employed fe — 












ambassaders, a term applied now particu- 
—- \ewhy to the twelve disciples commis- 
Be ay 1, shened by our Saviour to proach the gospel 
ey bo all natiena. 
APOSTROPHE. A figure of speech, 
by which the orator turns from his subject 
_ to address a person either absent er dead, 
as if he were present. 

APOSTROPHE (in Grammar). A mark 
of contraction in a word; thus, low’d for 
loved. 

APOTHECARY. Property the keeper 

 @f a medicine shop; but more generally 

- one who practises the art of pharmacy, or 

ef compounding medicines In London, 

Tats apothecaries are one of the city companies, 
cy and are exempted, by stat. 9 Geo. I. from 
_——é«s@Ving upon juries or in parish offices. 
They are obliged to make up thelr medi- 
cines according to the formulas preseribed 
in the college dispensatory, and are liable 


of the college, who are empowered to des- 
troy such medicines as they do net think 


good. 

APOTHEOSIS. Deification, or the cer- 
emony of placing among the gods, which 
y was frequent among the ancients. This 
- fenour was conferred on several of the 
-. Roman emperors at their decease. 

APPANNAGE, or APPENNAGE, 
Lands set apart a3 a portion for the king’s 
- vounger children in France. 

APPARATUS. °A set ofinstruments or 
 wtensils necessary for practising any art, 

as @ surgeon’s apparatus, a chomist’s appa-~ 

Fatus. 

APPARENT (among Mathematicians). 
A term applied to things as they appear to 
 ws,in distinetion from what they are in 
| peality ; as the apparent distance, magni- 
tude, place, figure, &c. of any heavenly 
body, as distinguished from the real or true 
—s distance, &e. 

_ APPARITION (in Astronomy). T'he 

_ becoming visible. The circle of apparition 

is an imaginary line, within which the 
stara are always visible in any given 

8 latitude. 

APPEAL (in Law) 
































‘The removal of a 


APPEARANCE (in Law). The defend. 
ants appearing before the court te plead in 
any prosecution ; there are four ways for 
defendants to appear to actions ; in person, 
or by attorney, for persons of full age; by 
guardians, or next friends, for infants. 

_ APPEARANCE (in Perspective). The 
1 hPa body on the per- 





‘have their shops visited by the censors |. 


phenomenon, or phasis, 

APPELLANT, or APPELLOR. One 
who makes or brings an appeal; it was 
formerly much used for one wae breught 
an appeal in a criminal prosecutien. 

APPELLATIVE (in Grammar), <A 
noun or name applicable toa whele spe- 
cies or kind, az, a man, a horse. 

APPENDANT (in Law). Any thing 
inheritable that belongs to a more worthy 
inheritance, as an advowson, or commen, 
which may be appendant toa manor; or 
land toan office: but Jand cannot be ap- 
pendant to land, both being corporeal, ana 
one thing corporeal may not be appendant 
to another. 

APPLE. A well known fruit, from 
which cider is made. ; 

APPLICATION. The bringing one 
thing nearer to another for the purpose of 
measuring it ; thus a lenger space is meas- 
ured by the application of a less, ag a yard 
by a foot or an inch. 

APPOSITION (in Grammar). The 
placing two or more substantives together, 
without any copulative between them, as 
Cicero the orator. 

APPRAISING. The valuing or setting 
a price on goods An eppraiser ia one 
sworn to value goods fairly. 

APPREHENSION. The first power of 
the mind, by which it simply contemplates 
things, without pronouncing any thing up 
on them. 

APPRENTICE. Ayoung person bound 
by indentures or articles of agreement to a 
tradesman, or artificer, to learn his trade 
or mystery. By the stat. 5 Eliz. no per- 
gon can exercise any trade in any part of 
England, without having served a regular 
apprenticeship of at least seven years. No 
trades, however, are heid to be within the 
statute but such as were in being at the 
making of the same in the reign of Eliza- 
beth. Noesuch law exists in the United 
States 

APPROACHES (in Fortification). The 
works thrown up by the besiegers, in order 
to get nearer a fortress without being ex- 
poged to the enemy’s cannon, 

APPROPRIATION. The annexing a 
benefice to the proper and perpetual use af 
a religious house, bishopric, college, &e 
go that the body or house are both patron 
and person, and some one of the number 
was appointed toofficiate. Atthe disgetu- 
tion of the monasteries, the appropriations, 
being more than one third ofall the parishes 
in England, were given te laymen, whencs 
spring most of the lay impropriatiens ox- 
isting at present ; for what is caitee an ep- 









































the hands of luity. [t ts computed that 
there are in Bugiand three thousand eight 

“hundred and forty-five impropriations. 

APPROVER (in Law). One who, being 

- §adicted of treason or felony, confeases him- 
self guilty, and accuses others to save him- 
self: this is vulgarty celled turning king's 

evidence. 

‘APPROXIMATION. In general a get- 

ting near te an object; in mathematics, a 
eontinual approach te a reot or quantity 
sought, but not expected to be found. 

' APPULSE (in Astrenomy). The ap- 
proaneh ofa planet towards a conjunction 
with the aun or any ef the fixed stars. 

APPUBRTENANCES (in Law). Things 
corporeal and incorporeal that appertain to 
ancther thing ss principal; as hamlets to 
a chief manor. Outhouses, yards, oerch- 

ards, gardens, &c. are appurtenant to a 

Mes UA ZS. 

APRICOT. A fine sort of wall fruit, 
which requires much eur to ripen it. 

APRIL. The second month of Romulus’ 
year, and the fourth of Numa’a year, which 
began az it does now, in January. 

A PRIORI. A mode of reasoning by 
proving the effect from the cause. 

APROPOS. Just in time. 

APSIDES. The two points tn the orbit 
ef a planet, at the greatest and least dis- 
tance from the sun. 

APTERA. The seventh order ofinsects, 
baving no wings, including spiders, fleas, 
earwigs, dc. ; also lobeters, crabs, prawns, 
and shrimp. 








AQUAPORTIS. A weak and impure 
nitric acid, commonty used in the arts. It 
is made of a mixture of purified nitre, or 
saltpetre, vitriol, and potter’s earth, in 
equal parts, and ia distinguished into sin- 
gle and double, the former of which is on- 
ly half the strength of the latter. 

_AQUA BEGIA. Nitro-muriatic acid; 
composed of a mixture of the nitric and 
muriatic acids, which disselves gold. 
AQUARIUS. The water-bearer, acon- 

stention, and the eleventh sign in the xo- 

Ges, commonly rearked thus (“>), 





gota, is alien saiied an Ro ates aa P 






in water colowrs 
AQUEDUCT. A pati pe water 4 ‘1 
pipes. In the time of the emperor Nerve 
there were nine, which emptied themselva — 
through 13,504 pipes of an inch diametet 
That constructed by Louis XIV. for enrry-— 
ing the Buca to Versailles, is 7000 fathoms 
long, with 2560 fathoms of abr veal 
contains 242 areades. 
AQUEOUS HUMOUR. The wale) 
humour ef the eye, the first and mane 
which ie less dense than the erystalline. — 
ARABIC, or GUM ARABIC. A aun 
parent kind of gum brought from Arabia 
which distils ffom a plant of the acacia 
speeies. It is used for painting in water 
colours, and also by calice printers and 
other manufacturers, but it is difficult te — 
procureit genuine. Thatwhichisinamall — 
pleces, and of a pert white colour, is 
reckoned the best fs 
ARABIC FIGURES, er. CHARAC- 
TERS. Thenumeral characters now used 
{n our arithmetic, which were introduced — 
into England about the eleventh century _ 
ARBITER (in Civil Law). A judge 
appointed by the magistrate, or chosen by 
the parties to decide any point of differ. — 
ence. An arbiter must judge according to. 
the usages of law ; but an arbitrator, whe 
is a private extraordinary judge, chosen rile 
the mutual consent of parties, is allowed a 
certain discretionary power. a) 
ARBITRATION. A mode of Vecsey 
controversies by means of arbiters or arbi- 
trators. (See AnsiTER). i 
ARBOR VITA. An evergreen shake 
ARBUTUS. The strawberry-tree. A 
beautiful shrub, bearing a red roundish 
aids f 





ARC, or ARCH DIURNAL (ha nae 
nomy). That eh ofa circle described by 


pointed, which are called Gothie = 

ARCH OF EQUILIBRIUM fin Bridge ( 
bullding). ‘That whieh is equilibrium in 
all its parte, and therefore equally strong 
throughout, having no es to 5 
in one part more than ancther — 





aes 4, are two archbishops in Engiand ; namely, 
it _ that ef Canterbury, who has twenty-one 
ape it ‘bishops under him ; and that ef York, who 
ss Ras four. 
_. ARCHDEACON. An officer in the 
“ny church of Rugiand, who acts for the bizhop, 
__-- maving a superintendant power ever the 
clergy within his district. 
ARCHDUKE. One having a preemi- 
“pence over other dukes. 
ABCHERY. The art of shooting with a 
4 bow ; ; formerly a favourite diversion among 
the English, whe were also much skilled 
in it asa military exercise. The practice 
of archery was much encouraged by the 
kings. It was followed both az a recreation 
and a service, and Edward III. prohibited 
* all useless games that interfered with the 
ty practice of it on holydays and other inter- 
“vals of leisure. By an act of Edward IV. 
every man was to have a bow of his own 
height, to be made of yew, hazel, or ash, 
&e.; and mounds of earth were to be made 
im every township, for the use of the in- 
__—s pabiteants. There were two kinds of bows 
re, in use among the English; namely, the 
long bow and the crossbow, those who used 
_ the long bow were called archers tn dis- 
 tinetion from the crossbowmen. 
» ARCHIL, a sort of lichen; the name 
of a violet-red paste, used as adye stuff. 
ARCHIMEDEAN SCREW. A spiral ma- 
. ehine for raising water, consisting of a 
tube rolled in a spiral form round a 
eylinder, a modification of which has 
been introduced for propelling Aneta 
- vessels. 
ARCHITECT. One who ts skilled in 
architecture. The architect forms plans and 
_ designs for edifices, conducts the work,and 
_ directa the artificers employed in it. 
hit ARCHITECTURE. The art of building, 
er the science which teaches the method 
_ of constructing any edifice for uge or orna- 
“ment. It is divided into civil, military, and 
 navm architecture, according as the erec- 
tions are for vivil, military, or navel pur- 
poses. The twe last kinds are otherwise 
called Fortification,and Naval Arehitecture 
_orShipbuiiding. (Bee Forvirication and 
Navas Arenitectuan.) 
ARCHITECTURE, Hisrony oy. The 
origin of civil architecture, or architecture 
_ properly so called, is commonly derived 
from the buliding of huts in a conical forma, 
spreading wide at the bottem, and joining 
a a point at the top, the whole being 
covered with reeds, leaves, &¢. But what- 
may have been the form of the first 
cna there is no doubt that the recipe 






















, | thataags which necessity suggested te the 


reagen of man ; for we find that Cerin, the 
son of Adam, built a city. Tents, er tom- 
porary residences, which were only suited 
to such as jead a wandering life, were nas 
invented before the time of Jubal, the son 
of Tubal Cain ; sines that time the Tartars 
have followed the practice, and the erigtnunl 
inhabitants of America did the same. Every 
nation, in proportion to the degree of civili- 
sation which it has attained, has shown a 
disposition to exercise their ingenuity in 
the construction oftheirresidences. Among 
the Egyptians this art was carried to an 
extraordinary degree of perfection. Thek 
pyramids, labyrinths, and seme ruins of 
their palaces and other edifices are still to 
be geen and adinired as stupendous menu- 
ments of their industry, perseverance, and 
skill. Near Andera, in Upper Egypt, are 
the ruins of a palace of gray granite, the 
ceilings of whieh are supported by columns 
of such thickness, that four men can searce- 
ly span them. The grand hall is 112 feet 
long, 60 high, and 58 broad. The reof of the 
whole edifice iz a terrace, on which once 
stood an Arabian village. The Babylonians 
and Persiane vied with the Zgyptians, both 
in the grandeur and spiendour of theix 
buildings, as may ve judged from the ruins 
stillremaining. A staircase was to be seen 
some time ago, having 95 steps of white 
marble still standing so broad and flat, that 
12 horses might conveniently go abreast. 
As these vast structures were not fitted 
for the general convenience of mankind 
we must look to the Greeks fer the art of 
architecture as it has since been exercised. 
From the simple construction ef wooden 
huts, Vitruvius supposes the orders of arehi- 
teeture took theirrize. When buildings of 
wood were superseded by solid and stately 
edifices of stone, they imitated the parts 
which necessity had introduced into the 
primitpre huts; so that the upright trees, 
with the stones at each extremity of them, 
were the origin of columns, bases, and 
capitals ; and the beams, joists, raftera, and 
the materials which formed the covering, 
gave birth to architraves, frizes, triglyphs, 
sornices, with the corona, mutules, me- 
dilions, and dentiles. To bring all these 


several parts to the siate of perfection at 


which they arrived was the work ef leng 
experience and much reesoning, aided by 
the invention of many tools. 
improved upon the works of the Egyptiana, 
zo ag to render them, if net go durable, a: 
least more ornamental, and perhaps mere 
really serviceable. The construetion ef 
arches wes unknown to the ancient Asay- 
viane and Pebylonians, The reofs of thal 


The Greeks, 





= 















t 











halts were ESE covered wue ecirloue 
ly large stones, some of them large enough 
to cover the wholes room. They had calumne, 
- put they were ill proportioned, and the cap- 
_ Itals were badly executed. The art of pro- 
_ portioning the various parts of a building 
_  belongs,in a peculiar manner, tothe Greeks, 
_ from whom we derive the three principal 
Orders: at the same time it must not be 
denied, that the Jewish nation had earlier 


examples of such proportion ; and that, in 


all probability, the Greeks took their idea 
ef a regular order in architecture from the 


temple of Solomon. 
In the Doric Order, which is so called 


from Dorus, the son of Helenus, and grand- 
gon of Deucalion, the column approaches 
very nearly to the proportions of those to 
be found in Solomon’s temple. This order 
was first employed by Dorus in the build- 


ing of atemple at Argos, in honour of Juno, 


and was formed according to the propor- 


tions between the foot of a man and the 
rest of his body, reckoning the foot to be 
the sixth part of a man’s height: they gave 
to a Doric column, taking in its chapiter, 
six of its diameters ; that is to say, they 
made it six times as high as it was thick, 
but they afterwards added a seventh di- 
ameter. 

The Ionic Order, which takes its name 
from the lIonians, in Upper Asia, was 
formed according to the proportions of a 
woman ; mnaking the height of the column 
to be eight times greater than the diameter. 
They also made channeling in the trunk, 
to imitate the folds in the dress ofa woman, 
and by the volutes in the chapiter they re- 
presented that part of the hair which hung 
in curis on each side of the face; besides 
the Ionians added a base to their column, 
which the Dorians originally had not. 

The Corinthian Order, which was poste- 
rior to the other two, took its rise from an 
accident related by Vitruvius. A basket, 
with a tile over it, had been placed on the 
tomb of a young Corinthian maid, near 
which grew the herb acanthus, or bear’s 
breech. The leaves of this plant rising up 
to the tile,then curled themselves down into 
a sort of volute, which being observed by 
Callimachus, the sculptor, he took the idea 
of representing such a circle of leaves in 
-he eapital of » column, that has since been 
characteristic ofthe Corinthian Order Sca- 
mozzi calla this the virginal order, because 
it bears all the delicacy in its dress peculiar 
to young virgins. 

The Tuscan, or Etruscan Order, derives 
#s name from the Etruscans, or Pelasgians, 
who first inhabited Etruria, in Italy ; this 
is therefore looked upon as a Roman Order. 


ad 
















.to have taken partly from the Romans, a 









but as ‘it is one of the uites and simph 
orders, it is in all probability eme of t 
most ancient: Vitruvius speaks ofthe pre- 
portions ef this order, but there are ne 
certain remaine of it, unless we exceptthe 
Trajan and Antonine pillarsat Rome. == 

The Composite or Romen Order, is so 
called because it combines the proportions 
and decorations of the Corinthian Order 
with the angular volute and dentils of the 
Ionian, thus forming a new erder, which 
was adopted by the Romans. 

Both the Greeks and Romans were in 
the practice of using the figures of men atid 
women instead of regular eclumns, whence — 
arose the Persian or Persie Order, in which — 
the statues of men, and the Caryatie Orton” 
in which the statues of women, served to 
support the entablatures, in the place ef 
columns. The Romans had also their,Ter- 
mini for the support of entablatures, the 
upper part of which represented the head 
and breast of a human body, and the lowe 
the inverted frustrum of a square pyramid 
Persian figures are generally charged with — 
a Doric entablature ; the Caryatides with — 
an Ionic or Corinthian architrave and cor- 
nice ; and the Termini with an entablature 
of any of the three Grecian orders. 

In their private buildings the Roman | 
architects followed the Greeks ; but in theiz 
public edifices they far surpassed them in 
grandeur. Architecture was carried to its ; 
highest pitch of perfection in the reign of — 
Augustus. The Pantheon, one ofthe finest 
monuments of antiquity, was built by 
Agrippa, the gon inlaw of Augustus. Some _ 
of his successors, particularly Trajan and 
Antoninus, were no less favourable tothe — 
exercise of this art; but onthe declineof 
the empire, arehitecture shared the fateof 
other arts, and declined also, but did not 
altogether drop. New modes of building | 
were introduced, which acquiredthename 
of styles ; as the Gothic, Saxon, and Bs 
man styles. ay ; 

The Gothic style was so called beeause a. 
it was first used by the Visigoths. The — 
Saxon and Norman styles were so ealled — 
because they were respectively used by the — Nee 
Saxons before the Conquest, and by the Nev 
Normans after, in the building of church- i 
es. The Saxon style wa distinguished 
by the semicircular arch, hich they seom 4 
and 
partly from their ancestors en the cont 
nent, ; 

The Norman style was Atetingulsbed 
























































aisle: ‘and BiNsrted by very plain iid 
solid columns ; of which examples are to 
be seen in the chancel at Orford, in Suf- 
folk, and at Christ Church,, Canterbury. 
Bometimes, however, the coftimns were 


--—s decorated with carvings of foliage or ani- 
mals, and sometimes with spirals, lozenge, 

or network. 
ahi These two styles continued to be the pre- 


vailing modes of building in England until 
the reign of Henry Il., when a new mode 
wes introduced, which was called modern 
Gothic. Whether this was purely a devia- 
tion from the other two modes, or whether 
it was derived from any foreign source, is 
not known. Itis, however, supposed to 
be of Saracenic extraction, and to have 
been introduced by the crusaders. This 
supposition is strengthened by the fact, that 
the mosques and palaces of Fez, and also 
some of the cathedrals in Spain built by 
the Moors, are in this style; which ought 
therefore to be called Arabic, Saracenic, 
or Moresque. This style is distinguished 
_ by its numerous buttresses, lofty spires, and 


pinnacles, large and ramified windows, 


with a profusion of ornaments throughout. 

It came into general use in the reign of 

Henry II{f.; when the circular gave way to 

| the pointed arch, and the massive column 
/ _ to the slender pillar, of which the present 
cathedral church of Salisbury, begun at that 
period, affords the best specimen. From 

that time to the reign of Henry VIII. the 
pillars in churches were of Purbeck marble, 

very slender and round, encompassed with 
marble shaftsa little detached, having each 

- ———s a Capital adorned with foliage, which join- 
ing formed one elegant capital forthe whole 
pillar. The windows were long and nar- 
row, with pointed arches and painted glass ; 
and the lofty steeples were furnished with 
spires and pinnacles. Inthe reign of Hen- 
ry VIII. anew kind oflow pointed arch was 
introduced, which was described from four 
centres, was very round at the haunches, 
and the angle at the top was very obtuse, 
_ @8 may be seen in Cardinal Wolsey’s build- 
_ imgs. In the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- 
 turies the taste for Greek and Romen archi- 
_ wecture revived, and brought the five orders 
again into use, although for sacred edifices 
the Saxon and Gothic styles still maintain 
the preeminence. The Italians were fora 
leng time reckoned the greatest architects, 
but England may also boast of an Inigo 

_ Senes and a Sir Christopher Wren, who 
id a very high rank in the art Inigo 
bnes has left the banqueting house at 
hitehall, Queen Catherine’s Chapel at 
7 “Bt. James's, the Piazza at Covent Garden, 
Ds oo) oe as a of his i ac 
























» ae ' 


te 


GSR Tem 





The works of Sir Christopher 


and taste 
Wren even surpass those of his predecessor, 


both in number and magnitude. Among 
these stand foremost the Cathedral of St. 
Paul’s, Greenwich Hospital, the Menu- 
ment, Chelsea Hospital, the Theatre ag 
Oxford, Trinity College Library, and Em- 
manuel College, Cambridge ; besides up- 
wards of fifty-two churches and innumer- 
able other public buildings. 

ARCHITECTURE (in Perspective). 
sort of building, the members of Ali 
are of different measures and modules, and 
diminish in proportion to their distance, te 
make the building appear longer and larger 
to the view than it really is. 

ARCHITRAVE. That part of a column 
or series of columns that is above or lies 
immediately upon the capital. It is the 
lowest member of the frieze, and is sup- 
posed to represent the principal beam in 
timber buildings. {It is sometimes called 
the reason piece, as in porticoes, cloisters 
&c.; and the masterpiece in chimneys. 

ARCHIVAOLT. The inner contour of 
an arch, or a frame set off with mouldings, 
running over the faces of the arch stones 
and bearing upon the imposts. 

ARCHIVES. The place where the re- 
cords, &c. belonging to the crown and 
kingdom are kept. . 

ARCTIC. An epithet for what lies to the 
north, as the Arctic Circle, the Arctic Pole 

AREA. The site or space of ground on 
which any building is erected. 

AREA (in Geometry). The superficial 
contents of any figure, as a triangle, qua 
drangle, &c. 

ARENA, That part of an amphitheatre 
where the gladiators contended, so called 
from the sand with which it was strewed 

ARGENT (in Heraldry). The white co- 
Jour in the coats of arms of baronets 
knights, and gentlemen. 

ARGO NAVIS. A constellation called 
after the ship of Jason and his compan- 
ions. 

ARGUMENT. Whatever is offered og 
offers itself to the mind, so as to create be- 
lief in regard to any subject or matter laid 
down. ~ 

ARGUMENT (in Astronomy). ne are 
whereby another arc is to be sought bear- 
ing a certain proportion to the first are. 

ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM (In 
Logic). A mode of reasoning, in which am 
argument is drawn from the professed prin- 
ciples or practice of the adversary. 

ARIES. The Ram, a constellation of 
fixed stars, and the first of the twelve signe 
of the zodiac, marked (9). 

ARISTOCRACY A form of govem 








maent in whieh the power is vested in the 
wobility. 

ARITHMETIC. The art of numbering 
oF computing by certain rules, of which the 
four first and simplest are addition, sub- 
traction, multiplication, and division. 
Vulgar Arithmetic is the computation of 
maumbers in the ordinary concerns of life. 
Integral Arithmetic treats of wholes num- 
bors ; Fractional Arithmetic, of fractional 
mumbers ; Decimal Arithmetic, of decimal 
Humbers. Universal Arithmetic is the 
name given to Algebra by Sir laaac New- 
Gon. 

ARITHMETIC, History or. Of Arith- 
mastic as a acience, we know but very lit- 
tle as to its state and progress among the 
ancients. It is evident, from the bare con- 
sideration of our wants, and earliest im- 
pressions, that some knowledge ofnumbers 
er some mode of computation, however im- 
perfect, was coeva) with society ; and as the 
transactions of men became more compli- 

ted, it js reasonable to infer that they 
would hit on devices for facilitating and 
simplifying their calculations. Josephus 
asserts that Abraham, having retired from 
Chaldea into Egypt, during the time of a 
famine, was the first who taugtt the inha- 
bitants of that country a knowledge both 
of arithmetic and astronomy, of which they 
were both before ignorant ; a circumstance 
the more probable, as it is well known that 
the science of astronomy was first cultiva- 
ted among the Chaldeans, and such advan- 
ees made in that science as could not have 
been effected without the aid of arithmeti- 
eal calculations. 

The Greeks imagined that the science of 
arithmetic, as well as that of geometry, 
originated with the Egyptians; but this 
Rotion, as far as respects priority of dis 
eovery, was evidently erroneous, and no 
doubt arose from the circumstance of thelr 
haying éerived all their first ideas of the 
afta wag wiences, as wellas many of their 
fahtaa from the Egyptians. Thus, as the 
Sgpotans believed that they were taught 


M 
meKbeors by their god Theut or Thot, who| Diophantus and Pappus made Mv to re- 


geectded over commerce, the Greeks as- 
signed a similar office to their god Mer- 
eury. As the Phenicians were the first 
trading people, they naturally addicted 
themselves to the science and practice of 
arithmetic, which led Strabo to observe 
that the invention of the art belonged to 
them; but, ag the Chaldeans were a more 
anclent people, this supposition is no less 
erroneous than the former. What advan- 
ces were made by these people in the sct- 
ence we have no means of ascertaining, for 
Bothing remains of the carly writings on 








Para niee We € i ra 
this subject except what may be gathere¢ 
from the commentary of Procus oa the ia 
First Book of Euctid’s Elements It ap si 
pears that almost all nations wereledtofiz 
upon the same numeral scale, orthe com- 
mon method of notation, by dividing num- 
bers into tens, hundreds, and thousands; 

a practice doubtless derived from the cus- 

tom, #o universally adopted in childhood, 
of counting by the fingers; which, being - — 
first reckoned singly from one to ten, and 
then successively over again, would natu- 
rally lead to the decimal scale or the de-— 
cuple division of numbers. But they rep- 
resented thelr numbers by means of the 
letters of the alphabet in the place of the 
modern numerals. Thus the Jews divided 
their alphabet into nine units, nine tens, 
and nine hundreds, including the final let- 
ters, as py Aleph, 1, 3 Beth, 2, &c. to» Yod, 
10; then 3 Caph, 20, » Lamed, 30, &c. to 
p Koph, 100, 5 Resh, 200, &c. to p Tsadi 
final, 900. Thousands were sometimes 
expressed by the units annexed to hund- 
red, as —o-ye, 1434 ; sometimes by the word 
mp, 1000, corpdg, 2000, and with the 
other numerals prefixed, tosignify the num 
ber ofthousands To avoid using the di 
vine name of sv, Jehovah, in notation, 
they substituted yp for fifteen. Totheal- 
phabet of the Greeks were assigmed two — 
numerical powers, namely, a power toeach 
letter in order, as @, ‘Alpha, 1, &c. to Neg 
® Omega, 24, and a power similar to that at 
adopted by the Jews, as @ Alpha, 1, &c ie 
to x Kappa, 10, &¢.; to w Omega, 800, f 
then 900 was expressed by the character 7) y, 
and the thousands were denoted by apoint =—«s_— 
under the letters after this manner, a, 1000, iy 





~ 


b 














8 2000, &e.; the number of 10,000 was 


sometimes expressed by a small dash over 

the jota thus (, but mathematicians employ- a 

ed theletter M, which, by placing under the 

small letters, indicated the numberof thou- 

sands, as q for 10,000, § for 20,000, &e. 
M 


present 10,000, and then by the addition 
of the Jetters, as AMvy, for 20,000, &c. 
Apollonius divided numbers into periods 
of four characters, to which he gavealocal — 
value very similar to the modern mode of 
notation. The Greeks, however, wersen- 
adled, by means of their letters, to perform 
the cotnmon rules of addition, subtraction, 
multiplication, and division, from which — 
no doubt, the idea was taken of working — 
with Aetters in our Algebra ; for {tis worthy 


ae 









ss Breeks had likewise another kind of nota- 
thon by means of capitals, more properly 
_ tnitials of the names of numbers, and were 
used in inscriptions, as I for cc, or wea, 1, 
Hi for mevre, 5, Z for dexa, 10, dc. The 
Roman notation, which is still used in 
marking dates, and numbering chapters, 
é&e consists of five of their capital letters, 
mamely, 1 one, V five, X ten, L fifty, 

© one hundred, which are increased in 
this manner: the repetition of the I’s in- 

_ e@veases numbers by units, as II for two, 
§Il for three, &c.; that of X’s increases 
muinbers by tens, as XX for twenty, XXX 
for thirty, &c.; and that of C’s increases 
numbers by hundreds, as CC for two hun- 
‘dred, CCC for three hundred, &c.; also a 
less character before a greater diminishes 
the value of the number, as I before V, 
thus, 1V, makes it four, I before X, thus, 
1X, makes it nine: on the other hand, a 
less character afler a great r increases the 
value of the number, asl after V, thus, VI, 
makes it six, and | after X, thus, XJ, makes 

* eleven. In what manner the Roinans 


: verformed their arithmetical operationa is. 


not known ; but it is most probable that, 

as they were not a commercial nation, they 
followed the simplest forms of calculation: 

- We must therefore look for further informa- 
tion on this subject to the period when the 
Arabs or Saracens {introduced into Europe 

their mode of notation, which Is not only 
distinguished from the others by the pecu- 
liarity of the characters, but also by their 

- -yvalueand disposition. Although this nota- 
_ tion consists of only nine digits, with the 
__, cipher 0, yet, by giving a local power to 
ie. these figures, namely, that of units, tens, 
—__ hundreds,thousands, &c. they may be made 
fy @ express numbers to an indefinite extent. 
_ Besides, this mode also presents many ad- 
vantages by the additional f&cility with 
-. which all arithmetical operations are thus 
performed. By what nation this improve- 
‘ment was first made is not known. The 
Greeks, as before observed, were making 
advances towards it by giving a local value 
to certain periods of four numbers each, 
but it does not appear that they proceeded 
-anyfurther The Arabs introduced it into 
furope about eight hundred years back, 
whence it soon circulated among the dif- 
ferent European nations ; but although the 
first use of this scale is commonly ascribed 
to them, yet they acknowledge themselves 
ndebted to the Indians for it; and as this 
latter people w2re in many respects very 
genicus, it is not at all improbable that 
they were the authors of the invention. 
cultivation of arithmetic in Europe 




















m of algebra. at present. The! may be dated from the thirteenth century, 





CeCe eee OM 


when Jordanus of Namur, the first write: 
on che subject that we know of, flourished 
His arithmetic was published with illustra 
tions, by Joannes Faber Stapulensis, in the 
fifteenth century, but was less perfect than 
the treatises of Lucas de Burgoand Nicholas 
de Tartagliain that and the subsequent cen- 
turies. In France, the subject of arithmetie 
was handled about the same time by Cla- 
vius and Ramus; in Germany, oy Sturmius, 
Stifelius and Menischius; and in England 
by Recorde, Diggs, and Buckley. After 
that period the writers on arithmetic be- 
caine too numerous to be particularly spe- 
cifled, but the nameg of Briggs, Emerson, 
Napier, Maclaurin, Hutton, and Bonny 
castle, are entitled to notice for having 
systematized, enlarged, and in many par 
ticulars simplified the science. 

ARK. The floating vessel in which Noah 
and his family were saved from the flood 
It was 500 feet long, 90 broad, and 50 high 

ARK OF THE COVENANT, or Mo- 
ses’? Axx, The chest in which the stone 
tables of the ten commandments, written 
by the hand of God, were laid up. 

ARMADILLA, A quadruped, a native 
of Brazil and the West Indies, with the 
snout of a pig, the tail of a .izard, and the 
feet of a hedgehog. He is armed with a 
coat of impenetrable scales, under which’ 
he retires like a tortoise. 





ARMILLARY SPHERE (in Astro- 
nomy). An artificial sphere, composed of 
a number of circles, of metal, wood, o 
paper, representing the several circles of 
the sphere of the world pen together in 
their natural order. The armillary sphere 
revolves upon an axis within a silvered 
horizon, which is divided into degrees, and 


moveable every way upon a brass supporter. — 


In Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, there is am 
armillary sphere constructed by Dr. Long, 


which is eighteen feet in diameter, and will , 


contain more than thirty persons sitting 
within it, to view, as from a centre, the 
representation of the celestial spheres. Theat 
part of the sphere which is not visible im 
England is cut off; and the whole is se 
contrived, that, by being turned round, & 








exhibits all the phenomena of the heavenly compel him. to be ‘obedient to” 


podies. 








ARMORY. A branch of the science of 
heraldry, consisting in the knowledge of 
armorial bearings or coats of arms, which 
serve to distinguish the quality of the 
bearer. 

ARMOUR. All such habiliments as serve 
to defend the body from wounds inflicted 
by darts, swords, lances, é&c. 

ARMY. A body of soldiers consisting of 
horse and foot, under the command of a 
general and subordinate officers, and com- 
pletely equipped and disciplined for service. 
An army is generally divided into a certain 
number of corps,each consisting ofbrigades, 
regiments, battalions, and squadrons; when 
in the field, it is formed into lines ; the first 
line is called the vanguard, the second the 
main body, the third the rearguard, or body 
of reserve. The middle of each line is oc- 
cupied by the feot, the cavalry forms the 
right and loft wing of each line, and some- 
times squadrons of horse are placed in the 
intervals between the battalions 

AROMA. A general name for all sweet 
spices, but particularly myrrh; also the 
odoriferous principle which produces the 
feagrance peculiar io some plants. 

ARRAC. A spirituous liquor distilled in 
India from the cocoa tree, rice, or sugar 
It fa very strong, and intoxicates mo: than 
yum or brandy. 

ARRAIGNMENT (in Law). The bring- 
mg 8 prisoner forth, reading the indictment 
to him, and putting the question of guilty 
or not guilty. 

ARRAY. The drawing up of soldiers in 
erder of battie. 

ARREARS. Money unpaid at the due 
time, as rent, moneys in hand, &c. 

ARREST (in Law). The apprehending 


and restraining a man's person inorder te | by the help of thought and e 


4 


2 


This, in all cases except treason, fetony ey 
or breach of the peace, must be done by 
the lawful warrant of some court of record _ 
or officer of justice. Arrest of judgment is © 


the staying of judgment, or not proceeding 
to judgment. 


ARROW. A missile weapon, which is — 


commonly discharged from a bcey When 
this weapon is borne in coats cf arms & 
is said to be barbed and feathered. 
ARROW-ROOT. An Indian root, of 
which starch is made It is also used 
medicinally 
ARSENAL. A public storehouse for 
arms and all sorts of ammunition. 
ARSENIATE. A sort of salts formed 
by the combination of arsenic acid with 
different bases, as the arseniate of ammo- 
nia, &e. " 
ARSENIC. A ponderous mineral body 
It is yellow, white, and red. Yellow arsenic 
is the native arsenic dug out of the mines, 
otherwise called Arsenic Ore. White 
arsenic is drawn from the yellow by sub- 
limating ; and is reduced to powder by the 
mixture of oxygen, or exposure to the air 
This is sometimes used in medicine in 
small quantities, but is otherwise a deadly 
poison. Red arsenic is the yellow arsenic 
rubified by fire, when it is called realgal. - 
ARSENITE. A sort of saits formed by 
the combination of arsenious acid with 
different bases. 


ARSIS (in Grammar). The elevation of — 


the voice, in distinction from thesis or the 
depression of the voice. Arsis and thesis 
in Ancient Music, is applied to the raising 
and falling of the hand in beating of time 
ARTERY. A hollow, fistulous, conica. 
canal, which serves to receive the blood 
from the ventricles of the heart, and to 
distribute it to all parts of the body. 





ARS. The contrivance and use of things 
















po ie Sranaitved vale 80 as io 

hy ronal them serve the purposes for which 
__ they were designed. Liberal or fine arte 
are those which are noble and worthy to 

be cultivated without regard to lucre, as 
painting, postry, music, &c. Mechanic arts 
are those wherein the hand and body are 
more concerned than the mind. Terms 

_-—s of art are such words as are used in re- 
gard to any particular art, profession or 
science. 

ARTICHOKE A plant very like the 
thistle, with scaly heads similar to the cone 
of the pine tree. Av the bottom of each 
scale, as also at the bottom of each floret, 
is the well known fleshy. edible substance. 
Tne Jerusalem Artich.xe is a plant, the 
root of which resembles a potatoe, having 
the taste of the artichoke 

ARTICLE (in Law). The clause or cen- 
dition in a covenant. 

ARTICLE (in Grammar) A particle, 
which in most languages serves to denote 
the gender and case of nouns; and in Jan- 
guages which have not different termina- 
tions it serves to particularize the object 
referred to. _ 

ARTICULATION (in Anatomy). The 
junction of two bones intended for motion. 
There are two kinds; the diarthrosis, 
which has a manifest motion, and synar- 
throsis, which has only an obscure motion. 

ARTICULATION. The articulate or 
distinct utterance of every letter, syllable, 
or word, so as to make oneself intelligible. 

ARTIFICERS. Persona employed in 
the performance of mechanical arts. 

ARTILLERY. A collective name de- 
noting all engines of war, but particularly 
cannon, mortars, and other large pieces, 
for the discharge of shot and shells. It is 
‘also employed to denote the science which 
teaches all things relating to the artillery, 
as the construction of all engines of war, 
the arrangement, movement, and manage- 
ment of cannon and all sorts of ordnance, 

used either in the field, or the camp, or at 
sieges, &c. 

ARTIODACTYLA. A division of the 
hoofed quarrupeds, in which each foot 
has an even number of toes, as two or 

four. 

AR ARTOCARPUS. The bread fruit tree 
of the South-Sea Islands. 

_ ARTISTE. A term of extensive use 

among the French, to denote one who 
is particularly dextrous in the art which 

he practises, of whatever nature it may 

be, ba te ppetadancer, 2 a hair-dresser, 
, etc. 

- ARTOTYRITE. One of 1 a sect of her- 
 etics, in the primitive church, who cele- 

. peated. the eucharist with bread and 



















ARTIST A proficient in ta fine arts. 

ARUNDELIAN MARBLES Ancient 
marbles illustrative of the history and my 
thology of the ancients, so called trom the 
Earl of Arundel, by whom they were trans- 
ported from the island of Paros into Eng: 
jand. They contain a chronicle ot the city 
ot Athens, supposed to have been inscribed 
thereon 264 years before Christ. 

ASA-FQZTIDA. A gum resin of a very 
fetid smeli, obtained from the ferula asa 
foetida, a perennial plant, which isa native 
of Persia. It comes into this country in 
small grains of different colours, hard and 
brittle. 

ASBESTOS. A mineral substance, of 
which Amianthus is one of its principal 
species. This consists.of elastic fibres, 
somewhat unctuous to the touch, and 
slightly translucent. The ancients manu- 
factured cloth from the fibres of the asbes- 
tos for the purpose, as is said, of wrapping 
up the bodies of the dead when exposed on 
the funeral pile ; it being incombustible in 
its nature. It1s found in many places in 
Asia and Europe. 

ASCARIDES. Worms that infest the 
intestinum rectum, and cause a violent 
itching ; also a kind of worms which infest 
the intestines of all animals. 

ASCENSION (in Astronomy). That de- 
gree of the equator reckoned from the first 
of Arieseastward, which rises with the sun 
orastar. This is either right or oblique 
according as it rises ina right or an ob- 
lique sphere. 

ASCENSIONAL DIFFERENCE The 
difference between the right and the ob- 
lique ascension in any point of the heav- 
ens. 

ASCENT. Therising of fluids in a glass 
tube orany vessel above the surface of theirs 
own level. 

ASH. A well known tree, the timber af 
which is next to the oak in value, being 
uzed in every sort of handicraft. 

ASHES. The earthy substances remain- 
ing after combustion, which contain sm 
alkaline salt ; also the skimmings of metal 
among the letter-founders. ; 

ASH-WEDNESDAY. The first day 
Lent, so called from the oustom of fasting 
in sackcloth and ashes 

ASP. A very smallkind of serpent, pe-: 
ctliarto Egypt and Libya, the bite of which 
is deadly. Its poison is so quick in its op- 
erations, that it kills without a possibility 
of applying any remedy. Those that are 
bitten by it are said to die within three 
hours, by means of sleep and lethasgy 


¢ 





ass” 


without any pein; wherefore Cleopatra 
Choos it as the easiest way of dispatching 


herself. 

ASPARAGUS. A_ valuable esculent 
plant, which requires three years al least Lo 
bring {1 to maturity from the time of sow- 
ing the seed, and will not yield vigorously 
without a continual supply of manure. 

ASPEN-TREE. A kind of white poplar, 
the leavea of which aye small, and always 
trembling. f 

ASPHALTUM, orJews’Pitce Asolid, 
brittle, ponderous substance, which breaks 
with a polish, aud meltseasily. It is found 
in a soft or liquid state on the surface of 
the Dead Sea, a lake in Judea, and by 
time grows dry and hard. The Egyptians 
used asphaltum in embalming, which they 
called numia mineralis 

ASS. A well known useful quadruped, 
remarkable for its patience, hardiness, and 
Jong life. The milk of the female is highly 
esteemed for its lightand nutritious quality, 
and for that reason recommended for con- 
Bumptive persona. 

ASPERGILLUS. The brush . used’ in 
the Roman Catholic church to sprinkle 
holy water.on the people. In Botany 
a genus of fungi. 

ASPHODEL. A name of the day-lily, 
king’s spear, and other elegant plants 
of the genus asphodelus. 

ASPHURELATA, op ASPHURELATES. 
A series of semi-metallic fossils, includ- 
ing bismuth, antimony, cobalt, zinc, 
and quicksilver ; thus called because in 
their purest state they are not malle- 
able. ; 

ASS. A well-known quadruped of the 
equine genus; figuratively, a dull, 
etupid fellow ; a dolt, 

Assagay. A tall tree of South Africa, 
of which the natives make javelins or 
spears ; aspear made of this wood. 

ASSASSINS. A tribe or clan called Is- 
maelians, who settled on the moun- 
tains of Lebanon, about 1090, and be- 
came remarkable for their assassina- 
tions. 

ASSETS. The stock in trade and en- 
tire property of a merchant or of a trad- 
ing association ; goods or estate of a 
deceased person, subject to the pay-| 
ment of his debts; the property of an 
insolvent debtor, 

ASSIDEANS. A name given in the first 
book of Maccabees, ii. 42, to a sect of| 
Jews, who armed themselves under! 
Mattathias to resist the introduction £| 
the Grecian manners and idolatries in- 
to Judea. 

ASSIENTO. A contract formerly en. 
tered into between the kings of Spain 
and foreign merchanis, relative to the 
importation of negro slaves into the 
Spanish dominions in South America, 

ASSAM TEA. In botany, a valuable 
kind of tea, raised and manufactured in 
the upper district of India, 


ASPHYXTA, or ASPHYXY. In pathofo. 


gy, the state of the body in which the 


pulse is so low as not to be felt; but __ 
now applied by the faculty to the — 


symptoms of suffocation produced by 
an accumulation of carbonic acidin the 
blood; the vital phenomena being suse 
pended, but life not extinct. 


ASSAYING. The particular mode of 
trying ores or mixed metals by means of 
proper fluxes, in order to discover the pre- 
portion of metal, as also of the other imgre- 
dients, as alum, sulphur, vitriol, and the 
like, which are contained in them. Gold 
is obtained pure by dissolving it in nitre- 
muriatic acid, when the metal may be pre- 
cipitated by dropping in a diluted solution 


of sulphate of iron; the precipitate which | 


is in the form of a powder is pure gold. 
Silver is obtained pure by dissolving it in 
nitric acid, and precipitating it with a di- 
luted solution of sulphate of iron 


ASSIDENT. In pathology, an epithet 
applied to symptoms that accompany 
disease. Assident signs are those par. 
ticular indications which attend disease. 

ASSIGNATS. Paper money issued by 
the French Government during the 
first Reyolution. 


ASSIGN (in Law). One to whom any 
thing is assigned or made over, as an exe- 
cutor, &c. ; also an assignee or assign to a@ 
bankrupt’s estate. 

ASSIGNMENT. A transfer or making 
over to another the right one has in any 
estate, usually applied to an estate for life 
or years. It differs from a lease in this, 
that by an assigninent one parts with the 


whole interest one has in thething, but by 


a lease he reserves himself a reversion. 

ASSIMILATION (in Physics). The pro — 
cess in the animal economy by which the 
food is converted into nourishment for the 
body. 

ASSIZE (in Law). An assembly of 
knights and other substantial men, who, 
with the justices, met at a certain time 
and in a certain place for the due’adnai- 
nigtration of justice. In the modern appli-_ 


cation it signifies a sitting of the judges by 


virtue of a commission, to hear and de- 
termine causes, 
when the justices go their circuits, with 


commission to take all assizes, that is, = 
hear all causes; they are special whem 
special commissions are granted to heat 
particular causes. Been. 


The assizes are general ~ ym 






















ASSOCIATION. Theconnexionofideas 


in the human mind which for the moat part 


immediately follow one another, whethes i 


there is any natural relation bet ween them — 
or not. ; Cg Gane 















fo Qematk Ss SIT (in Law). A voluntary 
ss promise by which a man binds himself to 
‘pay any thing to another, or to do any 
work. ! 
, ASSURANCE, or INSURANCE. An 
eagugement by which a person becomes 
bound for a specified sum, and fora limited 
period, to indemnify another for any lesses 
which his property may sustain from fire 
or shipwreck, &c. 
ASTERISK. A star (*) used in printing 
as a mark of reference. / 
ASTEROID. A name given to four plan 


ets between the orbits of Mars and Jupi- 
ter, viz., Ceres, Pallas; Juno, and Vesta. 


ASTHMA. A painful, difficult, and la- 
borious respiration, with asense of stricture 
aerose the breast,that sometimes approaches 
to suffocation. 

ASTRAGAL (in Anatomy). The ankle 
bone;in Architecture, a small round mould- 
ing serving as an ornament to the tops and 
bottoms of columns 


SRT 


ASTRAGAL (in Gunnery). A small 
mou!ding encompassing a cannon. 

ASTROLABE. An instrument fortaking 
the altitude of the sun or stars at sea. 

ASTROLOGY. An art formerly much 
cultivated, but now exploded, of judging 
or predicting human events from the situ- 
ation and different aspects of the heavenly 
bodies. 

ASTRONOMY. The science which treats 
¢ the sun, moon, earth, planets, and other 
heavenly bodies showing their magnitudes, 
order, and distances ‘from each other, mea- 
suring and marking their risings, settings, 
motions, appearances, the times and quan- 
tities of theireclipses, &c. It comprehends 
what was anciently called the doctrine of 
the sphere, and is a mixed mathematical 
science. 

’ ASTRONOMY, History or. Of all the 
sciences which have engaged the attention 
of mankind, none appears to have been 
cultivated so early as that of astronomy, 
which treats of the noblest and most inter- 
esting objects of contemplation. Josephus 

_ informs us that Seth, the son of Adam, is 

_ sald to have laid the foundations of this 

 sefence, and that his posterity, understand- 

_ ing from a prediction of Adam that there 

would be a general destruction ofall things, 

ence by the rage of fire and once by the 

: _wiolence and multitude of waters, made two 

pillars, one of brick and the other of stone, 

____ and engraved the'r inventions 01 each, that 

Wf the pillar of prick happened to be over- 

 Gvewn by the flood that of stone might 





















&% 


remain ; which latter pillar, J osephus adda 

Was tobe seeninhisday. He also ascribes 
to the antediluvians a knowledge of the 
astronomical.cycle of 600 years, but upon 
what authority we are not informed. 

The account is, however, not im probable; 
for historians generally agree in assigning 
the origin of astronomy to the Chaldeang 
soon after the deluge, when, for the purpose 
of making their astrological predictions, te 
which they Were much addicted, as aise 
for that-of advancing the science of astro- 
nomy, they devoted themselves to the study 

| of the heavenly bodies. The Chaldeans 
were in fact a tribe of Babylonians, whe 
constituted the priests, philosophers, astro- 
nomers, astrologers, and soothsayers of this 
people, whence a Chaldean and a sooth- 
sayer became synonymous-terms, ‘These 
Chaldeans discovered the motions of the 
heavenly bodies ; and, from their supposed 
influences on human affairs, prétended to 
predict what was to come. he planeta 
they called their interpreters, ascribing le 
Saturn the highest rank ; the next in eimi- 
nence was Sol, the sun; then Mars, Venus, 
Mercury, and Jupiter. By the motions and 
aspects of all these they foretold storms of 
wind and of rain, or excessive droughts, ag 
also the appearance of comets, eclipses of 
the sun and moon, and other phenomena 
They also marked out thirty-six constella 
| tlons, twelve of which they placed in the 
zodiac, assigning to each a month in the 
year, and thus dividing the zodiac into 
twelve signs, through which they taught 
that the severa) planets performed their 
revolutions. ‘hey appear not to have had 
much idea of the immense distance of some 
of the planets from the sun, but accounted 
for the time they took in performing their 
volutions by the slownessof their motions 
They, however, held that the mroon com- 
pleted her course the soonest of any, not 
because of her extraordinary velocity, but 
because her orbit, as it would now be called, 
was less than that of any of the heavenly 
bodies. ‘They taught that she shone witha 
light not her own, and that when eclipsed 
she was immersed in the shadow of the 
earth. Of the’eclipses of the sun they ap- 
pear to-have had no just idea, nor could 
they fix the time when they should happen, 
Their ideas of the earth as-a celestial body 
were also crude and imperfect, 

Astronomy was cultivated in Egypt nearkg 
about the same time as among the Chak 
qeans ; ana, according to the’ opinions of 
some, the honour of the invention ts due 
to them: but the most probable conclusion 
is, that as these two nations were coeval, 
and both addicted to the arts and sciences, 





they cultivated astronomy at the same time. 
The Egyptians had at a very early period 
heir college of priests, who were all accu- 
fate observers of the stars, and kept, as 
Diodorus obzerves, registers of their obser- 
vations for an incredible number of years. 
It is said, that in the monument of Osy- 
mandyas there was a golden circle of 365 
cubits in circumference and one cubit thick, 
divided into 365 parts, answering to the 
_ days of the year, &c. The Egyptians dis- 
covered that the stars had an annual motion 
of 50// 9! .45//7 in the year; and Macrobius 
asserts that they made the planets revolve 
about the aun in the same order as we do. 
From Chaldea and Egyptastronomy passed 
into Pheenicia, where it was applied by that 
trading people to the purposes of navigation. 
The Arabians also, one of the most ancient 
nations in the world, cultivated astronomy 
as far as was needful to answer the ends of 
their pastoral life, by observing the stars, 
their position,and influence on the weather. 
{n travelling through the desert, we are 
informed that, at a very early period, they 
used to direct their course by the Great 
and Little Bear, as is done at sea to this 
day. They also gave names to the stars, 
mostly in allusion to their flocks and herds; 
and they were so nice in this matter that 
no language abounds with so many names 
of stars and asterisms as the Arabic. 

As to the Indians and Chinese there is 
no doubt but that they cultivated astronomy 
at a very early period, and that the Brah- 
mins of the former people, being altogether 
devoted to speculative sciences, made ad- 
vances in that of astronomy equal to any 
of the nations of antiquity. M. Bailly in- 
forms us, in his history, that he examined 
and compared four different sets of astro- 
nhomical tables of the Indian philosophers, 
namely, that of the Siamese explained by 
M. Cassini in 1689 ; that brought from India 
by M. le Gentil, ofthe Academy of Sciences, 
and two other manuscript tables, found 
among the papers of the late M. de Lisle; 
all of which he found to accord with one 
another, referring to the meridian of Be- 
hares. Itappears thatthe Indians date their 
astronomy from a remarkable conjunction 
of the sun and moon which took place at 
the distance of 302 years before Christ; 
and M. Bouilly concludes that, from our 
Sos. accurate astronomical tables, such a 
eonjunction did take place. The Indians 
calculate eclipses by the mean motions of 
the sun and moon, commencing at a period 
five thousand years distant; but, without 
giving them credit fur an antiqui-y which 
Gat variance with all historical documents, 
acred and profane, it suffices here te ob- 









nineteen years, and that their cstronens 
agrees with modern discoveries in many — 
partictuars,as tothe obliquity of the ecliptic, — 
and an acceleration of the motion of the 
equinoctial points. They also assign ine- 
qualities to the motions of the planets, an 2 AW 
swering very well tothe annual parallax, = 
and the equation of the centre. 

The Greeks, without doubt, derivea the1r 
astronomical knowledgefromthe Egyptiang 
and Phenicians by means of several of their 
countrymen, particularly Thales the Mile 
sian, who, about 640 years before Christ 
travelled into Egypt, and brought from 
thence the chief principles of the science 
He was the first among the Greeks who 
observed the stars, the solstices, the eclipses 
of the sun and moon, and proceeded so far 
as to predict an eclipse of the sun. It 
appears, however, that, before his time, 
many of the constellations were known, 
for we find mention of them in Hesiod and 
Homer, two of their earliest writers. After 
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anax 
agoras, but above all, Pythagoras, distin — 
guished themselves among the number of 
those whocultivated astronomy. Thelatter, _ 
after having resided a long time in Egypt _— 
and other foreign parts, established a sect 
of philosophers in his own country, known ~ 
by the name of Pythagoreans. He taught, 
among other things, that the sun was in 
the centre of the universe and immovable; 
that the earth was round, and the inhabit- 
ants were antipodes to each other; that the 
moon reflected the rays of the sun, and was 
inhabited like the earth ; that comets were “4 
wandering stars ; that the milky way was my 
an assemblage of stars, which derived its 
white colour from the brightness of theiz 
light; besides a number of other particulars 
some of which are admitted in the present 
day. Philolaus, a Pythagorean, maintain-— i 
ed the doctrine of the earth’s motion round Drax 
the sun, 450 years before Christ, and Hice- Mi 
tus, a Syracusan, taught, a hundred yeara 
after, the diurnal motion of the earth on its 
own axis ; also Meton, the inventor of the 
Metoniccycie, and Euctemon, observed the 
summer solstice 432 years before Christ, be- 
sides the risings and settings of the stars, — 
and what seasons they answeredto The 
same subject was treated of at large by — 
Aratus in his poem entitled Phenomena. — 
Eratosthenes, a Cyrenian, who was born 
in 271 n c. measured the circumference of i 
the earth ;and, being invited to the court of 
Ptolemy Evergetes at Alexandria, he waa 
made keeper of the royal library, and set 
up there the armillary spheres which Hip- 


Wo! 






















aa “He 4lso determined the dis- 
tance between the tropics to be 11-83 of the 
whole meridian circle, which makes the 
obliquity of the ecliptic in his time to be 23 
degrees, 51 minutes and one-third. Ar- 
chimedes is said to have constructed a 
planetarium to represent the phenomena 
and motions of the heavenly bodies; and 
many others added to the stock of astro- 
‘nomical knowledge, but none so much as 
Hipparchus, who flourished about 140 years 
B. C. and surpassed all that had gone be- 
fore him in the extent of his researches. 
He showed that the orbits of the planets 
were eccentric, and that the moon moved 
slower in her apogee than in her perigee. 
He constructed tables of the motions of 
the sun and moon; collected accounts of 
eclipses that had been computed by the 
Chaldeans and Egyptians; and calculated 
such as would happen for six hundred 
_ ‘years to come; besides correcting the er- 
rors of Eratosthenes in his measurement 
of the earth’s circumference, and compu- 
ting the sun’s distance more accurately. 


He is, however, most distinguished by his. 


catalogue of the fixed stars to the number 
of athousand and twenty-two, with their 
latitudes and longitudes, and apparent 
magnitudes. These and most other of his 
observations are preserved by his illustri- 
ous successor Ptolemy. 

From the time of Hipparchus to that of 
Ptolemy, an interval of upwards of two 
centuries, few or no advances were made 
in astronomy. Claudius Ptolemy, who 
was born at Pelusium in Egypt, in the first 
century of the Christian era, is well known 
asthe author of a great work onastronomy, 

- entitled his Almagest, which contains a 
_ fomplete system of astronomy drawn from 
_ theobservations of all preceding astrono- 
--mersinunion withhisown. He maintain- 
med the generally received opinion of the 
- gun’s motion, which continued to be uni- 
versally held until the time of Copernicus. 
The work of Ptolemy being preserved from 
_ the grevious conflagration that consumed 
_ the Alexandrian library during the ravages 
of the Saracens, was translated out of the 
Greek into the Arabic, a.p 827 and, by 
the help of this translation, the Arabians, 
who now addicted themselves to the study 
of astronomy, cultivated it with great ad- 
(a vantage under the patronage of the caliphs, 

Reins Al Mamon, who was himself 
















Sea the obliquity of the ecliptic in his 
ime to- be 23 degrees, 35 minutes. Among 


prabian Baashorn. of this Rite was Al~ 
& 


"ASTRONOMY 


fragan, who wrote his Elements of Astro. 
nomy, and Albetegnius, who flourished 
about 880. This latter compared his own 
observations with those of Ptolemy, and 
computed the motion of the sun’s apogee 
from Ptolemy’s time to hisown. He also 
composed tables for the meridian of Arabia, 
which were much esteemed by his country- 
men. After this, Ebn Younis, astronomer 
to the caliph of Egypt, observed some 
eclipses, by means of which the quantity 
of the moon’s acceleration since that time 
has been determined; aiso Arzechel, a 
Moor of Spain, oherved the obliquity of the 
ecliptic; and Alhazen his contemporary, 
wrote on the twilight, the height of the 
clouds, and the phenomena of the horizon- 
tal moon. He likewise first employed the 
optical science in astronomical observa- 
tions, and showed the importance of the 
theory of refraction in astronomy. 

In the thirteenth century, astronomy as 
well as other arts and sciences, began to 
revive in Europe, particularly under the 
auspices of the entperor Frederick II. ; 
who, besides restoring some decayed uni- 
versities, founded a new one, and in 1230 
caused the works of Aristotle, and the A. 
magest of Ptolemy to be translated into 
Latin. Two years after this, John de Sacro 
Bosco, or John of Halifax, published his 
work De Sphera, a compendium of astro 
nomy drawn from the works of Ptolemy. 
Alfragan, Albetegnius, and others. ‘This 
was held in high estimation for some cen- 
turies, and was honoured with a commen- 
tary from the pen of Clavius and other 
learned men. In 1240, Alphonsus king of 
Castile, a great astronomer himself, and an 
encourager of astronomers, corrected with 
their assistance the tables of Ptclemy 
which, from him, were called the Alphon- 
sine tables. About the same time Roger 
Bacon published his tracts on astronomy 
and shortly after Vitellio, a Polander, in 
his treatise on optics, showed, in accord- 
ance with Athazen, the use of refraction 
in astronomy. Nearly two centuries elap- 
sed from this period before any farther 
progress was made in the science, whem 
Purbach composed new tables of aines for 
every ten minutes, constructed spheres 
and glcbes, wrote commentaries on Ptole- 
my’s Almagest, corrected the tables of the 
planets and the Alphonsine tables, deter- 
mined the obliquity of the ecliptic at % 
degrees, 33 minutes and a half, and begun, 
at his death, a new series of tables for com- 
puting eclipses. He was succeeded by 
John Muller, commonly called Regio 
montanus, Bernard Walther, John Werner, 
andothers John Werner showed that tix 





3 chy ASTRONOMY 


motion of the fixed stare, since called the 
precession of the equinoxes, was about | 
cegres, 10 minutes, in a hundred years. 
The celebseted Copernicus came next in 
order, who distinguished himself by calling 
in question the Ptolemaic system of the 
aniverse, and reviving that of Pythagoras. 
After making 4 series of observations, and 
forming new tables, he completed in 1530 
his work, first published under the title of 
De Revolutionibus Ceetestium Orbium, and 
afterwards under that of Astronomia In- 
Staurata, in which he set forth the system 
since known by the name of the solar sys- 
tem, in which all the planets are consider- 
ed as revolving round the sun as their 
immovable centre 

The science of astronomy henceforth 
continued to receive regular accessions and 
improvements by a series of writers, as 
Bchoner, Nonnius, Appian, Gemma Frisi- 
us, Byrgius, &c. Besides, William IV., 
landgrave of Ilesse Cassel, applying him- 
self to the study, formed, by the help ofthe 
best instruments then to be procured, a 
catalogue of four hundred stars, with their 
latitudes and longitudes adapted to the be- 
ginning of the year 1593. About this time 
the Copernican system found a strenuous 
though unsuccessful opponent in Tyeho 
Brahe, a Danish nobleman, who, to obviate 
the objections against the Ptolemaic sys- 
tem, advanced an hypothesis of his own, 
which added Jess to his reputation than 
the accurate observations which he made 
by the help of improved instruments ina 
new observatory built for him by order of 
the king of Denmark. His friend Kepler, 
who enjoyed the title of mathematician té 
the empeior, finished his tables after his 
death, and published them under the titls 
of Rhodolphine tables. This latter astron- 
omer discovered that all the planets revolve 
round the sun, not in circular but in ellip- 
tical orbits ; that their notions are not equa- 
ble, but quicker and slower as they are 
nearer to the sun or farther from him; be 
sides a number of other observations on the 
motions and distances of the planets. He 
also concluded, from his observations on 
the comets, that they are freely carried 
about among the orbits of the planets in 
paths that are nearly rectilinear. To the 
astronomers of this age may be adaed Bay- 
er, who, in his Uranometria, has given a 
representation of all the eonsvellations, 
with the stars marked on them, and accom- 


panied with the Greek letters for the con_ 


venience of reference 

The ‘seventeenth eertury added many 
great named to the ilst of astronomers, as 
Sxilee Keygens, Cassini, feveiius, New- 


ton, and Flamstead, &e, As the Copies 
can systern had met with an opponent in 
one that ranked high in the science, it 
found a defender in Galileo, an Itahan no- 
bleman, who in his Dialogi, in 1632, drew 
a comparison between the Ptolemaic and 
Copernican system, much to the advan- 
tage of the latter, for which he incurred the 
censures of the church, as the doctrine of 
the sun’s immobility was looked upon as 
directly opposed to the express language of 
Scripture. Although Galileo professed to 


recant in order to obtain his liberation from — 


prison, yet the system daily gained ground, 
and became at length established Galileo 
besides made many accurate observations 
in astronomy, and was one of the first who, 
by improving the new invention of the 
telescope, was enabled to employ them in 
advancing his favourite science. By thia 
means he is said to have discovered inequa- 
lities in the moon’s surface, Jupiter’s satel- 
lites, and the ring of Saturn; so likewise 
spots in the surface of the sun, by which 
he found out the revolution of that luminary 
on itgownaxis. He also ascertained whet 
Pythagoras had conjectured, that the milky 
way and the nebulw consisted of innumer- 
able small stars. Harriot made simila dis- 
coveries in England atthe same time, if nog 
earlier. Ilevelius, by means of his obser- 
vations, formed a catalogue of fixed stars 
much more complete than that of Tycho’s. 
Huygens and Cassini discovered the satel- 
lites of Saturn, and Sir lsaac Newton de- 
monstiated, frém physical considerations, 
the laws which regulated the motions of 
the heavenly bodies, and set bounds to the 
planetaryorbs,determining their excursions 
from the sun, and their nearest approaches 
to him; he also explained the principle 
which occasioned that constant and regular 
proportion, observed both by the primary 
and secondary planets in theirrevolutiong 
round their central bodies, and their dis- 
tances compared with their periods. Hig 
theory of the moon, grounded on the laws 
of gravity and mechanics, has also been 


found to account for all her irregularities. — 


Mr Flamstead filled the office of Astrono- 


mer Royal at Greenwich from 1675 until 


his death in 1729, during which time he 
was constantly employed in making obser- 


vations on the phenomena of the heavens — 


As the result of his labours he published a 
eatalogue ofthree thousand stars, with weir 
places to the year 1689; also new solar 
tables, and a theory of the moon according 
to Horrox. On his tables was constructed 


Newton’s theory of the moon, as also the ih 
tables of @r. Halley, who succeeded him — 


. in 1720 Beeisee otaeeag ' 


mm his 






































Halley adaed to the list of astronomical 


_ discoveries, being the first who discovered 


the acceleration ofthe moon’s mean motion. 
He also wntrived a method for finding her 
parallax by three observed places of a solar 
eclipse, and showed the use that might be 


' made of the approaching transit of Venus 


in 1761, in determining the distance of the 
sun from the earth, and recommended the 
method of determining the longitude by the 
moon’s distance from the sun and certain 
fixed stars, which was after wards success- 
fully adopted by Dr. Maskelyne, Astrono- 
mer Royal. 

It was about this period that the question 
respecting the figure of the earth appears 
to have been satisfactorily decided, and in 
favour of Newton’s theory. M. Cassini 
concluded, from the measurement of M. 
Picard, that it was an oblong sphereid, 
but Sir Isaac Newton, from a considera- 
tion of the laws of gravity, and the diurnal 
motion of the earth, had determined its 
figure to be that of an oblate spheroid flat- 
tened at the poles, and protuberant at the 
equator. T’o determine this point Louis XV. 
ordered two degrees of the meridian to be 
measured, one under or near the equator, 
the other as near as possible to the poles; 
the expedition to the north being intrusted 
to Messrs. Maupertuis and Clairaut, that to 
the south to Messrs. Condamine, Bouguer, 
and Don Ulloa. Among the many obser- 
vations made by those who went on this 
expedition, it was found by those who 
went to the south that the attraction of the 
mountain of Peru hada sensible effect on 


_the plumb lines of their large instruments, 


‘ 


which fs supposed toafford an experimental 
proof of the Newtonian doctrine of gravita- 
tion. Asimilar observation has since been 
made by Dr. Maskelyne on the mountain 
Schehallien in Scotland. u 

The eighteenth century was marked by 


theught £, succeeded in discovering a usw 
planet, which honamed theGeorgiumSidus; 
he also discovered two additional satellites 
to Saturn, besides those of his own planet 
Among those who cultivated the higher 
branches of the science, and distinguished 
themselves by their researches, Dr. Maske- 
lyne,the predecessor of Dr. Herschel, ranks 
the foremost, having been the originatar of 


‘the Nautical Almanac, and brought into use 


the lunar method of determining the ‘ongi 

+ de, &c. besides making the requisite ta. 

des The theoretical part of the science 

was indebted to Clairaut, Euler, Simpson, 
de la Caille, Kiel, Gregory, Leadbetter, for 
many correct observations and elucida- 
tions. The practical part acquired a sysitem- 
atic form and inany improvements from the 
pens of Lalande, Fergusen, Emerson, Bon- 
nycastle, Vince, &c. The historians of the 
science are Weilder, in his History of 
Astronomy ; Baillie, in his History of An- 
cient and Modern Astronomy ; Montuccla,. 
in his Histoire des Mathematiques; and 


Lalande, in the first volume of his Astro- 


nomy ’ 


The Ninteenth Century has been char 
acterised by great advances in the 
science. arly in the Century, Ceres, 
Pallas, Juno and Vesta were discovered, 
revolving in the space between Mars 
aud Jupiter, and numbers of others 
have been added since. During the 
year 1878, clevem were discovered, mae 
king altogether 191 Asteroids or minor 
planets. The discovery or practical ap- 
plication of spectrum analysis by 
Bunsen and Kirchhoftin 1859, has pro- 
duced marvelous results, The inner 
most secrets of the solar composition 
nave been laid bare, whilst the great 
scientists Lockyer, Crova, Crookes, 
Huggins, Draper and Young are still 
busily at work in investigating. and exe 
pounding solar phenomenon, 

ASTROSCOPF, An astronomical in- 
strument for making observations of 
the stars, and ascertaining their po- 


the discoveries of Dr. Bradley, the successor | Sition in the heavens.—Astroscopy is 
to Dr. Halley as Astronomer Royal, and | the artof examining the stars by the 


Dr. Herschel, who also filled the same post 
so honourably to himself. Dr. Bradley dis- 
covered the aberration of light, and the 
mutation of the earth’s axis, besides having 
formed new and accurate tables of the mno- 
tions of Jupiter’s satellites, and the most 
correct table of refractions that is extant: 


also with a large translit instrument, anda 


fifty places of the moon. 
Pros augmenting the powers of the tetescope 


~ new mura! quadrant of eight feet radius, 


he made observations for determining the 


A places of all the stars !n the British cata- 


logue, and likewise nearly a hundred and 
Dr. Herschel, by 


any 


shing existing before or even 


agency of telescopes. 

ASTROTHEMATIC, The plgces of the 
stars in an astrological scheme of the 
heavens. 

ASTROTHEOLOGY. Theology found 
ed on observation of the heavenly 
bodies, presenting proofs of the exist. 
ence and omniscience of a Deity. 

ASYMPTOTE. In mathematics, aright 
line which continually approaches 
nearer and nearer toa curve, withoug 
evcr mecting it. 

ATACAMITE, A native ore of copper, 
called also copper-sand, found in the 
nd of Atacama between Chili ang 

eru. 


j 











/ 





» 


of elementary substances become com- 
binedin certain definite proportions ; 

and that all bodies are composed of 
ultimate atoms, their weight differing 
in different bodies. The relation in 
weight among the molecules of bodies 
constitutes the basis of the atomic 
theory, which establishes the important 
fact that bodies do not combine at ran- 


dom, but in definite propertions by. 
weight. Thus, admitting the principle 


that all atomic weights are multiples by 
whole numbers of the atomic weight 
of hydrogen, it follows that all atomic 
weights whatever will be expressed 
in whole numbers; the number for 
hydrogen being 1. Professor Graham, 
in his ‘‘ Elements of Chemistry,’’ pre- 
sents a tabular view of the different 
elementary bodies, with the symbols 
by which they are indicated. In this 
table the Chemical Symbols and @quiva- 
lents are modes of expressing by letters 
and figures the definite proportions in 
which the substances chemically com- 
bine with one another, as elucidated in 
the annexed table. Thus hydrogen is 
represented by H 1; Oxygenby O08; 
and water by H O. Iodine being denoted 
by I, and Fluorine by F, the symbols H 
Tand H F denote hydriodicand hydro- 
fluoric acid respectively. It happens, 

however, that many of the elementary 
bodies have names beginning with the 
same letter. In such cases the single 
letter is usually appropriated to one of 
them, and the others are denoted by 
that letter joined with some other ietter 
of their names. Thus carbon is denoted 
by C. calcium by Ca, cobalt by Co, and 
chlorine by Cl. The names of the ele- 
ments in the different languages of 
Hurope not always beginning with the 
same letter, it has been agreed to form 
them from the Latin names of the ele- 
ments ; thus copper (cuprum) is repre- 
sented by Cu, iron (ferrum) by Fe, tin 
(stannum) by Sn, &c, The great advan- 
tage of these symbolsis, that they en- 
able us to represent chemical decompo- 
sitions in the form of equations. Thus. 
for the action of zinc on hydrochloric 


acid, we have— 


HCl+ Zn = Zn Cl + H, 

which means that hydrochloric acid 
and zinc, when placed in contact, pro- 
duce chloride of zinc and free hydrogen. 
The left-hand side of the equation re- 
presents the state of things before the 
action, and the right-hand side shows 
the change produced. The annexed 
table contains an alphabe*ical list of the 
elementary bodies at present known, 
together with their symbols and their 
equivalents ; hydrogen being taken as 
unity. The words in parentheses are 
the Latin names of certain elements, as 
previously explained :— 

ELEMENTS. SYMBOLS. EQUIV. 
Alumip?"m. erecceerseeeeeAl. soe 51d: 70 


ATOMIC THEORY. In chemistry, the « Anau (Stibium)... shee 
doctrine which teaches that the atoms {| Arsenic............ 1,-2.2 -sASieees “ST. 70 


Sb... scene 


Baniwind ites ca ck ey ee Te 


Bismuth acs)... +4404) ee OO ar 


BOroD is cdieb ies avs ass se ca uel eee eee 
Bromine ee seas MY 2s presi Ag LF EH 
CadMium ye ce she cis ee we epee ee en Decay 






Calcium eres. ee. cals obs OGek ree eon ey 


Carbone nee Sos eccigis oracle Oeeae aa alae 
Ceriumr aii 2 iete eee ee cote wlogs 


Chlorinese ee eee Risa sree Oho 35%42 
CHV Oy se os cele bo Oe ee OUD 
Cobalt re here ie aun Wiel 2s COiees ti 2ot00 


Columbium [Tantalum)..Ta.....185°00 


Copper (Cuprum)........Cu......31°60 
PUMOTING . 0a even agintdisinls o Hisrsniete aaa oaES 
GlUCINIUMs 225) VE ee Gale ee earon 
Gold (Aurum)....... o seve Alleeic asd uoneo 
Hydrogen ....... Sense PAP « UENO NS eli LEI. 
Iodine... al wre tavare la re eaten ot Tivckie ae kOe 
A Big hs BCH aa BATREIEL yp gin SY --Tr,....- 98°30 
Iron (Ferrum)..... isis ves tohg Fe.... .28-00 
persia ancy Pb.....103°60 
ASTRA ab Re Bsa Nar OLRANy ratty Siac: Wiotetate Deore OSU, 
Magnesium. soi sissies MO a ade 
Manganese.......... VAVETY Shs pte ban) 
Mercury (Hydrargyrum). Hg.....202°00 
Malybdendin: Bette 45 oe LO etale eae 
Nickeh oscil oc 2 ieietas es Nel e eee ne ee 
INMELOR CD Dt kins vs eerie Nid. aes skALE 
OSMIUM faite oie venee £6 WOSaee rete Ora e 
CORO TE ani wieieierace aw atee ois Os weiaieie te inane 
Palladium. Clee. eco esis Gls slowttc Seo aan 
Phosphorus. . Sie whe Srkcs.0\ Cetera Pees aot 
Platinum. elses Ye eens Plc neato oo 
Potassium (Kalium)......K..../..39°15 
Rhoda leis oc eee awe ae ae ene 
Selenium. tt: eee 
SUIC IMI Sele ee siechDL skip vice oO 


Silver (Ar gentum). neck eA voseE LOBIOD 
Sodium (Natrium). -Na......23°30 


cee ees 


Strontium..... o| aisha’ e, sie p\ ele cE laste aeR EON 
Salphur ... s..\cics Senge eta ts eG 
Tellurium, 0.6.25. Ue ee eneaeee 
TE HORUS. as PES AS hi Thesee2 559-60 
Tin (Stannum).......-.--Sn......57° 90° 
AWA henge ns trynmirge Gch. ie so LEeee tee aoe 
Tungsten (Wolfram)...... Whisice en 90740 
Van adiuna isc pickin sic ate aie ee ROE OU 
Uranivim sa otic dere emietes ll aeie ate Sa 
VAGRATIN | hostess wlenren LS Neer ele pine woeaaee 
ZADNO Sa eee coal Gee lols rete lee eee ae 
Zirconium Phy aM ee YL BA per ats fia (t) 


Any of the symbols | in the table express 
one atom; whentwo or more are ex- 
pressed, it is 2B or B2, that is, two 
atoms of boron. Fe + O, or FeO, is 


one equivalent ofiron united to one of 


oxygen ;and2Fe + 380, or Fe203, the 
combinations of two atoms of iron ch 
three of oxygen. 


ATONIC. In pathology, wantinwes en- Ma 


ergy. 


melancholy, arising from wae usa 2) 
ance of bile. a 


ATROPHY. A wasting away. 


ATROPIA. <A poisonous saat Nate 
ye 


alkali obtained from the Atropa bella- 
donna, or deadly nightshade, .. ~~~ 
ih 


ATRABILARIAN. In pathology, ie Ae 
term applied to hypochondriasis, or 





e} 


ra 


ay 

















































Sue 


‘yy é 


i 


rehearsals and lectures, the chief ef 
which was at Athens; a gymnasium. 
In present use, a public establishment 
for the encouragement ofliterature and 
the sciénces ; in London, a famous-club 
house, the members of which are all 
more or less literary or scientific men. 

ATHLETA, The wrestlers, boxers, 
&c., who contended for the prizes at the 
Olympic, Pythian, and other games of 
ancient Greece and Rome, 

ATLAS, A collection of maps in a vol- 
ume; a kind of large-sized paper; a 
rich kind of silk, satin, or stuff, manu- 
facturedin the East. In anatomy, the 
first vertebra ofthe neck. In mythol- 
ogy, one of the Titans, king of Maurit- 
ania, and father of the Hesperides or 
Atlantides. Having assisted the giants 


in their war against the gods, he was 


condemned by Jupiter to bear the vault 
of heaven, In geography, a high moun- 
tain of Africa, In archsology, acolumn, 
or half figure of a man, supporting an 
entablature, 
ATMOLOGY. The doctrine of the 
relations of heat and moisture, 
ATMOMETER. An instrument to 
measure the quantity of exhalation 
from a humid surface in @ given time. 
ATMOSPHERE. The sphere or mass 
of air surrounding the earth, from 40 
to 50 miles high. 
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. The 
weight of the atmosphere on asurface ; 
the mean being 14°7 lbs. to the square 


inch. 
ATMOSPHERIC ‘TIDES, Certain 


' changes which take place in the atmos- 


phere, caused by the attraction of the 
sun or moon, when in opposition or 
conjunction. 

ATOM, In natural philosophy, a par- 
ticle of matter which can no longer be 
diminished in aize; the smallest par- 
ticle of which we can conceive any nat- 
ural substance composed, 

AUGEAN STABLE. In Grecian myth- 
Ology, a stable belonging to Augeus, 
king of Ellis, in which he kept a great 
number of oxen; having never been 
eleaned, it was regarded as almostan 
impossibility to clean it, till it was as- 
signed to Hercules as one of his labors: 
hence what is impracticable or what 
would be very difficult to clean. 

AUGITE. A mineral of a brown or 
dark-green color, a constituent of 
volcanic rocks. It consists of silica, 


-protoxide of iron and manganese, lime, 


magnesia, and alumina. 
ATTRACTION. In a general sense, the 


power or principle by which bodies mutu- 
ally tend towards each other, which varies 
according to the nature of the bodies at- 


tracted, and the circumstances under which 






this attraction takes place ; whence attrac- 


tion is distinguished into the Attraction of 


7 . om 


Oshesion, Attraction of Gravitation, Attrac- 
a) he 4 4 Y . 


ATHEN ZUM or ATHENEUM. In an- | tlon of Electricity, Attraction of Magnetiom, 


_ tiquity, a public building erected for 


f 


ATT &h 
and Chymical Attraction. 
The Arrraction or Conxgsion is that by 
which the minute particles of bodies are 
held together. 
ATTRACTION oF GraviraTion isthe prin 
ciple by which bodies at a distance tend 


to each other; on this principle it 1s .he: 


two leaden balls, having each a smoote 
surface, if compressed strongly together 
will cohere almost as strongly as if united 
by fusion ; and even two plates of glass if 
the surfaces are dry and even, will cohere 
80 as to require a certain force to separate 
them ; which is supposed to be a universa 
principlein nature. By gravitation a stone 
and all heavy bodies, if let fall from a height, 
are supposed to drop to the earth. All ce- 
lestial bodies are supposed to have not only 
an attraction or gravitation towards theix 
proper centres, but that they mutually at- 
tract each other within their sphere. The 
planets tend towards the sun and towards 
each other, as the sun does towards them 
The satellites of Jupiter tend towards Jupi 
ter, as Jupiter does towards his satellites , 
and the same with the satellites of Saturn 
and of Uranus. The earth and moontend 
likewise reciprocally towards each. By 
this same principle of gravity heavenly 
bodies are kept in their orbits, and terres- 
trial bodies tend,as is supposed, towards the 
centre of the earth. From this attraction 
all the motion, and consequently all the 
changes in the universe, are supposed to 
arise, the rains fall, rivers glide, ocean 
swells, projectiles are directed, and the air 
presses upon different bodies. 

ATTRACTION OF MacanerisM is the parti- 
cular tendency of certain bodies to each 
other, as that of the magnet, which attracts 
iron to itself. This is only a sort of attrac- 
tion of gravitation, acting on particular 
substances 

ATTRACTION OF Exxcrtriciry isthe prin- 
ciple by which bodies, when excited by 
friction, tend towards each other. This 
species of attraction agrees with that of 
gravitation in the property of acting upon 
bodies at a distance ; but it differs from it 
inasmuch as these bodies require to be ina 
particular state in order to be acted upon 


CuEmicaLArrraction isthat disposition | 


which some bodies in solution indicate to 
unite with some substances in preference 
toothers. This is otherwise called affinity 
and is considered as a sort of attraction of 
cohesion, acting in an unresisting medium, 
as it applies peculiarly to such bodies as, in 
solution, indicate a disposition te unite with 
some substances in preference to sthess 
ATTRIBUTES. These properties er per 


4 


eas hae ly PR Re ay Meee 


yes 


fin 


Ni utter 











‘eotions which are attributed to the Divine 

Being only, as his self-existence, immuta- 

bility, eternity, &c 
ATTRIBUTES (in Logic). The pred? 


@ates of any subject, or that which may be 


affirmed or denied of a thing, as ‘man is 
an animal,’ ‘man is not a brute.’ 

ATTRIBUTES (in Painting and Sculp- 
‘ure’ Symbols added to certain figures, to 
denote their office or character, as the eagle 
added to the figure of Jupiter, to denote 
hig power ,a cluo to Hercules, to denote 
his prowess &c. 

AVALANCHES. A name givenin Savoy 
and Switzerland to the masses of snow, 
which break off from the mountains with 
& nolse jike thunder, and sometimes over- 
whelm whole villages, 

AVAST. A term of command at sea, 
signifying, hold, stop, stay. 

AUCTION. A public sale of goods by 
persons called auctioneers,who are licensed 
to dispoze of goods to the highest bidder 
on certain conditions, called the conditions 
efsale. A mock auction is that which is 
eonducted by unlicensed persons for fraud- 
ulent purposes. 

AUDIENCE. The ceremony of admit- 
ting ambassadors and public ministers to 
a hearing at court. 

AUDIENCE COURT (in Law) An ec- 
clesiastical court appertaining to the arch- 
sishop of Canterbury. 

AUDIT. A regular examination of ac- 
eéounts by persons duly appointed. 

AURA. A vapor of exhalation, defined 
by the early chemists as a pure 
essence exuding from animals and 
plants, and perceptible only by its 
odor.—Aura electrica is a term used 
in electricity, and applied to the 
pensation experienced, as if a cold wind 
were blowing on the part exposed to 
electricity when received from a sharp 
point. In pathology, auraepileptica is 
the peculiar sensation felt immediate- 
ly before an attack of epilepsy. 

AVERAGE (in Commerce). fhe damage 
which a vessel, with the goods or loading, 
sustains from the time of its departure to 
ite return ; aiso the charges or contribution 
towards defraying such damages, and the 
quota or proportion which each merchant 
er proprietor is adjudged, upon a reason- 
abie estimate, to contribute to a common 
average,’ 

AVES. Birds; the second class of ani- 
malsinthe Linneansystem. This class of 
animals is distinguished from all others by 
several peculiarities in their form, having 
feathers for thelr covering, two feet, and 
two wings formed for flight. They have, 
for the most part, the mandible protracted 


wand naked, but are without external ears, 


or bladder, epigiotis, corpus callosum, of 


its fornixand diaphragm. They are divided — oh 
in the Linnwan system into six orders: — 


namely, Accipitres, or the falcon and eagle 
kind; Picw, the pies; Anseres, the gocee 
and duck kind; Gralle, the crane kind — 
GaJling, the poultry or domestic fow! ; and 
Pasgeres, the sparrow and finch kind, with 
all the smaller birds. 
AUGER. A wimble, or tool for boring. 
AUGMENT (in Grammar). A letter e 
syllable added or changed in Greek vorbs 
AUGMENTATION (in Heraldry), A 
particular mark of honour borne in ag 
escutcheon, as the hand in the arms of 
baronets. } 
AUGURY. The practice of divining by 
the filght of birds or from inspecting their 
entrails. The augure were a principal 
order of priests among the Romans, © 
AUGUST. The eighth month of the year, 
called after the emperor Augustus Cesar, 
who entered his second consulship in that 
month, after the Actian victory. 
AUGUSTAN CONFESSION.’ A eon- 
fession or declaration of Christian faith 
made by the Protestants at Augusta c 
Augsburg in Germany, a. p. 1550. 
AUGUSTINES, or Austin Farans. A 
religious order, so called from St. Augustin 
their founder, They were very numerous 
in England before the Reformation. 
AVIARY. A place set apart for feeding 
and propagating birds. 
AUK. A bird, otherwise called Penguin — 
or Razorbill, an inhabitant of the aretic ex 
northern seas. 





AURELIA. In entomology, the first 
metamorphosis of the maggot of an ine 
sect, or that state in which it is trange 
formed from the caterpillar to the per 
fect winged fly; a chrysalis. 

AURICLE. That part of the ear which 
is prominent from the head. The auricles 
of the heart are appendages at the base of 
tne heart, which are distinguished inte 
right and left, the former of whieh is pla 
















in the air. 


ced ta the Gated the latter in the hinder 
part. These are muscular bags, which 
move regularly with the heart, but in an 
inverted order. 

AURICULAR CONFESSION. A mode 
of confession among Roman Catholics, by 
whispering in the ears of their fathers, 
confessors, or priests. 

AURORA BOREALIS, f. 6. the Nortn- 
ERN Twiticut. An extraordinary meteor 
ér luminous appearance visible in the night 
time in the northern parts of the heavens. 
The aurora borealis appears; frequently in 
the form of an arch, chiefly in the spring 
and autumn, after a dry year. This kind 
of meteor is more rarely to be seen, the 
nearer we approach the equator, but in 
the polar regions it is very constant and 
brilliant. In the Shetland Isles these lights 
are called ‘the merry dancers.’ 

AURUM MUSICUM, or Mosarcum. A 
Combination of tin and sulphur, used by 
Statuaries and painters, for giving a gold 
colour to their figures. 

AUSPICES, A kind of soothsaying 
among the Romans, by the flight or sing- 
ing of birds. 

AUTO DA FE, or Aw Act or Fartn. 
The solemn act of punishing heretics, for- 
merly in use among the Spaniards. Upon 
a Sunday or festival, the offender being 
brought from prison to church, dressed in 
a frightful manner, attended divine service, 
after which he was delivered over to the 
civil power to be burnt. 

AUTOGRAPH. An epithet applied to 
whatever is written in a person’s own hand 
writing, as an autograph letter, a letter of 
one’s own writing. 

AUTOMATON. A self-moving engine, 
more particularly the figure of any animal 
having the principle of motion within itself 
by means of whee!s, springs, and weights; 
those in the figure of a man are called 
androides, as the mechanical chess-player, 
&c. (See Anproipxs); those of animals are 
properly called automata. It is said that 
Archytas of Tarentum, 400 years before 
Christ, made a wooden pigeon that could 
fly; and that Archimedes made similar 
automata. Regiomontanus made a wooden 
eagle, that flew forth from the city, met the 
emperor, saluted him, and returned ; also 
an iron fiy, which flew out of his hand at 
a feast,and returned again,after flying about 
the room. Dr. Hooke made the model of 
a fiying chariot, capable of supporting itself 
M. Vaucanson made a figure 
that played on the flute ; also a duck capable 


a _ of eating, drinking, and imitating exactly 
___ the voice of a natural one; and, what is 





still more mirprising, the food it swallowed 
was evacuated in a digested state ; also the 
wings, viscera, and bones were formed se 
as strongly to resemble those of a living 
duck. M. le Droz, of la Chaux de Fonds, 
presented a clock to the king of Spain 
which had, among other curtosities, asheep 
that made a bleating nolse, and a dog 
watching a basket, that snarled and barked 
when any one offered to take it away. 

One of the most celebrated automata 
ever invented, was that of the Chess Player, 
constructed in Germany by Baron Kemp- 
lin, and since exhibited in various parts of 
Kurope and America, by Mr. Maelzel. 
It represented the figure of a Turk, who 
made the moves on the chese-board with 
its hand, and played the game with so 
much skill that it was long thought never 
to have been beaten.. It was however fre- 
quently beaten in America, and is now gen- 
erally supposed to have concealed a person 
of smajl size within the engine, which 
directed the moves, The ingenuity of 
this contrivance, therefore, lay rather in 
the mode of concealing the real player, than 
in the mechanism 

AUTUMN. The third season tn the year 
which begins, in the northern hemisphere 
on the day when the sun enters Libra, that 
1s, on the 22d of September. It termi: 
nates about the same day in December 
when the winter commences. 

AUTUMNAL SIGNS. The three signa 
Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through 
which the sun passes during the autumn 
season. 

AUXILIARY VERBS (in Grammar). 
Such verbs as help to form or conjugate 
others, as, in English, the verbs ‘to have 
and ‘to be.’ 

AWL. A shoemaker’s tool, with whicn 
holes are bored’in the leather, for the ad- 
mission of the thread in stitching and sew 
ing. The blade of the awl is mostly a Little 
flattened and bent 





AWNING. A piece of tarpaulin or sail, 
&c. hung about the decks or any other part 
of a vessel, to screen persons from the su 
and rain. 

AURANTIACES. A natural order of © 
thalamiflorous exogens, consisting of 
Se an peau of great utility ang 

beauty. flowers are fragrant, ang 
the fr Nit 3 cy. The order compree 
hends the orange, lemon, shaddock, and 
lime, which have been divided into four 
teen genera - 








eggs are used as a sort of caviare. 

AXESTONE. A light green mineral, 
also called jade, or nephrite, found 
chiefly in New Zealand and the South 
Sea Islands, where it is used by the rude 
natives for making axes and other in- 
struments, 

AXINITE. A mineral of a brown, grey, 
black, or blue color, with axe-shaped 
crystals, and consisting of silica, alum- 
ina, lime, oxide of iron, and oxide of 
manganese. 

AXIS. A straight line, either real or 
imaginary, passing through the centre 
of a body on whichit may be supposed 
to revolve; a pivoton which anything 
turns.—In the sciences and the me- 
chanicai arts, the termis of very gen- 
eral application.—In astronomy, axis is 
an imaginary line supposed to pass 
through the centre of the earth and the 
heavenly bodies, about which they per- 
form their diurnalrevolutions. In ge- 
ometry, itis the straight line in a plane 
figure, about which it revolves to pro- 
duce or generate a solid. In mechanics, 
the axis of a balance is the line about 
which it moves, or rather turns about ; 
the axis of oscillation is a right line, 
parallel to the horizon, passing through 
the centre, about which a pendulum 
vibrates; the wheel and axisis one of 
the mechanical powers, consisting of a 
wheel concentric with the base ofa 
cylinder, and movable together with it 
aboutits axis. In architecture spiral 
axis is the axis of a twisted column 
drawn spirally, in order to trace the cir- 
cumvolutions without; the axis of the 
Ionic capital 1s a line passing perpen- 
dicularly through the middle of the eye 
ofthe volute Intoptics, an axis is that 
particular ray of light, coming from any 
object, which falls perpendicularly on 
theeye. In anatomy, the axis is the 
second vertebra of the neck; it has a 
process, or tooth, which goes into the 
first vertebra, and this by some is cal- 
led the axis. In botany,the axis is a 
taper column, placed in the centre of 
some flowers or catkins, round which 
the other parts are disposed; oritsig- 
nifies the stem round which the leaves, 
or modified leaves, are produced. Axal 
is an epithet relating to the axis; thus 
_ axal section is a section through any 

body, whatever shape it may be. ~ 

AXINOMANCY. In antiquity, aspecies 
of divination performed by means of an 
axe or hatchet which was fixedon a 
round stake, so as to be poised, and 
then the names of those suspected 
being repeated, he at whose name the 
axe fell was pronounced guilty. 

AXLE, or AXLE-TREE,. A piece of 
timber, or bar of iron, whicl passes 
through the centre of a wheel, and on 
which it revolves, . 


AXAYACATT,, A Mexican fly whose } 


AXOTO 


V OUS. In mineralogy, having e 








a cleavage with a single face, perpen- oa 


dicular to the axis. 


¢ 


AXMINSTER CARPET. In the arts, — 


a term applied to carpets manufactured 


in imitation of Turkey carpets, and ~- 


noted for their thick and soft pile ; 
they are woven in one piece. 

AYAH. The name given in India to a 
native nurse or waiting maid. 

AYE-AYE. A nocturnal quadruped of 
Madagascar, about the size of a hare, 
and thus named from its peculiar cry. 
It is the Cheiromys of naturalists. 


AYMESTRY LIMESTONE. In geol- 
ogy, one of the calcareous beds of the 
Upper Silurian series, which has been 
produced by coral and shell accumula- 
tions amidst the masses of argillaceous 
sediments. It occurs near Ludlow, 
Malvern, and some localities in Wales. 


AZALEA. A genus of beautiful shrub- 
by plants, having richly-colored trums 
pet or bell-shaped flowers, and, in some 
species, highly fragrant. . 

AZETEC. One of the Azetecs, an early 
race of Mexico, inhabiting its great 


plateaux at the time of the Spanish in: ° 


vasion, and far advanced in arts and 
civilization. 

AZIMUTH. In astronomy, an arch of 
the horizon intercepted between the 
meridian of the place and the azimuth, 

AZOIC, In natural philosophy, a term 
applied to objects entirely destitute of 
organic life. 


AZOTE. In chemistry, a kind of gas | 


which is fatal to animal life; a name 
for nitrogen gas. Though destructive 


to animal life itis one of the constitu. 


ents of the atmosphere, of blood, mus- 
cular fibre, and many minerals. ‘The 
name, nitrogen, is given to it from its 
being the base of nitre. The following 


are some of its compounds: Azoben- — 


zide, consisting of 12 equivalents of 
carbon, 5 of hydrogen, and 1 of nitro- 
gen ; Azobenzoide, 42 of carbon, 1614 of 
hydrogen, and 234 of nitrogen; Azoben- 
zule, 42 ofcarbon, 15 of hydrogen, and 
2 of nitrogen. 
of nitrous oxide, &c. 
AZURITH, or AZURE STONE. In 
mineralogy, a fine azure blue, the lazu 
lite or lapis lazuli of the lapidaries ; 


structure, finely granulated; sp. gr. 


30; hardness, 5—6; its constituent 
parts are phosphoric acid, alumina, 


magnesia, lime, oxide of iron, silica, and _ 


water, 


AZYGOS. In anatomy, a term ap. f: 


plied to various muscles, bones, and 
veins, which occur singly, and not in 
pairs. 

AZYMOUS., A term applied to 
leavened or unfermented dough, — 


Azotite is a salt formed © Ct 




























B, the second letter of the alphabet, is often 


ased as an abbreviation for Bachelor, as 
B. A. Bachelor of Arts, B. D. Bachelor of 
Divinity &c. Basa numeral among the 
Romans stood for 300, and with a dash over 
it thus, g, for 3000. B, in chronology, 
stands for one of the Dominical letters, and 
in music for the seventh note in the gamut. 

BAAL. A god of the Phenicians and 
Canaanites, which is supposed to represent 
the sun, and to be the same as the Bel or 
Belus of the Greeks. | 

BABOON. A large kind of ape with a 
short tail, which forms one division of the 
genus Simia in the Linngan sysiem 





BACCHANALIANS. Those “who per- 
formed the rites at the Bacchanals in hon- 
our of Bacchus. : 

BACCHANALS. A festival at Rome in 
honour of Bacchus, which, for their licen- 
tiousness, were suppressed by a solemn 
decree of the senate. 

BACCHUS. The god of wine in the 
heathen mythology, was the son of Jupiter 
and Semele. He was the Osiris of the 
Egyptians, from whom the fables respecting 
him were taken by the Greeks. 

BACCIFER. Berry-bearing plants. 

BACHELOR. One of the first degrees 
-n the liberal arts conferred at the univer- 
sities of Oxford and Cambridge. 

BACKGAMMON. A particular game 
played by two persons with the help of 


- dice, on a board or table divided into parts, 


whereon are twenty-four black and white 
spaces called points. 
BACKPAINTING. The method of 
painting mezzotinto prints pasted on glass, 
with oi! colours. 
BACKSTAFF. An instrument formerly 
used in taking the sun’s altitude. It was 


89 called because the back of the observer 
a turned towards the s"" when he makes | to the sheriZ for the due execution of thei 





the observation. This quadrant is now 
superseded by more accurate instruments. 

BADGE. An exterior ornament of a coat 
of arms, originally worn by the retainers or 
attendants of the nobility. It fell into dis. 


use in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 

BADGER. (An animal ranked by Lin- 
neus under the Bear tribe, which lives in 
holes by the sides of rivers, or in the clefts 
of rocks. It feeds on insects or berries 
burrows during winter, hunts by night, and 
lies concealed by day 





BAG (in Commerce). A determinate 
quantity of goods contained in a bag, vary 
ing in size, accordizg to the article or the 
place, from three to four hundred weight: 

BAGNIO. fialian for a bathing house, 
with conveniences for bathing, sweating, 
and otherwise cleansing the body. 

BAGPIPE. A favourite wind instrument 
among the Highlanders. It consists of two 
parts ; namely, a leathern bag, and pipes 
for admitting and ejecting the air. One of 
the pipes called the drone, with which the 
base part is played, never varies its tone 
The third pipe ia played on by compressing 
the bag under the arm. 

BAIL (in Law). Sureties given for the 


| appearance, when required, of a person in 


custody. Common Bail is in common con- 
cernment, where any sureties may be ta- 
ken; but Special Bail is in matters of greater 
importance, where special surety of twe or 
more persons must be taken according to 
the value of the cause. 

BAILES (in Law). The person to whom 
the goods of the one that is\ bailed are de- 
livered. 

BAILIFF.°A subordinate magistrate or 
officer appointed within a particular pro- 
vince or district, as bailiffs of hundreds, 
liberties, courts baron, &c. Sheriffs’ bailiffs 
are officers appointed by the sheriff to ex- 
ecute writs. These, being bound in bond 


- 
7 





affize are called bound bailiffs, vulgarly 
bum-vauliffs. é 
BAILIWICK. The hundred or any other 
district wherein a bailiff has a jurisdiction. 
BAILMENT. The delivery of goods in 
(rust upon a contract expressed or implied 
BALAENA. The whale ; a genus of the 
class Mammalia, and of the order Ceti. 
BALANCE. One ofthe simple powers 
in mechanics which serves to find out the 
equality or difference of weight in heavy 
bodies. It isa peculiar application of the 
lever to this particular purpose. The com- 
mon balance consists of a lever with equal 
arms, at the extremity of each of which is 
attached a scale. Before loading it with 
any weights, the whole ought to preserve 
a perfect equilibrium; and this equilibrium 
must arise from an exact distribution ofthe 
weight ofeacharmandscale of the balance, 
as well as from the equal length of the 
former ; for an this depends the correctness 
of its action. The Assay-Balance isa very 
delicate kind of balance, used for determin- 
ing the exact weight of minute bodies. It 
is so called because it is particularly used 
in the different processes of assaying ; it is 
also frequently used in chymical analysis. 
Balances also vary in their form,as the Bent« 
Lever Balance, the Compound Balance, 


consisting of a combination of balances 


used in weighing very heavy bodies; also 
the Danish Balance, a kind of steel-yard. 

BALANCE OF TRADE. -A term in 
commerce, denoting the equality between 
the value of the commodities bought of 
foreigners, and the value of the native pro- 
ductions transported into other countries. 
Balance ina merchant’s account is when 
the debtor and creditor account are made 
even 

BALE (in Commerce). A quantity of 
merchandise packed up in cloth. A bale 
of cotton yarn is from three to four hun- 
dred weight ; of raw silk, from one to four 
hundred. 

BALISTER, or Fire-Fisu. A fish so 
calied from the resemblance of its back- 
bone to a file. It is remarkable for the 
brilliancy of its colours. 

BALL AND SOCKET. An instrument 
of- brass with a perpetual screw, construc- 
ted to move inany direction Itis used in 
the management of surveying, and astro- 
romical instruments, 

BALLAST. Gravel, sand,orany weighty 
matter, put into a ship’s hold, to poise her 
and bring he: sufficiently low in the water. 

BALLET, A theatrical representation, 
consisting of music and dancing. 

BALLET-MASTER. The artist who re 


mulates the performance and rey 


| the females in Turkey as 3 cosmetis. 









“Bane 






resenta \ eh i, 
tion of the ballet. anaes} 

BALLISTA. A warlike engine used by 
the ancients in besieging cities, to throw 
large stones, darts, and javelins. 


4 


Toh 





BALLOON, A globe commonly made 
of lutestring, and covered with an elastic 
varnish, to render the substance impervious 
by the gas When filled with hydrogen gags 
from ten to thirteen times lighter than at- 
mospheric air, the balloon wiil ascend, and 
convey heavy bodies suspended toit. The 
Weight which the balloon is capable of 
raising will be in proportion ta the diameter a 
ofthe sphere. From experiments it has been 
found that a cubic foot of hydrogen gas 
Will raise about one ounce avoirdupois. — 


s 


pee 


ie. 












BALLOT. A little ball ; also the manner 
of giving votes at an election by putting 
little balls, black or white, into a box. 

BALLUSTRADE. A series or row of 
ballusters or small pillars, serving as a 
guard or fence to balconies or staircases. 

BALM, or BALSAM. A liquid resin of ett 
a Whitish or yellow colour, a fragrant smeu rs PUN 
and a penetrating aromatic taste. It flows 
from the balsam treé, and is much used by 





BALM, or BALM MINT. A perennia , 
go called from the fragrance of its smell, 
which resembles that of balsam. 


BALSAM TRE. A tree growing in 
Arabia and Egypt, the bark of which yields 
the balm or balsam abovementioned. 

BALSAMICS. Softening, healing, and 

eleansing medicines. 
- BAMBOO, or BAMBU. An Indian reed 
with larger knots than the common reed. 
The poorer inhabitants of India make their 
dwellings of this reed : paper is also made 
of the same material, by bruising it and 
steeping it in water until it be reduced to 
a paste. 

BANANA. See Puantarn Trex. 

BAND (in Architecture). Any flat, low 
member or moulding, which is broad but 
not deep. 

BANDANA HANDKERCHIEFS. A 
kind of silk handkerchiefs manufactured, 
in India, of silk and cotton 

BANDEROLL A sea term for a little 
flag in form of a gridiron, that used to be 
hung on the masts of vessels. 

BAND OF PENSIONERS. A parti- 
cular company of gentlemen bearing hal- 
berds, and attending upon the person of 
the king upon solemn occasions. 

BANDITTI. A band of outlawed rob- 
bers, most frequent in Italy 

BANDOLEER, or BANDOLIER. A 
large Jeathern belt, formerly worn over the 
right shoulder, and hanging under the left 
arm, to carry some warlike weapon. 

BANDROL, A little flag or streamer. 

BANDS. Two pieces of iron nailed upon 
the bows of the saddle, to hold themtight. 

BANERET. A knight made in the field, 
whose standard was converted into a ban- 
ner which he could display in the king’s 
army as the barons did. 

BANIAN TREE See Innran Fia 

BANISHMENT. A quitting the realm, 
either voluntarily, as by abjuration ; or 
compulsorily, as by transportation. 

BANK (in Commerce). An establishment 
for the receiving of moneys and letting 
a them outon interest. Banks are general- 
a ly forrned by a number of moneyed per- 
sons, who, for carrying on the business of 

negotiating bills of exchange, and dealing 
in bullion, &c. advancea considerable sum 
as ajoint capital. The first bank was es- 
tablished at Venice about 1137, and the 
Rame of Banco was given to it in Italian, 
from the bench which the money-changers 
or bankers used to sit upon in their courses 
er exchanges. The bank of Genoa was 
established in 1345; that of Amsterdam, in 
609 ; that of Hambearg, in 1619; that of 

2 Rotterdam, in 1635 ‘The Bank of Eng- 


~ 














Jand one of the last, but at present th: 
greatest of its kind, was established by 
charter in the reign of William and Mary, 
into a corporate body, by the title of the 
Governor and Company of the Bank of 
England. Its notes form the currency of 
the kingdom to a certain’ extent, and 
amount to between twenty and thirty mil- 
lions. The Bank of England is also the 
Government Bank, and pays the interest 
of the national debt. 

BANKER. A person who traffics in 
money, by receiving the current cash of 
individuals free of interest, and negotiat 
ing with it, either in the discount of bills 
or the advance of money on suflicient se- 
curities. 

BANKING-HOUSE. Any mercantile 
house which carries on the business of a 
private banker, as distinguished from the 
Bank, by which is understood the Bank 
of England. 

BANKRUPT. A trader who fails or 
breaks, so as to be unable to carry on his 


| business or pay his debts. In Law, a bank- 


rupt is one who has committed an act of 
bankruptcy, so as to bring him under the 
protection of the bankrupt laws, which is 
allowed to none but actual traders, or such 
as buy and sell, and gain a livelihood by 
so doing. It is derived from bancum, a 
bench, and rumpere, to break, because the 
bench of the Italian banker or money 
changer is said to have been broken by 
way of infamy when he failed. 

BANNER. A flag or standard at che 
end of a lance. 

BANNIANS. A religious sect among 
the Ilindoos, who believe in the transmi- 
gration of souls, and therefore abstain from 
eating the flesh of animals, which they 
carefully preserve. They are so cautious 
of having communication with any but 
their own caste, that if any of another na- 
tion or tribe has drunk out of or touched 
their cup, they break it. 

BANNOCK. A sort of oaten cake in 
the north of England, baked in the embers 
or on a hot stone. 

BANNS OF MATRIMONY. The pub- 
lishing of marriage contracts in the church 
before the performance of the marriage 
ceremony. By the ordinances of -tha 
church, when persons are to be married, 
the banns of matrimony shall be published 
in the church where they dwell Sree 
several Sundays or holydays in the time 
of Divine Service; and if, at the day ap- 
pointed for their marriage, any man de 
allege any impediment or precontract, 
consanguinity or affinity, want of prrent’s 
consent, infancy, gc. why they should 


pews 








Rot be married (and become bound with 
sureties to prove this allegation), then the 
solemanization must be deferred until the 
truth is tried. 

BANTAM The name of a domestic 
fowl of the hen tribe, having short legs, 
and the shanks well feathered 





BAPTISM. A sacramentof the Christian 


church, administered either by immersion, 
that is, dipping in water, or by sprinkling 
with water. 

BAPTISTS. A denomination of profess- 
ing Christians, who practice adult baptism 
instead of that of children, and by immer- 
sion rather than by sprinkling. 

BAR (in Courts of Law). The place 
parted off by a bar or railing, within which 
counsellors stand to plead; also the pro- 
fession of a barrister or pleader. 

BAR. A sea term for a rock lying before 
the harbour in such a manner that ships 
eannot sail over except upon the flood. 

BAR (in Music). A line which divides 
the notes into equal portions in respect to 
their duration. 

BAR (in Heraldry). One of the honour- 
able ordinaries, consisting of two horizon- 
ial lines drawn across the escutcheon. 





BARALIPTON. An arbitrary name 
among logicians for an indirect mode of 
the first figure of syllogisms 

BARATRY (in Commerce). A term 
used when the master of a vessel or the 
mariners cheat the owners by embezzling 
their goods, or running away withthe ship. 

BARB. The points hat stand back in 


the head of an arrow or dng hows a i oe 


prevent thei from being drawn outeasily, 
also the name of a horse of the Barbary 
breed, remarkable for its swiftness. - 

BARBARA. An arbitrary name among 
logicians for the first mode of the first fig- 
ure of syllogisms, consisting of three uni- 
versal propositions: as, ‘all animals are 
endued with sense ; all men are animals ; 
ergo, all men are endued with sense.” 

BARBARISM. A rude kind of language 
used only by the savage or unlettered per- 
gon. 

BARBEL A fish of the carp kind, which 
lies in holes near the banks, anc feeds on 
testaceous animals, worms, &c. It hasits 
name from the beards or wattles under its 
nose. 





BARBER One who follows the trade 


of shaving and dressing hair, and ancientiy © 


also that of bleeding, whence barbers were 
called Barber-Chirurgeons, and used a pole 


as a sign to represent the staff which per- 


sons used to hold when they were bled. 
The barbers were separated from the sur 
geons by a statute in the reign of George 
the Second. 

BARBERRY. A tart berry, the fruit of 
the barberry tree ; a prickly shrub. 

BARBICAN. An outer defence or forti- 
fication to a city or castle, used as a fence, 
and also as a watchtower, to desers the 
approach of an enemy 

BARD. A sort of poets among the Gaula, 
who used to set forth the deeds of heroes 
and great men. 

BARGAIN AND SALE (in Law) 
instrument whereby the property of lands 
and tenements is, for valuable considera- 
tion, transferred from one person to anovn- 
er. It is called a real contract upon a val- 
uable consideration for passing of lands, 
tenements, and hereditaments, by deed 
indented and enrolled. 


BARGE. A very large boat used on rivers 


either for pleasure and state, as the royal 


barge ; or for trade, as the coal barge, &c. | 
BARILLA. A kind of Spanish aiken < 
salt used in the glass trade 

















nN " BARITONO. r nae pitch of tne Titee, 
between bass and tenor. : 
BARIUM. A metal go called by Sir H. 
Davy the discoverer, which is obtained by 
the chymical decomposition of barytes 
BARK. The skin or covering ofa ligne- 
é ous plant. Bark-binding is a disease in 
trees cured by slitting the bark. 

BARK (in Commerce). A stuff manu- 
factured in India of the bark of trees ; also 
the Peruvian or Jesuit’s bark, which is 
procured from the Cinchona tree growing 
in Quito. 

BARK. A sea term forasmall vessel, 
varticularly one carrying three masts. 

BARKING. The process of peeling the 
bark off the trees, which must be done in 
the month of May. 

BARLEY. A sort of corn or grain which 
is sown in March, April, or May, and suc- 
seeds best in lignt dry soils. From barley, 
when converted into malt, beer is made. 

BARLEY, or Pearu-Barver. Barley 


stripped of its first coat, and used in mak- 


ing a diet drink. 
BARLEYCORN. The least of our long 
measures, being the third of an inch. 
BARLEY-MOW. The place where 
reaped barley is laid up. 
BARLEY WATER. A decoction of 
pearl-barley. 
- BARM, or Yeasr. The head or working 
’ out of beer, which is used as a ferment to 
lighten bread. 
BARN. A storehouse for grain in which 
it is deposited and threshed. 
BARNACLE. A species of shell-fish 
which sticks to the bottom of ships, 
rocks, &c. 
BARNACLE-GOOSE. A large water- 
fewl, with a broad flat bill 







BAROLITE. A stone of the ponderous 
order, called also the carbonite of barytes. 
_ BAROMETER. An instrument for mea- 
suring the weight of the atmosphere, in- 

Ned vented by Torricelli. The common ba- 
_ romster is a glass tube hermetically sealed 
one wad; ne? filled w'th mercury so aa 


SEF jth 


BAR 43 
tohavenoairover. Then the maker, put- 
ting his finger on the open end, immerses 
it in a bason of quicksilver or water ; and 
on his removing his finger, the quicksilver 
in the tube endeavours, by its own weight, 
to descend into the bason, but by the pres- 
sure of the external wir on the surface of 
the fluid in the bason, and no air being in 
the tube at the top, the quicksilver will 
rise from 28 to 31 inches in mercury, and 
from 30 to 33 inches in water. In dry 
weather, the air, being free frcm vapours, 
is consequently heavy, and presses up the 
quicksilver ; but in moist rainy weather, 
the atmosphere being charged with clouds 
and fogs, the air is lighter, and presses 
with less force on the quicksilver. In 
high winds the atmosphere is light, and 
the quicksilver low ; it also rises highe 
in cold weather than in warm. 





BARON. In England, a degree of nobil! 
ty next to a viscount: All barons are 
lords of parliament and peers of the realm 
Barons were originally so by tenure, that 
is, by virtue of the barony annexed tc 
their lands or office 

BARON AND FEME. A term in Law 
for husband and wife, who are deemed but 
one person. 

BARON’S CORONET Ons gold circis 





six pearls, which were assigned to barons 
by King Charles II. after the Restoratien . 
BARONET The lowest degree of hem 











@itary honour created by letters patent. 
It was founded by James I.m 1604. 

BARONS OF THE EXCHEQUER. 
In England the four Judges who officiate in 
the court of exchequer at Westminster. 

BARONY. In England, the honour and 
territory which gave title to a baron, in- 
cluding the fees and lands of lords, both 
temporal and spiritual. 

BARRACKS. Places ereeted for the 
accommodation of both men and horses in 
the army. 

BARRAS A substance consisting of re- 
sin and oil, which exudes from the wounds 
of fir trees in winter. 

BARRATOR (in Law). A common 
mover of suits and quarrels,¢ither in courts 
or elsewhere. 

BARREL. A cask or vessel for holding 
liquor, that is, thirty-one and a half gallons 
of wiee, &¢c. and thirty-two gallons of beer. 

BARREL. The cylinder of a watch, 
about which the spring is wrapped. 

BARRIER. A kind of fence, composed 
ef great stakes, and serving to defend the 
entrance of a passage. 

BARRISTER. In Eng:and a counsellor 
admitted to plead at the bar. An inner 
Barrister is one who is & perjeant, or king’s 
counsel, and is admitted to plead within 
the bar ; but an outer barriater is one who 
pleads without the bar. 

BARROW (in Husbandry) An imple- 
ment of conveyance with a sing ® wheel, 
and driven with the two hands. It is 
made of different forms, according to the 
purpose for which it is intended ; the com- 
mon barrow, called the wheelbarrow, is 
represented underneath. 





BARROW. A large hillock or mound, 
ef which many are to be met with in dif- 
ferent parts of England, and are supposed 
to be the tumuli or tombs of the Romans. 

BARTER. The exchanging one commo- 
dity for another ; also the rule in Arithme- 
tic by which the proportionate value of 
commodities is found. 

BARYTES. A sort of ponderous earth, 
very brittle, and perfectly soluble in boil- 
fag sulphuric acid, It is compounded of 
oxygen and barium. 

BASALT. A sort of argillaseous earth, 
consisting of silica, with a certain portion 
ef alumina and oxyde of iron, lime, and 


magnesia. It is always found neers tu et 


canoes, 





BASE (in Architecture) The foot of a 


pillar, by which it is sustained ; in Geome- 
try, the base of a figure is the lowest plain 
side, or that on which it stands. 

BASE (in Chymistry). The inert sub- 
stance which combines with, and is aeted 
upon, by the more volatile and active men- 
strua, as the alkalies, earths, and metallia’ 
oxydes, which are the principal ingredi 
ents in the formation of salts. 

BASE LINE (in Perspective). The 
common section of a picture, and tre ges- 
metrical plane. 

BASEMENT. A continued base ex 
tended along any building, as the base 
ment or lower story of a house. 

BASE TENURE, or Bass Estatx (in 
Law). A holding by villanage, or other 
customary service. 

BASHAW, or Pacna. The title given 
to the grand officers of the court at Con- 
stantinople ; as the capudan bashaw, the 
admiral or commander at sea; bostangi 
bashaw, the chief officer of the garden,&c 
Their degrees of dignity were marked by 
their bearing one, two, or three horses tails 
The ruler of Tripoli is called Bashaw. 

BASIL. The sloping edge of a chisel, 
or of the iron of a plane. 

BASIL. A plant which has an aromatis 
smell. 1 

BASILICON. An ointment, consisting 
of resin, pitch, oi], wax, &c. 

BASILISK. <A serpent of the lizard 
tribe, with remarkably piercing eyes, and 
a white spot on its head, resembling a 
diamond. It was formerly called a cocka- 
trice, and fabled to be produced from the 
eggs of a cock. 

BASIN. Any hollow place capable of 
holding liquids. Basin of a dock, a place 
where the water is confined by double 
floodgates The basin of a haven is that 
part which opens from a narrow passage 
into a spacious receptacle. The basin of a 
river, includes the whole valley whieh 
empties its waters into the river or its 
branches. 

BASKET. A vessel made either of rush- 
es, splinters, willows, osiers, or any other 
flexible material that can be interwoven 
To render osiers fit for use, they must be 
soaked for some time. ‘Those that are in- 


* 


tended forthe finer kind ef werk, as wash- — 


ing-baskets or market baskets, and the 
like, must be peeled while they are green, 
and then steeped. Hampers, and ‘the 


coarser kind of work, do not require that- 


preparation: basket making was one of 
the arts that was carried toe a considerable 










‘ 








degree of perfection among the ancient 
Britons. 

BASKING SHARK. A species of the 
shark, which lies much on the surface of 
the water, baskinginthesun. It growsto 
a prodigious size, but is not very fierce. 

BAS-RELIEF. See Basso Reurxvo. 

BASS. A sort of cushion made of rush 
or straw. 

BASS (in Music). The lowest or deepest 


. part of any composition. This note is play- 


ed on the largest pipes or strings of instru- 
rasnats of the common size, as the organ, 
lute, &e., or on the largest kind of instru- 
ments. The bass is the principal part of a 
musical composition, and the foundation 
of harmony, whence it is called the fun- 
damental bass. ‘Thorough bass is that 
which includes the fundamental rules of 
composition. Ground bass is that which 
commences with some subject of its own, 
that is continually repeated throughout 
the movement, whilst the upper parts 
pursue a separate air. 

BASS CLIFF, or F Curry 
ter marked thus, 


The charac- 


ls 








and placed at the beginning of a stave in 
which the bass or lower notes are placed. 

BASSO RELIEVO. In English, bass- 
relief, a sort of sculpture in which the 
figures are represented, as projecting not 
far above the plane on which they are 
formed. Figures cut, are said to be done 
in relief, and when the work is low or flat 
if ig called bass-relief, or basso relievo, in 
distinction from alto relievo, and mezzo 
relievo. 

BASSOON. A musical wind instrument 
blown with a reed, and has eleven hoies. 
ft serves to play the bass part in concerts. 

BASS VIOL. A stringed musica] in- 
st?ument of the same shape as a violin, but 
much larger. 

BASS VOICE, The gravest and deepest 
of the male voices. 

BASTARD (in Law). One born out of 
wedlock who cannot inherit 

BASTILE. A fortress in Paris, which 
was used as a \nison, and destroyed during 
the French revolution. 

BASTINADO. A mode of punishment 
usual among the Turks, of beating the 
offender on the soles of the feet. 

BASTION. A large mass of earth; stand- 
ing out from a rampart, of which i forms 
the principal part. 

BAT. An animal resembling both a bird 


Dei ee Ess 
, seo 





ts Well ail Ca igs ee ae sees, 


BAT 51 


* 
and a mouse. It has wings & \t of feathers, 
but of askin distended, and flies only at 
night. It lays no eggs, but brings forth 
its young alive, and suckles them. 





BATABLE GROUND. Land formerly 
so called, which lay between England and 
Scotland, and was the subject of debate te 
whom it belonged. 

BATEMENT (in Carpentry). The wast- 
ing of stuff, in cutting it for the purpose 
designed. 

BAT-FOWLING. A mode of catching 
birds at night, when they are at roost. 

BATIL. Any receptacle for water which 
is convenient for bathing ; also any artifi- 
cial contrivance which is to supply the 
place of a bath, as a shower bath, or an 
apparatus for applying water to the body 
in the form of a shower; a vapour bath, 
or a mode cf conveying moisture to the 
body by means of steam; a medicinal 
bath is that in which certain chemical 
preparations are mingled. 

BATH (in Chemistry). A contrivance by 
which heat is conveyed to any substance; 
also in the refining of metals, the fusion of 
the metallic matter is called a bath. 

BATH, KNIGHTS OF THE. In Eng- 
land, a military order of knighthood, re- 
stored, if not instituted, by Henry IV 
These knights wear a red ribbon, and their 
motto is, Tria juncta in uno, alluding to the 
three cardinal virtues, faith, hope, and 
charity, which every knight ought to 
possess. 

BATON. The staff or truncheon, given 
as asymbol of authority, to generals in the 
French army. 

BATTA. Allowances made to trocps in 
India. Dry battais money given in lieu of 
rations ; wet batta, what is given in kind 

BATTALION. A body of foot soldiers 


of from 609 to 800 men. 

BATRACHIA. An order of animals, 
including frogs, toads, salamanders, and 
otker reptiles having a naked body with 
two or four feet. 

BA‘I’TEN. A scantling or piece of weod- 


en stuff, from twoto fourinches broad, and 
one inch thick. 
BATTERING. A cannonade of heavy 
crdnance against any fortress or works. 
BATTERING-RAM. A military ma- 
chine, with which the ancients effected 


ae 
tT 


a Ae Be ve” 















breaches in fortifications. These engines 








BATTLE AXE. A 


sizes. Plutarch informs usthat Mare An- | end, for cutting or thrusting 


tony, in the Parthian war, used a ram of 
80 feet long ; and, according to Vitruvius, 
they were sometimes 106; and even 120 
feet long, and weighed 100,000 lbs. This 
engine was frequently used in the four- 
teenth century, and occasionally for other 
purposes besides that of war in later peri- 


» eds. Sir Christopher Wren is said to have 


employed it in demolishing the walls of 
tke old church of St. Paul, previously to 
his rebuilding it. 


} 





BATTERY (in Law).The striking,beat- 
ing, or offering any violence to the person 
of another, as by spitting in his face, or 
any way touching him in anger, or vio- 
lently jostling against him. It is distin- 
guished from an assault, inasmuch as the 
latter does not necessarily imply a hitting, 
or blow. There may be an assault with- 
out battery, but there cannot be a battery 
without an assault. 

BATTERY (in Military Affairs). Any 
raised place on which cannon are placed. 
Batteries are of different kinds, as open 
batteries, which are exposed to view; 
masked batteries, which are hidden hy a 


breastwork ; cross batteries, two batteries 


firing athwart each other on the same ob- 
ject, &c. A floating battery is a battery 
erected on simple rafts, or the hulls of ships 





BATTON. A staff or truncheon, used 
by the English in coate of arms, to denote 
illegitimacy 


BAWLING The noise of dogs in sport: 
ing, who are too busy before they find the 
scent. F 

BAY. Any inlet of the sea between two 
capes, or promontories, where ships may 
ride ; it is defined in geography, an arm 
of the sea stretching inland. 

BAY, or Bay Trex. The female laurel 
tree, an evergreen, which grows wild in 
Italy and France. 

BAY. A colour in horses resembling the 
dried bay Seaf. 

BAYONET. A short triangular dagger 
made to fix on the muzzle of,a firelock or 
musket. 

BAY-SALT: A salt which is made from 
seawater in France, by letting the water 
into pits or basins, where, by the heat of 
the sun, it is evaporated, and the residue 
is converted into crystals of salt — 

BAZAAR. A place mostly covered, and 
fitted up with shops in Eastern countries . 

BAZA, or BAZAT. Jerusalem cotton, a 
fine-spun cotton, grown in Palestine. 

BDELLIUM. The gum of aa Arabian 
tree about the size of an olive tree. The 


BATTERY (in Electricity), A combina_ | gum resembles wax, and consists of resin, 


tion of coated surfaces of glass jars, so 
connected, that they may be charged at 
once, and discharged by a common con- 
ductor. A battery or pile, is also an appa- 


 ratus employed for accumulating the elec- 
tricity of galvanism. 


BATTLEDORE. An instrument used 
either with a shuttlecock, or a tennis ball. 
BATTLEMENTS. Notches or inden- 
tures in the top of a wall or building like 


emabrasures, to Sook through. 


gum, cerasin, and volatile oil. 

BEACH. The seashore, or margin of the 
gea, which is washed by the tides; —_- 

BEACON. A signal by fire, plagea on 
some eminence, to prevent shipwrecks, or 
give some alarm. 

BEAD (in Architecture). A reand mould- 
ing, carved in short emboesments, like the 
bead of a necklace. 

BEADLE, or BEDEL. Jn England ag 


officer of a court, of the university, er ¢{ 


n ancient sort of — 
were variously constructed,and of different | weapon, having an axe and a poiat at the a 


















as ae 
fe had 
og 


gay corporate body, who acts as a mes- 






b Va” ae ; 

‘% <a “fl 
3 Cea Eton 
} at a Th sate 


_ genger ard attends to keep order. = 

BEAD PROOF. A method of deter- 
wining the strength of spirituous liquors, 

from the continuance of the bubbles or 
beads on the surface. 

BEAD TREE. A shrub, the fruit of 
which is a nut, that is bored through, and 
strung as beads by the Roman Catholics 
in Spain and Portugal. . 

BEAGLE. A sort of bunting dog. 

BEAK, or Beax-HEAD oF a SHip. That 

part of it, wh his without before the fore- 
castle, and serves by way of ornament. 
Among the ancients it was a piece of 
brass, like a bird’s beak. 
. BEAM. The largest piece of wood ina 
building, which is its main support; in 
Naval Architecture, beams are the large 
main timbers that stretch across a ship to 
support a deck. 

BEAM-COMPASS. An instrument con- 
sisting of a square wooden or brass beam, 
having sliding sockets, used for describing 
large circles. 


BEAM-TREE. A tree which grows to’ 


the height of thirty or forty feet, so called, 
because it is particularly fitted for making 
axietrees and the like. 

BEAN. An edible pulse, of which there 
are several sorts, as the kidney or French 
vean, the broad Windsor bean, the horse 

bean, &c. © 

BEAR. A wild beast, covered with 
shaggy hair, and having hooked claws for 
climbing trees. It feeds on honey, insects, 
and carcasses, and lies torpid during the 
winter. The black bear is a native of the 
north of Europe, Asia and America; but 
the polar bear, which is white, tives with- 
jn the arctic circle. T'he brown bear is 
found in Europe, but not in America. 
Asia has several varieties of the bear. 
The grisly bear figured below, is found 
enly near the Rocky mountains in the 
Onited States. 





BEAR’S-BREECH An herb, from the 


_- smooth leaved sort of which, is extracted 


a4 mucilage. 
_ BEARD (with Botanists). The under lip 


Pf alabiated ower, and in corn and grass, 


. sa 
cy 5 
jy 
' ‘ 


. 


BEA _ 


‘that hair or bristle which serves to defend 


the ear, asin barley, rye, wheat, and oats. 

BEARD OF A COMET (in Astronomy). 
The rays which a comet emits towards 
that part of the heavens, to which its 
course seems to direct it. 

BEARD OF A HORSE (in Farriery). 
The chuck, or that part under the lower 
jaw, on the outside, and above the chin, 
which bears une curb of the bridle. 

BEAR-GARDEN. A place formerly set 
apart in England for the baiting of bears 

BEARER OF A BILL (in Commerce) 
The person in whose hands the bill is, and 
in favour of whom the last indorsemen 
was made. 

BEARERS. Posts or brick walls, which 
are trimmed up between two ends of a 
piece of timber, to shorten its bearing, or to 
prevent its bearing with the whole weight 
at the ends only. 

BEARING (in Architecture). The dis- 
tance between the bearer, or support, sid 
each end of the timber. 

BEARING. A sea term, to denote the 
situation of. any distant object with regard 
to the ship’s position, whether ahead, 
astern, or abreast, &c. 

BEARING (in Heraldry). Whatever is 
borne in, or fills the escutcheon. 

BEAT. The walk or round, which a 
watchman has to take at stated intervals. 

BEATING TIME (in Music). That mo- 
tion of the hand or foot, by which some 
person marks and regulates the movements 
of the performers. 

BEATS (in a Clock or Watch). The 
strokes made by the pallets or fangs of the 
spindle. 

BEAVER. An amphibious four footed 
animal, that lives on the banks of rivers 
and unfrequented lakes, and is remarkable 








for its ingenuity in building its habitation. 
It walks slowly, swims dexterously, eats 
sitting on its haunches, and conveys its 
food to its mouth with its fore paws. This 
animal is valued both for its fur and fot 
the oil which it yields, called castor oil. 











BEAVER. That part ofthe helmet wh.ch 
defends the sight, and opens in front. 


"BEETLE The iearahwee of (Linneus 
well known insect, produced from the rar 


BEAU MONDE. The gay fashionable | ve or grubs that live under ground. 1: 


world. 


has six feet, is hairy at one end, and ‘ves 


BED (in Gunnery). A thiek plank which | in dry decayed wood, &c. 


lies under a piece of ordnance, on the car- 


6. 

BED (in Masonry). A range or course 
of stenes. 

BED (in Mineralogy). 
fayer of any earth or stone 

BED OF A RIVER. The bottom of a 
channel, in which the stream or current 
asually flows. 

BEE. An insect which carries on the 
operation of making honey and wax. Bees 
begin to swarin, that is to fori new colo- 
nies, in May or June, according to the state 
of the weather. 
female, called the queen, who is distin- 


A stratum or 





BEETLE. A large wooden hammer fez 
driving palisadoes. 
BELFRY. That part ofa church steeple 


‘he swarm consists of a | in which the bells are hung. 


BELL. Tho well known metallic ma- 


gnished by her size ; the drones, who are | chine, which is ranked among musicad 


supposed to be males, that do not wark ; 


instruments ; it consists of three parts, the 


and the mules, or common bees; who are} body, or barrel, the clapper, and the ear, 


of neither sex, and dothe work of the hive 





BEEHIVE. A particular kind of box 
or beaket in which bees are Kept. 





orcannon. The use of bells in churches 
was introduced into England, inthe sighth 
century. They were commonly papelysd 
before they were hung 





BELLES LETTRES. A French term 
for polite literature. 

BELLIGERENT. An epithet applies 
to states that are at war. 

BELL METAL. A metal employed is 
the manufacture of bells, which usually 
consists of three parts of copper and one of 
tin. 

BELLONA. The goddess of war, sas 


BEER. A drink made of malt end hops | sister of Mars. 


by the process of brewing; it is of three 


kinds, namely, strong beer, ale, and table | 


beer, or small beer. 
BEESTINGS, A term in Husbandry 





BELLOWS. A machine for blowing the 
fire. This machine is so contrived as ts 


expire and respire the air alternately, by 
enlarging and contracting its capacity 


for the first milk taken froma cow after | The air which enters the bellows is com 


she calves. 

BEET. A garden herb and root, which 
is thick and fleshy. ‘The leaves are used 
as potherbs, and the root is boiled for the 
table 





‘| pressed when they are closed, and flows 
out of the pipe with a velocity pxeportion 
ed to the force by which it is compressed, 
The bellows of smiths and founders arg 
worked by a roch er. 










C 
3 
¥ 
“4 
: 

\ 






, pa : a E N itl i 
BELLOWS OF AN ORGAN. The 
pneumatic part of the machine, by which 


it is supplied with wind. The bellows of 
a large organ are worked by a man called 


‘the blower ; those of smaller organs by the 


foot of the player. 

BELLU. The sixth order of animals 
in the Linnean system, having their feet 
hoofed, as the equus, or nore; sus, the 
swine ; the hippopotamus, and the tapir. 

BELT. A girdle for hanging a sword or 
any other weapon in. 

BELT (in Heraldry). A badge of the 
knightly order, given to a person when he 
@as raised to the knighthood. 

BELT (inSurgery). A bandage applied 
reund the body. 

BELT (in Masonry). A range or course 
of bricks projecting from the rest. 

“BELTEIN. An ancient festival in Ire- 
land, celebrated on the 2Ist of June, the 
gummer solstice, when fires were madoon 
the tops of the hills. 

BELTS, or Fascia. Two zones or 
girdles round the planet Jupiter, more 
tucid than the other parts of his body, and 
terminated by parallel straight lines, some- 
times broader and sometimes narrower, 
varying both in magnitude and position. 
These belts were first observed at Na- 
ples, by Zuppi and Bartoli, two Jesuits. 

BENCH. A seat of justices, or judges, 
asthe King’s Bench, at Westminster, Eng. 

BENCHER. In England, a lawyer of 
the oldest standing in the inns of court 

BEND (in Heraldry). One of the ten 
honourable ordinaries, drawn from the 
dexter, or right corner, at the top of the 
escutcheon, to the sinister base, or left 
gorner, at the bottom. It is supposed to 
tepresent a shoulder belt, or scarf, and to 
shew the wearer to be valiantin war. It 
is sometimes called a bend dexter, to dis- 
finguish it from the bend sinizter, which is 
drawn from the left side of the shield to 
Ge right. 





BEND. A sea term for the knot, by 
which one rope ‘s fastened to another or 
é an anchor. 

“BENDING. A sea term, for the tying 
wo cables or ropes together, or to anything 


% 
te 


BENDING (in Physiology). The redue- 
ing a body toacurved or crooked form 
The bending of boards, planks, &c. ts 
effected by means of heat, whether by boll.” 
ing or otherwise, by which the fibres be. 
come relaxed and flexible. 

BENDS IN A SIILP. The outermost 
timbers of the side, to set the foot on in 
climbing up the side. They are reckoned 
from the water, first, second, and third 
bend, and are of great service in strength- 
ening the ship, as into them the beams, 
knees, and foothooks are bolted. 

BENEFICE. In England, any ecolesias- 
tical living, but particularly rectories and 
vicarages. 

BENEFIT OF CLERGY. In England, 
a privilege in law, at first peculiar to the 
clergy, but in after times made common to 
the laity. When any one was convicted 
of certain crimes, he had abook given him 
to read, and if the ordinary or his deputy 
pronounced these words, ‘ Legit ut cleri- 
cus, he reads like a clergyman, or scho- 
lar,? he was only burnt in the hand, and 
set free for the first offence, otherwise he 
was to suffer death. 

BENZOIN A dry solid resin, of a 
fragrant smell, produced by incision from 
the styrax, an Indian tree. It is brought 
to us from the East Indies, particularly. 
Siam and the islands of Java and Sumatra, 
in masses of various sizes, composed of 
small granules of a whitish or yellowish 
colour, with a purple cast on the surface. 
It is very inflammable, and diffuses a fra. 
grant smell while burning, and so in like 
manner when rubbed in thehand. When 
the benzoin tree is six years old, the na- 
tives cut it in several places, in an ob 
lique direction, and the benzoin flows 
from the wounds. Benzoin is used by 
pertumers in making sweet bags, &c. and 
was formerly very much esteemed as ar 
expectorant. The tree was introduced 
from Virginia into England. 

BEQUEST. A legacy; what is be- 
queathed or left by will. 

BERENICE’S HAIR A constellation 
in the northern hemisphere 

BERGAMOT. <A fine sort of pear 
which is of two sorts, namely, the sum- 
mer bergamot and the autumn bergamot 

BERGAMOT (in Chemistry). A fragrant 
essence, extracted from a fruit which ia 
produced by ingrafting a branch of alemon 
tree, upon the stock of a bergamot pear 
This essence is got by cutting the external 
rind of the fruit into small pieces, and 
squeezing them into a glass vessel, in the 
same manner as the juice of a lemon # 











squeezed out, by which means an etherial 
oil is procured of a very fragrant smell. 

BERRY. A round fruit, for the most 
part soft, and covered with a thin skin, 
containing seeda in a pulpy substance. 

BERYL. A precious stone, which, in 
‘ts purity, is of a perfectly seagreen colour, 
and on that account called aqua marina. 
Beryl is also (in Painting) the seagreen 
eolour, in imitation of this stone. 

BETA. The second letter in the Greek 
alphabet. 

BETEL. A sort of pepper plant, the 
leaf of which is universally chewed by the 
souther:: Asiatics, to sweeten the breath 
and strengthen the stomach. It is a slen- 
der-stemmed climbing plant. § 

BEVEL. An instrument with a mov- 
able tongue, to strike angles of a ‘greater 
or less magnitude. 





BEVELLING (in Carpentry). Hewing 
timber with a proper or regular curve. 

BEY. An officer of high rank among 
the Turks, inferior to none but the pacha. 
The ruler of Tunis, has this title. 

BEZANTS. Round fiat pieces of bul- 
lion without any impression, which are 
supposed to have been the current coin of 
Byzantium. This coin was probably in- 
troduced inte coat armour by those who 
went to the wars. 





BEZOAX. A medicinal stone, brought 
from the East and West Indies, which was 
formeriy reckoned a sovereign antidote 
againet poisons. It is found to bea morbid 
concretion in the intestines of some ani- 
mals. 

BIBLE. The collection of the books of 
the Old and New Testament. The Old 
Testament was first translated by the 72 
interpreters, and thence called the Septua- 
gint: of the Latin versions, that of St. Je- 
rome wae confirmed by the council of 
Treat for vulgar use, and thence got the 


name of the Vulgate The Bible 








translated into the Saxon tongue about the 

year 940; and into the English, by Wil- 
liam Tindal, in the twenty-first year of 
the reign of Elenry the Eighth, when it 
was printed. The present authorized © 
English version of the Holy Scripture: — 
was completed in the reign of James the, 
First, about the year 1611. 

BIBLIOGRAPHER, A person conver. 
sant with books. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Knowledge of 
books as to their several editions, time, ané 
form of being printed, type, and other pai~ 
ticulars connected with their publicatio 

BIBLIOMANIA. A rage for scarce and 
old editions of books. 

BICE (in Painting). A blue colour pre- 
pared from the lapis armenus ; it bears the 
best body of all bright blues used in com- 
mon work 

BIENNIALS. Plants that flourish for 
two years, and seldom more. 

BIGAMY. Double marriage, ar the mar- 
rying of two wives or two husbands while 
the first is alive, which is felony by statute. 
Bigamy, in the Civil Law, is the marrying 
a plurality of wives or husbands. 

BIGHT. The double part of a rope 
where it is folded, in distinction from the © 
end. 

BILBOES. A term at sea, for the lang 
bars of iron with which the feet of offen- 
ders are confined, the irons being more or 
less heavy, according to the nature of the 
offence. 

BILE. A bitter fluid secreted in the 
glandular substance of the liver, and pass- 
ing through the gall bladder and the porus 
biliarius, is discharged into the duodenum, 
where it converts the chyme into chyle 
and excrement. The constituent parts of 
bile are water, soda in a caustic state, 
phosphate of lime, and a resinous albu- 
minous principle. 

BILGE. A sea term, for the bottom of — 
the floor of a ship, the compass or breadth 
of its bottom. A vessel is said to bilge 
when she has struck off some of her tim- 
ber against a rock. 

BILL. An edged tool, or hatchet, with 
a hooked point, for lopping of trees and 
making hedges: if it have a short handle 
it isa handbill; if a long handle, a hedg 
ingbill. 

BILL (in Law). A declaration in writ- 
ing expressing any grievance or wrong 
which one person has suffered from an 
other; also an instrument drawn up by 
any member and presented to a legislatwsy 
for its approbation or rejection. 
















» EXCH NGE (in Sommerce). 


ed the drawer, who when he has signed it 


with his name, and written the word ac-, 


cepted, he is called the acceptor. The 
person in whose favour it is drawn, or to 
whom it is ordered to be paid, is called the 
drawee, or payee, who, when he has in- 
dorsed it, is called the indorser. He, who 
\s in possession of the bill, is the holder. 

BILL OF FARE. An account of such 
provisions as are in season, or are to be 
supplied for the table. 

BILL OF LADING, or Invoice. A 
deed signed by the master of a ship, by 
which he acknowledges the receipt of the 
merchant’s goods, and obliges himself to 
deliver them at the place to which they 
are consigned. 

BILL OF PARCELS. A tradesman’s 
account of goods sold and delivered. 

BILLET. A ticket for quartering sol- 
diers: also asmall paper; or note, folded 
up as a billet doux, or love-letter 

BILLET. A small log of wood ; also in 
Heraldry, a bearing in the formof asquare, 
supposed to represeht cloth of gold and 
silver. 

BILLETI™G (in Military Affairs). 
Ordering.  .¥s to be quartered in par- 
ticular hot.es by a billet or small ticket. 

BILLIARDS. A game played on an 
ablong table, exactly level, and covered 
with cloth, by the means of ivory balls, 
which are struck or driven with sticks, 
made bending, so as to drive the antago- 
nist’s ball into holes, called hazards or 
pockets, at the corners or by the sides of 
the table. The art of the game lies in 
pocketing your antagonist’s ball without 
putting in your.own. 

BILLION The sum of a million mil- 
lions. 

‘BILLS OF MORTALITY. Aneaat re- 

isters of the deaths-and burials, which 
ake place in the different parishes in and 
auear London. The term is also applied to 
a register of deaths, in any town. 

BINDING OF BOOKS. The art of 
doimg up books in leather or vellum, as 
distinguished from those done up in boards 
or only sewed. 

BINNACLE. A wooden case, contain- 
ing the compasses, log glasses, watch glas- 
wos, dc 

BINOMIAL. A term in algebra for any 
quantity consisting of two names, or terms, 
connected together by the sign +, or —, 
asa+b 

BIPED. An animal with only two legs, 


gg men and birds 


BIRCH TREE. A tree with leaves like 
the poplar, the fruit of which is a squamose 
cone. ‘The timber is used for hop-poles 

BIRD-BOLT. A small arrow with three 
heads, which was discharged at birds from 
a cross-bow. The bird-bolt is still used 
in England as a bearing in coat armour. 

BIRDCALL. A whistle or pipe to decoy 
birds. 

BIRDCATCHING. The art of taking 
birds or wild fowl, by birdlime, nets, and 
decoys, which, as respects the more artful 
modes of catching birds, is called fowling 
In the western islands of Scotland, where 
the birds live in rocks, a dangerous mode 
of bird catching is in use. 

BIRDLIME A glutinous substance, 
made of the bark of holly, which is spread 
on the twigs of trees to catch birds 

BIRD OF PARADISE. See Pananisz, 
Bird of. 

BIRTH. A sea term for the station in 
which a ship rides at anchoring ground, as 
a good birth, for a good anchoring ground 

BIRTHRIGHT (in Law). Honour or 
estate belonging to a | Denes by right of 
his birth. 

BIRTEWORT. A herb having a peren 
nial root. 

BISCUIT (from biscoctus, twice baked). 
A sort of bread much dried in baking; sea 
biscuit is dried harder than any other, that 
it may be better preserved. 

BISECTION. The cutting any quantity, 
as a line or angle, into two equal parts. 

BISON. A variety of the ox, which has 
its horns bent forwards, back gibbous, and 
mane long. It is very common in the 
western prairies. Herds of ten thousand 
are sometimes seen together. It is im- 
properly called Buffalo, in the United 
States. 





BISHOP. A dignitary in the Grees 
Romish and English churches. In‘heiat 
ter he presides over the clergy within « 
certain district, called his dioceas Bi 


“8 BIQUADRATIC. The pee aml ne 
‘A note containing an order for the pay-| or the fourth power of any quantity. 
ment of a sum of money, to a person call- 












qe 





RY 2 Ge . 
shops In England are suffragans, or assist- 
ants, to the archbishop, who is the chief 


of the clergy in his province. ‘The bizhop 
is said to be installed, the archbishop to be 


enthroned. In America there is no arch- 
bishop. : 
BISHOPRIC The diocess, or district, 


ever which a bishop presides. 

BISMUTH. A metal of a yellowish or 
reddish white colour. It is rather harder 
than lead, and scarcely if at all malleable, 
being very brittle; it melts easily, and ts 
soluble ia acids 

BISSEXTILE, or Leap Year. A year 
Sousisting of 366 days, by the addition of 
a day in the month of February, when 
that year consists of 29 instead of 28 days. 
This happensevery fourth year, The day 
thus added is also called Bissextile, and 
on this account, that Cesar appointed it 
to be introduced by reckoning the twenty- 
fourth of February twice, and as that day 
wags the same as the sixth of the calends 
ef March, a day celebrated among the 
Romans on account of the expulsion of the 
Tarquins, it was called bis Sextus calenda- 
rum Martii, and afterwards Bissextile. By 
the stat. 21 Hlen. If1. De Anno Bissextile, 
to prevent misunderstandings, the inter- 
calary day and that next before it, are to 
be accounted as one day. 

BISTER. A colour made of chimney 
soot boiled and diluted. 

BISTOUR ¥. A small surgical knife of 
various .erms, according to the purpose 
fe aijch it is intended. 

.1T (in Carpentry). A boring instrument 
s0 constructed as to be taken out of the 
handle. 

BIT, or Brrr oF a Bripte. The tron 
attached to the bridle, which is put into 
the horse’s mouth. 

BITT. ‘A sea term for the two pieces of 
timber to which the anchor cables are 
attached. 

BITTER. A sea term for the turn of ths 
eable round the bitts. ‘ 

BITTER ALMOND. A sort of almond 
tree. the fru:t of which is bitter. 

BITTER-APPLE, See.Coroqurntipa. 

BITTER PRINCIPLE. The bitter parts 
of vegetable substances, which may be eXx- 
tracted by a chemical process. Artificial 


..tter is any bitter formed by the action’ 


of nitric acid on vegetable and other sub- 
stances. 

BITTERSWEET. A sort of solanum, 
@ perennial. 

BITT'ERN, or BITTOUR. A bird of the 
heron kind, of retired habits, that conceals 
itself in the reeds and marshes. [t sends 


brth a croaking note when it is disturbed. | larger 









W ; 


The American Bittern diffe : 


differs from thet of 
Europe which ishere figured 





BITUMEN. A sort of mineral substance 
easily combustible with flame, greasy to 
the touch, and when ignited emits a strong 
odour. Naphtha is a fluid bitumen, asphal 
a hard species, and petrolium a viscia 
species of the bitumen. ; 

BIVALVES. One of the three genera, — 
classes of shellfish, the shells of which are 
composed of two pieces, joined together by 
a hinge. 

BLACK. A colour which fs supposed to 
be produced by the peculiar texture of 
bodies, which deaden as it were the light 
falling upon them, and reflect none, or very 
little of it, outwards towards the eye. 

BLACK. A colour or dye, as lamp black, 
the smoke of resin, prepared by melting it 
iniron vessels ; ivory black, made of burnt 
ivory, and used in miniatures; Spanish “if 
black, made of burnt cork, and first used ' 
by the Spaniards. 

BLACKBIRD. A well known bird of 
a beautiful black colour and an exquisite 
note. It sings in the spring, and makes Tea 
its nest of moss and grass. Wehaveno — 
bird in America precisely similar to the . 
Kuropean bird which is here described 









Our crow blackbird resembles it, bu @ 














BLACK BOOK (in England). A book 
kept in the Exchequer, which contains the 
orders of that court. 


BLACKCAP. A little bird with a fine: 


black crown on its head. 

BLACK HOLE. A place of confinement 
for soldiers. 

BLACK LEAD. A mineral, the plum- 
bago or graphites of Linneus. It is found 
in lead mines, and is fusible only by a 
violent heat. Lead pencils and crucibles 
are made of it. 

BLACK LETTER. A sort of old English 
alphabet. 

BLADDER A thin membranous sub- 
stance, which serves as the receptacle of 
some fluid, as the urinary bladder, and 
the gall bladder. 

BLADDER-NUT, A tree, the fruit of 
which is contained in a membrane inflat- 
ed like a bladder. 

BLADDER SENNA. A shmb which 
yields a papilionaceous flower, that is suc- 
eeeded by pods resembling the inflated 
bladder of fishes. 

. BLADE. The flat part of a sword or 
knife, resembling the blade or leaf of 
grass in shape. 

BLADEBONE. The shoulder bone. 

BLAIN (in Farriery). A distemper in- 


. eident to animals, being a bladder at 


the root of the tongue, which stops the 
breath. 

BLANCH FARM (in English Law). A 
term for a farm where the rent is paid in 
silver, not in black cattle. 

BLANCUING. The art of making any 
thing white, as (in, horticulture) the me- 
thod of whitening salads. Blanching mo- 
ney is the annealing, boiling, and cleans- 
ing it when itis coined. Blanching cop- 
per is done ‘in various ways, so as to make 
it resemble silver. Blanching is also the 
operation of covering iron plates with a 
thin coat or crust of tin. Blanching al- 
mondg is the ins eta them by means of 
fot water. 

BLANK. A void space in any writing 
or printing 

BLANK VERSE. That which has no 
rhymes. 

BLANKETS (in Printing). Woollen 
cloths to lay between the tympans of a 
printing press, in order to produce a fair 
impression. 

BLANKETS. ‘A sea term, for combus- 
tibles made of coarse brown paper steeped 


in nitre, dried, and then steeped again in 


tallow, resin, and sulphur, they are used 
Ls) fireships 


ie BLACKBERRY. The fruit of the bram- 
ble, or blackberry bush. © 





BLAST. A iecane in grain and trees 
called also a blight. — 

BLASTING (among Miners), ‘The 
tearing up rocks by the force of gun 
powder. 

BLASTING - BELLOWS. Bellowa 
which are used to produce a more than or- 
dinary degree of heat in furnaces 

BLAZONRY, or BLAZONING, That 
branch of the art of heraldry which con- 
sists in expressing in proper terms all that 
belongs to coats of arms. The word comes 
from the German blasen, to blow; be 
cause a trumpet used to be blown at justs. 
&c. previously to the herald’s recording 
the achievements of the knights. 

BLEACHING. The process of white- 
ning linen by exposure to the sun and 
air; or, as is now more commonly in use, 
by the application of chemical prepara- 
tions. * 

BLEMISH (in Farriery). Any imper- 
fection ina horse which impedes a*sound 
warrant, as broken knees, cracked heels, 
&e, 

BLENDS. The ore of zinc. 

BLIGHT. A disease incident to plants, 
which consists in a sort of fungus, that 
converts the affected part into a sooty 
mass. 

BLINDS. A contrivance to prevent any 
one seeing through a window ; in Military 
Affairs, bundles of osiers used at the heads 
of trenches, to protect the men 

BLINDWORM, or Stowworm. A 
worm so called from the smaliness of its 
eyes and the slowness of its motion 

BLISTER. A pustule in the skin, filled 
with serum; in general, any swelling 
caused by the separation of the outer in- 
tegument of any substance from that 
which is underneath. 

BLISTER (in Medicine). The plas- 
ter or application that raises a blister, 
mostly made of the cantharides, or Span: 
ish flies. 

BLOCK. A sea term for a pulley, or 
series of pulleys, mounted in a frame, o. 
shell, which serves to facilitate the pas- 
sage of the ropes. Blocks are single, dou 
ble, treble, &c. according to the numbe 
of shivers in them through which the rug 
ning ropes run. 


SINGLE BLOCK. 














BLOCKADE. The blocking up the 
roads and avenues to a place, by means of 
soldiers, 80 as to prevent any ingress or 
egress. 

BLOOD. A warm red fluid, of a salt- 
jsh taste and urinous smell, circulating 

hrough every part of the body by means 
of arteries and veins. The blood is found 
lo contain an insipid water, which soon 
becomes putrid, an empyreumatic oil, an 
ammoniacal spirit, and the remainder car- 
pon. 

BLOOD (in Law). Is regarded in de- 
scent of lands, for a person must be next 
and most worthy of blood in order to in- 
herit his ancestor’s estate. 

BLOOD-HORSE. A breed of horses 
originally from the Arabian stock, the ex- 
cellence of which consists in the compact- 
ness of his fibre, that adds to his strength 
without increasing his bulk. 

BLOODHOUND. A hunting dog, of 
puch exquisite scent, that he will follow 
the track of men as well as of animals. 

BLOOD-RED-HOT. The last degree of 
heat given by smiths to their iron in the 
forge. : 

BLOODSHOT. A distemper in the eyes, 
when the vessels are so distended as to 
maake them appear red. 

BLOOD-STONE Astone which serves 
to stop bleeding. 

BLOODSUCKER. A leach which sucks 
the blood of ary animal to which it is ap- 
plied. 

BLOWING GLASS. The process in 
giase houses of forming glass into various 
ghapes, by means of blowing through a 
blow-pipe dipped into the melted glass. 

BLOW-PIPE. A _ wind instrument, 
which consists of a hollow tube, ending in 
a cavity as fine as a wire, through which 
air may be dinected with considerable force 


against a flame, so as to heat substances 





with poo’ apices oe is ised by ch uN a Ih 


mists, enamellers, glassmakers, &e 
4 | * . 

BLUBBER. The fat of the whale be- 
fore itis boiled. Sea blaubber, the vulgar 
name of a shellfish. 

BLUE. One of the ‘seven primitive 
colours into which they are divided when 
refracted through a glass prism. Blue, aa 
a colour in painting, is distinguished inte 
ultramarine, from the azure stone; blue 
ashes, used in limning, fresco, and minia- 
ture ; blue verditer, u blue somewhat In 
clining to a green ; Prussian blue, a colour 
next to ultramarine for beauty. 

BLUE BIRD. A beautiful North Ame ~ 
rican bird, with a soft ‘warbling note, 
which is one of the first harbingers of 
spring. 

BLUEBOTTLE. Ananimal, having a 
bellshaped flower. The flower is borne in 
coats of arms. 

BLUEBOTTLE. A large kind of fly 
with a blue body. 

BLUEING. The process of heating iron 
and other metals in the fire, until they — 
assume a blue colour, which is the practice 
of gilders before they apply the gold on 
silver leaf to them 

BLUFF. A sez term for a high land 
projecting almost perpendicularly into the 
sea. 

BLUNDERBUSS. A short brass gun 
with a large bore. 

BOA CONSTRICTOR ~ A serpent of 
immense size and strength, a native of 
Africa and India, measuring sometimes 
ten yards in length. It will twist itself 
round the bodies of oxen and other ani 
mails, and, breaking their bones, swallow 
them whole. 





BOAR’ The male of the swine, The ? 
boar’s head is often bornein coats of arms» 
BOARD A sea term, for the apase & 4 











hip runs over between tack and tack, as 
‘to make short boards, that is, to tack fre- 
quently ; also the ship itself, as to go 
aboard, that is, into the ehip ; eo board and 
board is said of two ships coming so near 
to each other as to touch by the board over 
the snip’s side. 

‘BOARD (in Carpentry). Any. piece of 
timber sawed to a less thickness than 
about an inch; all above this thickness 
are planks. 

BOARL, or Pastzsoarp Layers of 
paper so pasted together as to make a sub- 
etance as hard as a board. 

BOARDING. The fixing of boards for 
any purpose, asa floor; (in Naval Tactics) 
the entering a ship in a forcible manner. 

BOARDS, or by way of contraction, 
Bos. The manner of doing books up in 
pasteboard covers, without teather. 

BOARD WAGES. Money given to ser- 
vanis In lieu of diet. 

BOAT. Asmall open vessel worked on 
rivers or small waters by rowing or sailing. 





BOATBILL. 
having a bill that resembles a boat in 


shape. It lives upon fish, and darts down 
upon them as they are swimming. 

BOATFLY An insect with an inflected 
snout, that lives in stagnant waters. 

BOATSWAIN A sea term, for the offi- 
cer who has the boats, anchors, &c. in his 
charge 

BOB. The metallic weight attached to 
a pendulum. 

BOBBIN. A sort of tape. 

BOBBINS. Little pins of wood witha 
notch, on which thread, &c. is wound, 

BODKIN. A long sort of pin, on which 
women used to roll their hair. 

BODY (in Geometry). Any solid having 
three dimensions, length, breadth, and 
thickness. Regular bodies, which have 
all their angles and sides similar and 
equal, are of five kinds, namely, tetrae- 
dron, a body contained under four equi- 
lateral triangles ; hexaedron, a body con- 
taining six squares ; octaedron, a body bav- 
ing eight triangles ; dodecaedron, a body 


_ ¢ontaining twelve pentagons ; icosaedron, 


a body containing twenty triangles. Ir- 
regular dodies are solids which are not 
hounded by equal, and like surfaces 

Wer & y 7 6 





BOM 6. 

BODY (in Physics) An extended solid 
substance, consisting of hard, impenetra- 
ble, moveable particles. It is a hard body 
when its parts do not easily yield to any 
stroke or percussion ; a soft body when it 
yields to every stroke, and thereby under- 
goes a change; an elastic body, that 
changes its form with every stroke, but re- 
covers it again when the impeling force is 
removed. 

BODY. In the phrase ‘to bear a body,’ 
a term applied by painters to any colour 
which is of a nature to be ground so free- 
ly, and to mix with oil so entirely, as to 
seem one thick oil of the same colour. 

BODY. Of a chemical vessel, that 
which holds the matter in distillation. 
Body of a pump, the thickest part of the 
barrel or pipe. Body, in an army, any 
number of forces anited under one com 
mander. 

BOHEA TEA One of the superior 
kinds of tea that comes from China. 

BOILING POINT. The fixed point or 
degree of heat required to produce the 
ebullition or boiling of a fluid. Every li- 
quid has a fixed point at which boiling 
commences, and this is called the boiling 
point. Thus water begins to boil at the 
temperature of 212°. After a liquid haa 
begun to boil, it will not become hotter, © 
for although a stronger heat makes all li- 
quids boil more rapidly, yet it does not in- 
crease their temperature 

BOLE. A friable earth of the argillace- 
ous kind, which unites with water 80 as to 
form a paste. The Armenian bole, or bole 
armeniac, is a bright red coloured earth, 
so called from Armenia, the country from 
which it is procured 

BOLL A measure of two bushels. 

BOLOGNA STONE. A_ phosphoric 
stone, first found at Bologna in Italy. It 
is a gray soft sulphureous stone, about the 
size of a large walnut, which shines in 
the dark after calcination. This stone is 
the native sulphate of carytes. 

BOLSTER. A soft pillow for a broken 
limb ; in Farriery, it is the name of those 
parts of a saddle which are raised upon 
the bows to receive the rider’s thighs. 

BOLSTER A sea term, for a piece of 
timber cut and placed for the easement of 
the cable. 

BOLT. An fron pin used for strength 
ening timber 
BOLUS An internal medicine, of » 

consistency thicker than honey. 

BOMB A hollow ball of cast tron 
filled with combustibles, and discharged 
from a mortar into towns, when, by eurst- 
ing, it causes much mischief 








BOMBARDMENT. The discharging of 
bombs into a besieged place. 

BOMBIC ACID An acid liquor con- 
tained in a reservoir near the anus of the 
elikworm. 

BOMBKETCH. A small vessel built 
and strengthened with large beams, for 

he use of mortars at sea. 





BOMPERNICKEL. A name given in 
derision to the German rye-bread, signify- 
‘ing, good for nothing. 

BONA FIDE. With good faith ; with- 
out fraud or subterfuge 

BOND (in Law). An obligation or 
covenant in writing to pay any sum, or 
perform any contract. 

BOND (in Carpentry). The binding of 
any two pleces together by tenanting, mor- 
ticing, &c. In Masonry, it is the disposi- 
tion of stones or bricks in a building, so 
that they most aptly fit together; stones 
having their length placed in the thick- 
ness of the wall-are called headers, and 
those whose length extends along the face 
or exterior of the wall are called stretchers. 

BOND-TIMBERS. The horizontal tim- 
bers bedded in stone or brick walls, for 
Strengthening the masonry. 

BONDSMAN. One bound or giving se- 
curity for another. 

BONE. A hard, dry, insensible part of 
the body, composed of a spongy reticular 
substance, and an oily matter called mar- 
row There is also a considerable portion 
of phosphate of lime that enters into their 
compesition. The bones of the human 
sody are in number about 250. 

BONE. A seaterm, inthe phrase ‘ To 
tarry a bone in her mouth,’ applied toa 
skip when she makes the water foam be- 
fore her in sailing. 

BONE-LACK. Lace made of bobbins 
taai ase formed from bones. 

BONES. A eort of bobbins made of 
trotterbonss, for weaving bone lace 

BONES. A name in Mathematics given 
to Lord Napler’s rods for facilitating arith- 
metical calculations. 

BONING A term among survevors, to 








in such a manner that all ay, je in & 
straight line. 


BONNET (in Heraldry). A cap of ve) ie 


vet worn without a coronet. 

BONNET. 
of a smal! sail made to fasten wita latch- 
ings to the foot of the other sails. 

BONNET (in Fortification). A small 
work composed of two faces, usually raised 
before the saliant angle of the counter- 
scarp. 

BONZE. A priest in China, Japan, and 
Farther India who wears a chaplet of 
beads about his neck, and carries a staff, 
having a wooden bird at one end. 

BOOBY. A Scuth American bird of the 
pelican tribe. 

BOOK. Any folded leaves which are 
or may be written upon; also a genera! 
name for any iiterary composition, bus 
more particularly any composition large 
enough to be formed into a volume. Before 
the use of books or volumes things were 
committed to writing on stone, wood, bark, 
&c. The Decalogue was written on tables 
of stone ; so likewise, as we learn from 
Josephus, the children of Seth wrote their 
inventions and astronomical observations 
on two columns, one of brick and the other 
of stone, the latter of which was standing 
in his day. Ilesiod’s works were originally 
Written upon tables of lead ; Solon’s laws 
upon wooden planks, &c. and the Parian 
Chronicle, or a chronicle of the affairs of 
Athens, on marbles, which are now known 
by the name of the Arundelian. The 
Scythians, Celts, and their several de- 
scendants, the Goths, Teutones, &c. also 
used to write on trees whatever they 
thought wortly to preserve in writing. 
Tables of wood, box, and ivory were also 
common among the ancients ; but we find 
that the Romans were accustomed to write 
upon tables of wax, by means of a style 
or bodkin, so contrived that they could 
also erase what they pleased. The finest 
and thinnest parts of the bark of trees, ag 
of the lime, the ash, the maple, and the 
elm, were also employed, whence the Lat- 
in name liber signifies both book and bark 
The English word book is derived imme 
diately from the Saxon boec, Low Ger 
man bok, High German buch; and is 


either from buch, which signifies a beech, 


because the bark of this kind of tree was 
used ; or from biegen, to bend, because 
the leaves were folded or bent into ths 
form of a book. 


deitote the Neues ae upen ‘the ground 


A sea term, for the addition 



















i 
eh 6h ee ae 


When books were rolled — 4 




















¥ - 


; 
‘ 


“) 
bets gh! x } 
ther. Scmetimes the roll consisted of seve- 
ral sheets of bark fastened together and 
rolled upon a stick, called an umbilicus. 
Before the introduction of printing, books 
were become so scarce in the middle ages, 
that, in Spain, one and the same copy of 
the Bible, St. Jerome’s Epistles, and some 
few volumes of ecclesiastical offices served 
several different monasteries. Since that 
period the Increase of books has been pro- 
aigious ; and in consequence of the differ- 
ent editions, modes of printing, size, type, 
and other particulars connected either 
with the external form or internal con- 
Sents, the knowledge of books has become 
a particular study and pursuit, under the 
name of bibliography. 

BOOK BINDING. The process of bind- 
ing books, or putting the sheets together 
into the form of books. The bookbinder 
‘receives the sheets which zompose a book 
immediately from the printer, and after 
having folded them in the order of tlie sig- 
natures, or Jettersat the bottom of the page, 
they are first beaten with a hammer ona 
stone, to make them lie closs and smooth , 
after which they are put into a press, and 
sewed with bands, or strips of leather fas- 
tened atcertain distances, which, being all 
glued together very firmly, form the back 
of the book, to which the pasteboards are 
attached by means of the band:, so as to 
form the sides. In all this process of fix- 
ing on the sides, much art and nicety is 
required in rounding the back, and keeping 
the whole firmly fixedinthe press. Afler 
this the book is put into the cutting-press 
between two boards, one lying even with 
the press for the knife to run upon, the 
other above, for the knife to run against. 
In this manner the leaves and boards are 
cut to form an even edge. The next ope- 
ration is the sprinkling ofthe leaves, which 
is done by means of a brush dipped in 
vermilion and sap green. The covers of 
leather, &c. being first moistened, are cut 
to the size of the book, smeared with paste, 
and then stretched successively over the 
back and the two sides, after having taken 
off the four angles, and indented and plat- 
ted the cover at the head band. When 
ghus far finished, the book is covered and 
bound between two bands and set to dry, 
tt is afterwards washed with paste and 
wxter, and tnen sprinkled with a brush, 
unisss it is to be marbled, which is done 
sy making spots with vitriol. The book 


then glazed with the white of an egg, 


and, lastly, polished with a hort iron. 
The l\etters and ornaments are made with 


_ gilding tools, or brass cylinders, rolled 
_-slomg by a handle: to apply the gold, the 


: 
Ne eee 





leather is glazed with a liquor made of 
the white of eggs, dNuted with water 
and when nearly dry the gold is laid on 
Such is the process when a book is fully 
bound ; but books may sometimes be only 
sewed and have a paper cover, when they 
are said to be sewed: somelimes the 
boards are covered with paper only, when 
they are said to be in boards; and some- 
times they have a leather covering on the 
back, extending a smali way over each 
side, when they are said to be half bound. 

BOOK-KEEPING. The art of keeping 
acconnts, or recording the mercantile trans- 
actions of aman, so that he may thoroughly 
know the whole state of his affairs, or any 
part of them, with ease and despatch 
Accounts may ve kept either by single or 
double entry ; the former of which may 
answer the purpose where the dealings are 
on asmall scale, but merchants, whose con- 
cerns are extensive, keep their books accor 
ding tothe double entry, or Italian method 
In single entry two books only are wanted, 
namely, a journal, or day book, in which 
the transactions of the day, as they occur 
in the course of busiuess, are entered ; and 
the ledger, or post book, in which all the 
accounts drawn out of the journal are 
placed under the proper name, either on 
the debtor or creditor side. Those who 
keep their accounts by double entry, have 
occasion for several books, the three prin- 
cipal of which are, the waste book, the 
journal, and the ledger. The waste beok 
is a book containing an inventory of a 
merchant’s effects and debts, with a dis- 
tinct record ofall his dealings. The act of 
placing any transaction under a given ac- 
count is called the entry ; if placed on the 
Dr. or debtor’s side, it is debiting the 
account : if placed on the Cr. or creditor’s 
side, itis crediting.. The waste book opens 
with the inventory, which consists of two 
parts ; namely, in the first place, of a man’s 
effects, and what is due to him; and in 
the next place, what isdueby him. After 
the inventory follow the daily transactions 
as they occurin business he accounts of 
persons are debited under their respective 
names when they become indebted to the 
merchant, and credited when the merchant 
becomes indebted to them. Accounts of 
property are debited when they come into 
his possession, an¢ credited when they zo 
outof it. Inthe same manner the accounts 
of profit and loss are kept, which are de- 
bited on account of a loss, and credited on 
account ofa gain. Those marked Dr. are 
placed on the left side, and those markeé 
Cr. on the onposite side, marked Contra Cr 
This book should contain the names of pez 


BOO 63 

















sons with whom the merchant deals, the 
eonditions of bargains, the terms of pay- 
ment, the quantity, quality, and prices of 
goods, with every other particular needful 

tobe recorded. ‘The journal, or day book, 


~ Is intermediate between the waste book 


and the ledger, wherein the transactions 
recorded in the waste book are prepared 
to be carried to the ledger, by having the 
proper debtots and creditors ascertained 
and placed in order. In the journal, per- 
sons and things are debtors to other persons 
and things as creditors, and in this it agrees 
with the ledger, but in other respects it 
agrees with the waste book. Every case 
er transaction entered into the journal is 
ealled a journal post, or entrance. The 
ledger is the principal book, in which all 
the several articles of each particular ac- 
count that lie scattered in other books, 
according to their several dates, are col- 
lected and placed together in such manner 
that the opposite parts of every account 
are directly set fronting one another, on 
epposite sides of the same folio ; that is to 
gay, che debtor, or debtor part, is entered 
on the left or debtor side of its own account, 
where it is charged debtor to the creditor 
part ; and the creditor, or creditor part, is 
posted to the right or creditor side of its 
account, and made creditor by the debtor 
part. Hence it is that the Italian method 
of book-keeping is said to be by double 
entry, because every single case of the 
waste book requires to be entered twice in 
the ledger, that is, once for the debtor and 
ence for the creditor. In addition to the 
above three books, most merchants have 
several other books, as the cash book, 
which contains in debtor and creditor all 
the eash that comes in and goes out; the 
éebt book, in which are entered all sums 
that become due, either to be received or 
paid, by bills of exchange, notes of hand, 
&ce. ; besides this, some merchants require 
a book of invoices, a book of commissions, 
a book ef orders or advices, &c. according 
to the nature of their transactions. 
BOOKSELLER. One who deals or 
trades in books, particularly one who sells 
the books printed by others, as distin- 
guished from the publisher, who sells the 
books, that are printed on his own account. 
- The bookselling business has alwayshelda 
higher rank than any other common trade ; 
and on the continent, as at Tubingen, Salis- 
parg, and Paris, booksellers class with the 
members of the learned prefessions, and 
have the privileges of students at the uni- 
versity. nm the introduction of printing, 


the bookseller, printer, and scholar were | 


one and the same person. 


BOOKWORM A little inet whieh 


breeds and eats holes in books, especially Ne 


when damp. 


BOOM. A sea Una for a long pole te 


extend the bottoms of particular sails, as 
the jib boom, studding sail boom. The 
boom of a harbour, a strong iron chain 
thrown across a harbour, to prevent the 
entrance of an enemy. 

BOOR. Properly, a peasant, particu 
larly appfied to the rude peasantry of 
Russia 

BOOT OF ACOACH The space tm 
derneath between the coachman and the 
body of the coach. 

BOOTES. A northern constellation, ¢ com 
sisting of fifty-four stars, according to M 
Flamstead. 

BORACIC ACID. An acid drawn from 
borax by combustion. 

BORAX. A substance dug out of wells 
in Thibet, and imported from India It 
is sometimes in the form of solid grains, 
sometimes in large crystals, enclosed ina 
fatty matter. 

BORDER, or BORDURE. An ordinary 
in Heraldry, so called because it borders 
round, and as it were hems in the field 
Borders are charged with things natural 
and artificial, in the same manner as the 
field 





BORDERERS. Those who lived on the 
borders of England and Scotland, and were 
formerly engaged in perpetual hostilities 

BORE. The hollow of a piece of ord- 
nance 

BORE-COLE, or Curtrep CoLtEworrT 
A hardy sort of kale, which is improved 
by the frost. 

BORER. A piercer, or instrument te 
bore holes with. 

BORING. ‘The method of piercing th 
earth in search ef minerals. 

BOROUGH. From the German burg 
it formerly signified a fenced town, but in 
England is now taken for any corporate 
town that fs not a city, and that senda 
members to parliament: in Scotland there 
are still royal burghs, or boroughs, that are 
held of the king. Rotten Boroughs, are 


ancient towns, with the privilege of send- 


ing members to Parliament, which are 
now reduced, and have dut a few pine 
living in them 





TE Se See 














‘ 












 BOROUGH-ENGLISH A customary. 
descent of land in some places to the 


younger sons. 


BOS. The generic name in the Linnean 
system for all animals of the ox tribe, as 
the bison, buffaloe, common ox, musk ox, 
&e. 

BOTANY. The science which teaches 
the knowledge of plants, as to their dis- 
eriminating characters, structure, growth, 
culture, diseases, and the like. Plants are 
distinguished into natural orders, as trees, 
the stems of which send forth branches 
from the middle and top: shrubs, the stems 
of whick send forth branches from the 
bottom : undershrubs, when the stems of 
the shrubs perish: herbs, which bear flowers 
and seeds, and then die ; if they die at the 
end of one year they are called annuals, if 
at the end of two years biennials, if they 
last chree or more years they are perennials: 
fungi are fleshy, coriaceous, or woody: 
algs, or seaweeds, have neither stems nor 
leaves: mosses, which have only leaves 
and fruit ; ferns, that neversend forth more 
than one leaf on a footstalk: grasses, 
which are distinguished by their stem, 
which is a culm or straw: lilies, which 
have a tuberous or bulbous root: palms, 
which have an arboreous stem, from which 
the leaves grow, and not the branches. 

The parts of plants are distinguished 
generally into the root, the stem, the bud, 
the leaf, the inflorescence, and the fructifi- 
eation. Therootis the part through which 
the plant derives nourishment from the 
earth ; a plant is either annual, biennial, or 
perennial, according to the time that the 
root lasts. Roots are sometimes called 
fleshy, when they consist of a fleshy pro- 
longatéon ; fibrous, when they consist of 
many fibrous prolongations; tuberous, 
when they consist of a thick fleshy sub- 
stance, as the potatoe ; bulbous, when they 
eonsist of a bulb or fleshy body, provided 
with several coats, as the onion or the lily ; 
granulated, when they havea cluster of 
little bulbs, as in the saxifrage ; creeping, 
when they have a horizontal prolongation 
of the root growing under the earth, and 
sending forth new plants of its kind, as 
couchgrass 

The stem is the prolongation of the plant 
above the soil, proceeding from the root. 
The woody stem of trees is the trunk ; that 
which is herbaceous is the stalk, and be- 
tongs only to herbaceous plants ; but the 
stalk of grasses, rushes, and similar plants, 
is called the culm; and when the stalk 
bears flowers and friits immediately from 





BOT 
which springs from the stem or branches, 
bearing the flower and fruit, is the pedun 
cle or flower stalk ; that which bears the 
leaf only is the petiole, or footatalk. 

The bud is that part of the plant which 
contains the embryo of the leaves, flowers, 
é&c., and serves as their hybernaculum, or 
winter receptacle. The bud is guarded by 
scales, and furnished with gum, or woe, 
as an additional defence. The moss bud 
is a roundish longish body, proceeding from 
the mother plant, and becoming itself a 
new one ; the gongylus is a knob belong 
ing to the seaweed, which falls oif on the 
death of the mother plant, and becomes a 
new one. _ 

The leaf is the herbaceous production 
from the ascending stem; when the stalk 
and leaf are so intimately connected that 
they cannot be distinguished, this is called 
a frond, as in the palms and thealge. To 
the leaf belong several appendages, which 
serve either for ornament or some specific 
use, as the bractem, or floral leaf, that 
stands near or between the flowers, form- 
ing a tuft, as in the pineapple; the stipula, 
a small leaf that appears on the stem, in 
the place of a footstalk; the sheath, a pro- 
longation of the leaf that rolls itself round 
the stem, as in grasses; the ascidium, or 
bottle, a foliaceous cylindrical hollow body, 
which is generally furnished with a cover, 
andcontains water; the ampulla, or bladder, 
a round hollow body at the roots or water 
plants; the gland, a round body situated 
on the leaves, which serves as an orga :f 
respiration; the spine, or thorn, that rises 
in the interior of the plant, as in the sloe, 
the aculeus, or prickle, that issues from the 
bark; the cirous clasper, or tendril, a fili- 
form body which serves to support weak 
plants, as in the vine, &c.; the arista, or 
awn, a pointed beard in grasses; the pili, 
hairs, fine slender bodies, which include all 
kinds of pubescence, as bristles, wool, &c. 
some of which discharge a poison, as in the 
nettle. 

The inflorescence is the mode of flower- 
ing, which differs very much in different 
plants, and is distinguished into verticillus, 
the whorl,whichconsists of several flowers, 
standing at intervals,surrounding the stem, 
as in the mint; the racemus, the raceme, 
a peduncle with short lateral branches, as 
in the currant and the vine,é&eé.; the eorym- 
bus, or corymb, an erect raceme, the lower 
peduncles of which are so lengthened as te 
be of equal height with the upper; when 
the peduncles take their rise from the same 
centre, but the subdivisions are irregular 


1 


the root, and not leaves, it is a scape, as| it is » cyme; when the peduncles rise 


im the primrose and 
aie: ® 


cowslip: the stal* | from éhe same centre, but the whole ty 























disposed {n regular order, it is an umbel; 
the capitulum has many flowers, standing 
thick, so as to form a head, as in the globe- 
amaranth; the fasciculus,fascicle or bundle, 
a number of simple peduncles rising at the 
frot of the stem from several points, as in 
the sweetwilliam; the spica, or ear, as in 
wheat and barley; the panicula, or pani- 
cle, in which the flowers or fruits are 
Scattered on branches unequally divided, 
as in the oat grass; the spadix, so called 
from the spadix vagina, or sheath, which 
contains the flower stalks; the amentum, 
or catkin, 2 long stem thickly covered 
with scales, under which are the flowers 
or essential parts, as in the willow and 
hazel; the sorus, or mass, an inflorescence 
peculiar to the ferns, which have masses 
of seed. capsules in their fronds. 

The fructification consists of the flower 
and the fruit. ‘he principal parts of the 
flower are, |. The calyx, or flowercap, or 
envelope of green leaves, which, when it 
immediately encloses the flower, is a peri- 
anth; when it contains many flowers in 
one is an anthodiuin; when it consists of 
many leaves surrounding the flower, as in 
umbelliferous plants, isan involuere. The 
calyx of grasses is called the glume; when 
it rolls itself round the stem, as in some 
grasses, it is called the vagina, or sheath, 
awd in some aquatic plants the spatha, or 
spathe. 2. The corolla, or blossom, the 
envelope of small leaves of various colours 
which constitute the flower properly so 
called; the divisions of the corolla are 
called the petals; the parts of the corolla 
are the tubus, the tube, the hollow under- 
part of a corolla that has but one petal; 
limbus, the border or opening of the co- 
yeila; labia, the lips; barba, the beard, 
rictus, the gape between the extremities of 
the lips; faux, the throat or the opening of 
the tube; nectarium, the nectary, which 
commonly serves to secrete a sweet juice; 
this is sometimes in the shape of a hood, 
and is called the cucullus, or hood, as in 
the aconite or nonkshood; sometimes in 
the shape of a spur, called calcar, as in the 
violet; also in that of an arch, a crown, 
&e. 3. The stamen is an essential part of 
the flower, which consists of the filament 
orthread that supports theanther; anthera, 
the anther, a hallow cellular body; and 
pollen, the powder or fine dust contained 
in the anther. 4. The pistil, the second 
essential part of a flower, stands in the 
ventre of the circle formed by the stamen 
and consists 0f the germen, the rudiments 
of the future fruit or seed; the stylus, style 
er shaft, asmall stalk seated on the germen 
and the stigma. the top of the style. 





The fruit ee from the ices, an 


or seed vessel, a hard hollow body, that is — 
of different Kinda, as capsula, a capsule, oF 


thin cout, divided into cella; a siliqua, or 
pod, a dry elongated pericarp, consisting — 


of hatves or valves,as in the mustard; the 
legumen, the legume, as in the pea kind; 
nux, the nut, a pericarp covered with a 
hard shell; drupa, or drupe, a nut covered 
with a fleshy coat, as in the plum; bacca, 


the berry asucculent fruit containing many. 


seeds, as the gooseberry, the currant, &¢ 
2. The semen, orseed, that part of the plant 


destined for propagation, consists of dif- — 


ferent parts, as the cotyledones, colyledons 
or seed leaves; corculum, the circle orfittle 
heart, the germ of the new plant; hylum, 
the eye, the deep scar in the seed which 
has been occupied by the circle; plumula, 
the plumule, or that part of the circle 
which ascends to form the leaves; rostel 

lum, the other part of the circle, which 
descends to form the rout. Besides the 
seedis furnished with differentappendages, 
as arilus, the aril, a sofY{ membrane ex- 
tended over the seed; pappus, the down, 
cauda, the tail; rostrum, the beak; and 
various spines, or hooks, &c. which serve 
to attach the seeds to different bodies, and 
promote their dispersion. 3. The basis, or 
base, is the receptacle or body on which 
the flower stands, the principal part of 
which is the thalamus, or fruit bed; when 
this is round or oblong it is called pelta, 
a target; when plateshaped, scutella, a 
shield; when convex, tuberculum, &c. 

Besides the science of botany compre- 
hends alsoa knowledge of plants as to their 
vegetation, anatomy, chemical composi- 
tion, and diseases, which are all included 
under the physiology of plants. The veg 
etation of plants may be distinguished into 
germination, when the seed begins to burst: 
vernation, when the buds begin to burst 
virginity, when the flowers or buds are not 
yet unfolded; defoliation, when theleavee 
in autumn begin to fal) off; sleep, when 
during the night the leaves hang down, 
estivation, when the flower is in perfec- 
tion; fructification, when the anthers 
communicate the fructifying dust to the 
neighbouring parts. ‘ 

“The anatomical structure of plants eona- 
prehends the cniicle, the cortex or outer 
bark; the liber, or inner bark; the libur 
num, or sof wood; lignum, the wood 
medulla, the pith; the air vessels, whicn 
are the conductors of the air; the adducent 


or spiral vessels, which proceed with oy — 


are entwined round the air vessels; thé 


reduecat vessels, which are nipped 
\ 


consists of, 1, the pericarplum, perlearp | in 




















ey, s mye} > he ee, 
ss gerve the purpose of transpiration, 
- the lymphatics, which are reticular- 
dy united, the celullar texture, a del- 
icate membrane surrounding all the 
vessels, and containing a resinous 
juice, as in the fir tribe, and a gum- 
pay AHNe in fruit trees: the glands, 
which serve as secretory vesseis. 
The principal chymical constitu- 
ents of plants are carbon, hydrogen, 
and oxygen, but chiefly the former, 
besides which azote, sulphur, and 
other simple substances, may be 
found in small quantities. The prin- 
eiple compound substances which 
form the sensible ingredients of 
plants are, the acids, mucilage, sugar, 
starch, albumen, gluten, fixed and 
volatile oil, wax, resin, camphor, &c. 


BLOOD-STONE. <A green silice- 
ous stone, classed among the gems; 
a variety of heliotrope spotted with 
jasper, as if with blood. 

- BLOWPIPE. An implement by 
which a small jet of air is directed 
into a flame, and that flame employed 
ona mineral substance to virtify or 
fuse it. It is thus used by artists for 
the purpose of enameling, and of 
softening and soldering small pieces 
of metal; by glass-blowers. in mak- 
ing thermometers and other glass 
instruments; and by chemists and 

‘mineralogists, in the examination of 
substances. Of late this instrument 
has been greatly improved by the 
introduction of the self-acting or 
oxybydrogen blowpipe, 


BLUE. In painting and the fine 
arts, one of the seven primary colors, 
which, mixed with red, produces 

urple, or with yellow makes green. 

he various shades of blue used in 
painting are—Prussian blue, Ultra- 
marine, Blue ashes, and Blue ver- 


diter.—Indigo forms the chief ingre-, 


fient in blue, used as a dye-stuff. 
Prussian blue. the ferrocyanate of 

eroxide of iron, prepared from 
ullocks’ blood, carbonate of potash, 
sulphate of iron and alum.—Saxon 
blue is sulphate of indigo.—Blue ver- 
diter isan impure carbonate of cop- 
per. Blue is also a prefix to numer- 
ous compounds: as Biue Ointment, 
or mereurial ointment: Blue Pill. or 
mercurial pill: Blue-stone, or blue 
vitriol, the sulphate of copper: Blue 
Evye-water, the solution of ammoni- 
ated copper. 

BOA, a genus of large prehensile- 
tailed serpents, with jaws capable of 
great dilatation. The great boa-con- 
Strictor, when full grown, is about 
thirty-five feet long. 

. BOG MOSS, in botany, a genus of 
aquatic plants, the Sphagnum palus- 
tre of the tribe Gymnostomi. The 
_ bogs, which are chiefly formed from 
_ the continued growth of this plant, 
are often of great depth, some of 
them having increased to eight feet 
depth since the period of the Ro- 
an. occupation of this country, — 


ae ae 


















-alumina, and iron. 


BOG ORE. A species of iron oro 
formed in bogs or other places from 
the ore contamed in chalybeate 
springs. and in some instances, from 
the shields of infusoria. 

BOHWA(Chinese). An inferior kind 
of black tea, of which there are two 
sorts from China: the inferior, called 

fanton Bohea,. which is a mixture of 
coarse tea and the refuse of. Congou: 
the better kind comes from the dis- 
trict of Bohea. in Fokien. 

BOILING-POINT. The degree of 
teinperature at which liquids are in 
a state of ebullition by heat. The 
boiling point varies greatly for dif- 
ferent substances, but is constant 
for the same under the same circum- 
stances. Thus, of water the boiling: 
point is 212 deg.: of alcohol, 176 deg.: 
of ether, 96 deg.: and of mercury, 66 


deg. : 

BOLE. A friable clayey slate or 
earth, usually colored with oxide of 
iron. The kind called Armenian bole 
is used as tooth powder, and as col- 
oring to the sauce called the essence 
of anchovies. It consists of silica, 
Boletic Acid is 
an acid contained in the juice of the 
boletus. 

BOLOGNIAN STONE. A variety 
of the sulphate of barytes, found 
near Bologna, which, when powder- 
ed and heated with charcoal, shines 
in the dark. 4 i 

BOLUS (Lat). In physiology. the 
mass formed by the food after mas- 
tication and insalivation, and thus 
prepared for its passage into the 
pharynx, is named the alimentary 
bolus. In pathology, a form. of med- 
icine in which the ingredients. are 
made up into a soft mass, larger than 
pills, to be swallowed at once. 

BOMBACEA. A nat. order of di- 
cotyledonous or oxogenous plants, 
consisting chiefly of large tropical 
trees, With strong cotton-like flowers. 
From thes quantity of. cotton they 
produce they have been called cotton 


trees. 

BOMBIATES. A genus of salts, 
the combination of bombic acid with 
other bases. 

BOMBUS. A genus of hymenop- 
terous insects. with hairy bodies 
(the Humble Becs): fam. Apide. 

BOMBYCILLA. A genus of birds 
the type of the sub-family Bombyeil- 
line: & group of the Fruit-eaters, 
the Wax-chatterers. 

BORON. The chief constituent of 
borax. a rare solid substance, some- 
what resembling silicon. bb. group 
of minerals: include sassolite and 


orax. 
BORREBY SKULLS. Human skulls 
taken from tumili, of the stone pe- 
riod, at Borreby, in Denmark. 
- BOS. A large horned animal, the 
type of Bovids, belonging to Rumi- 
nantia, of service for food, and as a 
beast of burden. Fossil remains 
found in Pliocene, Shae 














BOT 

BOTANY. In the classification of the 
botanical nomenclature there are two 
principal systems—the sexual or artifii- 
cial one of Linnezus, and that of Jussieu, 
which is according to the natural order 
of plants. The Linnean system is 
founded onthe number, situation, and 
proportion of the essential organs of 
fructification, denominated stamens and 
pistils. The names of the classes and 
orders are of Greek derivation, and al- 
tude to the functions of the respective 
orders. Thus the vegetable kingdom is 
divided by that great naturalist into 24 
classes, of which 23 belong to flowering, 
and 1 to flowerless plants. The first 
eleven classes are distinguished entirely 
by the number of stamens, which are 
called Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, 
&c., as far as Dodecandria, from the 
Greek words one, two, three, &c. com- 
bined with male (andria), because the 
stamens of flowers are compared to 
males, and the pistils to females. Hence 
the orders, as far as Polygynia, are de- 
nominated Monogynia, Digynia, Trigy- 
nia, &c., according as the flower has one 
or more pistils; so called from the 
Greek mone (one), and gune (a female). 
Thus the jasmine, having two stamens, 
and one pistil, is placed in the second 
class of the first order of that class, or 
Diandria Monogynia. The following is 
asummary of the 24 classes, which owe 
their distinctions chiefly to the stamens 
and pistels: 1. Monandria, one stamen. 
—2. Diandria, 2 stamens.—3. Triandria, 
three.—4,. Tetrandia, four.—5S. Pentan- 
dria, five.—6. Hexandria, six.—7. Hep- 
tandria, seven.—8. Octandria, eight.—9. 
Enneandria, nine.—10. Decandria, ten.— 
11. Dodecandria. twelve.—12. Icosan- 
dria, twenty or more stamens, inserted 
into the calyx.—13. Polyandria, all above 
twenty inserted into the receptacle.—14. 
Didynamia, four stamens, two long and 
two short,—l5. Tetradynamia, six stain- 
ens, four long and two short.—16. Mon- 
adelphia, the stamens united into the 
bodies by the filaments.—17. Diadelphia, 
the stamens united into the bodies by 
the filaments.—18. Polyadelphia, the 
stamens united into three or more bodies 
by the filaments.—19. Syngenesia, an 
thers united into a tube.—20. Gynan-- 
dria, stamensinserted either upon the 
style or germen. 21. Moncecia, stamens 
and pistils in separate flowers, but on 
the same plant.—22. Diccia, stamens 
and pistils, like the former, in separate 


flowers, but on two separate plants.— 
93. Polygamia, stamens and pistils sep- 
arate in some flowers, united in others, 
either on one, two, or three distinct 
plants.—24. Cyptogamia, stamens and 
pistils either not well ascertained, or 
not to be numbered with certainty. 
The Natural System of Plants, as de- 
vised by Jussieu and De Candolle. dit- 
fers most materially from the Linnean 
System ; it takes into consideration the 


entire organization of the plant, with | 





“BOW Ce 


its properties and peculiar habits. The 
most striking genus of a tribe of planta 
gives name to the order; as, forin- 
stance, the Rose { Latin rosa), forms the 
type of the natural order Rosaces; and 
the Violet, that of the order Violacesx. 
In this manner Jussieu divided the 
whole vegetable kingdom into 15 classes, 
and the genera into 100 orders, but 
which number has been gradually in- 
creasing with the progress of discovery. 

In the Natural System the vegetable 
world has been classified under two 
grand divisions—the Vasculares and the 
Ci llulares; and these again dividedinto 
classes and sub-classes, 

Vasculares. ‘Class I. Dycotyledons or 
Exogens. ‘The plants of this class have 
stems consisting of concentric layers, 
formed by external annual additions, 
and are composed of vascular and cellu- 


lar tissue; the flowers are furnished 


with male and female organs of repro= 
duction, called stamens and pistils. 
Class II. Monocotyledons or Endogens. 
The stems of this class are formed by 
the addition of new fibres to the interior 
of the stem already formed; flowers 


sexual, the seed consisting of one coty- 


ledon. 

Cellulares. Class 1. Semi-vasculares. 
Plants having vessels as well as cellular 
tissue; the stems are increased by 
simple elongation; the leaves veined 
and forked; the sexual organs distinct 
and visible under the microscope only. 
Class II. The Agame are plants which 
increase by elongation or irregular ex- 
pansion of their paris, and are wholly 
composed of cellular tissue, showing, 
under the microscope, no sexual organs 
whatever. These consist of the Fungi, 
Mosses, Lichens, Hepaticas or Liver- 
worts, and Algw. The Dicotyledons are 
divided into four sub-classes—the Thal- 
amiflore, Calyciflore, Corolliflore, and 
Monochlamydee. 

BOULDERS. In geology, fragments of 
rock embedded in diluyial deposits; 
sometimes found lying on the surface 
of the ground, and bearing marks of 
abrasion and transport. 
mations are deposits of clay, graveldc., 
containing fragments of triturated rock. 


BOW. A sea term, for an instrument 
fixed on a staff, with vanes, for taking the 
sun’s altitude at sea; also the rounding 


/parts of the ship’s side, distinguished by 


the starboard and leeboard into the weather 
and lee bow. sar) 
BOW. The name of several things so 
called from their curved figure, as the bow 
of a key, the arched part to receive the 
finger ; the bow of a saddle, the piece of 
wood on each side, laid archwise to receive 
the upper part of a horse’s back, bow 


of a violin, the round stick furnished with 


hair, with which the performer plays. 


BOW An instrument for shooting 


Boulder for-— 




















arrows. The long bow, the favourite of 
the English army in former times, is 
simply a bow with a string fixed at each 
end, to which the arrow was applied. It 
is used with great dexterity by the Tartars 
ef Asia, and the savages of America 





BOWBPRIT. A mast projecting ove: 
the stem er head to carry the sail forward. 
BOWYER. A bowmaker ; the bowyers 
are one of the city companies in London. 
BOX. Any case of wood, iron, or leather, 
which serves for conveying or keeping 
things. = 
BOX. A piant, which is of two kinds; : 
_mamely, the dwarf box that is used for 
borders in gardens, and the box tree, which 
is a shrub or tree. The wood of this is 
yellow and hard. 
B. R. In England, an abbreviation for 
Bancus Regis, the Court of King’s Bench. 
BRACE. What holds a thing tight, as 
the braces of a drum; in Carpentry, a 
piece of timber which serves to keep the 
frame work tight; in Printing, a crooked 


line markedthus } whichserves to enclose 


words that are to be together. 

BRACELET. An ornament for the arm 
er wrist ; also a piece of defensive armour 
for the arm. 

BRACHMANS, cr BRAMINS. The 
priests or philosophers among the Hindoos; 
so called from their god Brahma, to whose 
worship they devote themselves. 

BRACKET. A kind of stay in the form 
ofa knee, or shoulders on which shelves are 
made to rest ; also in Shipbuilding, a kind 
of knee for the support of the gratings. 

BRADS (among Artificers). A kind of 
_ nails used in building, which have no heads 
like other nails, as joiners’ brads, flooring 
brads, batten brads. 

BRAIN The soft contents of he cra- 


nium or skull, consisting of the cerebrum 
eerebellum, and medulla oblongata, which 
are surrounded by three membranes, ealled 
meninges, or mats, as the dura mater, pia 
mater, and arachnoides. ‘I'he substance of 
the brain is distinguished into outer and 
inner; the former is called corticalis, cene- 
rea, or glandulosa ; the latter, medullaris, 
alba, or nervea. It is generally supposed 
te be the seat of the soul, or that a 
where all the senses terminate, 

BRAN. The husk of ground wheat. 

BRANCH. A shoot from the main bough 
of atree ; also several things similar in 
figure, as the antlers or shoots of a stag’s 
horn ; the branches of veins, branches of a 
river, branches of abridle, that is, the two 
pieces of bended iron that bear the bit- 
mouth, the chains, and the curb. 

BRANCHIA. . Gills in the anatomy of 
fishes, organs of respiration answering to 
the lungs in other animals, with which all 
fishes are provided, except the cetaceous 
tribe and the lamprey. They are eightin 
number, and serve the fish to take in, and 
throw out water with the air. 

BRANCHIOSTEGIOUS. An order of 
fishes in the Linnean system, including 
such as have gills without bony rays, as 
the pipe fish, sucker, frog fish, &c. 

BRANDY. A spirituous and inflamma- 
ble liquor, made from the lees of wine by 
distillation. Its constituent parts are wa- 
ter, alcohol, and alittle oilorresin. Bran- 
dy is said to have been first manufactured 
in Languedoc 

BRANT-FOX A sort of black and red 
fox 

BRASIL WOOD. A sort of wood so 
denominated because, as is supposed, it 
was first brought from Brasil. It is red and 
heavy, so as to sink in water, takes a 
good polish, and yields beautiful orange 
and red colours, which are used by dyers, 
When chewed it has a sweetish taste 

BRASS. A factitious compound metal 
of a yellow colour, consisting of copper 
and about one third of its weight of zine 

BRAWN. The muscular or fleshy part 
of the body, particularly that of the boar 

BREACH. A gap made in the works 
of a town by the besiegers. 

BREACH (in Law). The violation of a 
contract ; breach of pound, is the break~- 


ing any place where cattle are distrained , | 


breach of prison, an escape by breaking 
out 2f prison. 

BREAD. A light, porous, spongy sub- 
stance, prepared by fermentation and 
baking, from the flour of wheat, rye, of 
barley Wheaten bread is distinguished 
‘into white bread, which is made of the 


Ro Sees ea = 
SOE ao ae 








BRI 





finest flour, and brown bi ‘+ flow hav- 
ing some of the bran in it 
BREAD-FRUIT-TREE The autocar- 
pus of Linnzus, a tree gre wing in some 
of the Oceanic islands, so called because 
the fruit, which is milky and pulpy, sup- 
plies the place of bread to the inhabitants. 


This tree grows to the height of forty feet. 





BREAK. A sea term, for that part of 
a deck where tne descent tothe next deck 
below it, commences; in Printing, theshort 
line which ends a paragraph. 
BREAKERS. Billows that break vio- 
ently over rocks that lie under the surface 
of the sea. 
BREAKING GROUND. A_ military 
term, for opening the trenches and be- 
dees ginning the works for a siege. 
BREAKING IN The discipline of first 
training a colt to be useful. 
BREAKWATER. The hull of a vessel 
or any erection of wood or stone, placed 
at the entrance or a harbour to break the 
ferce of the watery, such as the Breakwa- 
ter lately erected in Plymouth Sound, 
England, and that in Delaware Bay. 
BREAM. A tush of the carp kind, that 
grows fast and has a broad body The 
Sea Bream, otherwise called the Red Gilt 
Head, is a fisn of ared colour, with the 
vis avery 





ss me Lae 


ye EREAST. 
forex. 
BRLASTFAST. A sea term, for the 
arge rope employed to confine a ship 
sideways to a wharf or quay. 
BREASTPLATE. A piece of defensive 
armour worn on the breast ; in Horseman- 
ehip, @ leathern strap running from one 


The anterior part of the 





PPh aics 
day Fh 8 


| from a bushel and a half of malt; but ¢ 


side of'the saddle, across the horee’s breast. 
to the other, to keep it in its place. beet 
BREAST PLOUGH. A sort of plough. 
which is driven forward by the breast, 
and is used in England in paring off turf 
from the land. 
BREASTWORK. A military term, for 
works thrown up as high as the breast of 
the besieged ; a sea term, for the balus 
trade of the quarter deck. 
BRECCIA, or Puppine-stong. A sort 
of aggregate earth, consisting of fragments 
of stones conglutinated. The beautiful 
pillars in the Representatives Hall in the 


| Capitol at Washington are of this stone. 


BREECH The hinder part of a gun, 
from the cascabel to the hore; also a sea 
term, for the angle of knee timber in a 
ship. 

BREEDING. That part of husbandry 
which consists in the rearing of cattle or 
live stock of different kinds, particularly 
by crossing or mingling one species or 
variety with another, so as to improve the 
breed. 

BRESSUMMER A binding interstice” 
or girder to different parts of a house. 

BREVET. A military term, for pro 
motion in the army without additional 
pay. 

BREVIARY. A book containing tne 
daily service of the Romish church. 

BREWING. The art of making ma. 
liquor, such as ale, beer, porter, &c. which 
much resembles the process of making tea 
The proper ingredients used in brewing are 
malt, hops, and water, in certain propor 
tions, according to the required strength of 
the liquor. Kighteen gallons of good aleand 
nine gallons of table beer may be drawn 


make strong beer only six gallons are 
reckoned to one bushel of malt. Among 
the pernicious and unlawful ingredients 
used by brewers are an extract of the 
coculus indicus, hartshorn shavings, gin 
ger, Spanish juice, orange powder, lique- * 
rice, caraway seeds and sulphuric acid. 

BRIBERY. The receiving of any re 
ward or gift for corrupt purposes. 

BRICK. An artificial kind of stone, 
composed of clay, coal ashes, and sand, 

uly mingled together, dried by the sun 
and hardened by the fire. Bricks are 
distinguished, according to their quality, 
into marlg and stocks, which latter are 
either gray or red, according to the co our | 
of the earth. 

BRICKLAYER. One whose trade Is te hie 
build with bricks. MG 

BRIDGE. A structure raised over rivers, 
&c and consisting of one er more arches 



















a hiwey ey ty BRi 
he principal parts of a bridge are .he 
piers, or walla, built for the support of the 
arches ; the parapet, or breastwall, made 
to protect the passengers, the banquet, 
- pavement, or raised footpath, and the abut- 
maents or extremities of the bridge, which 
rest on the banks. The principal arches 
_o@ployed in bridge building are those of 
the semicircular or elliptica., form. the cate- 
Rarian arch, and the arch of equilibrium, 
which last is esteemed to be the best, be- 
cause t is equally strong in every part. 





BRIDGE. A military term, for any 
contrivance by which soldiers can cross a 
river, as a bridge of boats, formed by 
boats joined sideways, and covered with 
planks; or a bridge of rushes, formed of 
bundles of rushes bound fast together and 
covered with planks. Such temporary 
bridges are called flying bridges. 

BRIDGE. The name of several things 
similar in figure to a bridge, as the bridge 
of the nose, the gristle which parts the 
nostrils; the bridge in a violin, &c. the 
perpendicular arch which supports the 
strings; the bridge, among Gunners, is the 
name for the two pieces of timber which 
go between the transumms of a gun carriage 
on which the bed rests. ‘ 

BRIDLE. A part of the furniture of a 
horse’s head, which serves to guide the 
animal. The principal parts are the bitt, 
or snaffle, which goes into the horse's 
mouth; the curb, or chain of iron, that 
runs over the beard of the horse; the head- 
stall, or leather that goes round the head; 
the fillet, that lies over the forehead; the 
throatband, that goes under the throat; and 
vhe reins,which serve for the rider. 

BRIEF (in Law) An abridgment ofa 
client’s case, made out for the instruction 
of counsel on a trial at law; also a license 
in England to make collections for repair- 
ing churches, losses by fire,&c. This last 
sort of brief is now abolished by statute. 

BRIEF (in Music). A measure of quan- 
tity, which contains two strokes down in 
beating time, and as many up 

BRIG Asmall merchant’s vessel with 
_ Swo masts, 

_ BRIGADE, A military term, for a 
_— «parsy or division of oldiers, whether borae 






or foot, under the command of 1» brige 
dier, ; 

BRIGANTINE. A small light veszel, 
which can both row and sail well, being 
adapted either for fighting or for chase 





BRIMSTONE. The vulgar name for 
sulphur 

BRINE. Water impregnated with salt. 

BRISKET. That part of the breast of 
an animal that lies nearest the ribs. 

BRISTLE. The hair of swine, which is 
much used by brushmakers, particularly” 
that imported from Russia 

BRISTOL HOT WATER. Mineral 
waters of the lowest temperature of anv im 
England, the constituent parts of which are 
carbonic acid, gas, lime, and magnesia, 
besides the muriatic and vitriolic acids 

BRITANNIA. The name given by the 
Romans to the island of Britain, which is 
represented on their medals under the 
figure of a female resting her left arm on 
ashield. Also aspecies of ware made of 
block tin. 

BROADSIDE. A sea term, for a dis- 
charge of all the gunson one side of aship 

BROADSWORD. A sword with a 
broad blade, chiefly designed for cutting. 

BROCADE, A kind of stuff or cloth of 
gold. 5 

BROCOLI. An Italian plant of the 
cauliflower kind. 

BROGUE. A defective pronunciation 
of a language, particularly applied to the 
Irish manner of speaking English. 

BROKEN LETTER A term in Print- 
ing for the bieaking the orderly succession: 
in which the letters stood in a 2ne or page, 
and mingling them -ogether. 

BROKER. One whe concludes bargains 
or contracts for merchants, as exchange 

rokers, ship brokers, &c. 

BROKERAGE, What is paid to a broker 

for his troupie 


ns : : : 














BROME GRASS. A sort of grass much 
posemmbling the oat; whence it has also 
been called oat grass. 

BRONZE. A mixed metal, composed 
principally of copper, with a small portion 
of tin and other metals. 

BRONZING ‘The art of varnishing 
wood, plaster, and ivory, so asto give them 
the colour of bronze 

BROOCH. A collar of gold formerly 
worn about the necks of ladies. 

BROOM. A flowering shrub, having a 
papilionaceous flower, which becomes a 
short roundish swelling pod, containing a 
aidney shaped seed in each. 

BROOM. A besom, which in England is 
frequently made {the broom shrub and 
serves for sweeping a house 

BRUTA. The second order of animals 
ef the class mammalia in the L-nnean 
system, comprehending those animals 
which have no fore teeth in either jaw, as 
bradypus, the sloth; mynycophaga, the 
ant-eater; rhinoceros, the rhinocerus; ele- 
phas, the elephant, &c. 

BRUTE-WEIGHT A term employed 
’ when merchandises are weighed with the 
cases, &c. in distinction from the net 
weight. 

BUBBLE. Abladderin water, ora vesi- 
ele filled with air; also a cheating project, 
such as the South Sea bubble in 1720, and 
numerous projects of a similar character 
which have been set afloat within the last 
few years, to the ruin of many. 

BUCCANEERS. A general name for 
the pirates, who used to make war on the 
Spaniards in their West India posses- 
sions. 

BUCK. A male deer ofthe fallow kind; 
also a male rabbit. 

BUCKET. A kind of pail made of 
teather. 

BUCKLE. A fastening for a shoe, or 
the harness of a horse, by means ofan iron 
tongue within a hoop. 

BUCKLER. An ancient piece of defen- 
sive armour, made of wicker work, and 
worn on the arm. 

BUCKRAM. A sort of stiffened cloth. 

BUCKWHEAT, otherwise called 
Baan. Asortof grain that is used in 
England as food for swine. It is much 
used in America for making a very palata- 
ble kind of cakes. It is also preferred for 
fattening fowls. The flowers grow ina 
spike, or branched from the wings of the 
leaves 

BUCOLICS. Pastoral poems, so called 
from the Bucolica of Virgil. 

BUD. That part of a plant which con- 
(aima the embryo of the leaves,flewers, &c. 








BUDDHA. The name ofa deity among 
the people of India. 

BUDDLE. A frame to receive the mino- 
ral ore after it is separated from the coarser 
parts. 

BUDGET. Properly a bag or knapsack 
that may be easily carried; also, in Eng- 
land, the annual statement of the finances 
made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer 
in the House of Commons 

BUFF. A sort of thick leather prepared 
from the skin of the buffalo. 

BUFFALO. A wild ox a native of Af 
rica. It is domesticated in Italy and some 
other countries and used for draught. It 
has horns resupinated and flat on the fore 
side, a tough skin, black hair, small head 
and no dewlap. 









BUFFET. A sort of cupboard for plate, 
glasses, &c. 

BUGLEHORN. A hom formerly used 
much in hunting, and now in the army 





BUILDING. The art of raising build- 
ings according to given designs, which is 
properly practical architecture; also the 
structure so raised. 

BULBOUS 

“~PLANTS. The 

name of such plants 
as have a fleshy, 
scaly root, called a 
bulb, as the leek, 
onion, &c 





upon a rock or anchor, 
BULK The whole contents ofa ship in 

her hoid ' . 
BULL The m te of cattle, the f 









6 whieh is emied cow,} ‘when the male 
_ feat he igcaiied anox. — 





BULL. A brief or mandate issued by 
he Pope, and sealed with the bulla, a 
seaden or gold seal. 

BULL-DOG. A dog of true English 
breed, so called from his property of attack- 
ing the bull, whence he was formerly used 
in the cruel sport of bullbaiting. 

BULLET. A name for the leaden balls 
with which small fire arms are loaded. 

BULLETIN. In Europe an officia) ac- 
count of publie transactions, or matters of 
general interest, as the state of the king’s 
health, é&c. 

BULLFINCH. A small European bird 
of a cinereous colour, having its head and 
wings black, and coverts of the: tail white. 
It is easily tamed, and may be taught to 


speak. 






sbi = 


BULL-FROG A remarkable species of 
ne frog in Noxth America, so called be- 


mee Sere EA eye 


@use its voice esembles the distant low- 
ag of an ox. 






and Portugal, where wild bulls are en 
countered by men.on horseback. 

BULL-HEAD. A sort of fish, having ita 
head much broader than its body 

BULLION. Gold or silver in the mass 
before it is wrought into coin. 

BULL’S EYE. A mark in the shape of 
& bull’s eye, at which archersshoot by way 
of exercise. 

BULL-TROUT. A sort of salmon about 
two feet in length 

BUM-BOAT. A sort of wherry used 
about harbours, to carry provisions, &c 
for sale, to ships lying at a distance. 

BUNT (aSéa Term). The middle part 
of a sail formed into a sort of bag, or hol- 
low, that the sail may gather more wind. 

BUNTLINES. Small lines which serve 
to force up the bunt of the sail, for the 
better furling it up. 

BUOY. A short piece of wood or close 
hooped barrel fastened by @ rope to the 
anchor, to point out itssituation: It is alse 
a piece of wood or cork fastened by achain, 
serving to point out dangerous places in oz 
near a harbour 





BUPHAGA, or Brrrzatzr. A sort of 
bird of the order pice, found in Afrita. 
It is so called because it alights on she 
backs of cattle, and picks holes in them to 
get at the larve of the gad-fly, on which 
it lives. 

BUPRESTIS. An insect of the coleop- 
terous order, remarkable for the brilliancy 
of its colours, which emulate the polish cf 
the finest metals 

BURDEN (a Sea Term). Whatever can 
be stowed in a hold, or the number of tons 
which it can carry. Beasts of burden, in 
Husbandry, are those which are fitted for 
bearing burdens, or drawing weights. 

BURGAGE (in Law). In England a— 
kind of tenure by which the inhabitants 
of cities or boroughs held their lands or 
tenements of the king. 

BURGESS. In England an inhabitant 
of a borough, or one who possesses a tene- 
ment therein ; it is now more commonly 
taken for the representat’ve of a borough » 
town. F 

BURGLARY (in Law). The breaking 
and entering the dwelling of another in 
the night, with the intent to commit some 
felony, whether the felonious intent be 
put in execution or not. 


 BULLFIGHT A orue sport in Spain! BURGUNDY FITCH The Juice of tha 

















fir tree boiled in water, and strained 
through a linen cloth. 

BURNING-GLASS. A concave or con- 
vex glass, commonly spherical, which col- 
ects the rays of the sun Cowards a conimon 
point, called the focus. ‘The burning glass 
of M. de Villette was three feet eleven 
inches in diameter, and it burnt at the 
distance of three feet two inches; by it 
were melted a silver sixpence in seven 
minutes and a half; a King George’s half- 
penny in sixteen minutes, which ran in 
thirty-four minutes ; a diamond weigh- 
ing four grains lost seven-eighths of its 
weight. That of Buffon wasa polyhedron, 
six feet broad, and as many high, consist- 
ing of one hundred and sixty-eight small 
mirrors, or flat pieces of looking-glass, 
each six inches square, by means of which, 
with the faint rays of the sun in the month 
of March, he set on fire boards of beech 
wood at one hundred and fifty feet dis- 
_ tance. 

BURNING OF WOMEN. A supersti- 
slous practice in Hindostan, for the widows 
to burn themselves on the funeral piles of 
their husbands. 

BURNISHER. A round polished piece 
of steel, serving to smoothand give a lustre 
© metals, 

BUSHEL. Dry measure, containing four 
pecks, or eight gallons. 

BUSH-HARROW. An implement of 
husbanary for harrowing grass lands, and 
eovering grass or clover seeds. Itconsists 
of a frame with three or more bars, in 
which bushes are interwwoven 

BUSKIN. A kind of highshoe, anciently 
worn by tragedians: also a sort of leather 
stocking serving the purpose of a boot. 

BUSTARD. A species of European bird 
ef which there are several varieties. The 
Great Bustard is the largest land bird known 
in England. It seems to bear a remote 

ffinity to the Ostrich. 

BUTCHER BIRD. A sort of shrike 
remarkable for its ferocity towaras the 






se 
ny Dn, 
+ i) 

era) 
pars 





trees mete 


aaa Mia oy er 80 Me 


tale birds, which it kills, and tearing them 
to pioces, sticks them an therns. 


eon in rellevo, showing only theupper parts 


of the body. 

BUTT. A measure of wine, containing 
126 gallons. 

BUTTEND., The argest endyof a piece 
of timber nearest to cne root. 

BUTTER. A fat unctuous substance, 
procured from the cream of mi.k by churn- 
ing , aterm in Chematry for substances 
of similar consistency, as butter of anti- 
mony, butter of bismuth, butter of wax, 
&c. & 

BUTTERBUR. A plant with @ floscular 
flower, consisting of many florets. 

BUTTERFLOWER. A yellow flower, 
which abounds in the meadows in May. 

BUTTERFLY. A beautiful insect, so 
called because it first appears at the be- 
ginning of the season for butter. That 
which seems to be powder upon the wings 
of this insect is an innumerable quantity 
of feathers, which are only to be discerned 
through amicroscope. The butterfly first 
appears in the state of the caterpillar, which 
is called the larva, and afterwards in that 
of the pupa, or chrysalis, from which it 
comes forth in its perfect state. 


The larva. 





BUTTOCK. The breeth or naunch of an 
animal, next to the tail: also a sea term 
for that part of a ship which forms her 
breadth, right astern from the tuck up- 
wards. 

BUTTON. Any thing in a round form 
which serves to fasten, particularly what 
is used in garments ; also a part of the cas- 
cabel in a gun or howitzer, which is in 
the form of a button. 

BUTTRESS. A kind of butment, built 
archwise, serving to support a building or 
wall. 

BUZZARD A very sluggish bird of 
the bawk kind. The Turkey Buzzard 
known in the southern parts of the United 
States is a species of Vulture | ¥ 


BY-LAW. A private law made withig 


some ‘particular place or jurisdiction. 






















1 Cc. 


©, the third letter and second consouant of 
the alphabet ; ag a numeral, C stands for 
100, and CC for 200, &c.; in Music, ‘it is 
the highest part in the thorough bass; as 
an Abbreviation it stands for Christ, as 
A.C. Anno Christi, or ante Christum ; also 
for Companion, as C. B. Companion of the 


» Bath. 


CAABA. An Arabic term for the house 
of God, a part of the temple of Mahomet in 
Mecca. 

CABALA. A traditional or mysterious 
aoctrine among the ancient Jews, which 
they say was delivered by word of mouth 
to Moses, and by him to the fathers. 
Among Christians, the cabala is an abuse 
of certain passages of Scripture for magical 
purposes. 

CABBAGE TREE. A tree of the Cape 
of Good Hope, so called from the resem- 
blance which its leaves bear, to those of 
the cabbage plant. 

CABIN. The apartment in a vessel for 
the officers and superior passengers. 

CABINET In England, the closet or 
private room in the king's palace, where 
councils are held ; also the ministers of the 
axing, who are summoned to attend such 
councils. Inthe United States, the term is 
applied to the four secretaries and the at- 
torney general at Washington, considered 
as counsellors of the President. 

CABLE. A-seaterm for a strong rope, 
which serves to keep aship at anchor. 

CABLE’S LENGTH. The measure of 
120 fathoms. : 

CACOETHES. An ill habit or propen- 
sity; as the cacoethes scribendi, an ilch 
for authorship. 

CACOPHONY A bad tone ofthe voice, 
proceeding from the ill disposition of the 
organs. 

CADENCE (in Grammar). The fail of 
the voice ; also the flow of verses or peri- 
eds; in Music, it is a pause or suspension 
at the end of an air, resembling points or 
virgules in prose ; in Dancing, cadence is 
ased when the steps follow the notes and 
measures of the music ; in the Manege the 
eadence isthe measure or proportion obser- 
ved by a horse in all his motions, when he 
ls thoroughly managed. 

CADET. One whois trained up for the 


army by a course of military discipline ; 
_ guch as the cadets at the military college 
et West Point. 

_ GADETSHIP The commission given| CALCULATION Theact of computing 


to a cadet, to enter the East India Compa 
ny’s service in England. 

CADI. A magistrate, or sort of justice 
of the peace, among the Arabs and Turks 

CADMIA. A sort of mineral among the 
ancients, now called cobalt. 

CADUCEUS, A name for Mercury’s 
rod or sceptre, which on medals is an em. 
blem of peace. It was carried by the Ro- 
man heralds when they went to proclaim 
peace. 





CAESAR A title or name given to the 
twelve emperors of Rome, who succeeded 
Julius Cesar. 

CAGMAG. Old geese are so called, 
which are sent up to the London market 
for sale. 

CAIRNS. Heaps of stones ina conical 
form, which are frequently to be met with 
in Scotland and Wales. 

CAISSON. <A wooden chest filled with 
bombs or powder, and buried under some 
work to blow it up; also the frame used in 
laying the foundations ofa bridge 

CALAMANCO. Akind of wocllen stuff 
manufactured in England and Brabant. If 
has a fine gloss, and is chequered in the 
warp. 

CALAMARI. Thethird natural order 
of plants in the Linnwan system, contain 
ing the reeds resembling grasses 

CALAMINARIS, or Larrs Catamina 
nis. The calamine stone, # oxyde of zinc 
among the chymists ; akind of bituminous 
fossile earth, which, when mixed with 
copper, produces brass. 

CALCAREOUS, The third orderofthe 
class earths in the system ef Gmelin, con 
sisting of chalk, limestone, spar, gypsum, 
marble, marl. 

CALCINATION The solution of 8 
mixed body by the means of heat or any 
corroding substance, as mercury, aquafor 
tis, &c., whereby it is reduced to powder 
The body so reduced was named a calx, ip 
common language a.cinder, and in chymis 
try an oxide. 





” 















several sums by means of addition, sub 


tractien, multiplication, division, &c. 
‘CALCULUS, or Stonzr. A name gene- 
rally given to all hard concretions, not 
bony, which are formed in the bodies of 
animals. 

CALENDAR. A distribution of time 
into months, weeks, and days throughout 
the year, together with an account of the 
festivals, and other such matters as serve 
for the daily purposes of life. Calendars 
vary according to the different forms of 
the year, and the divisions of time in differ- 
ent countries, as the Roman and Julian 
Calendars used by the Romans, the Gre- 
gorian and Reformed Calendars among the 
moderns. 

CALENDAR MONTH. The name 
given to the months as they stand in the 
almanac. 

CALIBER. The thickness or diameter 
of any thing, particularly of the bore of a 
cannon 

CALIBER COMPASSES. A particular 
instrument used by gunners for measuring 
the diameters of shot, shells, &c. They 
resemble other compasses, except in their 
legs, which are arched, in order that the 


. points may touch the extremities of the 


arch. 





CALICO A kind of cloth made of cot- 
ton, originally made in the East Indies. 
It is so called from Callicut, atown on the 
coast of Malabar, where it was first manu- 
factured. The manufacture of calicoes 
has been successfully introduced into the 
United States. 

CALICO PRINTING. The art of dying 
cotton, linen, and other cloths topically ; 
that is by printing figures here and there 
in different colours, and leaving some parts 
ef the cloth without any figures. 

CALIPH, in the Arabic Knarira, which 
signifies successor A title assured by the 
successors of Mahomet, who reigned in 
Bagdad. 

CALKERS. Persons employed in calk- 
lag vessels; that is, driving oakum and 


other things into the seams of vessels, to 


keep out the water. 
CALL. An artificial pipe made to catch 


se gecteet- 


A ivh 
ee) 


pipe, used in calling the sailors to thek 
duty. — Ra yh 
CALL OF THE HOUSE. In England, 


a parliamentary term for an imperative — 
call or summons sent te every member to 


attend on a particular oceasion. 


CALOMEL. Mercury well pounded with 
sulphur; it is also called a muriate of mer 
cury 

CALORIC A modern term for fire, oz 
that principle which produces the sensation 
of heat, which is supposed to be something 
independent of the body in which it ts 
found. 

CALVARY The name of a cross ip 
Heraldry, as it is borne in coats of arms 
It is so called because it resembles the croes 
on which our Saviour suffered. 

CALVINISM. The doctrines of Cal- 
vin, the Geneva reformer, and his adhe- 
rents, on predestination, reprobation, &c. 

CALUMET. An Indian pipe, which 
was otherwise called the Pipe of Peace, 
because it served the bearer as a pass or 
safe conduct among the neighbouring tribes 
of Indians. {It was very similar to.the ca- 
duceus, or Mereury’s wand, of the an- 
cients. . 

CALX. A fine powder remaining aftey 
the calcination of metals and other mine- 
ral substances ; also another name for lime. 

CALYCIFLORA. The sixteenth nat- 
ural order of plants in the Linnean system, 
eomprehending those plants whica have 
only a calyx, in which the stamina ars in 
serted. 

CALYPTRA. The tender skin in sroases 
that loosely covers the top of the theca, 
like a cup. 

CALYX. A general name for the cup 
of a flower, or that part of a plant which 
surrounds and supports the other parts of 
a flower. 

CAMBERED. A sea term, applied toa 
deck, the flooring of which is highest in the 
middle. 

CAMBRIC. A sort of very fine white 
linen, made of flax. Fabrics of cotton 
made in imitation of this are also called 
cambric. 

CAMEL. A well known quadruped, 
remarkable for its swiftness and ite power 
of subsisting for many days without water ~ 
It is mild and gentle, unless particularly 
provoked, patient of hunger, and capabla 
of carrying great burdens. The fissh and 
milk of this animal constitute the principal 
food of the inhabitants of Arab/a and the 
countries of which itis a natave. The Are. — 
bian camel, which is otherwise called a 


dromedary, has but one hunch. the Bactri. i ; ij 
quails; glee 8 sea term for a whistle or ian camel bas two, This latte, mestes ie ‘ 








(: act fa in Ae more tals parts of central 


Asia. The rabian species is generally 
used in the warmer parts of Asia snd Af- 
rica. This animal is borne in coats of 





CAMELOPARD or Ginarrz. A re 
markable animal found only in the middle 
and southern regions of Africa. It is the 
tallest of all animals, being about 17 feet 
high. It feeds on the tops of trees. It is 
very timid but defends itself, when attack- 
ed, by kicking. Itiscapable of putting out 
its tongue to the length of 17 inches, and 
this is so flexible that it may be reduced at 
the point so as rene through a lady’s 





CAMBIUME ae. ea tnone fluid 
which lies between the young wood and 


. the bark of a tree. 


CAMBRIAN. In geology, a term to 
designate the lowest fossiliferous rocks 
9s developed in Wales and their equiva- 
Jents in other countries. 

CAMBO. A sort of onyx stone, having 
various figures upon it ; in Natural History, 
a sort of pellucid gem. © 

CAMERA LUCIDA. An optical instra- 
ment invented by Dr. Hook, ror the pur- 


pose of making the image of any object 
et 7% 


= 
: 





appear on the wall ina light room, ¢ithes 


by day or night. This name has since beer 
applied toan instrument invented by Dr 

Wollaston, for Sane objects in true per 

spective. 

CAMERA OBSCURA. An optical ma- 
chine or apparatus, representing an artificial 
eye, by which the images of external ob- 
jects, received through a double convex 
glass, are shown distinctly, and in their 
native colours 


mal 
on rat ate v 





CAMLET Asort of stufforiginally made 
of camel’s hair and silk mixed, but now of 
wool and silk. 

CAMP. The spot of ground where an 
army rests and intrenches itself. 

CAMPAIGN. The space oftime during 
which an army is kept in the field. 

CAMPANACEZS. One of Linneus’s 
natural order of flowers, including those 
that are bell-shaped, as the campanula, con- 
volvulus, &c. 

CAMPANULA, or Butt Frowgr A 
sort of plants, mostly perennials, and bear- 
ing a bell-shaped flower. 

CAMPHOR. A white concrete crystal- 
line substance, of an acrid bitter taste, and 
@ penetrating smell. It was formerly sup- 
posed to be a resin which was procured 
from a tree, much like a walnut tree 
growing in Borneo, and thence called the 
camphor tree ; but modern chymists con- 
sider it to be a peculiar substance not ta 
be classed either with the oils or the resins. 
It ig procured from the volatile oil of seve- 
ral plants, as rosemary, sage, lavender, 
&e. 

CAN. A drinking vessel; particular.y 
that used by sailors. 

CANAL. An artificial river, provided . 
with locks and sluices, and sustained mr 
banks and mounds. 

CANARY BIRD. A singing bird of 6 
greenish colour, formerly bred in the Cana 
ries, and nowhere else. These birdy sr 
now bred in all parts of Europe and Amert 




















ea, and their coloura are various shadea of 
yoilow and green. 





CANCELLATION (in Law). Expung- 
ing the contents of a deed or instrument, 
by striking two lines through it. 

CANCER, the Cras (in Astronomy). A 
constellation, and the fourtn sign in the 
zodiac, marked thus 25, which the sun en- 
ters on the twenty-first of June, thence 
called the summer solstice. 

CANCER, Tropic or. A small circle 
of the sphere, parallel to the equator, and 












Len Gok NEL as 
a perpendicular direction, as that {t should 
be in the middle of the candle; after this 





ee 


the mould is filled with boilingtallow, and — 


left to cool. Wax candles are made by 
pouring with a ladle melted wax on the 
tops of a number of wicks, tied by the 
neck at equal distances round an fron 
circle suspended directly over a large basin 
of copper tinned, 

CANDLEMAS DAY. The festival ob- 
gerved on the second of February, by Catt- 
olics and Episcopalians, in commemsezation 
of the purification of the Virgin Mary. 

CANDY A preparation of sugar made 
by melting and crystallizing it severaj 
times. 

CANDYTUFT. An annual that is culti- 
vated in gardens, bearing a white or purple 
flower. t 

CANE. A kind of strong Indian reed 
used for walking sticks; also the plant 
which yields the sugar, and grows free.« 
in the East and West Indiss and parts of 
North and South America The skin of 
the sugar cane is soft, and the spongy mat 
ter or pith it contains, very juicy. It isnow 


passing through the beginning of Cancer. | extensively cultivated in Louisiana, and 


CANCER (in Medicine). A hard ulcer- 
ous and exceedingly painful swelling, and 
generally seated in the glandulous part of 
the body. 

CANDLE. A long roll or cylinder made 
of tallow, wax, or spermaceti, in which is 
included a wick of cotton or rush, for the 
purpose of burning. Good tallow is made 
of the fat of sheep and bullocks in equal 
portions. The wick, which is made of 
several threads of cotton twisted together, 
must be fine, sufficiently dry, and properly 
twisted, or otherwise the candle will yield 
an unsteady light. The tallow is prepared 
by ckapping the fat and boiling it in a 
evpper. the scum which is taken from it in 
the touingiscalled greaves, which is made 
into cakes that are sold for fatting poultry. 
Candles are made either by dipping or in 
moulds, the former of which are the com- 
mon candles. When candles are to be 
dipped, the workman holds three of the 
broaches, with the cottons properly spread, 
between his fingers, and dips them into the 
tallow vat, then hangs them to cool, and 
when cooled dips them again and again 
until they are of the required size. The 
mould in which mould-candles are made 
ia mostly of pewter, made to the diameter 
and length of the candle wanted; at the 
extremity of itis the neck, which fs pierced 
fo receive the cotton, one end of which 
eomes out at the neck, and the remainder 
8 placed in the mould in such manner in 


Alabama. 





CANE (in Commerce). A long measure 
of different dimensions in different coun- 
tries, from two to five yards. 

CANIS (in Astronomy). The name of 
two constellations in the southern hemi- 
sphere; namely, Canis Major and Canis 
Minor ; 

CANKER A cancerous affection which 
occurs frequently in fruit trees ; alsoa fun 
gous excrescence in the feet of horves — 

CANNIBAL. A man eatet 

CANNON, A piece of ordnanee, .» 
great gun for a battery, which ts mowsteq 






















the trunnions, or wv, 


en a cartiage : ‘the principal parts of a 


cannon are the muzzle, or mouth, the en- 
trance of the bore or the hollow part which 
receives the charge ; the chase, or the whole 
space from the muzy. - to the trunnions; 
solid cylindrical 
pieces of metal, which project from the 
piece, and by which it is supported on the 
carriage , the vent, which in small firearms 
is called the touchhole, a small hole pierced 
at the end of the bore or chamber, for the 
purpose of priming the piece with powder, 
or to introduce the tube in order, when 
lighted, to set fire to the charge ;. he cham- 
ber, that part of the bore or hollow of the 
piece where the powder is lodged which 
forms the charge; the breech, the solid 
piece behind, the hindermost part of which 
is called the cascabel. That part next to 
the breech is called the reinforce, which 
is made stronger to resist the force of the 
powder. ‘The ornaments of a cannon are 
the muzzle, astragal, and fillets, the chase 
astragal and fillets, the reinforce ring, and 
the breech mouldings ‘The first cannon 
was used in 1304, om the coast of Den- 





eANOE. A little vessel or boat used 
wy the Indians, which is made all of one 
piece, of the trunk of a tree hollowed. 

CANON. A law, or ordnance of the 
ehurch. The Canon Law consists of rules 
drawn from Scripture, from the writings 
of the ancient fathers, from the ordinances 
ef councils, and the decrees of the pope. 

CANON. A dignity in a cathedral 
church. 

CANON OF SCRIPTURE. That body 
of books of the Holy Scripture which serves 
for a rule of faith and practice 

CANONIZATION. The act ofenrolling 
any one among the number of the saints, 
which is the practice of the Romish church, 
and performed by the pope. 

CANOPUS (in Astronomy). <A bright 
star of the first magnitude, in the rudder 
of the ship Argo 

CANTATA. A piece of music for one, 
two, or more voices, chiefly intended fora 


single voice with a thorough bass. 


CANTEEN. A suttling house for both 


"officers ana men : ive 8 emall vesse! ef tin 
io  ' + i> § ; 


plate or Wood, in which saldiers on thely 
murch carry their liquor. 

CANTERBURY-BELL. A fine flower 
much cultivated in gardens. The plant is 
biennial, and the flower is white or blue, 
and of an oblong figure. 

CANTHARIDES, or Spanish Furies 
A species of shining beetle, pow see and 
used for raising blisters. 

CANTON. A division or small parcel 
of a country, such as the cantons of Swit 
zerland. 

CANTON (in Heraldry). An ordinary, 
so called because it occupies but a cantel 
or corner of the escutcheon. 

CANVAS, or CANVASS. The cloth 
on which painters usually draw their pic- 
tures; and also that of which the sails of 
vessels are made. 

CAP. In general, any covering for the 
head ; sometimes of a particular make, as 
a cardinal’s cap. 

CAP. The name of several things simi- 
lar in figure or use, as the cap of a great 
gun, a piece of lead Jaid over the touchhole ; 
the cap in a ship, the square piece of tim- 
ber placed over the head of a mast 

CAP (in Architecture). The uppermvst 
part of any member, as the capital of a 
column, the cornice cf a door, &c¢. 

CAP OF MAINTENANCE (in Deral- 
dry). One of the regalia or ornaments of 
state, carried before the king of Great 
Britain at the coronation and other great 
solemnities. 

CAPE (in Geography). A promontory 
or headjand projecting into the sea farther 
than the rest of the coast, as the Cape of 
Good Hope, Cape St. Vincent, &c. 

CAPELLA. A star of the first magni- 
tude in Auriga. 

CAPER-BUSH. A shrub or tree, the 
bud or flower of which is converted inte 
a pickle called caper. 

CAPILLARY. An epithet for what is 
as fine asahair. Capillary tubes are pipes 
of the fineness of a hair, by which various 
phenomena in physics and hydrostatics are 


displayed. Capillary vessels,in Anatomy, | 


the smallest and extreme parts of the mi- 
nutest ramifications of the veins and arte- 
Ties. 

CAPITAL. The chief or head ofa thing. 

CAPITAL (in Geography). The chief 
town. 

CAPITAL (in Architecture). The up- 
pemest part of a column, serving as the 
head. 

CAPITAL (in Printing). The large let. 
ters, which serve as initials, or in titles 

CAPITAL fin Commerce). The stock 
er fund of a trating vompany 


cagte? feasone® tote 








2 GaP | 
CAPITOL. The building at Washington 


in which Congress meeta = It is beautifully 
situated on a hill and is by far the moat 
splendid edifice in America. 

CAPITULATION. A treaty between 
the besieged and the besiegers of any 
place, whereby the former surrender it, 
and themselves, on.certain conditions. 

CAPIVI. A tree of Brazil, the flower of 
which resembles arose. It grows to the 

height of sixty feet. 

CAPRICORN. A southern constellation, 
and one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, 
which the sun enters on the 2lst of De- 
cember. It is marked thus, Wp. 

CAPRICORN, Troric or. A small cir- 
cle of the sphere, parallel to the equinoctial, 
passing through the beginning of Capricorn 
or the winter solstice, which is the sun’s 
greatest southern declination, namely, 23 
degrees and a half. 

CAPRIOLE. A caper or leap in danc- 
ing, like a goat’s leap. 

CAPSICUM. A plant, native of South 
America, the fruit of which is a pod, and 
the strongest kind of pepper, known by 
the name of Cayenne Pepper. 

CAPSTAN. A large piece of timber 
resembling a windlass, placed behind the 
mainmast. It is a cylinder with levers, 
used to weigh anchors, to hoist up or strike 
dnwn topmasis, &e 





CAPTAIN A commander of a company 
of foot or a troop of horse; and in the 
eaves or merchant service, the commander 
of vessel: also in grammar schools in 
&ngland the head boy of his class. 

CAPTION (in Law). The act of taking 
any person by any judicial process. 

CAPUCHIN. An order of Franciscan 
monks inthe Romishchurch, so called from 
their capuch or hood sewed to their habits. 

CAPUT MORTUUM. The inert resi- 
@uum of any bedy, remaining after all the 


velaiiio hue humid parte have eon ol 
tracted 


by one or two horses. 


CARABINE, or CARBINE. A sort of | 


short gun, between a musket and a pistol, 


having its barrel two feet and a half long. _ 


CARACAL. An animal resembling 2¢ 
Lynx, found in the hot climates of Asia. 

CARACT, or CARAT. The weight of 
24 grains; or one scruple 24 carats make 
oneounce. This is the standard weight by 
which the fineness of gold is distinguished 
If the gold be so fine that, in purifying, it 
loses nothing, or but very little, it is said 
to be gold of 24 carats ; if it lose one carat. 
it is said to be gold of 23 carats. A 

CARAT (in weighing of Diamonds, &c.) 
A weight of four grains. 

CARAVAN. A company of merehants 
or pilgrims in Asia or Africa, who go in 
an organized body through the deserts. 

CARAVANSERA. A large building in 
the East, or an inn for the reception of 
travellers and the caravans. The building 
commonly forms a square, in the middle 
of which is a spacious court, and under 
the arches or piazzas that surround it, 
there runs a bank, raised some feet above 
the ground, where the merchants and tra- 
vellers take up their lodgings, the beasts 
of burden being tied to the foot of the 
bank. 

CARBON. The pure indeluimenie part 
of charcoal, free from all the hydrogen 
and earthy or metallic particles which 
charcoal usually contains. By its union 
with oxygen, it produces two gaseous sub- 


| stances, the first of which was formerly 


called fixed air, now carbonic acid; and 
the second, containing less oxygen, the 
oxide of carbon. 

CARBONATES. Salts formed by the 
combination of carbonic acid with different 
bases, as carbonate of copper, &c. 

CARBUNCLE. A precious stone, of the 
colour of a burning coal. 

CARBURET. A substance formed by 


the combination of carbon with metals. -_ 


CARUASS (in Buildimg). The shell or 


timber work of a house before it ia lathed — 


and plastered, or the floors laid ; in Gun- 
nery, an iron case, filled with combustible 
materials, and discharged from a mortar 
after the manner of a bomb 

CARD, An instrument like a eomh, 
which is used in combing or disentangling 
wool 

CARD OF A COMPASS, The cireuias 





CAR. A small carrago of arden, rawrm iy! 













paper on which the points ef a heuer 1 





are marked. 
CARD, Bee Canme 











CARDIACS Medicines that tend to 
emengthen the hoast. 

CARDINAL. A digaitary ia the Romish 
Chureh, and one of its chief governors, of 
which thereare seventyinnumber They 
constitute a college, by and from whom 
the pope is chesen 

CARDINAL POINTS. The four points 
or divisions of the horizon, namely, the 
north, south, east, and west. 

CARDINAL’S CAP, or Carpinau 
Frowerr. A plant so called because its 
flower, by the intense redness of its colour, 
seems to emulate the scarlet cap of a car- 
dinal 

CARDINAL’S CAP, or HAT. A cap 
or hat of a peculiar form, which is worn 
by cardinals. 





tues of prudence, temperance, justice, and 
fortitude. 

CARDS. Pieces of pasteboard of an 
oblong figure, and different sizes, made 
into pacas of 52 in number, and used by 
way of amusement in different games. 
They are painted with various figures, 
namely, hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs, 
and kings and queens. They are said to 
have been introduced in the fourteenth 
century, to divert Charles VI. king of 
France, who had fallen into.a state of 
melancholy. By the hearts, cours, were 
meant the gens de choeur, choirmen or 
ecciesiastics,insteadof which the Spaniards 
use chalices. The spades, in Spanish espa- 
daz, swords, were intended torepresent the 
nobility, who wore swords or pikes. The 
diamonds, or carreaux,designated the order 
of eitizens or merchants. The trefle, tre- 
foil .eaf or clover grass, was an emblem of 
the husbandman ; this is called clubs with 
us,because the Spaniards have bastes,clubs, 
on their cards. The knaves represent the 
servants of the knights. The four kings 
were intended for David, Alexander, Ce- 
sar, and Charlemagne, who established the 
four great monarchies of the Jews, Greeks, 
Romans, and Franks. The four queens 
were supposed to represent Argine, i. e. 
regina, the queen by descent, Esther, Ju- 
| «Git, ond Pallas. The moulds or blocks ured 








CAR 
for making cards were exactly like these 
which were shortly afterwards used In the 
making of books — 

CAREENING. The heaving a ship oa 
one side, for the purpose of clearing or 
calking the other side. 

CARGO(inCommerce). The merchandise 
and effects that are laden on board a ship 

CARICATURE (From the Italian Can- 
catura). <A distorted way of representing 
objects, so ag to make them appear ridica- 
lous. 

CARIES. A diseage ef the bones ; a kind 
of rottenness. 

CARINA. A keel; the name given by 
Linneus to the lower concave petal of a 
papilionaceous or butterfly-shaped flower, 
as the pea, which resembles the keel of a 
ship in its shape. j 

CARLINE THISTLE. A plant of the 
thistle kind, which is sometimes used me- 
dicinally. 

CARLINGS. Short pieces of timber 
which serve to support and strengthen the 
larger beams in a ship. 

CARMAN. One who is employed in 
carrying goods from the wharfs to tne 
merchant’s warehouses. 

CARMELITES. An order of monks 
who were first founded on Mount Car 
meL 

CARMINATIVES, 
expel wind. 

CARMINE. A dross or powder of a 
deep red colour, procured from cochinea, 
and used for painting in miniature 

CARNATION. A beautiful sort of clove 
pink} having its bright colours equally 
marked all over the flowers. 

CARNATION (in Painting) 
colour. 

CARNIVAL, or CARNAVAL. A sea- 
son of mirth and festivity, particularly ob- 
served by the Italians and generally by 
Catholics from Twelfth Day until Lent. 

CARNIVOROUS. An epithet applied 
to animals that feed on flesh. 

CAROTIDS. Twoarteries in the nec, 
which convey the blood from the aorta to 
the brain 

CARP. A fresh-water fish fitted for 
stocking ponds, az it spawns three times a 
year. 

CARPENTER’S RULE. A tool gene- 
rally used in taking dimensions, and cast- 
ing up the contents of timber and the artifi- 
cer’s work. 

CARPENTRY. The art. of cutting. 
framing, and jeining large pieces of wood 
for the uses of building: it ie subservient 
to architecture, and is divided into Heuss 


Carpentry and Ship Carpeatry Carpen 


Medicines which 


The flesh 














try differs from joining only inasmuch ag 
the work ts coarser, larger, and not so 
curious. 

CARPET. A ort of stuff wrought either 
with the needle or the loom, and used asa 
covering for the floor. Persian and Turk- 
ish carpets are most in esteem. 

CARRIAGE, In general, a vehicle for 
carrying goods and persons; in Gunnery, 
the machine upon which the gun is mount- 
ed ; in Carpentry, the frame of timber-work 
which supports the steps of wooden stairs. 

CARRIERS. All persons carrying goods 
for hire ; also a sort of pigeons that are used 
in conveying letters to a distance. 

CARROT. A fleshy root, cultivated as | 
a garden vegetable. 

CART. A small carriage with two 
wheels, used in husbandry. - 

CART-HORSE. An inferior kind of 
horse, used in husbandry. 

CARTE BLANCHE. A blank paper, 
delivered to a person to be filled up as he 
p.eases ; applied generally in the sense of 
unlimited terms granted to a person. 

CARTEL. An agreement between two 
states at war for the exchange of prison- 
ers. 

CARTILAGE. A part of the animal 
body, harder and drier than a ligament, 
and softer than a bone; its use is to render 
the articulation ofthe bones more easy. 

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES. Those 
having cartilaginous instead of bony skele- 
tons. 

CARTOON. A design made on strong 
paper, to be afterwards calked through, 
and transferred to the fresh plaster of a 
wall to be painted in fresco, such as the 
famous cartoons of Raphael now in the 
palace of Hampton Court, England. 

CARTOUCH. A case of wood holding 
about four hundred musket balls, besides 
iron balls, from six to ten, to be fired out of 
a howitzer 

CARTOUCHES. Biocks or modillions 
ased in the cornices of Wainscoted apart- 
ments ; also ornaments representing a scroll 
of paper. 

CARTRIDGE. A case of paper or parch- 
ment filled with gunpowder, and used in 
the charging of guns 

CARVEL. A small ship or fly-boat. 

CARVING The art of cutting wood 
tmto various forms and figures. 

CARYATIDES (in Architecture). A 
port of columns or pillars shaped like the 
bodies of women, and in the dress of the 
Carian people. They were intended to 
rejcesent the Carian women who were ta- 
ken captives py the Athenians 

Q4BYOPKYLLA.2 A natural order 





t ’ i CAs ‘ ees a ‘ 
of plants, consisting ef such as have pla 
like flowers. ) 

CASH. Ang outside covering whick 
serves to enclose a thing entirely, as pack- 
ing ceases or knife eases ; in Carpentry, the 
case of a door is the wooden frame, in 
which it is hung ; in Printing, it isa frame 
of wood, with numerous sinall partitions 
for the letters. 

CASE (in Grammar). An accident of 
nouns which have different indexiens es 
terminations. 

CASE-HARDENING. A method of 
preparing iron, so as to render its outer 
surface hard, and capable cf resisting any 
edged tool. 

CASE-KNIFE. A large kitchen-knife. 

CASEMENT. A window that opers on 
hinges 

CASE-SHOT. Musket balls, stones 1 
iron, &c put into cases and shot out of 
great guns. 

CASH. Ready money, distinguismed 
from bills. 

CASHEW CURASSOW. A bird about 
the size of a hen turkey found in Jamaica 
and the northern parts of South America. 
(See Curassow.) 

CASHEW-NUT. The fruit of the cas- 
hew, that abounds in Jamaica and Barba- 
does. From this nut is expressed a juice - 
that is made into a pleasant wine 


in 
iy Suto. 
ue SER HES 


add “Sh 


“eu ms 
SR a1F 9 


a 


SQ 





CASHIER. The keeper of the cash a 
money, Which it is his business to receive 
and pay. 

CASIILERS OF TUE BANK Officers 
of the Bank who sign the notes that are 
issued out, 

CASHIERING. A dishonourable dis 
missal of an officer or soldier from the 
fervice 


CASHMERE. A country in. ‘adta 















which een. name to a valuable kind of 
eloth, and costly shawls manufactured 
there from the wool of a species of goat 
peculiar to Thibet. 

CASSAVI. An American tree, bearing 
a bell-shaped flower Its root, when dried 
and ground to flour, was converted into 
pread by the original inhabitants. 

CASSIA FISTULA, or Puppine Pire 
Trex A very large tree, a native of Al- 
exandria and the West Indies, which bears 
a long cylindrical taper or flat pod, divided 
into many cells, in each of which is a hard 
geed lodged ina clammy black substance, 
which is purgative, and is known in medi- 
eine by the name of the Purging Cassia, 
er, simply, Cassia, 

CASSIOPEIA. A northern constella- 
tion. 

CASSIQUE, or CACIQUE. A sove- 
reign lord among the ancient Americans. 

CASSOCK. A vestment worn by cler- 
gymen under their gowns. 

CASSOWARY. A large bird of the os- 
trich kind, found only in Java, and the 
Asiatic Islands. It is second in size omy 
to the Ostrich 

‘CAST. The name of figures or small 
statuvs in bronze. 

CASTE. The name of different tribes 
in Hindostan, of which the Brahmins is 
the most noble. The second is that of the 
soldiers, the third, that of merchants and 
husbandmen, the fourth that of laborers in 
various employments. 

CASTING (among Sculptors). The 
taking of casts or impressions of figures, 


busts, &c.; in a foundery, the running of 


metals into any mould prepared for this 
purpose. 

CASTLE. A fortress or place rendered 
defensible by nature and art. Castles, be- 
ing an emblem of grandeur, are frequently 
eerne in coats of ams. 





CAST IRON. The iron as it is extract- 
ed from the ores by means of casting. 

CASTOR. A soft, grayish yellow sub- 
stance found in the bags of the beaver, 


Yad salt kt axe il wari si apenas 


he, 


\y 


eae e¥ Gy de 8 


near its groin. Ina warm at, the caste 
grows by degrees hard, brittle, and of 
dark colour. 

CAT. A well known animal nearly al 
lied to the tiger, is either domestic or wild. 
The wild or mountain cat, is borne in coats 
of arms as an emblem of liberty, vigilance, 
and forecast. 

The animals of the cat family known in 
North America, are the Congar, vulgarly 
called Panther ; the wild cat, or catamount, 
an animal three times the size of the do- 
mestic cat, and having a stwrt tail ; and the 
Lynx. The domestic cat isa tame variety 
of the European cat. It is not a nzt've of 
this country. 





CAT. A sea term fora ship usually 
employed in the coal trade; also a sort 
of strong tackle for drawing up the an- 
chor; also a military term for a kind of 
shed under which soldiers conceal them 
selves while filling up a ditch or mining a 
wall. 

CATACOMBS. Grottoes orsubterrane- 
ous places for the burial of the dead, fre- 
quently found in Egypt and in Italy. 

CATALOGUE, A list of books or any 
other matters, arranged in order, for pur- 
poses of sale or reference 

CATAMARAN. A sort of floating 
raft originally used in China as a fishing 
boat 

CATARACT. A high, steep place or 
precipice in the channel of a river, caused 
by rocks or other obstacles stopping the 
course of the stream. Niagara is the most 
stupendous cataract in the world. Also a 
disease in the eye, arising from alittle film 
or speck, which swimming in the aqueous 
humour, and getting before the pupil, caus- 
es a dimness of sight or blindness. 

CA'TARRH. A defluxion from the head 
occasioned by cold. 

CAT BIRD. A bird common in the Urs 
ted States of a bluish gray colour whica 
makes a noise very similar to the mewing 
ef acat. It is a pretty good singer; ita 
song consists of imitations of the notes of 
other birds. 

CAT-CALL. A harsh sort of pipe, imsf 
tating the noise of a cat. 


ipl ar aN tat va) 














CATCH (in Music). A short and humo- 
sous song; also a sea term for a swifl- 
sailing vessel. 

CATCH-FLY. A plant much cultivated 
in gardens, having grass-like leaves, and 
a long stalk terminated by a cluster of 
erimson flowers. 

CATECHISM. A short system of in- 
struction in religion, conveyed in question 
and answers. It is frequently applied to 
other subjects. 

“CATECHU. A juice of a very astringent 
quality, pressed from out of several Indian 
fruits. 

CATECHUMENS. A name formerly 
given in the Christian church, to such as 
yrere prepared to receive the ordinance of 
baptism. 

‘CATEGORY (in Logic). A name for the 
predicates or attributes contained under 
any genus, of which Aristotle reckons ten, 
namely, substance, quantity, quality, rela- 
tion, acting, suffering, time, place, situa- 
tion, and habit. 

CATENARY. A curve on a crooked 
line formed by a rope when hanging. 

CATERER. A provider of victuals and 
6ther necessaries in the king’s household, 
ez elsewhere. 

CATERPILLAR. The larva produced 
from the egg, which is transformed first 
into the chrysalis or nymph, and after- 
Warda into the butterfly. 

CATGUT. A name for the strings made 
ef the intestines of sheep or lambs, and 
ysed in musical instruments, &c. 

CATHEADS. Two strong beams of tim- 
ber in a vessel which serve to suspend the 
amchor clear of the bow. 

CATHEDRAL. The episcopal church, 
or @ church where is a bishop’s seat or 
see. 

CATHERINE-WHEEL. A sort of fire- 
works constructed in the form of a wheel, 
which is made to turn round when it ig 
let off. 





CATHERINE-WHEEL (in Architec- 
gure). A large circular ornament in Gothic 
windows. 





tying anwersal ; which the Romish churea Pacis 
assumes to itself as ite title; whence the 


name of Roman Catholics nas been applied, 
since the Reformation, to the followers of 
the Romish doctrine and discipline. 

CATHOLIC KING. The title of the 
king of Spain. 

CATHOLIC PRIEST. A clergyman oy 
priest ordained to say mass and administer 
the sacraments, é&c, according to the rites 
of the Romish Church. 

CATKIN, or Auzrt (in Botaay). A long 
stem thickly covered with scales, under 
which are the flowers and the essential 
parts of the fruit, which is so called from 
its resemblance to acat’s tail. Catkins 
are to be found on the hazel, willow, é&c. 

CAT’S EYE (in Mineralogy). A stone 
of a glistening gray, with a tinge of green, 
yellow, or white. 

CAT’S HEAD. A very large kind of 
apple. 

CAT’S-TAIL GRASS. A kind of reed, 
bearing a spike, like the tail of a cat, 

CATTLE. Horned beasts, that feed in 
pasture, or generally all four-footed bsastsa 
that serve for domestic purposes, including 
horses, horned cattle and sheep. In Eng- 
land horses and cows are called black 
cattle. 

CAVALCADE. A pompous aaiaviae te 
of horses and carriages, &c. 

CAVALIER. A horseman; a person 
mounted on a horse, or expert in horse- 
manship ; in Fortification, a work raised 
within the body of a place, above the 
other works. 

CAVEAR, or CAVIAR. The spawn or 
hard roes of sturgeon, made into cakes, 
aalted and dried in the sun, much used in 
Russia and other parts of the continent. 

CAVERN. A natural cave or hollcw 
place, in a rock or mountain. 

CAVETTO (in Architecture). A con- 
cave moulding, the curvature of whoss 





section does not exeeed the quad o 
CATHOLIC An spithet properly signi- | circle, aa 






t 
- 
f 






~ 










A membrene in the abdomen 
which serves to cover the intestines. — 
CAULIFLOWER The finest sort of 
eabbage, with a seeded head. 
CAUSEWAY, or CAUSEY A path 
raised above the level of the ground, and 
paved with stones or gravel. f 
CAUSTIC CURVE. A curve formed 








: 85 a 





tic declaration made by the ‘ citizens 
every five years before the censors, of 
the names of themselves and family, 
their place of abode, their condition in 
life, and the amount and nature of their 
estate. In modern use, an enumeration 
of the inhabitants of country, That of 
the U.S.is made every ten years. 
CENT. A coin of the United States, 


by the concourse or coincidence of the | whose valucis the hundredth part of a 


rays of light, reflected or refracted from | dollar, 


amy other curve 

CAUSTICS. Medicines which, when 
applied to any part of the body, burn it 
to a hard crust 

CAUTERY Any burning application 


In trade, per cent. denotes a 
certain rate ny the hundred, 
CENTAUR. In mythology, a fabulous 
monster, half man and halfhorse. In’ 
astronomy aconstellation of the south- 
ern hemisphere, Archer in the zodiac. 
CENTRE-BIT. A carpenter’s tool,which 


CAYENNE PEPPER. A powder pre-| makes a cylindrical excavation by turning 


pared from the pods of several species of 
the capsicum, which originally came from 
Cayenne, but is now brought from both 
the Indies. 

CAYMAN. The American alligator. 

C.B. In England, Companion of theBath. 

C. C. Caius College: C. C. C. Corpus 
Christi College. : 

CEDAR. A well known evergreen, very 
ike the juniper in appearance, which de- 
ights in cold mountainous places. The 
eaves are much narrower than those of 
the pine tree. and the seeds are produced 
in large cones. The most celebrated spe- 
cies is that of Lebanon, which is also found 
in Russia and which is introduced by trans- 
planting into various parts of Europe and 
America. 

CEILING. The inside of the roof or 
top of an apartment, in distinction from 
the surface of a floor. 

CELERY. A sort of parsley much used 
in winter salads, 

CELESTIAL GLOBE. An artificial 
representation of the heavens. 

CELL. The apartment or chamber of a 
monk or nun ; also a small close apartment 
inaprison - 

CELLAR. A place, commoniy under 
ground, wt.ich serves as a store-room. 

CELLS (in Anatomy). Bags or bladders 
where fluids are lodged; in Botany, the 
partitions in the husks or pods of plants 
where the seeds are lodged. 

CELLULAR MEMBRANE. One of 
the largest membranes in the human body, 
of a vascular texture, fitted for holding the 


fat. 


CEMENT. A compound of pitch, brick- 
Aust, plaster of Paris, &c. used by chasers 
and other ariificers for making their work 
firm ~ 

CEMETERY. A repository for the dead. 
CENSOR. A magistrate among the Re- 
mans, who valued and taxed men’s estates, 


on an axis or centre 





CENTRE OF GRAVITY. That point 
about which all the parts of a body in any 
situation balance each other. 

CENTRIFUGAL. An epithet for that 
force which causes a body revolving about 
@ centre, or about another body, to recede | 
from it. 

CENTRIPETAL. An epithet for that 
force which causes all bodies to tend to- 
wards some point as a centre. 

CENTURION. A military officer among 
the Romans, who had the command of a 
hundred men. 

CERES (in the Heathen Mythology) 
The daughter of Saturn and Vesta, and 





goddessofcornand fruits She first taught 


and ane pimished any oe ef immorality | men the art ef cultivating the ground 





_ CENSUS. In ancient Rome, an authen- _ A 











OHA 


CEREOLITE. A mineral pnibetatics,’ 
which in appearance and softness re- 
sembles wax. 

CERES. In astronomy, the name of 
one of the asteroid planets, discovered 
in 1801 by Piazzi; its mean distance 
from the sun being 263,740,000 miles, 
and its periodical revolution 4 years, 220 
days. 

CERINE. In chemistry, a substance 
which forms from 70 to 80 per cent. of 
bees’ wax, it is soluble in boiling alcohol. 
Sanam A siliceous oxide of cerium; 

ie a ay PNG 

CBRITHINA, A sub-family of Mollus- 
ca, the Club-shells, of which the Ceri- 
thium, a genus of pectinibranchiate 
Gasteropods, is the type. 

CERIUM. (Latin), a greyish mineral 
found in cerite. 

Cerography. Painting or writing in 
wax. 

CETE. An order of animals in the Lin- 
neen system, including such as have 
breathing apertures on the head, tail hori- 
gzontal, and pectoral fins instead of feet; 
#8 the dolphin, porpoise, and gra:mnpus, &c. 
Cetaceous fish suckle their weaung like land 
animals. ; € 

CHAFF. The husks of corn wher, 
threshed and separated from the grain. 

CHAFFINCH. A bird so called because 
{t delights in eating chaff. It sings very 
prettily. 

CHAFINGDISH _ A utensil for warm- 
ing meat 

CHAGREEN. A rough kindof leather. 

~1AIN (in Surveying). A measure of 
length, made of a certain number of links 
of iron wire, serving to measure a certain 
quantity of ground. Gunter’s Chain con- 
sists of a hundred such links, each measu- 
ring 7.92 inches, and consequently equal 
to 66 feet or 4 poles 1 square chain= 
10,000 links==16 poles 10 square chains 
==100,000 links==160 poles==1 acre. 

CHAIN. A series of rings or links fit- 
tea into one another. Chainsare made of 
va ious metals, sizes, and forms, suited to 
ulfferent purposes. The gold chain is one 
of the badges of dignity worn by the Lord 
Mayer of London 





CHAIN-BOAT A sea term for a large 
boat fitted for getting up mooring chains, 


anchors, é&c. 
CHAIN-SHOT Twe bullets with a 













sheath tistweeh them. They are u 
sea warfa‘e for curting the shrouds era 
rigging of a ship. Sr ae a at 





CHALCEDONY A sort of agate ex, 
onyx stone. 

CIIALDRON. A dry measure, consist 
ing of 36 bushels. 

CHALICE. The communion cup used 
at the sacrament of the eucharist. 

CHALK. A kind of white fossil, of 
which lime is made. It contains.a little 
siliceous earth, and sometimes a small por- 
tionofiron Black chalk, ordrawing slate, 
is a gray or bluish-black mineral, that is 
maasive ; the fracture glimmering and slaty. 

CHALLENGE. In general, a summons 
to fight, whether in a duel, orin a pugilistic 
contest ; in Law, an exception against ju- 
rors made by the party put on his trial. 

CHALYBEATE. Anepithet for waters 
in which iron forms the principal ingredi f 
ent, as the waters of Tunbridge Wells, _ 4 
England. Ballston in the United States. st, 

CHAM. The title of the emperor or 
sovereign of Tartary. 

CHAMASLEON, or CHAMELEON, 

A quadruped of the lizard tribe, that w” 










originally ‘supposed to live on air, put ia 
now known to live on flies, which it catches 
with its tongue. Its most remarkable cha. 
racteristic is. that it assumes the colour of 
the thing to which it js applied, butits nat- 
ural colour inthe shade, and at rest, is said 
to be a bluish gray. 

CHAMBER (in Gunnery). That part 
of a mortar or great gun, as faras the pow- 
der and shot reach when it is loaded. 

CHAMBER (in England). A court, ag 
the Star Chamber ; in Commerce, a room — 
set apart for mercantile business ~ aleo for 4 
keeping treasures and stores, aa tas Cham — 
ber of London, &c¢ 













_ CHAMBER OF A ‘MINE. The place 


; where the powder is confined, that is to be 


used for blowing up the workic 
CHAMBERLAIN (in England). As 
officer who has the care of tiy particular 
ehainber or place, as the Lord Great Cham- 
berlain of England, a great officer of state, 
to whom belongs the government of the 
palace at Westminster; the Chamberlain 
of London, who receivé$ the rents of the 
eity, and deposits them in the chamber or 


. treasury of London. 


CHAMBERS (in England). Rooms or 
apartments be'onging to the inns of court ; 
in Anatomy, two spaces between the crys- 
talline lens and the cornea of the eye, di- 
vided off by the iris. 

CHAMELEON. See CHamz eon. 

CHAMOIS, or, The Witp Goat, which 
Wnhabits he Alpine mountains, having 
aorns erect, round, and smooth. 





CHAMOMILE. An odoriferous plant, 
which has a very bitter taste, but many 
medicinal virtues. 

CHAMPAGNE. A fine French wine, 
so called from Champagne, a former pro- 
vince of France. 

CHAMPION (in Law). The combatant 
who undertook to fight in the trial by bat- 
tel, formerly in use in England. 

CHANCE-MEDLEY (in Law). The 
accidental killing of a man, not without 
the fault of the killer, hes without any evil 
intent. 

CHANCEL. That part of a church be- 
tween the altar and communion table, and 
the railz or balustrade by which itis en- 
elosed. This applies particularly to Cath- 
@lic, and Episcopal Shurches. 

CHANCELLOR (in England). Anoffi- 
cer of state, Known by the title of the Lord 
High Chancellor of England, and the chief 
person next to the sovereign in the admin- 
jatration of justice; the Chancellor of the 
Exchequer is an officer who has the prin 


cipal management of the king’s revenue, 


The term is applied to the first judge of the 
Chancery Court in the state of New York 


—_—_ On eee 





CHANCERY, Tue WotRy or (in ie. 
lard). The highest court of judicature in 
the realm next to the Parliament. The 
Lord Chancellor presides in this court ; and 
is assisted by the “Vice-chancellor, the 
Master of the Rolls, the Masters in Chan- 
cery, &c. 

CUANCES, Docrring or. A branch 
of modern mathematics, which treats of 
the probabilities of certain events taking 
place. 

CIIANNEL. The middle or deepest 
part of any sea; also a strait or narrow sea 
between two lands, as St. George’s Chan- 
nel, between Great Britain and Ireland, 
and the British or English Channel, prop- 
erly called the Channel, between England 
and France. 

CHANTRY. Achapel anciently joined 
to some cathedral or parish, where masg 
used to be said daily for the souls of the 
founders. 

CHAOS.* A dark and rude mass of 
matter, out of which the heathen philogo- 
phers supposed the world was formed 

CHAPEL. In England, a smaller kind 
of church, which, being built for the con- 
venience of the parish church, is denomi 
nated a chapel of ease. 

CHAPERON A hood or cap, particu. 
larly that worn by the knights of the 
garter. 

CHAPLAIN. In England, originally 
signified one who performed divine service 
in a chapel, but now more commonly one 
whoattends upon the king, or other person 
of quality, for the performance of his cleri- 
cal duties in the family The term isalso 
applied to the clergyman attached to the 
navy orarmy. — 

CIIAPLET. A wreath or garland worn 
about the head. Chaplets are borne in 
coats of arms, as trophies or ensigns of 
military prowess. 

CHAPTER. A body of the clergy be- 
longing to a cathedral, collegiate, or con- 
ventual church; also the place of their 
meeting, in England. 

CHARACTER. Any mark which serves 
as a sign to denote some particular object, 
as the astronomical characters, mathemati- 
cal characters, &c. 

CHARADKE. A sort of riddle, the sut- 
ject of which is a word of one or two 
‘syllables. 

CHARCOAL. The substznce from wood 
half burnt, which is much used in the 
manufacture of gunpowder. 

CHARDS OF ARTICHOKES. The 
leaves of artichoke plants bound in straw 
till they lose part of their bitterness, axd 
become white 























t 


 CHARRWOMAN, or CHARWOMAN. 
In England, a woman who goes out by the 
day to job 

CHARGE (in Law). The instructions 
given by the judges to the fury ; in Ecclesi- 
astical Law, the instructions given by a 
bishop to the clergy of his diocess. 

CHARGE (in Gunnery). The quantity 
of powder and ball, or shot, with which a 
gun is loaded ; in Electricity, the accumu- 
lation of electric matter on one surface of 
an electric machine; in Heraldry, whatever 
is borne on coats of arms, 

CHARGE D’AFFATRES. A person in- 
trusted with the public interest in a 
foreign nation. The Charges d’Affaires 
constitute the third or lowest class of 
foreign ministers. 

CHARIOT. An ancient car, in which 
armed men used to ride to battle. They 
were furnished with scythes, hooks, and 


other offensive weapons. 





CHARMS. Incantations or verses used 
by magicians and sorcerers. 

CHARR. A small fish of the salmon kind. 

CHARTER. In England, a writing or 
{atter patent, whereby the king grants pri- 
vileges to towns, corporations, &c. whence 
the name of Magna Charta, or the Great 
Charter of Liberties granted to the people 
of the wholerealm. Inthe United States, 
Charters are granted by the State legisla- 
tures, or by Congress. 

CHARTS. Draughts or descriptions of 
coasts; or, in general, projections of some 
parts of the sea im plans for the use of 
sailors, 

CHARYBDIS A vortex or gulf at the 
entrance of the Sicilian straits, which is 
much celebrated by the ancient writers ; 
but its exact situation is not known in the 
present day. 

CHASSEORS. A select body of light 
‘infantry in the French army 

CHASTE-TREB. A tree growing to 
the height ef elght or ten feet, having the 
leaves fingered like these of hemp. 

CHATEAU.Formerly a castic or baronial 
seat in France, now simply a country seat: 

CHATTELS (in Law) Personal goods. 

GHECKY (in Heraldry). A term for! 


the shield, or any part 0 it, when 
vided into cheques or squares Sa 
CHEEKS. A general name amon 


mechanics for pieces of timber in amy ma- 


chine, which are two of a kind. = ee 
CHEESE. The curd of milk separated — 
from the whey, then pressed and hardened, 
and afterwards left to dry. d 
CHEESECAKES. A sort of cakes made 
of curds, sugar, butter, &c. 
CHEESE-PRESS. A press in which 
the curds are pressed for making cheese. 
CHEESE-VAT. The case in which curds 
are pressed into the form of a cheese 
CHEF-D’GiU VRE. A masterpiece or 
superior performance of any artist. 


CHEMISTRY. In natural philosophy, 
the study of the effects of heat and mix- 
ture, with a view of discovering their 
general and subordinate laws; that 
branch of natural science, as defied by 
Dr. Brande, which inyestigates the 
nature and properties of the elements of 
matter, and their mutual actions and 
combinations. Chemistry determines 
the proportions in which they unite, 
and ascertains the modes of separating 
them when united. It also inquires 
into the laws and powers which pre- 
side over and affect the agencies by 
which material combination or decom- 
position takes place. Organic chem- 


istry is the chemistry of vegetable and 


animal compounds; and Inorganic 
chemistry is that which investigates 
inorganic compounds. In the Atomic 
Theory of chemistry there are certain 
Chemical Symbols and Equivalents 
which have been adopted for the pur- 


pose of expressing by letters and figures — 


the definite proportions in which sub- 
stances chemically combine; and these 
are presentedin a tabular form under 
the article Atomic Theory, to which the 
reader is referred. : 
CHEMISTRY, History of. Chemistry 
as a practical art connected with metal- 
lurgy, or the extraction of metals from 
their ores, was of high antiquity, for we 
learn from Scripture that ‘Tubal Cain, 
the eighth from Adam, was an expert 
artificer in brass and iron. Various 
branches ofthe chemical art, such as 
the preservation of vinous liquors, dye- 
ing, tanning, making glass, and various 
preparations in pharmacy and cooking 
were in use at a very early-period: be- 
sides the famous Egyptian philosopher, 
called by the Greeks Hermes, and the 
Romans Mercury, is reputed to have 
been versed in many chemical arts, and 
to have been the founder of the chemi- 


cal science, at leastin that nation. From © 


the Egyptians, Democritus, a Greek, 
learned the art of softening ivory, of 
vitrifying plants, andimitating precioua 
stones, which 
countrymen. After his time we read of 


many metallic preparations, a3 ceruse 


Le 


he communicated to hig | 























* 











8, Le 
the distillation of mercury from 


se, 
i) 
B 
i 


.cinnabar; but their process of distilla- 


tion consistedin the separation of the 
(air, or the more subtle parts of water, 
from the rest of the matter, which was 
done by putting the matter to be distil- 
led into a vessel, the mouth of which 
was covered with a wet cloth, and by 
this means the steams of the ascending 
vapor were condensed, which were at- 
terwards procured by wringing out the 
cloth. Suchis the distillation spoken 
of by Galen, Oribasius, and Paulus 
Mgineta. After the conquests of the 
Saracens in the seventh and eighth cen: 
turies, chemical researches began to be 
more enlarged. Geber, Avicenna, and 
other Arabian physicians. ntroduced 
into the materia medica many prepara- 
tions both vegetable and mineral; but 
the knowledge of those chemical agents, 
‘the acids and the alkalis, was at that 
jtime exceedingly imperfect, for, except 
jthe acetous acid and soda, there is no 
mention of these matters until many 
years after. Roger Bacon does not ap- 
‘pear to have been acquainted with them 
in the twelfth century, and Raymond 
Lully only hints at the existence of the 
marine acid. 
There was one circumstance at this 
period which contributed more than 
any other to the improvement of chem- 
istry, that was the then growing at- 
‘tachment to the study of alchemy, and 
the search after the philosopher’s stone, 






6, &e. ‘Dioscorides de- 1 





was a contemporary with Paracelsus, 
laid the foundation fora correct knowl. 
edge of metals. Lazarus Ecker, Schul- 
ten, andmany other Germans, described 
the processes of assaying metals. An- 
thony Neri Dr. Merret, and Kunkel, the 
discoverer of the phosphate of urine, 
have explained the processes of making 
‘glass, enamels, &c. but their writings 
werenot entirely free from the alchem- 
icalillusions ot the day. Kircher and 


Conryngius; who followed them, suc- . 


ceeded in purifying the science of chem- 
istry from these errors. Since that time 
chemistry has assumed a new and sys- 
tematic form, to which the writings and 
discoveries of many distinguished men 
in the course of the last two centuries 
have materially contributed, as Bacon, 
Boyle, Newton, Boerhaave, Geoffroy, 
Reaumur, Lavoisier, Stahl, and Berg- 
man. To thislist might be added the 
works of Brande, Ure, Faraday, Laurent, 
Hoffman, and othersin our own time, 
who have digested the improvements 
and corrected or enlarged them by 
| farther experiments. 
CHERVIL. An umbelliferous plant 
| Whose leaves are divided into many seg. 
| Monts. 

CHESS. A very difficult game, perform- 
ed with little round pieces of wood, on a 
board divided into sixty-four squares. 
Each side-has eight men, consisting of a 
king, queen, two knights, two bishops, and 








‘which, though false in principle, yet led | tWe rooks or castles, besides eight pawns 


in its results to a more extensive ac 


or foot soldiers; which ere all moved ac- 


quaintance with the composition of} cording to'certain rules 


mineral bodies. After the introduction 
of this art, which, asits name denotes, 
was of Arabian origin, we read of alcohol 
and the newly discovered menstrua, 
which were powerfully applied to the 
transmutation of metals into gold. Al- 
though the futility of, such pursuits 
served to bring thescience of chemistry 
for some time into dispute, yet the 
knowledge which was acquired of metals 
and minerals by such repeated opera- 
tions upon them, was turned to the 
useful purposes of medicine. To the 
' alchemists we are indebted for the 
methods of preparing spirits of wine, 
aquafortis, volatile alkali, vitriolic acid, 
gunpowder, &c. In the improvement 
of medicine by means of chemistry, 
Basil Valentine stood foremost. In his 
Currus Triumphalis Antimonii, he com- 
municated to the public a number of 
valuable antimonial médicines. Parac- 
elsus, another chemical professor, was 
80 sanguine in the application of his fa- 
yorite science, that he opposed himself 
to the practice of Galen, and endeavored 
to cure all disorders by chemical prep- 
arations. He was followed by Van Hel- 
mont, Glauber, and Lemery, wko ali 
applied their knowledge of chemistry to 
the service of medicine. The science of 


sponding advances, Agricola, who 


it 


metallurgy at the same time made cor-. 


CHESS-BOARD. The board on which 
the game of chesa is played. 





CHESS-ROOK. Another name for the 
casties which stand at the outer corners of 
the chess board. 

CHEST (in Anatomy). The breast, tho- 
rax, or that part of the human body whick 
contains the heart and lungs. 

CHESTNUT. A tree bearing a very 
roughcoated fruit of the same name. Th 
wood was formerly much valued as timbet 
in England, and is now used in the fine. 
kinds of joinery work In the United 
















States it is seldom employed 2xcey as tim- 






ber or fuel. 
CHEVALIER 


‘A lier. 


CHEVAUX DE FRISE (in Fortifica- 
tion). A sort of turnpikes or tournequots, 

* consisting of spars of wood set into a piece 
of timber, and armed with a short spike, 

go 9s to point all ways ‘They serve to 


stop up breaches 





CHEVRON (in Heraldry). One of the 
honourable ordinaries, representing two 
rafters of a house joined together in chief, 
such as carpenters set on the highest part 


af a house to support the root 





CHIARO OBSCURO. See 


UBSCURO. 


OHICWKWEED. An annual. 


UCIILEF (in Heraldry). One 


ourable ordinaries, which occupies the neaa 
or upper part of the escutcheon. 
head is the chief part ef a man, so is the 
chief the principal part of the escutcheon, 
and coutains a third part os the field 


Geereete et 

vw iwv wees 
eoeeeus 
a OOOOR 
e 








CHIEF The head man ofa 


Indians. 


CHILTERN HUNDREDS. A hilly dis- 
trict of Buckingnamshire, England, which 
bas belonged to ae crown from time im- 

‘ * t 


Literally a knight or 
horseman, answering to the English cava- 


tions gave rise to many chivalrous explo 


memorial, having the office : dc 
the Chiltern Hundreds attached to it. B: 


for as no member can retain his sead 
atler accepting an office, so likewise every 
member wishing to vacate his seat is obli 
ged to do it in this manner; that is, in the 
usual phrase, ‘accept the Chiltern Lun 
dreds,’ 

CHIMERA (in the Heathen. Mytholo- 
gy). A monster feigned to be like a licn 
in the forepart, a dragon behind, and 2 
goat in the middle. 

CHIMES OF A CLOCK. A partieulay 
apparatus, by which the clock at certain 
times is enabled to play certain tunes. 

CHIMNEY. That part of a house which, 
bythe means of a funnel, serves to carry 
off thesmoke. Various devices have beer 
tried to prevent the smoking of chimneys, 
as the carrying them up zigzag, or narrowez 
at the top than at the*bottom, and the like, 
which have all been found ineffectual. It 
is now supposed that chimneys should be 
built as nearly perpendicular as possible, 
should be free from all roughness in the 
inside, and be a little wider at the top than 
at the base. 

CHINTZ. A fine Indian painted caliec 
Also cotton goods made elsewhere in imi- 
tation of it, 

CHIP SQUIRREL A_ beautiful little 
striped animal common in the woods of 
North America. 

CHINCHILLA. A beautiful littleanima 
of Peru, probably of the rat kind, which 
produces a fur much in use. 





CHIROMANCY. The pretended art of — 


foretelling a person’s fortune by the linea 
in his hands. 
CHIVALRY. The name anciently given 
to knighthood, a military dignity ; also the 
martial exploits and qualifications of a 


knight. Chivalry, as a military dignity, — 
is supposed by some to have taken its msr 


from the crusades, because these expedi 


the acceptance of this office, any member — 
of parliainent is enabled to vacate his seat; — 


f 















the northern nations who settied in Europe 
on the decline of the Roman. empire, 
whose martial habits and temper led them 
to make -valour and prowess, the only 
sources of honour and distinction. 

CHIVES. A sort of small onions. 

CHLORINE. A gaseous body of a green 
yellow co our. 

CHLORITES. A kind of green jasper, 
almost as pellucid as the coarse eme- 
rald. 

CHOCOLATE (in Commerce) A kind 
of paste, prepared chiefly from the cocoa 
nut, with a mixture of other ingredients 

CHOCOLATE TREE. A species of the 
cocoa tree, from the fruit of which the 
chocolate is prepared 

CHOIR. That part of a cathedral where 
the service is performed. 

CHOKEDAMP (in Mining). The noxi- 
ous air occasionally found at the bottom 
of mines. 

CHOKEPEAR. A very rough tasted 
pear. 

CHOLERA MORBUS. A disease con- 
sisting of a violent perturbation in the 
beily, accompanied with a discharge of 
bile uywards and downwards. 

CHORD (in Geometry). A right line, 
drawn from one part of an arc of a circle 
to another 

CHORDS (in Music) Strings, by the 
vibration of which the sensation of sound 
is excited, 

CHOROGRAPHY. A_ part of geogra- 
phy, which treats of the description of 
particular countries. 

CHORUS. A company of persons all 
singing in concert. 

CHRISM. An unction or anointing of 
children, which was formerly practised as 
soon as they were born 

CHRIST. Which .properly signifies 
anointed, is the name of the ever blessed 
Redeemer of the world. 

CHISTENDOM. The whole Christian 
world. 

CHRISTENING. The ceremony of 
admitting a person into the communion 
of the Christian church, by means of bap- 
tism, or sprinkling with water. It is a 
term particularly applied to infant bap- 
tiam./ 
eTUISTIAN. One who professes the 
Gyo ian religion 
‘S. ISTMAS. A festival observed in 
UYSGhristian church, on the twenty-fifth 
ef tiecember, in commemoration of our 
Sav’pur’s nativity. 

CHROMA. A soft kind of music. 








"and feats of arms; but it is evident that) 
ite origin may be traced much higher, to 


x 





CHRUMATICS. That part of optics, 


which explains the several properties of 
light and colour, 

CHRONICAL. An epithet for diseases 
of long duration. 

CHRONOLOGY. The science which 
teaches the measures and divisions of time 
The divisions of time are either natural o7 
artificial ; the natural divisions of time ars 
the year, month, week, day, and hceur, 
deduced from the motions of the heavenly 
bodies, and suited to the purposes of civil 
life ; the artificial divisions of time are the 
cycle or period, the epoch ad the era 
or epgcha, which have been framed ‘for 
the purposes of history. 

CURONOLOGY, Wisrony or, Chro 
nology, as regards the natural divisions of 
time, wae doubtless coeval withthecreation, 
for we learn from the sacred historian that 
the work of creation was performed within 
the period ofa week, or seven days, whence 
this division was observed by the Hebrews, 
and from them transmitted to the Egyp- 
tians and other nations. But the Persians 
are said to have been ignorant of such a 
division. The Greeks had weeks of ter 
days, and the Romans weeks of eight days. 
It is evident from the names of the days of 
the week among most European nations, 
that we derive this division from the an- 
cient Celts or Scythians, who, in all pro- 
bability, at the dispersion of mankind after 
the deluge, borrowed this patriarchal mode 
of measuring time. ‘The year is that divi- 
sion of time which was regulated by the 
motions of the sun, being that penod of 
time in which the sun passes through the 
signs of the zodiac. This division was 
doubtless formed at the time that astro 
nomical observations were first made; but 
the Egyptians are the first people on record 
who formed this division, which they made 
to consist of 360 days, and subdivided into 
12 months of 30 days each; to these Tris- 
megistus is said to have added five more 
days, The ancient Jewish year was the 
same as the Egyptian; but on their de- 
parture from Egypt they adopted the lunar 
year, consisting of 30 days and 29 days 
alternately, and in order to make it agree 
with the solar year, they sometimes added 
11 or 12 days at the erd of the yezr, ang 
sometimes a whole mcnth after a certain 
nuinber of years. ‘The Greeks also reck- 
oned by the same kind of year. The 
ancient Roman year was also lunar, and 
at first consisted of 10 months of 30 and 
3l days; two months were afterwarda 
added by Numa Pompilius, which con- 
sisted of 29 and 31 days, making in the 
whole 355 days. Julius Cesar first re 












formed the calendar, and adopted the solar 
ear of 365 days in the common year, 
with the addition of a day in every fourth 
year, called Bissextile, or Leap Year; in 
order to adjust the computation to the true 
solar year, it was then reckoned 365 days 
6 hours, but as the true solar year was 
found to be 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 
48 seconds, a farther reformation of this 
calendar has been made on the assumption 
that the solar year consists of 365 days, 
5hours,and 49 minutes. According to this 
computation, which was made by Pope 
Gregory XIII. in 1582, and thence called 
the Gregorian style, an intercalation of one 
day in February should be made every 
fourth year, and that the sixteen hundredth 
year of the Christian @ra, and every fourth 
century hereafter, should be a bissextile or 
leap year. One day consequently is to be 
intercalated in the years 2000, 2400, 2800, 
é&c.; but in the intervening centuries 1700, 
1800, 1900, 2100, &c. it is to be suppressed, 
and they are to be reckoned common. 
Moreover as the equinoxes had fallen back 
ten days and the full moons four days, 
since the Nicene council, a. p. 329, he 
ordained that ten days should be cut off 
after the fourth of October, so that the fifth 
should bethefifteenth Thismodeofreckon- 
ing, which is now introduced in most coun- 
tries of Europe, is called the New Style, 
to distinguish it from tho Old Style, or the 
former reckoning. This is however still 
not perfectly correct, for as the excess of 
the Jutian year, within the space four 
centuries, is three days, one hour, and 
twenty minutes, that of the Gregorian is 
ene hour and twenty minutes within the 
same period, or about a day in 7200 years. 
Besides these alterations in the form and 
length of the year, attempts had been made 
by the Greeks at an early period to adjust 
in their reckonings the lunar year to the 
solar year, for which purpose they hit on 
the device of framing cycles or series of 
years, which being numbered in an orderly 
manner from first to last, should return to 
ehe game point of reckoning from which 
they commenced. The first of these cycles 
was framed by Cleostratus, about 532 years 
pefore Christ. It consisted of eight years, 
er 2922 days, during the course of which 
%$ lunations would elapse of 29 and 30 
Gays alternately, together with three inter- 
ealary months. By this cyele he proposed 
to adjust the lunar to the solar year, so 
flaat at the conclusion of each cycle the 
soon should be renewed, but he failed in 
kis object, for at the end of 16 years 
there was found to be an error of three 
dove, Which in the space of 160 years would 


amount Gu more than a whele mon 

Metonie Cycle, formed by Meton at ' 
commencement of the Peloponnesian war, 
for the purpose of correcting the former, — 


consisted of 19 years, at the end of 
the sun and moon would be in the same 
quarter. This eyele, which was so much 
esteemed by the Greeks as to be called 
the Golden Number, nevertheless failed to 
the amount of eight or ten hours at the 
end of one period, and of three days in 133 
years The cycle of Eudoxus was an im- 
provement on that of Cleostratus, by sab- 
tracting a month of 30 days from a peried 
of 160 years, which was supposed to be 
equal to the difference that would subsist 
at the expiration of that period between the 
solar and the tunar motions. The Calippie 
Period, contrived by Calippus at the new 
moon of the summer B. c. 331, was in- 
tended as an improvement upon that of 
Melin, which it multiplied by four, so as 
to make a period of 76 years, or 27,759 days. 
As 940 lunations are equal to 97,758 days, 
9 hours, 5 minutes, and 9 seconds, which 


is only 40! 29/' 57/'' less than 76 solar 


tropical years, it follows that the lunac 
motion, according to this calculation, did 
not vary more than 14 hours, 13 minutes, 
and 22 seconds, wherefore this period has 
been chogen to form the basis to the modern 
cycle of the moon, which is said to have 
commenced one year before the Christian 
wra. There is also a solar cycle, consist- 
ing of a series of 28 years,‘at the completion 
of which the same order of bissextile and 
dominical letters return, a cycle which 
came ito use in the early ages of Chris- 
tianity ; Lesides the cycle of indiction, or 
aseries of 15 years, introduced in the 


reign of Constantine; the Epacts, or ex- — 


cesses of any solar revolutions above the 
lunar, which were introduced for the pur- 
pose of ascertaining the time when Easter 
ought to be celebrated; the Dionysian 
Period, or series of 532 years, fermed by 
Dionysius. Exiguus, a Roman abbot, by 
multiplying the solar cycle 28 into the lunar 
19, for the purpose of restoring the new 


and full moons to the same day; and 


lastly, the Julian Period, invented by 
Scaliger, and so called because it is adapted 
to the Julian year ; this is a series of years 
formed by the ome aay r of the solar 


Julian years. s 
The application of chrono a 


appears to have been ne idea of y 
events in any exact order of tim 


ro, 





















torians followed no other order than what 
was furnished by the series of events which 
hey narrated. The Roman historian Livy 
defines the periods of the events described 

n his history by the appeintment of con- 
suls, and afterwards the succession of em- 
perors and kings served a similar purpose 
in forming the histories of other European 
nations until a more exact computation of 
time began to be observed. 

CHRONOMETER. An instrument fer 
the exact measurement of time. 

CHRYSALIS. The second state of am 
insect, which it passes into from the cater- 
pillar or reptile form, previous to its be- 
coming a butterfly or a moth, fe 





CHUB. A river fish of the larp kind, 
so called on account of ite great head. 


CHRONOGRAM. An inscription in 
which numeral letters occurring in 
the words are made to express the date 
or epoch of the action mentioned, as in 
the motto ofa medal struck by Gusta 
vus Adolphus in 1632. 

ChristVs DVX; etgo tri1VMph vs. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM. a genus of com- 
posite plants, of which the Ox-eye Daisy 
and Corn Marigold are familiar exam- 


les. 
R CHRYSOBALAN. A genus of tropical 
trees. i 


CHRYSOBERYL. A precious stone, of 
a yellowish-green color. 

CHRYSOCHLORE. A genus of small 
insectivorous mammals, representing 
in Africa the mole of Europe. Its fur 
reflects most brilliant metallic hues of 
% green and gold, a circumstance which 
though common to the outer covering 












than this. 

a CHRYSOGRAPHY, The art of writing 

_* in letters of gold. ; 
CHRYSOLITE. A precious stone, a va- 

riety o1 apatite, of a yellowish or green- 

ish color. 

CHRYSOLOGY. That branch of politi- 
-caleconomy which relates to the pro- 
duction of wealth. 

CHRYSOMELA. A genus of beautiful 
beetles. 


pale green variety of quartz 
_ CHRYSOTYPE. A photograpnic pro- 


of birds, fishes, and insects, has not yet! 
_ been observed in any other quadruped | 


ess, in which asolution of gold is used. 


i re 

y : p 
4 Ve PRL fates 
iste } Y y kA 


_ CHURCH. A place or building conse 
crated to the public worship of God. In 


a restricted sense, a building conse. 
erated to Christian worship and ordin. 
ances; the collective body of Christians, 
sometimes called the Catholic or uni- 
versal church; a particular body of 
Christians, united under one form of 
ecclesiastical government, in one creed, 


and using the same ritual and ceremon- ~ 


ies, the followers of Christ in a particu- 
lar city or province; the body of clergy, 
or ecclesiastics, in distinction from the 
laity; divine service; ecclesiastical au- 
thority. Invisible Church, the collec- 
tive body of saints in heaven andon 
earth. 

CHYLE. In animal physiology, a milky 
fluid generated in the stomach during 
the process of digestion, by the action 
of the pancreatic juice and the bile on 
the chyme, and which being absorbed 
by the lacteal vessels is gradually as- 
similated into blood. 

CHYME. That particular modificatiou 
which food first assumes after it has un, 
dergone the action of the stomach, an& 
which, after the chyle has been separ- 


ated from it, becomes excrementitious: 


matter. 

CIBORIUM, An insulated arched vault 
on four columns; any insulated taber- 
nacle; the tomb ofa martyr, sculptured 
and used as an altar; the coffer contain- 
ing the host in Roman Catholic cere- 


Snonies; a large drinking cup; the 


igyptian bean. 

- CICADA. A genus of hemipterous in- 
ects of many species, living on trees or 
shrubs, popularly called tree-hoppers, 
frog-hoppers,, &c., and in some places, 
erroneously, locusts. 

CICATRICE. A scar; a little seam or 
alevation of flesh remaining after, 
wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; a 
mark; an impression. 

CICATRICLE. The germinating or 
foetal point in the embryo of a seed or 
the yolk of an egg. 

CICELY. A plant, a species of Chero- 
phydlum. The Sweet Cicely is the 
Myrrhis odorata. 

CICERONE. A guide; one who shows 
and explains to strangers the curiosities 
of a place. 

CICINDELA. A genus of coleopterous 
carnivorous insects, popularly called 
the Sparklers, in allusion to their rich 


| metallic colors. 


CHEF-D'HUVRE. A masterpiece 
or superior performance of any artist. 

CHERRY. The well known fruit 
of a tree which was introduced into 
Britain at the time of its invasion by 
the Romans. 

CHERUBIM. An order of angels 


CHRYSOPRASE. A precious stone, a} Composed of various animals, as aman, 


an ox, an eagle, and a lion 


Neos 





Wet 


- GIGONTA. A genns of wading birds | f 
(the storks), the largest of the heron 


amily. 
CILIA. In anatomy, the hairs which 
grow from the margin of the eyelids. 
—In botany, long hairs on plants or 
leaves. 
CILIARY. Belonging to the eye- 
lashes. 
CILIOBRACHIATE. In physiology, 
having the arms provided with cilia, 
more especially applied to a class of 


CILIOGRADES. A tribe of the 
Acalephans. or Sea-nettles, which swim 
by means of cilia. 

CIMBIA. In architecture, a fillet or 
band round the shaft of a column. 

CIMICIDES. An extensive tribe of 
hemipterous insects, of which Oimex 
lectuarius, or common bedbug, is the 
type. 
. CIMMERIAN. Pertaining to the 
Cimmerii, or their country; extremely 
and perpetually dark. ‘he Cimmerii 
were an ancient people of the Jand now 
called the Crimea, and their country 
being subject to heavy fogs, was fabled 
to be involved in deep and continual 
obscurity. Ancient poets also men- 
tion a people of this name who dwelt 
in a valley near Lake Avernus, in 
Italy, which the sun was said never to 


Visit. 

CIMOLITE. In mineralogy, a light 
grey silicate of alumina, from the island 
of Cimolo. 

CINCHONA. A celebrated tree in 
Pern, which produces Peruvian bark, 
and also its extract, quinine, both ex- 
tensively used in medicine. 

CINCHONACEZ. A native order 
of plants, the Rubiacexw of Jussieu and 
other botanists, of which cinchona is 
the type. — 

CINCHONINE. A vegetable alkali 
found in cinchona. 

CINCHONATE. A salt formed of 
cinchonic acid and a base. 

CINERITIOUS. Resembling ashes; 


grey. 

CINGULUM. In zoology, a term 
applied to the neck of a tooth, or that 
constriction which separates the crown 
from the fang. ¢ 

CINNABAR. Inmineralogy, a bean- 
tiful red pigment, the sulphuret of mer- 
cury. Vermilion is pure cinnabar, being 
a compound of mercury and sulphur in 
nearly the same proportion, viz.: mer- 
cury, 8450; sulphur, 14:75: sp. gr. 
6-782. 

_ CINNAMIC ACID. An acid formed 
in translucent prisms from oil of cin- 
namon. 

CINNAMON STONE. A mineral 
of a red color found in Ceylon and 
Brazil. It is composed of silica, alu- 
mina, lime, and oxide of iron. 

CINNYRIDZ. In ornithology, a 


- Polypods. 


are distinguished by their 





plumage: Cin 


nyris is the type an 
enus. | im See y AiNod 


CINQUE-PORTS. 
English ports on the eastern coast, Viz., 
Dover, Sandwich, Hastings, Romney, 
and Hythe, but to these Winchelsea, 
Rye, and Seaford, were afterwards 
added. 

CINQUE-SPOTTED. Having five 


spots. 
CINTER. In architecture, the fram- 


ing erected between piers to support 


the materials of an arch during erec- 
tion, till it is keyed. 

CIPHER. 
acter 0, or zero, which signifies nothing 
by itself, but when placed at the right 
hand of any common. number, increases 
it tenfold, or on the left of a decimal, 
decreases it in like proportion; any 
arithmetical figure; a number; a char- 
acter in general; an+intertexture of 


letters, as the initials of a name; a de- 


vice; an enigmatical character, a secret 
or disguised manner of writing; cer- 


tain characters agreed on by two or 


more persons to stand for letters or 
words, and understood only by them. 
In figurative language, a thing of no 


consequence or importance; a nonen- 


tity. 1 : 
CIPHER-KEY. A key for decipher- 
ing writings. 
CIPHERING. The act or art of 
computing by numbers; arithmetic. . 
CIPOLIN. In mineralogy, a green 
Italian marble, with white zones. That 
from Rome contains carbonate of lime, 
quartz, schist, and alittle iron. 
CIPPUS. In antiquity, asmall monu- 
mental column, bearing an inscription 
or epitaph; a sign-post. 
CIRCAR. In Hindostan, a district 
or province. 


CIRCASSIAN. Pertaining to Cir. 


cassia; a native of Circassia: a kind of 
woollen cloth. 


CIRCEAN. Pertaining to Circe, a — 
fabled goddess of antiquity, celebrated 
for her knowledge of magic and venom- — 
ous herbs, by which she was able to ~ 


fascinate and work her incantations; 
hence, magical, venomous. 


CIRCINAL, OR CIRCINATE. In 
botany, applied to a leaf when Air oN 


rolled up from the apex towar 
base, as in ferns, : 

CIRCINUS. The Compasses,—acon- 
stellation of four stars near the South 


Pole. 
CIRCIUM. In botany, a name of 
the genus Carduus. 


The arithmetical char- 





g . Pi ae 
_CINQUEFOIL. In botany, a five- 
leaved clover; the common name of 
plants of the genus Potentilla—In 
architecture, a five-leaved ornament, in 
circular and other divisions of the 
windows of ancient churches. 


Originally, five i 
















! 


s.the “si 


f 








Rare) 





ome line only, called the circumference, 
aa BC D, to which all the lines drawn to 
it from a point in the middle, called the 
centre, as AB, AC, and A D are equal 
to each other. The line which divides it 
‘nto two equal parts is called the diameter, 
as BD. Every circle is -supposed' to be 
divided into 360 parts or degrees, where- 
fore angles are measured by the are ofa 
circle, thus B A C, which is a right angle, 
ta equal to the arc B C, or 90 degrees. 


Cc 


CIRCUITS. In England, certain divi- 
- sions of the kingdom, through which the 
judges pass once a year, or oftener, to hold 
courts and administer justice. A similar 
division exists in: the United States in re- 
Spect to the national court. 
CIRCULATION (in Anatomy). The 
natural motion of the blood in a Hving an- 
imal, whereby it proceeds fram the heart 
to all parts of the body by the arteries, and 
returns to the heart by the veins. 
CIRCUMFERENCE. The’ curve line 
- which bounds a circle. 
CIRCUMFERENTOR. An instrument 
used by surveyors for taking angles. 
















is CIRCUMFLEX. An accent in Gram- 
‘ “mar, marked in Greek thus (-), in Latin 
thus (*), to regujate the pronunciation. 
CIRCUMLOCUTION. The describing 
a thing by many words, which might be 
_ explained by a few. 
CIRCUMSTANTIAL. An ev thet tn 
law, for evidence drawn indirectly from 
circumstances, as distinguished from posi- 
tive proofs. 
~  CIRCUMVALLATION, or A LINE 
_ OF CIRCUMVALLATION. A trench 








cay Set, Pf) ; hat te ni 
plain figure bounded by. 


clyV 05 


CIRCUS A eircular building at'Rome 
where games were exhibited; it is now 
used to designate a place where feats of 
horsemanship are exhibited In Arehi- 
tecture, an assemblage of houses built a¢ 
as to form a circle, 

CITRIC ACID. The aeid of limes. 

CITRON. A species of the lemon, whieh 
is much cultivated in Persia and the waym 
climates of Europe. 





CITY In England, a corporate town 
having a bishop’s see, and a cathedral 
town. This distinction is not always ob 
served in common discourse, for ‘they say 
the town of Ely, which ts a bishop’s see, 
and the city of Westminster, which at 
present has no see, In the United States 
the term is applied to any incorporated 
town, which has a mayor and aldermen. 
By geographical writers it is loosely appli- 
ed to any large town. 

CIVET CAT. An animal of the weasel 
kind, about two feet tn length exclusive of 
the tail. It is a native of warm climates 
but many of them are kept in Europe, par- 
ticularly in Holland, for the civet This is 
taken from a bag under its tail, and isa 
fat substance, having the smell of musk, 
and used as a perfume. 





CIVILIA 
civil law. 

CIVIL LAW, otherwise callec "iwPesraa 
Law The law of the Roman empire, 


N_ A doctor or professer of the 


vn up quice round a besieger’s samp. ‘ digested from the laws of the republic and 














those of the emperors, and adopted by most 
ofthe nationsof Europe. This law is used 
under certain restrictions in the ecclesias- 
tical courts, England, as also in the univer- 
sity courts and court of the admiralty 
CIVIC CROWN. A garland eomposed 
of oak leaves, which was given toa Roman 
seldter who had saved the life of a citizen. 





CIVIL YEAR. That form of the year 
which each nation has adopted for com- 
puting their time by. The civil year in 


Europe, and America, consists of 365 days | 


for the common year, and 366 days for leap 
year, which happens every fourth year. 

CLARIFICATION. The making any 
1iquid, by a chymical process, clear from 
impurities. 

CLARINET A wind instrument of 
the reed kind. 

CLARO, or Curano Osscuno (in Paint- 
ing). The art of distributing to advantage 
the lights and shadows of a piece. 

CLASS. A term applied to the general 
divisions of any subject, as inthe Linnean 
system, animals, plants, and minerals are 
divided into classes. 

CLASSICAL. A term applied to authors 
ef standard authority, particularly the 
writers among the Greeks and the Romans, 
whose works are comprehended under the 
name of the Classics. 

CLAVICLES. The two channel bones 
which fasten the shoulder bones and the 
breast bone. 

CLAY. Asortoffatclammy earth, stiff, 
viscid, and ductile to a great degree. The 
elays are opaque and noncrystallized bo- 
dies, and of dull fracture. They form with 
water a plastic paste, possessing consider- 
ab etenacity, which may be hardened with 
heat, so as to strike fire with steel. The 
Frincipal clays are porce.ain clay, consist- 
ing of siicaand alumina; marl clay, con- 
taining some carbonate of lime, pipe clay, 
requiring a high temperature for fusion; 
and potter’s clay, which is used for coarse 
pottery. 

CLEMATIS. A climbing shrub, other- 
wine culled the Virgin’s Bower, or Wild 


Climbers The sommen sort, | 








bluish flower, is a native of the south ef . yh 


Europe 

CLERGY. A general name for all pe. 
sons in holy orders. 

CLERK (in Law). A clergyman; in 
Commerce, one who keeps a merchanrt’s 
accounts, 

CLIENT. One whoretainsa lawyers te 
mar.age or plead his cause. 

CLIFF or CLEF (in Music). A mark 
set at the beginning of a song, toshow the 
key in whieh the piece is to be performed 

CLIMATES. Spaces upon the surface 
of the terrestrial globe. contained between 
two parallels of latitudes, so far distant 
from each other that the longest day on 
one parallel, differs half an hour, from the 
longest day on the other. It is also used 
to denote the general character of the wea- 
ther and temperature, in any given place. 

OLOAK. An upper loose garment, worn 
over the clothes in cold or rainy weather. 

CLOCK. A machine for measuring time, 
which tells the hour by a stroke upon a 
bell. In order that the clock may be an 
equable measure of the solar day, which is 
unequal, it is usual for clocks and watches 
to go a few minutes faster or slower than 
the sun. 

CLOISTERS. Covered passages, such 
as were formerly attached to cloisters or 
other religious houses. 

CLOTH. Any kind of stuff that is wo- 
ven or manufactured in the loom, whether 
it be made of wool, hemp, or flax. 

CLOTHIER, or CLOTHWORKER 
A manufacturer of cloth. In the Unitea 
States, it is applied exclusively to those 
who dress and colour cloths. 

CLOVE. An Indian spice, the fruit c 





the clove tree, which gre ws in the baa 


islands in the Pacific Ocean 












f 

: 

+ 
be 
" 
M 
‘ie 
iy 
ny 















i" Belgium te 
_ Chili, Australia, India, China, &c.,28,800 | 


_ @8a opaque, drawn o1 sent out of the earth 
_ into the atmosphere. 


When condensed 

imtc water, they fall in rain. 
CLOVE GILLIFLOWER, or CLOVE 

PINK. A finer kind of pink cultivated in 


gardens 

CLOVER. A kind of three leaved grass 
er trefoil; it is much used asa food for cat- 
tle. : ‘ 

CLYSTER. An instrument for the in- 
jection of any fluid into the body. 

©QO. An abbreviation of company. 

AL. In mineralogy, an inflammable 
fossil substance, ot vegetable origin, 
found embedded in strata of different 
thickness. It appears to have been pro- 
duced, in primeval ages, by the long- 
eontinued decomposstion of wood, by 
which 9 atoms of carbonic acid, 3 of 
ecarburetted hydrogen, and 3 of water 
have been separated. The coal of the 
tertiary strata of the earth’s crustis 
Guede! lignite-wood or brown coal. 

geology, the coal formation, coal- 
fields, or coal measures are a series of 
deposits consisting of coal, limestone, 
ironstone, sandstone, and shales of ya- 
rious kinds and thicknesses. 

In America, it was first discovered by 
Father Hennepin, in 1669, on the Illinois 
River where Ottawa now stands. It 
was first used from Virginia, near Rich- 
mond, which for many years supplied 
the whole Atlantic market. The first 


Antharcite was sent to Philadelphia, in 


1803, but was considered of g0 little 
value thatit was used for making side- 
walks. in 1877, we produced over 
21,000,000, tons of this now esteemed 
coal. In 1820, there was produced in 
the United States, of Bituminous and 
Antharcite about 81,600 tons, butin 1877, 
there was produced 50,000,000 tons. This 
tonnage places our Country as the 
second coal producer in the world, 
Great Britain being first, with an out- 
put of 130,000,000 tons in 1877. With 
regard to extent and accessability the 
United States stand foremost among 
nations, and is destined to become at no 
distant day the great fuel producer of 
the world. Wegive below the area of 
the coal fields in various countries. 
AREA OF COAL FIELDS 


ee teen IN SQUARE MILES. 
MVTUGOMSUALOM seas aessiec ss esses ¢s'e192,000 
ADVE SCOLIB ss: belo’ cin as ease wavsiaee<e Lo,000 


PAPER CU MSTICBIN Gyo 6 6)60.0\s a cio ce cie's/s evo. 900 
BUIALIMAD VRS eo sle sic ae s'e's 5. c)c'b ea gee's's 0,000 
PPA Te cis sis ele gd cole bes e vice vidie oceel, G00 
RUEEREIENL Crate en's «tee etd keane c-rdeen% 61,000 
BMMLINAM EL oes Ve pe sees vole be cicy oe ed SUD 
Feta ing -990 


eeeeeeresee 


UUASTER. A vesvel esipioyed in going 


- frem one port to another along the coast. 


COAT. A garment worn commonly 


__- Bppermost; athin covering laid or done | lea ves of trees, &s 
_ 4verany hing, as ewan paint, &c ; in 


Anatomy, the membrancous tover of any 
part of the body, as the coats of the eye, 
the stomach. &c. 

COAT ARMCUR, or Coars er Ans 
Armorial ensigns or bearings, which were 
originally painted on the eoats of arma. 

COATIMOUDI. An animai shaped 
somewhat like a raccoor. with a ‘ong snout 
flexible ike the trunk of ar Elephant 
When asteep it rojle itself into a lump. 

COAT OF MAIL. A piece ef armeus 
made in the form of a shirt, and wrougi 
over with many iron rings. 

COBALT. A mineral of a gray colour, 
consisting of silver and arsenic, which lat- 
ter is obtained from ‘1 in great quantities. 
It has never been found pure in nature, but 
mostly in the state of an exide, or ailsyed 
with other metals, 

COCAO. See Cocoa. 

COCCULUS INDICUS. An Indian 
tree producing a poisonous berry, which is 
one of the deleterious ingredients unlaw- 
fully uaed in the making of beer 

COCHINEAL. Aninsect whieh infests 
different plants, but particularly the opun- 
tia. This insect, when dried, is used in 
dyeing a rich scarlet. There is a red ber- 
ry which growson an American tree, called 
the Coccus Americanus or Ficus Indianus, 
which also yields a beautiful scarlet dye. 

COCHLEA (in Anatomy). The internal 
cavity of the ear, so called from its resem- 
blance to the spiral shape of the cochlea, 
or snail’s sbell. 

COCHLEA (in Mechanics). One ofthe 
five mechanical powers, otherwise called 
ecrew. 

COCK. The male of most birds, partie- 
ularly of the well known domestic fowl in 
a farmyard. 

COCK. The name of a part of several 
instruments, as that part of the lock of a 
musket which sustains the jaws, or pieces 
of iron that receive the flint; alao the 
wrought piece that covers the balance in 
a clock or watch ; ary: the spout which is 
put into beer or water barrela, &e 

COCKCHAFFER, or Trex Berti. A 
mischievous insect, which devours the 






Ore 
Opie MGs 
i 

The grub, whieh is 
oo i and gray, with testaceons head and 


y 

































Aue 


years before it is transformed into the per- 
fect insect. 

COCKATUOG 
img a short tail and a tuft of long feathers 
om the head. It isa native of the Moluc- 
Gas. 
COCKBOAT. A smal! boat belonging 
tea ship, that is-used in rivers. 

COCKET (in England). The office at 
the Customhouse where the goods to be 
exported are entered; also the Custom- 
house seal, or the parchment sealed and 
delivered by officers of the cistoms to mer- 
ehants, as a warrant that their goods are 
eustomed. 

COCK FIGHTING A cruel sport 
eommon in England, which consists in 
pitting twococks against each other, of the 
game breed, and armed with spurs that 
inflict deadly wounds. 

‘COCKING (in Carpentry) 
of securing beams to wallplates 

COCKLE.. A sort of shell fish. 

COCKNEY. Annick name given toone 
who is born and bred in the city of London, 
within the sound of Bow bells. 

COCKPIT. A'place where cocks fight ; 
also an apartment in the treasury in Lon- 
don, where the king’s speech is read before 
the meeting of parliament 

COCKPIT. The place in a ship of war 
where the wounded are dressed by the 
surgeon. 

COCK’S COMB. A fine plant cultivated 
in gardens and hot houses. Some sorts are 
annuals and some perennials. 

COCOA NUT TREE. A tree common 
im Asia and South America, which yields 


A method 


the fruit ewled the cocoa nut. The shell | 





w tae walt ta of & bony substance, contaiL- 
‘ua a kerne) and @ sweet refreshing liauc.. 


leg, remains in the earth three or more 





A species of parrot, hav- 





cal d by the natives, toddy. The 
the shell is used for making chocolate, aad 
from the’ Kernel is extracted an oil. 


COCKSWAIN, vulgarly called Cocu- _ 
son. An officer who has charge of the — 


cockboat 

COCTION. The reducing the aliments 
to chyle ; in Surgery, the reducing morbific 
matter to a healthy state. 

COD. A large fish which mhabits the 
northern seas, and is much esteemed for 
its flesh. The cod fisheries on the banks 
of Newfoundland employ three hundred 
vessels and several thousand men. 

COD FISHER. A_ vessel employed 
in the cod fishery; also the person ein- 
ployed. 

CODEX. A name particularly applied 
to the volume, containing the ancient Ro- 
man or Imperial law. 

CODICIL. A supplement to a will. 

COUDLIN. An apple, so called, because 
it is fittest to be coddied or boiled in 
milk. y 

COFFEE. The fruit of the coffee tree, 
and the drink which is made from it. 

COFFEE ROASTER. An iron utensil, 
in which the coffee is roasted gradually 


over a fire, until it is in a fit state for 


grinding. 

COFFEE TREE. A tree of the jasamine 
kind, which bears a berry Known by the 
game name. The berries grow in clusters 
like cherries. The tree wh’ch is a native 
of Arabia bears tne best coffee, and passe 
under the name of Mecha Coffee is pro- 
duced in the West Indies, South Ameries 
and the Asiatic Islands. 





COFFE. A cheat or trunk; In Mrinex- 


alegy, & trough in whien tin ore is broken 


tc pieces ; in Fortitieation, a trenea cut in 


the hottare af'a dry atk age” 















ae — COFFIN. A case or box for the recep- 


Iding ; a pier ‘dry: 


_ tion of a dead body, that is to be buried ; 


wn the veterinary art, the whole hoof of 4 
_ biorse’s foot above the coronet. 



























} 


COG. The tooth of a wheel. 

COGNIZANCE (in Law). The hearing 
of a thing judicially; also the acknow- 
tedgment of a fine. 

COGNIZANCE OF PLEAS. InEngland 
a privilege granted by the king to a city 
er town to hold pleas of all contracts, &e. 
within the l.berty of the franchise ; in Her- 
aldry, the same as the crest. 

COHESION, or Atrraction or CoHE- 
ston. That power by which the particles 
of bodies are held together: the absolute 
cohesion of bodies, is measured by the furce 
necessary to pull them asunder. 

COHORT. A military body among the 
Romans, consisting of the tenth of a legion, 
or about 6V0 men. 

COIF. A sort of hood or eap for the 
head, formerly worn in England, by ser- 
jeants at law. 

COIL. The ring or circle formed by a 
cable in coiling or winding it. 


COGNOMEN. The iast ot the three 
names (the other two being the pre- 
nomen and the nomen) by which it was 
common for the Romans of good family 
to be designated; a surname; the family 
name. 

COGNOVIT. In law, an acknowledg- 
ment by a defendant that the plaintiff's 
claim is just, and consent thatjudgment 
be entered accordingly.. 

COIR. A material for cordage, consist- 


' ing of the fibres of the cocoa-nut; cord- 


age made of this material. 

COIX. A genus of tr opical East Indian 
grasses, popularly called Job’s tears. 

COIN. Acorner or external angle; a 
wedge; a quoin; money stamped; a 
piece of metal converted into money, by 
impressing on it marks, figures, or char- 
acters; that which serves tor payment. 
Iy archeology, a kind of die cut diagon- 
ally, aiter the manner of a flight ofa 
staircase. Current coin is money legal- 
ly stamped, and circulating in trade. 
Ancient coins are chiefly those of the 


Jews, Greeks, and Romans, which are 


kept in cabinets as curiosities. 
COKE. Fossil coal deprived ofits bit- 


- umen, sulphur, or other extraneous or 


volatile matter, by fire. 
COLCOTHAR. The brown-red oxide of 


bof the acid from sulphate of iron; it is 


" sometimes called crocus martis, and is 
used in polishing. 


COLIN. A bird ofthe partridge kind, 


COLLIQUAMENTUM. In bhiek 


jology, the first rudiments of hnimal 





_ [generation ; an extremely transparent 
uid in an egg, observable after two or, 
three days’ incubation, containing the 
first rudiments of the animal. 

COLLODION. A solution of gun- 
cotton, in a mixture of alcohol and 
ether, used for taking portraits by the 
photoer aphic process. 

COLLUM. In botany, that part ofa 
plant from which the stem and root’ 
proceed.—Among jewellers, the hori- 
zontal face or plane at the bottom of 4 
brilliant. 


COLD. Not only the sensation of cold 
but the state of the body which causes the 
sensation. By some, cold is supposed to he 
a distinct substance, and that when we 
call a body cold, we may be understood te 
signify, that it absorbs caloric or heat from 
other bodies. 

COLEOPTERA. The first order of in. 
sects in the Linnean system, comprehend. 
ing all those with four wings, as the beetle, 
glowworm, ladybird, leather eater, &c. 

COLEWORT, or Kare. A variety of 
the cabbage, which thrives in the winter 
and improves from the action of the frost 
upon it. 

COLIC. A violent pain in the abdomen. 
so called from the colon, the intestine for 
merly supposed to be affected. 

COLLAR. (in Heraldsy). An ornament 
for the neck, worn by Knights, such as the 
collar of the order of the Garter in the sub- 
joined figure 





COLLATERAL (in Law). A term fer 
what is sideways, or not direct, as collateral 
kinsmen, those whoare not descended fram 
one common stock, as the issue of two sons 
who are collateral kinsmen to one another 

COLLATING. (among Book-binders) 


_ iron which remains after the distillation; The examining the whole number of sheets _, 


beronging to a book, in order to see if they 
are all gathered properly. 
i:COLLATION OF A BENEFICE, Ir 


j ound in America, ‘especially in Vir-| England, the bestowing of a benefice by 
4 


the bishon. when he has the right of pat 


MWC SUNY UR SL ep Oh 








Pah Sa fh) wae © 


ronage ; it differs from institution in this, 
that institution into a benefice is perform- 
ed by the bishop at the presentation of 
another who js patron. 

COLLATOR. One who compares copies 
ey manuscripts. 

COLLEAGUE. An associate in the same 
office or magistracy. 

COLLECT. A’short prayer, particularly 
such prayers as are appointed with the 
. episties and gospels, in the public service 
of the Episcopal Church. 

COLLECTION The act of collecting 
or bringing aings together from different 
quarters, as a collection of money for charit- 
able purposes, either at the church doo or 
from house to house; also that which is 
eollected or brought together into an assem- 
blage asacollection of coins, paintings, &c. 

COLLEGE. A corporation or society of 
persons. having certain privileges, and 
founded in England by the king’s license, 
as the College of Physicians, or the Colleges 
in the Universities. in this country, Col- 
leges are incorporated by the legislatures. 
The term is here only applied to literary 
institutions. 

COLLEGIATE. In England, an epithet 
for a church that is endowed, for a soci- 
ety, &c. 

COLLIER. A vessel employed in carry- 
ing coals from one port to another: also 
one who works in the coal mines. 

COLLUSION (in Law). A compact 
between two persons to bring an action one 
against the other, for some fraudulent or 
unlawfu! purpose. 

COLOCYNTHIS, See CoLroquintipa. 

COLOGNE EARTH. A substance used 
by painters, much approaching to amber 
in its structure, and of a deep brown. 

COLON (in Anatomy). The second of 
the three large intestines ; in Grammar, a 
point marked thus (:) to divide a sentence. 

COLONEL. The first in command of a 
regiment. 

COLONNADE. A range of pillars run- 
ming quite round aguilding. 

COLONY. A company of people re- 
moved from one country to another, where 
they form a settlement under the sanction 
ef the government; also the place where 
such a settlement is formed, as the colonies 
belonging to Great Britain in the East and 
West Indies and in North America, &c. 

COLOQUINTIDA. The fruit of the wild 
gourd, brought fromthe Levant. The pulp, 
whieh is light, spongy, and white, is re- 
markable for its intense bitterness, whence 

Rhas the name of the bitter. 

~OLOSSUS. A statue of a prodigious 
size. such as that of the sun ancently in 


the harbour of the island of Rhodes f 
was placed at the entrance of the harbour 


with the right foot standing on one sid 
the land, and the left on the other. 

COLOURS. Were anciently supposed 
to be an inherent property of the coloured 
substance, but they are now considered te 
be the property of ight, the elementary 
rays of which, being propagated to the 
sensorium, affect the mind with the differ- 
ent sensations of colour, according to their 
degrees of refrangibility. 

COLOURS (in Painting). The various 
tints which are produced by the different 
mixture and application of certain drugs 

COLOURS (in Heraldry). The tinctures 
with which the field or any part of the 
escutcheon is distinguished, namely, er, 
yellow ; argent, white ; gules, red ; azure, 
blue ; sable, black ; and vert, green. 

COLOURS, A military term, for the 
banners, flags,and ensigns used in the army 

COLUMN. A cylindrical pillar, which 
serves either for the support or ornament 
of a building. [It consists of a capital, 
which is the top or head ; the shaft, which 


‘is the cylindrical part; and the base, or 


that on which ft rests. Columns are dis- 
tinguished as to their form into the Doric, 
Ionic, Corinthian, Composite, and Tuscan 

COLUMN (in the Military Art), A 
long deep file of troops or baggage. 

COLUMNIFERZ (in Botany). One of 
Linneus’s natural orders, including the 
mallow-like planta 

COLURES (in Astronomy). Two great 
imaginary circles, which intersett one ano 
ther at right angles. 

COMB (in Commerce) An instrument 
to clean, untangle, and dress flax, wool, 


.| hair, &3.; also a sea term, for a little piece 
of timber set under the lower part of the 


beakhead. 

COMBINATION (in Chemistry). The 
intimate union of the particles of diferent 
substances, so as to form a new compound; 
in Mathematics, the alterations or varia- 
tions in all possible ways of quantities, 
letters, sounds, and the like thus, two 
square pieces, each divided diagonally into 
two colours, may be arranged and com- 
bined sixty-four ways. 

COMBUSTIBLES (in Chemistry) All 
substances which have the property of 
uniting with the supporters of combustion 
such as sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, &e 

COMBUSTIBLES (in the Military Art, 
Combustible materials used in offensive o- 
defensive operations. 

COMBUSTION. The decomposition @f 
bodies accompanied with light and heat 


k 


tie > pty 


COMEDY A dramatic representation 




















com 


ef the light, humorous, and pleasant kind, 
particularly intended to ridicule the follies 

ef men. . 

COMET. An opaque, spherical, and solid 
body, like a planet, performing revolutions 
about the sun in elliptical orbits, which 
have the sun in one of the foci. It is 
divided into the nucleus or dense part ; the 
head ; the coma, a faint light surrounding 
the head ; and the tail, which is the long 
train of light by which these bodies are 
distinguished. The comet is sometimes 
borne in coats of arms, when it is said to 
be streaming. ! 

COMMA (in Grammar). A point marked 
thus (,) and put between words and sen- 
tences, 


COMA. In astronomy, the hairy ap- 
pearance that surrounds a comet when 
the earth is between the comet and the 
gun. Comma Berenices is a constella- 
tion of the northern hemisphere, which 
contains forty-threestars. In patholo- 

y, a morbid condition of the brain, at- 
‘ended with the loss of sensation and 
joluntary action. 

COMBRETACEZ. In botany, anatural 
‘rder of exogenous plants, chiefly tropi- 
eal, consisting of trees and shrubs, of 
which Combretum is the type, 


COMMENTARY. An explanation of 
the obscure passages in an author 
COMMERCE. A trafficking or dealing 
with foreign countries, by means of export- 
ing and importing different commoditiee 
COMMERCE, History or. The inter- 
course between different nations for pur- 
poses of commerce, doubtless took place 
soon after the dispersion of mankind, for 
we find it recorded in holy writ that the 
Ishmaelites, who were settled in higher 
parts of Arabia, carried on a trade with 
Egypt in spices, balm, and myrrh, and 
that in one of their journeys Joseph was 
sold to them by his brethren. As the 
commodities in which they dealt, as gums 
and sweet scented woods, which were to 
be procured only from the East Indies, 
there is no doubt that these people and the 
Egyptians were among the firat who made 
distant voyages and travels in the way of 
trade. They were succeeded by the Pha- 
nicians, an adventurous people who were 
the first that raised any naval power that 
makes any figure in history. By their 
enterprise and industry they became a 
“wealthy and luxurious people, and their 
two cities, Tyre and Sidon, became the 
- emporiums of the universe. In the time 
_ ef David and Solomon we find the Jewish 
_ nation availed themselves of the assistance 
of this people in equipping their flee... 
‘Afar the Rocsrnasice a old ‘Tyre, a Rew 
1 4 y 





= 






| cOM 1¢1 
eily arose cut ef the ruins, which rivalled 
the other in wealth, industry, and com- 
merce ; and while in her glory she planted 
the colony of Carthage, on the coast ef 
Africa, which from the convenience of her 
situation and the industry of her inhabit. 
ants, rose to an extraordinary pitch of 
prosperity. The Carthaginians made them- 
selves masters of Spain, and of the islands - 
of Sicily and Sardinia, discovered the 
greatest part of the coast of Africa and the 
Canary Islands, traded with Britain by 
the route of the Scilly Islands, and are 
supposed to have made their way even to 
America. In the mean time Egypt, undex 
the Ptotemies, also attained a high degree 
of grandeurand afiluence. Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus in particular, by encouraging trade, 
made his people rich and himself power- 
ful. Such was the greatness of Alexandria 
alone, that the produce of the custome fell 
little short of two millions annually. Under 
the Romans commerce was encouraged in 
every part of the world where they had 
any influence, as may be learned not only 
from historians but also from various medals 
and inscriptions, showing that every con- 
siderable city had several colleges or trading 
companies. 

On the decline of the empire, commerce 
was, owing to the unsettled state of al 
Europe, and the constant irruption of the 
barbarous tribes, almost atastand. About 
this period it happened that some straggling 
people, either forced ty necessity or lea 
by inclination, took their abode in a few 
scattered islands that lay near the coast of 
Italy, and as these islands were separated 
from each other by narrow channels, full 
of shallows, that prevented strangers from 
navigating, the inhabitants found them- 
selves protected from all hostile inroads, 
and in the midst of this security they fol- 
lowed their pursuits with so much industry 
and success, that these once insignificant 
islands rose in the space of two centuries, 
that is from the sixth to the eighth century, 
into a great city and a powerful republic 
Such was the humble origin of the once 
potent state of Venice, which by degrees 
acquired an extent of commerce and a naval 
power that had not for a length of time any 
rival. She drew to herself the profits ef 
the Indian trade, and by availing herself of 
every favourable conjuncture, she not only 
monopolized the trade of all Italy, but of 


‘all the countri sin subjection to the Maho- 


metans ; but as other countries in Europe 
began to enlarge their commerce, Venice 
lost the monopoly, and thia combining with 
her own immoderate ambition, caused the 


decay of her trade and the decline of beg 















‘COMMERCE. 


power From the league of Cambray, which 


Europe, Venice may be said to have ceased 


to hold the first rank as a commercial state. 


The origin of the proud city of Genoa, 
as it was called, was very similar to that 
of Venice Like Venice, she rose from an 
assemblage of fugitives and adventurers on 
the rocky, barren, and inhospitable shores 
of Liguria; and like her she gained, by the 
industry and perseverance of her inhabit- 
ants, a prodigious extent of commerce. 
Her merchants traded with alJl countries, 
and throve by becoming the carriers from 
one country to another. Her fleets were 
formidable and her conquests numerous, 
but after perpetua) wars with her rival, 
Venice, she waa at length compelled to 
yield the dominion of the sea, and finally 
lost all her consequence. 

In the meantime, the trade of Germany 
was rigingin consequence. Some commer- 
cial cities, confederating together, formed 
& commercial league, Known by the name 
of the Hanseatic League, the object of 
which was, by combining their resources, 
to form a fleet for the protection of their 
trade with other countries. These cities 
not only associated among themselves, but 
also formed alliances with other states, as 
England and France, and had a code of 
laws which were respected and observed, 
under the name of the Lex Mercatoria, - 
for a long time thoughout all Europe. In 
this manner the Hanse Towns acquired a 
considerable share of influence, and were 
respected by all the sovereigns in Europe. 
The kings of France and England granted 
them considerable privileges, exempting 
their vessels in case of shipwreck from all 
demands whatsoever, either on the part of 
the admiralty or of private persons, and 
respecting their flag in times of war. This 
good understanding between them and 
the states of Europe waz considerably in- 
creased by the freedom with which they 
lent their money to different princes in 
time of need, particularly during the cru- 
sgades, when they gave powerful succours 
both in ships as well asin money. This 
confederacy did not, however, always re- 
tain its moderation ; for, as they increased 
in wealth and power, so they grew ambi- 
tious and domineering, and more than once 
they ventured to set themselves up against 
the states of Germany ; in consequence of 
this, the German princes gradually with- 
drew the sities that were subject to them- 
selves from the confederacy, and thus 
effected its dissolution. Tue only cities 
which now retain the name of Hanse 


- was formed against her by the powere of | ind Lubeck , s} 
‘The next important change in the state M 


‘Hansentte teague, are ° Hamburg, ‘Bre 





of European commerce was brought about 
in Portugal and Spain, by means of the 
discoveries which took place in the fifteenth 
and subsequent centuries. ‘To the spirit 
and enterprise of Emanuel, King of Pcr- 
tugal, we are indebted for the discovery cf 
the Cape of Good Hope, which was effected 
by Vasco de Gama, in 1498, and by open- 
ing anew way to the Indies atforded to 
the Portuguese an opportunity of making 
conquests and settlements which secured 
to them the commerce of India, which the 
Venetians had hitherto enjoyed through the 
medium of the Arabians. The discovery 





of America by Columbus, which followed - 


quickly after, paved the way for a still 
greater extension of mercantile enterprise, 
which, though at first enjoyed only by the 
Portdmusin and Spaniards, was at length 
shared by other states. The Dutch, an 
enterprising people, were the first who 
wrested from the Spaniards a portion of 
their conquered possessions, *ud made so 
good a use of the advantages they gained 
as to become one of the greatest trading 
people in Europe. By the help of increas 
ing wealth, they converted: their little 
fishing villages into large and populous 
cities and towns. Although their country 
was far from being fertile, and tleir native 
commodities few ornone, yet by commerce 
they succeeded in filling their storehouses 
with all the productions and manufactures 
of the world. 

Having given this general sketch of com- 
merce from its earliest beginnings, we must 
not close this account without making men- 
tion of the commerce of England, which, 
though among the last to avail itself of thia 
source of wealth and aggrandizement, has 
by slow and gradual steps raised its com- 
merce to a pitch which has never been 
surpassed by any nation. It appears that 
a commercial intercourse with Britain was 
begun at a very early period, and that the 


Phenicians and Carthaginians traded with — 
this island for the tin of Cornwall, but it ig 
probable that the native Britons did not for* 


many ages take any active part in this 
traffic, or make any attempt to share in the 
advantages of commerce beyond the giving 
their commodities to such as wished to trade 
with them. They had nothing better than: 


leather or wicker boats, which were too — 


slight to enable them to leave-thelr shores, _ 
even so ag to cross the Channel. 

The Saxons made considerable endea- 
vours to extend their intercourse with 


Tewus, and some other vestiges of the ieipldn ars aera rs in the time af * 


ee 





















if 





the cor ait po sible far 


also for the eake of procuring informution. 

After the Conquest, the English princes 

were for a Jong time too much engaged in 
political and military concerns to turn their 
attention to this subject, and little was done 
beyond that of giving encouragement to 
foreigners to settle in England, or to have 
dealings with the people. One provision 
of Magna Charta held forth indemnity and 
protection to foreign merchants in the pas- 
gage to and fro, as also during their stay 
in the country. 

Safe conducts were afterwards given to 
the English going abroad, which afforded 
thein the opportunity of carrying on a traf- 
fie tor their commodities with foreign na- 
tions. In consequence we find that staples 
or markets were established both in’ Eng- 
land and on the continent, where English 
wool, lead, and other productions were 
bought and sold; and as encouragement 
was given to the Hanseatic League, a tra- 
ding company was in consequence formed 
) _ in the reign of Edward I. first called the 
ei Company of Merchants trading to Calais, 
| &c., afterwards the Merchant Adventurers 
jof England, or the Company of Merchant 

Adventurers trading gto Hamburg. This 
company, which ts the first of the kind in 
-England, was incorporated by Edward lI. 
in 1296. In the reign of Edward ILI. com- 
merce and manufactures both met with 
considerable encouragement, but the inter- 
course of foreigners with England was now 
more encouraged than that of Englishmen 
with foreign nations. In consequence the 
staple or mart was confined to certain 
towns, where, by the statute of the staple 
as it was cailed, it was ordained that for- 
My eigners might resort for the purchase of 
English commodities, but Englishmen were 
___ prohibited under great penalties from ex- 
-__— porting any themseives. A number of 
other laws were made for the establishment 
and government of the staple, which form- 
a ed that branch of the English law since 
_ known by the name of the Law-Merchant. 
For the encouragement of manufactures, 
protection was given to clothinakers te 
come from foreign parts and reside here. 
In the reign of Edward VI. the principle 
of confining commerce within the limit of 
the country was, in consequence of the 
' racent discoveries,somewhataltered. An 
e intercourse with Russia was commenced 
ens means of some English adventurers, 


Ce ee ne Rigen ee et 
















; ‘came to the port of Archesigel: where 
Vv rere well reesived by the Muscovites, 


a. the East for cominercial purposes, as 


whence they afterwards formed 2 company 
aud received a churier to secure to thens- 
selves the trade to Russia. This company. 
was incorporated in the reign of Philip and 
Mary, under the name of the Russia Com 
pany The reign of Elizabeth was stil! 
more favourable to commercial adventures 
ofevery kind. Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh 
and Henry de Clifford, Earl of Cumberland 


distinguished themselves by their voyages 


and discoveries; besides which severa 
fresh companies were formed under the 
auspices of this queen. The Eestland 
Company was incorporated under the tithe 
of the Company of Merchants to the East 

the Turkey or Levant Company was alsi 
incorporated in 1551; but the most impor 

tant of all the companies which had hith 

erto been formed was the East [India Com- 
pany, which was first established by char- 
ter in 1600. In the reign of William ILL. 
anew East India Company was formed, 
which was for atime a rival to the old one 

but in 1708 the two companies were con- 
solidated into one ; since which they have 
experienced considerable vicissitudes, and 
in consequence of the numerous wars in 
which they have been engaged their affairs 
were at one time so reduced that they were 
obliged to apply to the government for as- 
sistance, in consequence of which they 
have lost much of their independence, and 
are necessarily’ subject to more control 
than they were formerly. English com- 
merce continued to increase from the reign 
of Elizabeth till the present, absorbing 
nearly the whole ofthe carrying trade 
of the world. The Unit-d States, com- 
peted successfully with them for a con- 
siderable period, but the close of the 
war in 1864, found nearly the whole 
transatlantic trade in‘ the hands of 
British shipowners. But the immense 
resources of the country and its ready 
recuperative power must ultimately 
assertitself, and eventually command 
the markets of the world, 


COMMISSION (in Law). The warrom, 
or letters patent by which one is authorized 
to exercise jurisdiction ; in Military Affairs, 
the warrant or authority by which one 
holds any post in the army ; in Commerce, 
the order by which any one trafficks or me- 
gotiates for another ; also the per centage 
given to factors and agents for transacting 
the business of others 


COMMITTLE (in a Legislature). A 


certain number of members appointed by 
the house, for th e examination of any mat- 
ter; in general, he or they to whem any 
matter is referred by seme body for Rrther 
examination, 





COMMODITY. Any merehandies or 
Ware which a perton deais or trades tn, 

COMMUDORE. Aa officer in the 
British or American navy, invested with 
the command of a detachment of ships of 
war destined for a particular purpose. 
The Commodore of a convoy is the lead- 
img ship in a fleet of merchantmen. 

COMMAN (in Law). A right or privi- 
lege claimed by more persons in another 
man’s lands, waters, woods, &c. 


COMMONALTY. The common people, 
all classes and conditions of people who 
are below the rank of nobility; tbe bulk 
of mankind. 

COMMON-CARRIER. One who un- 
dertakes for hire to transport goods 
from place to place. 

COMMON-COUNCIL. The council of a 
city or corporate town, empowered to 
make by-laws for the government of the 
citizens. 


COMMON LAW. The law of the realm 
grounded on general customs or immemo- 
rial usage. I[n general the common law 
of England ts common in this country. 

COMMON PLACE BOOK. A sort of 
register, or orderly collection of things 
worthy to be noted in a book 

COMMON PLEAS. One of the king’s 
courts at Westminster Hall, where pleas 
or causes are heard between subject and 
subject Similar courts exist in most of 
the United States 

COMMON PRAYER. The liturgy, or 
public form of prayer prescribed by the 
church of England to be used in all church- 
es and chapels at stated periods. The 
book of common prayer used by episcopa- 
lians in the United States is so altered 
from the English copy as to adapt it to the 
local circumstances of the church. 

COMMONS (in England) In a gene- 
ra] sense, the whole people, as distinguish- 
ed trom the nobility ; in a particular sense, 
the knights and burgesses who represent 
the Commons in parliament, whence the 
hese in which they sit is called the House 
ef Commons 


COMMONS (in Law). See Docrons 
Commons. 
COMMONWEALTH That form of 


governinent in which the administration 
ef public affairs «@ common or open to all 
with few or wo exceptions. [t is distin- 
guished from monarchy or aristocracy 
COMMUNION. A name given to the 
sacrament of the Lord’s supper 
CUMMUNION SERVICE. The effice 
for the administration of the holy sacra- 
fMment im the church of England 
COMMUNION TABLE. The table 


erected atthe ccm gna etceenalen! reand ne 
which the communicants kneel to Par eke 


of the Lord’s supper. 

COMMUTATION (in Law). The ewb 
stitution of one punishment for another. 

COMPANY (in Law). A society eof 
persons forming a corporate body; tn Com- 
merce, @ trading association, in which 
several merchants form a joint stock, with 
which they trade for the common Interest 
of the stockholders, such as theEast India 
and other companies. (See Commence.) 

COMPANY (in Sea Affairs). The whole 
crew of a ship, including the officers 

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. The 
science wh:ch teaches the structure ef the 
body in animals. 

COMPARATIVE DEGREE (in Gram- 
mar), ‘he second degree, as, better 

COMPASS, or the Maniner’s Compass 
An instrument used by mariners to point 
out the course at sea. It consists of a card 
or fly, on which are drawn the several 
points of the compass ; the needle, or mag- 
netic needle, a small bar of steel, which 
has the property of turning one of its ends 
to the north pole ; and the box, which eoa- 
tains the card and needle. 





COMPASSES, or Parr or Compasses 
A mathematical instrument, consisting of 
two sharp pointed branches er legs of irom, 
brass, or steel. 


COMPLEMENT (in- Astronemy) The 
distance of a star from the senith. 


COMPLEMENT (in Miltary Affates) 


The full establishment ef a rogimemt. 





Ais 
a 











’ 
’ 
1 


iy 











Room 
ENT OP AN ARC Gn Ga. 


- the quadrant of a circle ; thus the compie- 


ment of 50° s 40°, and the coinplement of 
40° is 50°. 

COMPOSING. That branch of the art 
of printing which consists in arranging the 
types or letters in such an order, as to fit 
them for the press. This the compositor 
performs, by gathering a letter ata time 
into his composing stick, which when full 
he empties into a frame called a galley. 
Of the several lines arranged in order in 
the galley he makes a page, and of several 
pages he makes a form 





COMPOSING-STICK. 
teal made of iron plate, and consisting of 
tae head, the bottom, .the back, the two 


A compositor’s 


glides, and the two screws. While the 
conzpositor is in the act of composing he 
holds the composing-stick in his left hand, 
placimg the second joint of his thumb over 
the slides of the stick, so as to keep the 
lette: tight and square together, as he pla- 
ces them in the stick. When the compo- 
sing-mick is full, he proceeds to empty it 
into the galley. 





ieee tity: 


COMPOSITZ. One of Linneug’ natu- 
ral orders, comprehending the plants with 
compound flowers, as the dandelion, sun- 
flower, &c. 

COMPOSITION (in Music). A piece 
of music composed according to the rules 
of art. 


COMPOSITION (in Painting). The 


_ ‘putting together the several parts of a 


picture, so as to set of he whole to the 


: best advantage. 


COMPOSITION (in Commerce) An 


“Agivemont entered into between an insol- 


vent debtor and hin credites, by which the 
latter aecapia a partof the debt, ia ceim 
pensation for the whole. 

COMPOSITE NUMBERS. Such num- 
bers as some other numbers besides unite 
will measure, as 12, which is measured by 
2, 3, 4, and 6. 

COMPOSITE ORDER (in Architec- 
ture) One of the five orders of architee 
ture, so called because it is composed of : 
the lonie and Corinthian orders. 






Se a8 


iate: : 4 
Wy AVES TS ar a se eae 








eae domi ee ecaeet roma 


Fit Vays (Us Mon a ymay eke SEA 





COMPOSITOR (among Printers) 
who composes the matter for the press. 

COMPOST, pronounced COMPO (in 
Husbandry). Several sorts of soils or 
earths and other matters mixed together 
in order to make a particularly fine kind 
of mould. 

COMPOUND. A term in betany appli 
ed to a flower consisting of several diatine 
lesser flowers. 

COMPOUND INTEREST. Is that m- 
terest which arises from principal and in- 
terest put together 

COMPOUNDING FELONY, or Tuerz 
Bots (in Law). Where the party robbed 
takes bis goods again of the thief, upon am ~ 
Agcement not to prosecule, 

COMPOUNDING WITH ONE’S 
CREDITORS. Where the debtor, net be 
ing able to pay all his debts, agrees with 
his creditors to pay a part. 

CONCAVE LENS. An _ epithet for 
glasses ground hollow ot the inside, sm ag 
Le reflect on the heRow aide 


He 

















CONCENTRATION (in ohne: 
The act of tnereasing the strength of fluids 
by volatilizing part of their water. 

CONCENTRIC. An epithet for figures 
having one common centre 

CONCERT. A musical performance in 
which any number of practical musicians 
unite in the exercise of their talent. — 

CONCERTO. ~-A piece of music consist- 
ng of several parts that are all to be per- 
. formed together. 

CONCHOLOGY. That branchof natu- 
ral history which treats of testaceous ani- 
mals, or such animals as have a perma- 
nently testaceous covering, which are com- 
prehended under the testacea in the Lin- 
nean system. 

CONCLAVE. Theroomin the Vatican 
at Rome where the cardinals assemble to 
choose a pope ; also the assembly itself. 

CONCORD (in Grammar), That part 
of syntax which treats of the agreement of 
words according to their several inflec- 
tions. 

CONCORD (in Law). An agreement 
between parties who intend toilevy a fine. 

CONCORD (in Music). The union of 
Wo or more sounds in such manner as to 
render them agreeable. 

CONCORDANCE. A sortof dictionary 
of the Bible, in which every word is given 
with references to the book, chapter, and 
verse in which it is to be found. 

CONCORDAT. A treaty or public act 
of agreement, between the pope and any 
prince. 

CONCRETION. The growing together 
of several substances or parts of substances 
into one body. 

CONCRETION (in Surgery). Morbid 
concretions are substances fornied in the 
animal body, as the calculus or stone, &c. 

CONDENSER. A pneumatic engine or 
syringe, whereby an uncommon quantity 
of air may be crowded into a given space. 

CONDITION (in Common Law). A 
restraint annexed to a thing, so that by the 
nonperformance, the party to it shall sus- 
tain loss, amd by the performance receive 
advantage. 

CONDITION (in Ci7il Law), A clause 
ef obligation stipulated, aa an article of a 
treaty or contract. 

CONDUCTOR. A name given to those 
substances which are capable of receiving 
and transmitting electricity. 

CONDUCTOR OF LIGHTNING. A 
pointed metallic rod, contrived by Dr. 
Vranklin, to be fixed to buildings, to secure 
them from the effects of lightning. 

CONDUIT. A pipe for the conveyance 


@f water to any particular part. 


nos 








ican vulture, reeasuring with the wings ox 
tended, from tip to tip, twelve or sixteen — 
feet. It preys on birds, lambs, and kids. 
44 is the largest bird of flight. 





CONE “in Denne A solid figure, 
having a circle for its base, and its top 
terminating in a point or vertex. It is 
produced by the revolution of a right 
angled triangle about its perpendicular le 
called the axis of the cone. 








Ss 


<= 





- 
nm at tm men owesissnasnre 


hb 
a ww ere oe 





Prom 





CONE (in Botany). The fruit of sévera. 
evergreen trees, as of the fir, cedar, cypress, 
so called from its conical shape. It is com- 
posed of woody scales, that are usually 
open, each of which has a seed at the end 


LEREX TaN 
SEA 
rn aN 

SG 





CONF, (in Conchology). Bp poantifii! 
sort of shell, inhabited by the limax. Shella 


of this sort moatly bear‘ he highest price of 









CONFESSION (in Theology). A public 
declaration of one’s faith, or the faith of a 
public body; also a part of the Liturgy, in 
which an acknowledgment of guilt is made 


by the whole congregation. Auricular 
confession, a private confession or acknow- 
ledgment of one’s sins, made by each 
Individual in the Romish church to his 
priest or father confessor. {[t is so called 
because it is made by whispering in his 
ear 

CONFERVACEM. A natural order of 
Algess, or water plants, of which the con- 
ferva is the genus. Confervites are 
‘ossil alge, belonging to the order. 
Sonfervoid is a botanical term applied 
¢o those plants which have the appear- 
ance cfConferve. 

CONFLUENT. In pathology, a term 
applied to those pustules on the skin 
which are so numerous as to form 
patches, the matter of which rens to- 
gether. 


CONFLUENCE. The meeting of two 
: rivers, or the place where they meet. 

k CONGELATION A condensation of 
any fluid by means of cold. 

CONGER, or CONGER EEL. Aneel 
ef an extraordinary size, and extremely 
voracious, which preys on carcasses, and 
other fish. 

AN CONGREGATION (in Ecclesiastical 
Affairs). An assembly of persons who meet 
together for purposes of divine worship ; 

(in Physics) a term for the least degree of 
mixture, in which the parts of the mixed 
_ body do not touch each other in more 

_ than one point. 

CONGRESS. An assembly of envoys, 
commissioners deputies, &c. from different 
courta, who meet to agree on matters of 
_ general interest; also an assembly of the 
- deputies frem the different states in the 
republics of Ameriea. The Congress of 
the United States consists of a Senate and 
: louse of Representatives. Each state 
















'y 40,000 inhabitants 
oda! 







freemen. Senatore are chosen for siz 
years, representatives for two. 

CONGREVE ROCKET. An invention 
so called from the inventor, Sir Willian 
Congreve, by which balls and other com 
bustibles are discharged to an immense 
distance. 





CONIC SECTIONS. Curve lines ané 
plane figures produced by the intersection 
of a plane with a cone. These sections 
are derived from the different directions 
in which the solid cone is cut by a plane 
passing through it; they are the triangle 
circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola 

The doctrine of Conic Seetions, which 
is one of the abstrusest branches of geome- 
try, was particularly cultivated by the an- 
cients. Arisieus is said to have composed 
five books relating to this subject, but they 
have not been handed down to us. The 
most ancient treatise extant is that of 
Apollonius, in eight books, the first four of 
which is said to have been written by 
Euclid, and afterwards perfected by Apol- 
lonius, with the addition of four other 
books. . 

CONIFER, or CONIFERS. An order 
of plants, which, like the fir, pine, and 
cedar, bear cones or tops in. which the 
seeds are contained. 

CONIMA. A very fragrant gum-resin, 
obtained in British Guiana. . 

CONSENSUAL. In physiology, a term 


applied to movements, contrary to, or. 
independent of, the will, which arise’ 


from previous contrary movements, as 
in the contraction of theiris when the 
eye is voluntarily directed upwards; 
excited or caused by sensation. 

CONJUGATE. An epithet denote the 
junction of two lines, as a conjugate axis. 
that which crosses another axis 


CONJUGATING (in Grammar). The 


8 the slave | act of guing through the inflections of 4 





states five slaves are reckoned as three | 











verb according to its several moods, tenses, 


and persons. 

CONJUGATION (in Grammar). The 
mceds, tenses, and persons of a verb 
coupled together in regular order. 

CONJUNCTION. A term in Astronony 
for the meeting of two planets in the same 
degree of the zodiac, which is marked 
thus (£). 

CONJUNCTION (in Grammar). A 
part ef speech which joins words and sen- 
tences. i 

CONNOISSEUR. A person well versed 
im any art or science. 

CONOID (in Geometry). A figure re- 
sembling a cone. 

CONQUEROR. In a general sense, one 
whe haz gained a battle or any thing by 
means of fighting; particularly applied to 
William |. who succeeded to the throne of 
England after having gained the battle of 
Hastings. 

CONSANGUINITY. Kindred by blood 
and birth between persons descended from 
the same common stock. 

CONSCRIPT FATHERS. An _ appel- 
lation for the Roman senators, so called 
because they were enrolled from the eques- 
trian order into the list of senators. 

CONSCRIPTS. Recruits in the French 
umy. 

CONSEQUENCE. That which follows 
frem any principle by way of inference; 
among logicians, the last part or propo- 
sition of an argument, in distinction from 
the antecedents, being something gathered 
from a preceding argument. 

CONSEQUENT (in Geometry). The 
latter of two terms of proportion, in dis- 
tinction from the former, or antecedent. 

CONSIGNMENT. The sending or de- 
livering ever of goods to another person. 

CONSISTORY, or CONSISTORY 
COURT. In England, the session or as- 
sembly of ecclesiastical persons held by the 
bishop or his chancellor. 

CONSONANCE (in Music). An agree- 
mont of two sounds. 

CONSONANT (in Grammar). A letter 
which cannot be sounded by itself without 
the help of a vowel; in Music, an epithet 
for that interval which produces consonant 
eencords, 

CONSTABLE. A civil officer, anciently 
of great dignity, as the lord high constable 
ef England, and also the constables or keep- 
ors of castles, &c.; now an inferior officer 
of justice. 

CONSTELLATION. An assemblage of 
fixed stars, imagined to represent the form 
@{ geome creature or other object, xs @ bear, 


ty! wag 
gt! Me 





a cae ina ine like ; ihewen Soe have 
derived those appellations which are con | 


venient in describing the stars. The divi 
sion of the heavens into constellations is 
very ancient, probably coeval with astre- 
nomy itself. Frequent mention is made 
of them by name in the sacred writings 
as in the book of Job, and in the prophecy 
of Amos. Some of the constellations are 
also mentioned by Homer and Hesiod, 
who flourished above 900 years befure 
Christ; and Aratus, who lived about 977 
years before Christ, professedly treats of 


.| all such as were marked out by the ancients, 


and were afterwards admitted into the 
Almagest of Ptolemy. These were forty- 
eight in number, called the Old Constella- 
tions, to which have since been added 
others, called New Constellations. 
CONSTITUENT (in Law). In England, 


one who by his vote, constitutes or elects 


a member of parliament. The term is also 
applied to voters in the United States. 

CONSTITUENTS (in Physics). The 
elementary parts of any substance. 

CONSTITUTION (in Law). Properly, 
any form of government regularly consti- 
tuted; in a particular sense, the mixed and 
popular form of government in. England, 
consisting of king, lords, and commons, or 
the free constitution of the United States 

CONSTITUTION (in Civil Law). A 
law made by some king or emperor; and 
in the canon law, the same as an ecclesi. 
astical law or canon. 

CONSTITUTION (in Medicine). The 
temperament of the whole body, arising 
from the quality and proportion of the parts 

CONSUL. A chief magistrate among 
the Romans, of which there were twe that 
were elected every year. 

CONSUL An officer commissioned by 


government, to reside in foreign coun- 


tries of any considerable trade, to facilitate 
and despatch business and protect the 
merchants of the nation. 

CONSUMPTION. The wasting and de- 
cay of the body by disease 

CONTEMPT (in Law). A disobedience 
to the rules, orders, er process of a court. 

CONTINENT. The main land, as dis- 
tinguished from the sea. 

CONTORT One of Linnaeus’ dibersh 
orders, including plants with a single 
twisted petal. 

CONTOUR. The outline of a figure. 


CONTRABAND GOODS. Goods pro 


hibited by law to be exported or imported. 


CONTRACT A covenant oragreemers — 


between two or more person, with ola 
fy) consideration or cause 

























CONTRACTION. 


> vv’ es 
. oe ah , 
Ri ¢ 





In general, the di- 
mainishing the exten: or dimensions ef a 


body. 


CONTRACTION (in Surgery). The 
shrinking up of the muscles or arteries. 

CONTRACTION (in Grammar) The 
reducing two syllables into one. 

CONTRACTION (in Arithmetic) The 
shortening of operations. 

CONTRAST (in Painting). The due 
placing the different parts and objects ofa 
figure, that they may be suitably opposed 
to each other. 

CONTRAVALLATION, Ling or. A 
line or trench, cut round a place by the be- 
siegers, to defend themselves against the 
sallies of the garrison. 

CONTRAVENTION (in Law). The in- 
fringement of a contract. 

CONTROLLER (in Law). An overseer 
or officer appointed to control or oversee 
the accounts of other officers. 

CONTUMACY (in Law). A refusal to 
zppear in court when legally summoned. 

CONVALESCENCE. That period be- 
twixt the departure of a disease, and the 
recovery of one’s health. 

CONVENTICLE. A term applied first 
to the little private meetings of the follow- 
ers of John Wickliffe, and afterwards to 
the religious meetings of the Nonconform- 
jats. 

CONVENTION (in Law). Any assem- 
bly of the states of the realm or their depu- 
ties; in military affairs, an agreement 
entered into between two bodies of troops, 
opposed to each other. 

CONVERGING LINES. Lines which 
continually approximate. 

CONVERGING RAYS (in Optics). 
Those rays that issue from divers points of 
an object, and incline towards one another 
until they meet. 

CONVEX. Curved, or protuberant out- 
wards ; as a convex lens, mirror, &¢ 

CONVEYANCE (in Law) A deed or 
instrument by which lands, &c. are con- 
veyed or made over to another. 

CONVEYANCER. One who follows 
the business of conveyancing, or drawing 
up cotrveyances. 

CONVOCATION. In England, an as- 
sembly of the clergy, consisting of an up- 
per and lower house, which meet when the 
parliament meets, to consult on the affairs 
of the church. 

CONVOLVULUS or Binpwerp. A 
Plant so called, because it creeps up and 
twists itself round whatever is near it. 
Bowe few sorts are cultivated in gardens, 
gnd bear « beautiful blue flower. 


which accompany merchantmen in time 

of war, to protect them frem the attack« 
of the enemy ; in military affairs, a detach 
ment of troops employed to guard any sup 
ply of money, ammunition, &c. 

COOK. One who practises the art of 
cookery. The company of cooks in Eng- 
land was incorporated in the fifteenth cem , 
tury 

COOLER. A vessel used by brewers, 
for cooling the beer after it is drawn off. 

COOMB., A measure of corn, containing 
four bushels. 

COOP. A place where fowls are kept 

confined ; also a vessel made of twigs, in 
which fish are caught, and a barrel or ves- 
sel for keeping liquids. 
- COOPER. A maker of tubs, coops, or 
barrels. The company of coopers in Eng- 
land was incorporated in the reign of Hen- 
ry VII. 

COOPERY The art of making tubs or 
barrela with boards bound by hoops. 

COOT. A water fowl, mostly ofa black 
colour,called also a Moon Han. These birds 
frequent lakes and still rivers, where they 
make their nests among the rushes, &c. 
floating on the water, so as to rise and fall 
with it. 





COPAL. An American name for a 
odoriferous gums, but particularly applied 
to a resinous substance imported from 
Guinea. It is hard, shining, transparent, 
and citron coloured. 

COPERNICAN SYSTEM. A particu- 
lar system of the sphere first proposed by 
Pythagoras, and after/ards revived by 
Copernicus, a Polish ag gonomer. Accord- 
ing torthis system the sun is supposed te 
be placed in the cenf e, and all the other 
bodies to revolve rand it in a particular 
order; which not) m ia now universauy 
adopted, under th; name of the Solar Sys- 
tein 

COPING. Tle stone envering on the 


| tep of a wall. 
GONYOY. Axes ane for ships of war | 


COPPER A mete mew t tea ie 








specific gravity, but lighter than gold, 
silver, or lead. It is ene’ of the six primi- 
tive metals. 

COPPERAS. A name given to blue, 
green, and white vitriol: it isa factitious 
sulphate of iron. 

COPPERPLATE. A plate on which 
figures are Uagroven’ also the impression 
which is taken off the piate on paper, by 
means of printing. 

COPPERPLATE PRINTING. The 
process of taking engravings from copper- 
plates, by means of a rolling press, as in 
the subjoined cut. 





COPPERSMITH. An artisan who 
works copper into different utensils. 

COPPICE, or Corsz. A small wood, 
consisting of underwood. 

COPULA (among Logicians). The 

verb that connects any two terms in an 
- affirmative or negative proposition, as, God 
made the world ; made is the copula. 

COPULATIVE (in Grammar). An 
egenhet for such conjunctions as join the 
pense as well as the words; as and, or, 
acc 

COPY (in Law). 
sriginal writing. 

COPY (among Printers). The original 
MS. or the book from which the composi- 
ior sets his page. 

COPYHOLD (in Law). In England,a 
tort of tenure by which. the tenant holds 
his land by copy of court rell of the manor 
at the will of the ord, 

COPYRIGHT (in Law). The exclusive 
wight of printing and publishing copies of 
any literary performance, which is now 
eonfirmed by statute, to authors or their 
publishers, for a certain number of years, 
that is to say, in England for twenty-eight 
years in all cases, whether the author sur- 
wive that period or not ; and to the end of 
the author’s life if he live beyond that pe- 
tiod ; besides, as an action lies to recover 
damaes for- pirating the new corrections 
and additions to an elé work publishers 


The transcript of an 


/and annotations. 





may acquire almost a perpetual interest im 
a work by republishing it with additions = 
In the United States, = 
the copyright law gives to the author, the Ne 
exclusive right to his productions for four gins 
years, with the privilege of renewing it for AYN 

the same period, if he ig living within the 
last six months of the term. 

CORAL. ‘A hard, brittle, talclieoad 
substance, which was formerly supposed mir 
to. be of a vegetable nature, but is now 
found to be composed of a congeries of 
animals, endued with the faculty of 
moving spontaneously. They are distin- 
guished by the form of their branches, 
and are found in the ocean, adhering to 
stones, bones, shells, &c. The islands in 
the South Sea are mostly coral rocks 
covered with earth. The coral fishery is 
particularly followed in the Mediterranean, © 
on the coast of France and Algiers, where 
the red coral most abounds. 

CORBEI.. A shoulder piece jutting out 
in walls to bear up a post. 

CORCLE, or CORCULUM (in Botany). 
The essence of the seed, or the rudiment 
of the future plant. 

CORD OF WOOD. A parcel of fire- 
wood, four feet broad, four feet high, and 
eight feet long. 

CORINTHIAN ORDER (in Architee- 
ture). The noblest and richest of the fives 











orders, so called because columns were 
first made of that propertten at Corinth. 
its capital is adorned with twe rows of 











Haye a VSR, | m whi 
 gaulicoles, forming sixteen volutes. 

_ CORDELIERS In Catholic countries, | 
an order of monks, 30 called because they 


ne 


wear a cord full of knots about their mid- 
dle. 

CORDOVAN. A sort of leather made 
af goat skin at Cordova in Spain. 

CORK TREE. A giandiferous tree of 
the oak kind, having a thick, spongy, and 
soft bark, known by the name of cork. It 
grows abundantly in Italy, Spain and other 
parts in the South of Europe. 

CORMORANT, or CORVORANT. An 
exceedingly voracious bird of the pelican 
tribe. It builds on the highest cliffs hang- 
ing over the sea 





CORN. A general term in England for 
wheat. Sometimes, for all grain of which 
bread is made. In the United States, it 
ig a common term for Indian corn. See 
Maize. f 

CORNEA. One of the coats. the eye, 
which is transparent in the fore part, to 
admit the rays of light. 

CORNELIAN. A precious stone, of a 
flesh colour, of which rings are made. 

CORNET (in Military Affairs). An in- 
strument very similar to a trumpet, which 
is used in the army ; also a commissioned 
officer in a troop of horse or dragoons. 

CORNFLAG. A pliant having a double 
tuberose root, with leaves like the fleur 
de lis, and a flower consisting of one petal, 
shaped like the lily. 

CORNFLOWER. A plant that grows 
wild among the corn. 

CORNICE. Any moulded projection 
that crowns or finishes the part to which 


_ it is affixed, as he cornice of a room, a 


door, &c. 


CORNISH CHOUGH. In Engiaxd, a 


y ‘ port of crow, of a fine blue or purple black 
 solour, with red beak and legs It was 


ch arise little stalks or 


poe { - 


CORNUCOPIA, or THe Honnm oF 
Pienty. Fabled to be the horn which 
Hercules broke off from Achelous’ head. 
It was filled by the nymphs with all manner 
of flowers and fruits, and made the emblem 
of abundance. 

COROLLA. The leafy parts of a flower 
which is marked with divers colours. Eaeh 
leaf or division of the corolla is called a 
petal. 

COROLLARY. A consequerce drawn 


ffom some proposition already proved or 


demonstrated. 

CORONARIAS. One of Linneus? natu- 
ral orders of plants, containing those of the 
libaceous tribe, which are most fitted for 
making garlands. L 

CORONATION. The act or solemnity 
of crowning a king; also the ceremony of 
investing the pope with his sacerdotal en- 
signs and dignity. 

CORONER. An officer whoge particulaz 


| duty it is to make inquisition into the un- 


timely death of any person. 

CORONET (in Heraldrv’ 
crown worn by the nobility, 

CORONET, or CORNET (in Farriery) 
The upper part of a horse’s hoof. 

CORPORAL (in Law). An epithet for 
any thing that belongs to the body, as cor- 
poral punishment, in distinction from a 
fine ; a corporal oath, so called because 
the party taking it, is obliged to lay his 
hand on the Bible. 

CORPORAL (in Military Affairs). A 
rank and file man, with superior pay to a 
common soldier, and with nominal rank 
under a serjeant. 

CORPORATION. A body politic or 
incorporate, so called because the persons 
composing it, are made into one body. 

CORPOSANTO, or CORPOSANT 
Small luminous balls supposed to be elee- 
trical which play about the rigging of 
ships in stormy weather and are regarded 
with superstitious awe, by sailors. 

CORPS. A French term for any body 
of forces forming tke division of a grand 
army. 

CORRECTION (im Printing). The cor 
recting of proof sheets as they come from 
the compositor’s hands, in erder to free 
them from all faults. . 

CORRECTIVES. Medicines which 
serve to correct the qualities of other medi 
cines. 

CORRECTOR. The person appoinred 
in a printing office to correet the proofs as 
they come rough from the compeositer’y 
hands 


reckoned the finest bird of tta kind, end 
therefore borne in coate of anus. 





A smas 

















CORRIDOR (in Fortification). A cavert 
way reund a fortresa; in Arehiteeture, a 
long gallery leading to several chambers. 

CORROSIVES. Saline menstruuma, 
whieh have the property of dissolving bo- 
djee, as burnt aluin, white vitriol. 

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE OF 
MERCURY. An oxymuriate of mercury, 
and an extremely acrid and poisonous 
preparation. 

CORRUPTION OF BLOOD. An in- 
fection growing to the blood, estate, and 
fesue of a man attainted of treason. 

CORSAIR. A pirate or sea roboer, par- 
ticularly on the coast of Barbary. 

CORSLET. An ancient piece of armour 
with which the body was protected. 

CORTES. The states or the assembly of 
the states of Spain and Portugal 

CORTEX. The outer bark of a plant. 

CORUNDUM. A mineral of the sap- 
phire kind, which is found in the East 
Indios, especially in Pegu and the island 
ef Ceylon 

CORUSCATION. A gleam of light issu- 
mg from anything, particularly that which 
is produced by the electrical fluid. 

CORVUS (in Astronomy). A constella- 
tion in the southern hemisphere. 

CORYDALES. One of Linnawus’ natu- 
ral orders of plants, containing those which 
have helmet-shaped fiowers. 

CORYMB (in Botany). A mode of 
flowering, in which the leszer flower stalks 
are produced along the common stalk on 
both sides, rising to the samo height. 





CO-SECANT (in Geometry). The secant 
of an arc, which is the complement of 
another arc to ninety degrees. 

COSMETICS. Preparations which 
whiten and soften tho skin. 

COSMOGRAPHY. The science of de- 
scribing the several parts of the visible 
world. 

COSMOPOLITE. A citizen of the 
wrorid. 

COSS8ACKS. Irregular trops attached 
fo the Rusvian army; a predatory tribe 
which inhabit the banks of the Nieper and 
Don. 

COSTS OF SUIT. The expenses attend- 
ing a law suit, which ure im part recover- 
able from the party whe loses the cause 





eneompasses the seed of atree that ls musk 
cultivated in Central Africa, in the ladies 
and particularly in America. It only flour- 
fishes im warm climates. The cloth 
which i#@ manufactured from this weel 
when spun, is also called cotton 





COTTONGRASS. A perennial of the 
grass tribe, socalled, because its seeds have 
a downy substance attached tothem which 
resembles cotton, and has been used in its 
stead. 

COTTONTHISTLE. An herbaceous 
plant, with a biennial root, which is sc 
called because it has downy leaves. 

COTYLEDONS (in Botany). The lebes 
of the seed, of which there are mostly two 
They are destined to nourish the heart ef 
the seed. 

COUANDO. A species of small South 
American porcupine. 

‘COUCH. Aseat, or small moveable bed 
to lie on. 

COUCH (in Husbandry). A layer er 
heap.of malt or barley. . 

COUCH (in Painting). The ground or 
basis on which the colour lies. 

COUCHGRASS. A _ noxious weed, 
which spreads very fast in arable Jand, and 
chokes every thing else that is sown. 

COUCHING (in Surgery). The removy- 
ing the opaque lens out of the axis of vis- 
ion, so as to restore the sight. 

COVENANT (in Law) An agreement 
or consent of two or more, by deed or 
writing. 

COVERT. A thicket or shady place fer 
deer or other animals. 

COVERT-WAY (in Fortification). A 
space of ground level with the field on the 
edge of the ditch, ranging quite round the 
works. 

COVERTURE (in Law). The state of 
a married woman who ts under the pewet 
and protection of her husband, whenes 
she ia called a feme coverte, 


COPTON A cort of weoler fax, which 











- goveAR. 








—6hERG . 
The largest animal of Amer- 
pon ef the eat kind, and sometimes’ called 
sho American Lion. Ip South America it 
is calied Puma, in North America, Pan- 
ther. It is of an ash colour, and s0 power- 
ful, that it will bear the body of a man up 
& tree. 
COVING (in Architecture). The pro- 
jection in houses beyond the ground plot. 
COUNCIL (in Law). An assembly of 
the different members of any government 
who meet to consult about affairs. In 
Bnugiand that is called the Privy Council 
where’n the king himself and his privy 
counsellors meet, in the King’a court or 
palace to deliberate on affairs of state. 
When the council is composed only of 


cabinet ministers, or the king’s most con- | 


fidential servants, it is called a Cabinet 
Council. 

-COUNCIL (in Ecclesiastical Affairs). 
The same as the synod. 

COUNCIL OF WAR (in Military 

Affairs), An assembly of the cnief officers 

in the army or navy, cailed by the general 
or admiral in particular emergencies, to 
concert measures for their conduct. 

COUNTERFEIT. A fraudulent imita- 
tion of any thing, made so as to pass for 
genuine, as counterfeit coin. 

COUNTERMINE. A mine made by 
the besieged, in order to blow up the mine 
of the besie gers. 

COUNTERSCARP (in Fortification). 
That side of the ditch which is next the 
eamp, and faces the body of the place. 

CCUNTER-TENOR (in Music). One 
of the middle parts, so called because it is, 
as it were opposed to the tenor. 

COUNTINGHOUSE. An office in 
which a merchant transacts his business. 

COUNTRY DANCE (in Music). A 
tively pointed air caiculated for dancing. 

COUNTY. One of the ancient divi- 
sions of England, which by the Saxons 
were called shires ; England is divided in- 
to forty counties or shires, Wales into 
twelve, Scotland into thirty. Each of the 
United States is also divided into coun- 
ties. 

COUP DE MAIN. A sudden unpre- 
meditated attack. 

COUP D’CEIL. The first glance of the 
eye, with which it surveys any object at 
-arge. 

COUP DE SOLEIL. Any disorder 
suddenly preduced by the violent scorch- 
img of the sun. 

COUPLE. A band with which dogs are 
tled together. 

- COUPLE-CLOSE (im Heraldry). An 


eS omjinary, 20 termed from its enelosing the 
a ile \ 4 ¢ 






CRA 


chevrom Wy touples, belng always borne ia 
pairs, one om each aids & chevron. 
COUPLES (im Building), Kafters fra- 
med together in pairs with a tie. 
COUPLET. The division of a kywn, 
ode, or song, Wherein an equal number, e& 
an equal measure of verses is found in each 


part. 

COURANT. An epithet for any besst, 
represented in an escutcheen in a running 
attitude. 

COURSE. A sea term, for that point of 
the horizon or compass for which a ship 
steers. 

COURSE (in Magzonry). A continued 
range ,of bricks or stones of the same 
height. 

COURSE OF EXCHANGE (in Com 
merece). The current price orrate at which 
the coin of one country is exchanged for 
that of another ; which, asit depends upon 
the balance of trade and the political] rela- 
tions which subsist between the two coum 
tries, is always fluctuating. 

COURSER. A race horse. 

COURSING. The pursuing of any beast 
of chase, asthe hare, &e. with greyhounds 

COURT (in Law). In monarchical 
countries, the king’s palace or mansion, 
in common use, the place where justice is 
judicially administered. 

COURTS OF CONSCIENCE, Courts 
for the recovery of small debts. 

COVY. An assemblage of wild fowl, 
particularly partridges, 

COW. The female of the ox kind, 
which is Kept for her milk and her calves, 

COWKEEPER. One who keeps cows 
for the purpose of selling the milk. 

COWPOX. A substitute for the small 
pox. It is taken from the udder of the 
cow, and used in that sort of inoculation 
now known by the name of vaccination. 

COWRY: A teataceous animal, which 
is said to have the power of leaving its 
shell and forming a new one. These ani- 
mals live in sand at the bottom of the sea. 
The shell is used as a coin in India. 

COWSLIP. A plant which grows wild 
in the meadows, and bearsa pretty yellow 
flower. 

C. P. 8. (in England). Custos privati 
sigilli ; 1. e. keeper of the privy seal. 

CR. An ebbreviation for creditor, | 

CRAB (in Astronomy). Cancer, one ef 
the signs of the zodiac. , 

CRAB (in Botany’. A wild apple tree, 
and also the fruit of hat tree. 

CRAB (among Shipwnghts). An engins 
with three claws for launching of ships. 

CRAB’S EYE. A stene found ta the 
craw Geh, resembling an eye, 








ERA 


CRAB. A nort of shell fiah, which every | OnANH.: SR acobiaacwnle ropes, a y a ae 
year cast off thetr old shells, with muck leye, and hoops, for nia a up heavy et a bt 


Pain and Sifficulty. 








CRADLE. A moveable bed for a child. 

CRADLE (with Surgeons). A wooden 
machine to lay a broken leg in after it has 
been set. 

CRADLE (withShipwrights). A frame 





the more convenient launching of her. 





weights. 





CRANIUM The skull, or superior par 
of the head. 
CRANK. A machine resembling an el- 


of timber ra.sed on each side of a ship, for bow, projecting from an axis or spind!s 


also a piece of brass work of a similar 


CRAMP. As,asmodic affection, which | shape, on which the bell wire is fixed, 80 


i ‘ eauses a violent dis.ortion of the muscles, 
nerves, &c. ; also a disease to which hawks 
are subject in their wings. 

CRAMP IRONS. Irons which fasten 
stones in buildings. 

CRANBERRY, In England,a pale red 
berry of a tart taste, the fruit of the cran- 
perry tree. The cranberry of the United 





places. It is of a bright red colour, aud 
makes excellent tarts. 





neck, bill, and legs 


as to move the bell. 

CRAPE. A light transparent spo re- 
sembling gauze 

CRATE. A large case made of open 
bars, in which earthen ware is packed. 

CRATER. The mouth» of a volcano 
from which the fire issues. 

CRAY FISH, or CRAW FISH. A 


States grows on Jow bushes, in marshy | gmall sort of lobster. 


CRAYON. A small pencil of any sort 
of colouring stuff, mage into a paste and 


CRANE. A sort of heron, witha long | dried, 


CREAM OF TARTAR. The common 


white tartar freed from its impurities; a 
salt prepared from the lees of wine. 

CREDIT (in Commerce). A mutual loan 
of merchandises, &c. Letters of Credit, 
letters given by merchants to persons 
whom they can trust to draw money from 
their correspondents. 

CREEK. A small inlet, bay, or cove; 2 
recess in the shore of the sea, or ofa 
river. Creek Indians is the name ap- 
plied to a large tribe of the native in- 
habitants of the United States of Amer- 
ica, who formerly occupied allthe coun- 
tries lying north of lat. 31 deg. 

CREMATION, The burning of the 
dead, according to the custom of many 
ancient nations, 

CREOLE. A native of Spanish Ameri- 
ca or the West Indies, descended from 
Kuropean ancestors. 

CREASOTE, An oily liquid obtained 
CRANESBILL. The English name for from wood-tar, consisting of carbon, 
se geidnbuinl. oxygen, and hydrogen, and so named 


; 3 from it 
CRANIOLOGY. The science which |.1,'8 Property of preserving animal 


professes to discover men’s faculties and CREATIN. A crystallizable substance 
characters, from the external appearances {obtained from muscular fibre. . 


CREMAILLERE. In fortisleatiaty 
ps baudrveua indented zigzag line, a 














- 









_ealcination. 


i CREPITATION. The crackling noise 


made by some salts during the process of 


CRESS. A garden salad. 

CREW. The company of Pe be- 
longing to a vessel. 

CRICKET. A little insect that ice 
fireplaces and ovens. 

CRIER. An officer who cries or makes 
proclamation 

CRIMES. Offences against morals, as 
far as they are prohibited by law. 

CRIMPS. Persons who used formerly 
te decoy others into the land or sea ser- 
Wt 39. 

CRISIS. That stage of a disorder from 
which geome judgment may be fi.cemed of 
its termination. 

CROCODILE. An amphibious animal, 
and the largest of the lizard tribe, which 
inhabits the rivers of Africa and Agia. It 
is covered with hard scales, that cannot 
easily be pierced, except under its belly. 

CROCUS. A bulbous plant, that flowers 
very early in spring. 

CROP. The craw of a bird; also the 
produce of what is sown ina field. 

CROSS. A gibbet, on which the Romans 


used to nail malefactors by the hands and 


feet 

CROSS (in Heraldry). The most ancient 
and the noblest of ali the honourable ordi- 
naries, formed by the meeting of two per- 
pendicular with two horizontal lines, so 
as to make four right angles in the figure 
of a cross, such as the cross batonne in 
the subjoined figure 





CROSS The name given to the right 
side of a coin, in distinction from the pile 
or reverse, 

CROSS (in Architecture). Any building 
which is in the figure of a cross. 

CROSS BOW. A kind of bow formerly 





much used which was strung and set n 
a shaft of wood, with a trigger, &c. 


jig ay A sort of Grosbeak 
bird so called because the mandib.ea ef 


| its beak cross each other. 





CROSS-EXAMINATION (in Law) A 


elose and rigid examination on the partof 


the adversary ,consisting of cross questiona, 
in order to elicit the truth. 
CROTCHET (in Music). 
marked thus. 
ee eee 


FRUMERLMNMERNA, SPRINT tee 


Half aminim, 





CROTCHET (in Printing). Marked thas 
[ ], to separate what is not the necessary 
part of a sentence. 

CROUP. The hindmost part of a horse 

CROUPER. A leathern strap fitted tu ge 
under the tail of a horse, to keep the sad- 
dle in its place. 

CROW. A sociable noisy bird, that feeds 
partly on carrion 





CROW (among Mechanies). An iron 
instrument that is used asa lever for raising 
weights. 

CROWN. In England, a coin, in val- 
ue five shillings, so called from the figure 
of the crown which was originally given 
upon it. 

CROWN (in Anatomy). The vertex o@ 
highest part of the head. 

CROWN (in Architecture), The upper 


“most member of a cornice, 








Ror are oe 


Re FAS etc 


















CROWN. A ¢ap of state worn by sove- 
reign princes The crown of England is 
called St. Edward’s crown, because it is 
made in imitation of the ancient crown 
supposed-to have been worn by that mo- 
march. That, now in use, was,made at 
che Restoration, for the coronation of 
Charles the Second 





CROWN (among Jewellers). The upper 
work of the rose diamond 

CROWN-GLASS. The finest sort of 
window glass. 

CROWN-IMPERIAL. A well known 
beautiful flower, the root of which is 
perennial. 

CROWN-OFFICE. In England, an of- 
fice belonging to the Court of King’s Bench, 
of which the king’s coroner or attorney 
there is commonly master. 

CROZIER. A shepherd’s crook; also a 
bishop’s staff, which is of a similar form, 
and an emblem of his pastoral office. 

CRUCIFIX. A figure either in statuary 
er painting, representing our Saviour en 
the cross 








OORT 


chemists for the 
minerals. 


\ 





CRUISE A voyage or expeditkm im 
quest of an enemy’s vessels 

CRUISER A_ vessel appointed fm 
cruising. - 

CRUOR. Coagulated blood. 

CRUSADES. The expeditions under 
taken by the princes of Christendom for 
the conquest of the Holy Land, in the 
twelfth and three following centuries. On 
these occasions, every soldier bore a cruci- 
fix on his breast, as an emblem of spiritua 
warfare. 

CRUSTACEOUS SHELL FISHES 
Fishes covered withshells which are made 
up of several pieces and joints; such as 
crabs, lobsters, crayfish, &c. in distine- 
tion from the testaceous fish, as oysters. 

CRYPTOGAMIA. One of the classes of 
plants in the Linnean system, comprehen 
ding those whose fructification or flower is 
too concealed or minute to be observed 
by the naked eye, as the mosses, the alg# 
or seaweeds, the ferns, and the fungi or 
funguses. 

CRYPTS. Subterraneous places where 
the martyrs were buried, and the primitive 
Christians performed their devotions; alse 
underground chapels, such as the crypt 
under St. Paul’s and other churches which 
took their rise from this practice. 

CRYSTAL, or Rocx Carstat (in Mine- 
ralogy). A transparent stone as clear as 
giass. It is found in Iceland, Germany, 
and France, and belongs to the quartz or 
siliceous genus; also a factitious body cast 
in the glass-houses, called crystal glass 
which is very brittle, and burrs with little 
er no flame. 

CRYSTAL (in Chemistry). That part 
of a salt which assumes a regular and solid 
form, on the gradual coo’ing of its solution 

CRYSTALLINE HUMOUR. «A pel 
lucid humour of the eye, so called from 
its transparency like crystal 

CRYSTALLIZATION, The reducing 
of any salt into a regular form, by disedy 
ing it in a menstruum, and allowing it te 


CRUCIFIXION. The act of nailing or | coo! until it shoots into the bodies called 
fixing to a cross; the suffering of being | crystals. 


erucified. 


CRUCIBLE. A melting pot used by | beasts, an of a fox and a hear 


CUB. The young of some partlenem 





i) 



















GUE (in Geome 


CL 


he 





try). A regular solid 
pody, supposed to be generated by the 
motion ofa square plane along a line equal 
‘and perpendicular to one of its sides. I[t 
is enclosed by six equal sides or faces, 
which are square, as in the annexed figure 
A die is a smal) cube 





CUBE (in Arithmetic). The third power 
of any number, produced by multiplying 
the number into itself, and then again into 
‘he product, as 33==9 X 3==27, the cube. 

CUBE ROOT. The side of a cube num- 
ber; thus 3 is the cube root of 27. 

CUBIT. A measure equal to about 
i foot 9 inches 

CUCKOO. A bird which is heard about 
the middle of April, and ceases to sing at 
the end of July. It deposits its eggs in 
the nests of other birds, generally in that 
of the hedgesparrow. The American Cuc- 
koo differs in its note from the European 
bird of that mame = It is also smaller in 
vine 





oa d% 
CUCKOO-SPITTLE A white froth or 
spume, very common on the lavender and 
other plants in the spring, which forms the 
aidus of a sort of cicada. 

CUCURBITACE. One of Linneus’s 
natural orders of plants, comprehending 
those which resemble the gourd, as the 
cucumber, the melon, &c. 

CULM (in Botany). The stalk or stem 
of corn or grasses. | 

CULM (among Miners). A sort of coal 
z Wales. 

CULMINEZE. One of the Linnean na- 
tural orders of plants, consisting of the 


grasses. 
CULPRIT (in Law). A word of form, 
applied im court to ome who is indicted 





Rue ala a a) ie 
for a criminal offence. It is as much as 
to say, in French, ‘culpable prit, found or 
considered guilty.’ 

CUMMIN SEED. A long, slender seed 
of arough texture, unctuous when bruised — 
of a strong smell and an acrid taste. . 

CUPBEARER (in England). An offices 
of the king’s household, who was for 
merly an attendant at a feast 

CUPEL. A chemical vessel made ot 
earth, ashes, or burnt bone, in which assay 
masters try metala 

CUPOLA. A roof or vault rising in 2 
circular form, otherwise called the Tholus 
or Dome, as the cupola of St. Paul’s Ca- 
thedral, here represented. 





CUPPING (in Surgery). The operatien 
of applying the cupping-glass to the fleshy 
parts of the body, for the purpose of draw- 
ing away blood, or humours. 

CURASSOW. A species of bird of which 
there are several varieties in South Amer- 
ica, and the West Indies, of which the 
Cashew Curassow is the largest This 
bird was ‘formerly domesticated in some 
parts of Europe. 

CURATE. Properly, one who has the 
cure of souls ; now applied in England 
to one who officiates for hire in the place 
of the incumbent. 

“CURB OF A BRIDLE A chain of 
fron that runs over the horse’s beard 

CURFEW. Literally, cover feu or fire 
a law introduced from Normandy into 
England by William the Conqueror, that 
all people should put out their fire and 
lights, at the ringing of the eight o’cloc 
bell. 

CURLEW. An European water few) 
of a gray colour, with a large beak. ° 

CURRANT. The fruit of a shrub having 
no prickles; the leaves of this plant are 
large, and the fruit, which is either black, 
red, or white, is highly esteemed; also & 
dried frait that comes from the Levant. 





CURRENCY (in Law). Paper money , curing ite prey. It emits a bisck fale 
lssued by authority, and passing current | used in making Indiamime 
instead of coin; also, in general, any sort aes pss: f cant fevls te 
ef money that passes current by authority, 




































as the metallic currency, signifying the 
coin of the realm. 
CURRENTS. Impetuous streams. 
CURRIER. A dresser of tanned leather 
3 to make it pliable and fit for use. The 
: Company of Curriers in England was in- 
corporated in the reign of Henry VI. 
CURRY-COMB. An iron sort of eomb 
fa the dressing of horses. 
CURSITOR. In England, an officer in 
¢Baacery, who makes out original writs 
for any particular county. : 
CURTAIN (in Fortification). The front Q 
of a wall or fortified place, lying between 
two bastions.~ CYBELE (in Heathen Mythology). The 
CURVE. A tine whose parts incline | daughter of Celus and Terra, wife of 
different ways. Saturn, and mother of the gods; she ig 
CUSP. Properly, the point of a spear always represented with a turreted head 
CUSP (in Astronomy). A term for the } and accompanied with a lion 
-horns of the moon. 
is CUSTOM (in Law). A duty on the . 
ks importation or exportation of goods 
CUSTOS ROTULORUM, or Kerrgr 
xa er tee Rovxs. In England, he that has 
the keeping of the records of the sessions 
of the peace. 
ial CUT. An engraving on wood. 
Bg CUTLER. A maker and seller of knives, 4 
i gnd all cutting instruments. y 
ei CUTPURSE. A sort of thieves who 
eb by cutting purses. * 
CUTTER. A kind of boat attached toa 
vessel of war, which is rowed with six} OYCLE. A continual revolution ofnum- 
oars, and is employed in carrying light | b€'8, 28 applied to aseries of years which 
stores, passengers, &c. In the United | 8° 0M from first to last, and then return 
States, the term revenue cutter, 1s applied | © the same ordez again. 
to small fast sailing vessels, used to watch | CYCLOLD. A curve generated by the 
harbours for the prevention of smuggling. | Ttation of a cucle along a line. 
| CYCLOPZEDIA. See Encrcropapia 
! CYLINDER. A figure conceived to be 
i generated, by the rotation of a rectang.’ 
Mon about the side. 
CYLINDER (in Gunnery). Th «hols \s 
: ; hollow length of a great gun; the Dore. ' 
CYANOGEN (in Chemistry). Carbon| CYME_ Properly, a sprout ‘or shoot: ae 





esmbined with azote also a sort of flowering, where the florets 
CUTTLE-FISH. A sea fish furnished | do not all rise from the same point. a 
with many stckers and holders for se-i GYMOGSA One of Linneus’s natura 4 























- seiences, and amusements. 
Was one ‘of this sect. 





Phintory, gratin 
philosophers, who valued themselves on 
their contempt of riches, of arts 
Diogenes 


CYNOSURE. The constellation of the 
Little Bear, to which, as containing the 
north star the eyes of mariners and 
travelers were in former times, contin- 
ually turned. Hence the poets have 
used the term to denote anything to 
which attention is strongly directed. 

CYPHONISM, A species of punish- 
ment frequently used by the ancients, 
which consisted in besmearing the 
criminal with honey, and exposing him 
to insects. 

CYPRAEID. A family of Marine gas- 
terpods (the Cowries), with involute and 


Cyprea is the type. 

CYPRESS. A genus of olanis or trees 
valued for the durability of their wood; 
the emblem of mourning for the dead, 
cypress branches having x been anciently 
used at funerals. 

CYTOBLAST. In botany, the nucleus 
cellule, or assimilative force from which 
the organic cell is developed. These 
nuclei appear like dark spots, which 
may be seen in the fluids of the growing 
parts of all plants. 

CYTOBLASTEMA. In physiology, the 
viscid fluid in which animal and vege: 
table cells are produced, and by which 
they are held together. 

CYTOGENESIS. In: physiology, the 
development of cells in animal and yeg- 
etable structures. 


D 


/ 

Asanumeral, D represents 500; and} 
when a dash or stroke is placed over it, 
{t denotes 5000 

DACTYLIOGRAPHY. The art of en- 
graving on gems 

DACTYLOLOGY The art of commu- 
nicating ideas by spelling words with 
the fingers. 

DACTYLONOMY. The art of number- 
ine with the fingers. 

DACTYLOPTERUS. In ichthyology, a 
genus of fishes covered with large scales 
and the head long and flattened; fam, 
Loricata. 

DADO. In architecture, the part in 
the middle of the pedestal between the 
base and cornice. 

DAGUERREOTYPE. A process inven- 
ted by Daguerre, by which images from 
the lens of acamera obscura are fixed 
on metal plates. 

DAGOBA, In India and the East, a 
hemispherical @ome of earth or stone 
with asmall square erection on its top 
called a tee. 

DALIAN PROBLEM. In mathematics, 
the duplication of the cube, or the pro- 
cess of finding the side of a cube double 
that of another one. 

DAMASK STEEL. In the arts, a fine 
kind of steel from the Levant, of a 
streaky mottled appearance, used in the 
manufacture of the best sword and 
scimitar blades. Damaskeening is the 
art of adorning steel or iron with inlaid 
gold or silver, chiefly used for sword- 
blades or locks of pistols. 

DANAE. A planet first observed by 
Gcldsmidt in 1860. 


‘DATHOLITE. A vitreous mineral 


- composed of silica, lime and boracic 


acid, not transparent, whence its name. 
DATUM. A thing given in logical and 
mathematical premises; a proposition 
or truth granted or admitted. Datum- 
line, in civil engineering, is the base or 
horizontal line ot asection, from which 
heights and depths are calculated, 
DAVYNE. A yellowish transparent 
mineral ejected from Vesuvius; its con- 


stituents being silica, alumina, lime, 


iron, § and nists 8p. re 2°4. 


DAY. An astronomical period, which 
depends upon the interval between two 
transits over the meridian of any point 
in the heavens, real orimaginary. But 
the only days distinguished by that 
name in astronomy are the sidereal day, 
the real solar day,and the mean solar 
day. The sidereal day is the interval 
between two transits of the same fixed 
star, which is divided into twenty-four 
sidereal hours. 
the interval between two moons or 
transits of the sun over the meridian. 
The mean solar day is the average of all 
the realsolar days. The Babylonians 
commenced the day at sun-rising, the 
Jews at sun-setting, and the Egyptians 
at midnight, as do many-.modern na- 
tions; the British, French, Spanish, 
Americans, &e. In the computation of 
time, the civil or mean solar day is the 
time employed by theearth in revolving 
onits axis, 365°2425 ofsuch revolutions 
constituting amean Gregorian year: with 
most of the modern nations it com- 
‘mences at midnight, and consists of 24h. 
3m. 56s., 55 ofsiderealtime. Solar days 
are not always of equal length: Ist, 
from the unequal velocity of the earth 
inits orbit, that velocity being greater 
in winter than in summer; and 2d, from 
the obliquity of the ecliptic. A side- 
real day, the day universally adopted by 
astronomers in their observations, is the 
time that elapses between two success- 
ive culminations of the same star. 

DAY FLY. A kind of insect, so called 
because it lives only a day. 





highly.enamelled shells, of which the 


The real solar day is ° 




















DEAD-EYK. A sea term for 2 sort of 
flat block. 

DEAD LANGUAGES. Those languages 
which have ceased to be spoken by any 
nation, as the Greek and Latin. 

DEAD NETTLE. A sort of nettle 
without stings. 

DEAD RECKONING. The account 
kept of a ship’s course by the log, without 
any observation of the sum, moon, or 
otars. 

DEAF AND DUMB. Those who have 
the misfortune to be born, without the fa- 
culties of hearing or speaking. Means 
have been successfully employed to supply 
these defects in charitable institutions, for 
the benefitof these unhappy objects, where 
the young are taught to communicate their 
thoughts by the help of signs, particularly 
by the language of the fingers, which, 
though before but achikiish amusement, 
tg now .arned to a useful purpose. The 
first establishment of this kind in America 
was that at Hartford, which was founded 
chiefly through the instrumentality of 
Mr. Gallaudet. 

DEAL. The wood of the fir tree cut up 
for building. 

DEAN. In England, a dignified clergy- 
man who is at the head of a chapter. 

DEATHWATCH. A litule insect inha- 
biting old wooden furniture, which makes 
a ticking noise in such a manner, by a 
certain number of distinct strokes, as for- 
merly to be considered ominous ‘to the 
family where it was heard. This circum- 
stance gave rise to its vulgar name 





DEBENTURE (in Law). A sort of bill 
drawn upon the Government. Custom 
House debentures entitle the bearer to re- 
eeive a drawback on the exportation of 
goods, which were before imported. 

DEBIT. A term used in book-keeping 
to express the left hand page of the ledger, 
to which all articles are carried that are 
charged to an account. 

DEBT (in Commerce). A sum of money 
due from one person to another. 

DEBT (in Law). An action which Heth 
where a man oweth another a certain sum 
ef money. 

DEC. An abbreviation for December. 

DECADE The number or space of ten 





ey which formed the third part of the 


Attic month; also the number of ten books 
which was loraatty the division of some 
volumes, as the Decades of Livy. 

DECAGON. A plane geometrical figure 
consisting of ten sides and ten angles. 

DECALOGUE. The Ten Command- 
ments delivered by God from Mount Binak 
to Moses. 

DECAMERON. A volume of ten books, 
such as the Decameron or novela of Bes- 
cacio. 

DECANDRIA: One of the. artificial 
classes of Linneus, comprehencing those 


planta which have ten stamens in the 


flower, 





DECANTER. A glass bottle made so 
as to hold the wine for immediate use, 

DECEMBER, The last month in the 
year, when the sun enters the tropic of 
Capricorn, making the winter solstice. 

DECEMVIRS. Extraordinary magis- 
trates among the Romana, chosen for the 
particular purpose of collecting the laws 
of the twelve tables, which they gatherea 
from the writings of Solon. 

DECIDUOUS PLANTS. Plants which 
cast their leaves in winter. 

DECIMAL. An epithet for what con 
sists of the number of ten; as, Decima, 
Arithmetic, a mode of computation that 
proceeds on the scale of ten figurea; De- 
cimal Fractions, such as have 10, 100, 1000 
&c. for their denominator, and marked 
with a point thus .5 for five-tenths. 

DECIMATION. A military punishment 
among the Romans, inflicted on every 
tenth man of the company who had be- 
haved themgelves ill. 

DECK. The floor of a ship. The decks 
may be either first, second, or third; 
where there are more than one, beginning 
from the lowest upwards. 

DECLARATION (in Law) A astate- 
ment of the cause of action by a plaintiff 
against a defendant. 


DECLENSION. The different inflexions — 


of nouns throughout their cases. 
DECLINATION. The distance of any 
star or point of the heavens from the 


equator, either north oreouth. The great 














tion Ne 2 pai and a nuit. 
DECOUTION. A medicinal liquor. 
DECOMPOSITION (in Chemistry). 
The reduction of a body to the parts of 
which it is composed. 
DECORATIONS. Any ornaments or 
embellishments, such as prints to a book, 
er the mouldings, and other carved works 
im buildings. 
DECOY. A sea term for a stratagem 
employed by ships of war, to draw any 
vessel of inferior force into an incautious 
pursuit, until she comes within gun-shot. 
DECOY (among Sportsmen). A place 
for catching wild fowl. 
DECOY-DUCK. A wild duck trained 
to decoy others into the decoy, or place 
where they may be caught. 
DEED (in Law). A written contract, 
signed, sealed, and delivered. It is par- 
ticularly applied to instruments for con- 
veying land. 
DEEP-SEA-LINE. A sea term for a 
smal) line to sound with. 
DEER. An animal which in England is 
kept in parks, either for ornament or for 
the chase; the flesh of which is called ven- 
ison. In North America, we have five 
animals of the deer kind, the Moose or 
Elk of Europe; the American Elk, a stately 
animal, whose branching horns are some- 
times five feet in length, the common fal- 
low, or Virginia deer; the mule, or black 
tailed deer of the Rocky mountains ; and 
the Rein-deer. The male of the fallow 
deer, is called Buck, the female, Hind. 
The stag, Hart, or Red Deer of Europe, the 
female of which is called Hind, is not 
found in this country. It is a characteris- 
tic of all these animals,that they shed their 
. Morns ance a year. 
D. F. Defensor Fidei, Defender of the 
Faith. 
DE FACTO. In deed or fact. 
DEFALCATION,. A falling off or a 
failure in any public accounts. 
DEFAMATION (in Law). Slanderous 
words spoken or written against any one. 
DEFAULT (in Law). A nonappearance 
in court without sufficient cause. 
DEFAULTER. One who is deficient in 
his accounts. 
DEFECTION. The falling off from a 
government or state. 
DEFENCE (in Law). The reply which 
' the defendant makes after the declaration 
is produced; in Military Affairs, any work 
that covers o ésfends the opposite posts, 
as flanks, parapets. 
DEPENDANT (in Taw): One who is 
gued in an action. 


DEFENDER OF THE FAITH. A title 


— fol coments Dn ELE a ET Ot NES IB DE LAIBLE: A MET EB a ete ase ~ 







Gh eon diap pak 
given by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. fos 
writing against Luther. “ 

DEFILE. A narrow lane or passage 
through which a company of soldiers can 
pass only in file. 

DEFINITION. The determining the 
nature of things by words, or explaining 
the signification of a word, 

DEFLAGRATION. The burning in a 
crucible of any mineral body. 

DEFLEXION. The turning of any thing 
out of its true course. 

DEFLUXION (in Surgery). The falling 
of a humour in the body, from a superior 
upon an inferior part. 

DEGRADATION (in Ecclesiastical Af- 
fairs in England). The depriving a persor 
of his dignity and degree asthe degrada. 
tion of a clergyman, by depriving him of 
holy orders. 

DEGRADATION (in Military Affairs) 
The depriving an officer of his commission 

DEGREE (in Mathematics). The 360tI 
part of the circumference of a circle 
marked thus (°). 

DEGREE (in Law). An interval of 
relationship between persons, more or less 
nearly allied. 

DEGREES (in a University). Titles of 
honour, conferred on persons for their 
merit in the arts and sciences. 


DEINORNIS, also DINORNIS. A gi- 
gantic bird found in a sub-fossil state in 
New Zealand, having been a wingless 
bird of great size and strength—called 
the Moa by the natives. 

DEINOSAURIANS. An order of fossil 
reptiles found in the Upper Secondary 
Formations, of great size, and fitted for 
terrestrial life. 

DEINOTHERIUM. A gigantic fossil 
mammal furnished with a short prob- 
oscis, and armed with two enormous 
tusks, turned downwards, and slightly 
curved inwards. 

DEIPNOSOPHIST. One of an ancient 
sect of philosophers, who were famous 
for their learned conversation at meals. 





‘a 


DELFT WARE. A kind of potter’s 
ware, originally made at Delft in Holland; 
it is covered with an enamel, or white 
glazing, in imitation of porcelain. 

DELIQUIUM, or DELIQUESCENCE, 
A spontaneous solution of some salts by 
exposure to the air. 

DELIVERY, or GAOL DELIVERY 
(in Law). A term applied to the sessions — 
at the Old Baily, &c. in London, by which 
the gao) is delivered or cleared of priseners 

DELIVERY (in the Mint). The quan 
tity of moneys coined within a givem 
period. 

DELIVERY (in Oratory). The meanes 


9 





“DEPL 


of pronouncing an address, as rrarde the 

















voice and utterance of the speak 





away, as when a parton or vicar ia de 


DEMESNE LANDS. In Bnela a. landa, } prived of his preferment. 


which the lord of a manor has in his own 
hands. 

_ DEMI. A half-fellow at Magdalen Col- 
lege at Oxford England; also a term in 
composition signifying half, as, demigod, 
a hero who was enrclied among the gods. 

- DEMOCRACY. A form of government 
where the supreme power is lodged in the 
people at large, or ia persons chosen by 
them. 

DEMONSTRATION. A proof or chain 
ef arguments, serving to prove the truth. 

DRAMURRER (in Law). A pause or 
stop in a suit upon some difficulty. 

DEMY. A sort of paper much used in 
Printing. 

DENIER. One of the earliest French 
eoins, answering nearly to the English 
penny. 

DENIZEN. An alien whois naturalized. 

DENOMINATOR. That part of a frac- 
tion which standa below the line, as 10 in 
the fraction 5 . 

DENOUEMENT. The developement of 
the plot in a play. 

DE NOVO. Afresh, or from the be- 
ginn Ng. 

DENSITY. The property of bodies, of 
containing a certain quantity of matter 
under a certain bulk. 

DENTIST. One who draws teeth, and 
prescribes for tneir diseases. 

DEODAND. A thing as it were forfeited 
to God, to atone for the violent death of a 
Baar by misadventure. 

DcéPARTURE. The easting or westing 
of a ship, in respect to the meridian it de- 
parts 1 from. 

DEPHLEGMATION. The depriving 
any ‘ijuid of its superfluous water. 

DEFONENT. One who gives informa- 
tion on oath before a magistrate. 

DEPURTATION. The banishment ofa 
person, among the Romans, to some dis- 
tant isiind. 

DEP(SITION. The testimony of a 
witnesa taken upon oath. 

DEP( T. A place where military stores 
are dep sited. 

_DEPEESSION. The distance of a star 
from the horizon delow. 

DEPRESSION OF THE POLE. Is 
gaid of a person sailing from the pole to 
the equator. ‘ 

DEPRESSION OF THE VISIBLE 
HORIZON, or, Die oF tHe Horizon. 
Its dipping or sinking below the true ho- 
rizontal plane, by the observer’s eye being 
ebeve the surfae ofthes . 


DEPUTY. A person appointed by core i} ea 


mission to act for another. 

DERELICT. Forsaken, left; as derelict 
lands, Jands which the sea has left; dere- 
lict ships, vessels left at sea, &c. 

DERIVATIVE (in Grammar). Any 
word which is derived from another. 

DERMESTES. An ineect, called in 
vulgar language the Leather-eater. 

DERNIER. Last, as a tribunal of der- 


nier resort, the last or highest court of 


appeal. 

DERVISE. An order of religious per- 
sons in Mahometan countries, who prac- 
tise great austerities on themselves. 

DESCENSION. An are of the equator 
which descends or sets with any sign or 
point in the zodiac. 
right or oblique, according as it takes 
place in a right or oblique sphere. 

DESCENSIONAL DIFFERENCE, The 
difference between the r.gat and oblique 
descension of a star, &c. 

DESCENT. In general, the tendency 
of heavy bodieg,towards the earth. 

DESCENT (in Law). Hereditary suc- 
cession to an eatate. 

DESCENT (in Military Affairs), Land 
ing in a country for the purpose of in 
vasion. 

DESCRIPTION. An imperfect kind 
of definition, that includes many accidents 
and circumstances peculiar to an object, 
without defining its nature precisely. 

DESERTER. A soldier who runs away 
from his colours, or goes over to the 
enemy. 

DESIDERATUM (in Literature). What 
is wanted or inquired after. A work isa 
desideratum, which, though wanted, is not 
executed. 

DESIGN. The first draught, or sketch 
of any picture. 

BESPOTISM. A form of government 
where the monarch rules by his sole and 
sovereign authority. 

. DESUNT CA TERA. The rest wanting; 
words put at the end of any chasm or 
deficiency, in an imperfect or mutilated 


‘work. 


DETACHMENT (in Military Affairs). 
A certain number of men selected for a 
particular expedition or service. 


DETAINER. A writ for holding any 


one in custody 


» 
DETKNTS. The stops in clock-work. 


which, by being ‘ifted up or let dowm — 


jock or unlock the clock Wing. 


Descension is either . 





















rE 
mare! iietld humours 
DETERMINATE PROBLEM | ‘That 


which has one, or a limited number of 


answers j 

DETONATION The noise and explo- 
sion, which some substances make upon 
the application of fire to them, as gun- 
powder, &c. 

DETONATING POWDER, or Fut- 
Minating PowpEr. A preparation of 
nitre, sulphur, &c. 

DETRITUS. That which is washed 
down from the mountains, and forms a 
new soil. 

DEUCALION. The son of Prometheus, 
who, with his wife Pyrrha, were saved 
during a peloge, in a ship on Mount Par- 
naseus 

DEVISE. A gift of lands by last will 
and testament. | 


DEUTERONOMY. The fourth book of | 


Moses. 
DEW. The moisture, which is first ex- 
haled from the earth by the sun, and then 


falls again upen the eaith in gentle drops. 


during the night. 

DEWLAP. The loose skin that hangs 

down under the throat of an ox, cow, 
&e. 
. DEXTER. The right, or on the right 
hand or side, as the dexter point; in He- 
raldry, the right-hand side of the es- 
cutcheon. 

DEY. The supreme governor of Algiers. 

DIABETES (in Medicine). An exces- 
sive discharge, of crude urine. 

DIACOUSTICS. The science of re- 
fracted sounds. 

DIADELPHIA (in Botany). One of 
the Linnean classes, comprehending such 
plants as bear hermaphrodite flowers with 
two sets of united stamens. 





DIADEM A headband or fillet, an- 
_ elently worn by kings as an emblem of 
dignity. id 


DIAERESIS (in Grammar). The divi- 


sion of one syliable into two, marked 


“DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Ss Signs by one 


| diseases ure distinguished from each other. 
DIAGONAL. A straight line drawn from 
one angle of a figure to ano her 

DIAGRAM. A scheme orawn by way 
of illustrating any thing. 

DIAL A plate marked with lines, for 
showing the hour of the dey by the shadow 
of a gnomon, style, or pin when the sun 
shines. The diversity of sun-dials arises 
from the different situation of the plane, 
and from the different figure of the sur 
faces upon woich they are described. The 
subjoined figure represents an horizonta 
dial. 









a ae 


v7] SS ¥ 


DIALECT, A manner of speech peo_ 
liar to any parts of acountry. The dialects 
of Greece were admitted to form a part of 
their language, as the Attic dialect, spoken 
by the Athenians; so the lonic, Poetic, 
folic, and Doric dialects, 

DLALECTICS. The art of logic 

DIALLING. The art of drawing dials 
on any surface. 

DIALLIST One who constructs sun- 
dials 

DIALOGUE. A written discourse be- 
tween two or mere persons. 

DIALYSIS. A mark or character, con- 
sisting of two points placed over two vow- 
els, as poemata, to show that they must 
be sounded distinctly. 

DIAMETER. A_ right line passing 
through the centre of a circle, or any 


curved figure. 
DIALLAGE. A mineral of a brilliant 
green color, with asilky or pearly lustre. 


It consists of silica, alumina, lime,mag- . 


nesia, oxide ofchrome, and oxide ofiron. 

LIAMAGNETIC. A term applied by 
Farraaay to aclass of substances which, 
under the influence of magnetism, take 
a position, when freely suspended, at 
nght angles to the magnetic meridian, 


























DIAMOND. The most valuable and 
the hardest of all precious stones or 
gems. Itispure carbon; andits prim- 
itive crystals are the regular octahed- 
ron, which reflects all the light falling 
on its posterior surface at an angle of 
incidence greater than 24° 13, whence 
its great brilliancy is derived. The 
‘diamond has various tints of color; 
sometimes of a yellowish, bluish, or 
rose-red tinge, though sometimes per- 
fectly colorless. The largest diamond 
known is said to have belonged to the 
Emperor of Brazil; but the celebrated 
Koh-i-noor diamond, which passed from 
the hands of the Mogul princes to the 
possession of Queen Victoria, is among 
the most valuable in Europe. In geom- 
etry, diamondis the name of a quad- 
rangular or rhomboidal figure. 

DIAPHONIES. The doctrine of refract- 
ed sound, 


DIANA. The goddess of hunting, the 
daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and twin 
sister of Apollo; she is commonly repre- 
sented with a bow and arrow 





DIANDRIA (in Botany). One of the 
elasses in the Linnean system, consisting 
ef such plants as have hermaphrodite flow- 
ers with, two stamens, as the olive, the 
privet, the nightshade, &c 





DIAPASON (in Ancient Music). The 
imterval of an octave; among Musical In- 
strament Makers, the diapason is a scale 
or measure. 

DIAPER. A kind of linen for the table, 
wrought with flowers 









rae 
© glass 
The precepts formeri 





DIAPHANOUS. Transparent Ifk 
DIAPHONIA. 


taugnt for the use of the organ. Fe ts 


DIAPHORETICS. Medicines whick 
promote perspiration 

DIAPHRAGM. A muscular membrane 
which divides the thorax from the abde — 
men 

DIARRHGEA A disorder which con- 
sists in the frequent discharge, by stool, of 
a bilious humour from the intestines. 

DIARY. An account of what passes in 
the course ofaday ° 

DIATESSERON (in Music). An inter- 
val composed of a greater and less tone. 

DIATESSERON (in Theology) The 
four Gospels. 

DIATRIBE. A disputation or contro 
versial discourse 

DIBBLE. A pointed tool for making 
holes to plant in. 

DICE. Pieces of bone or ivory, of a 
cubical form, and marked with dots on 
each of their faces from one to six. 

DICTATOR. An extraordinerv magis- 
trate among the Romans, chosen —pon par- 
ticular occasions; and invested with abso- 
lute power. He laid down his office, as 
goon as the occasion ceased, for which he 
had been appointed 

DICTIONARY. A collection of the 
words of alanguage, explained in alpha- 
betical order. 

DICTUM. The positive opinion pro- 
nounced by an individual. 

DIDACTIVE. An epithet for what 
serves to teach or explain the nature of 
things, as didactic pieces. 

DIDYNAMIA (in Botany). One of the 
Linnzan classes, including such plants as 
have flowers with four stamens in two 
pairs of different lengths. 

DIE. The stamp used in coining., 

DIE (in Architecture). The middle of 
the pedestal. 

DIER One who follows the trade of 
dyeing. 

DIER’S BROOM. A shrub so called 
from its flowers, which yield a colour used 
by diers in dyeing wool green. 

DIES NON; that is, Dies non juridici. 
Days on which no pleas are held, in any 
court of justice. 

DIET. Food regulated by the rules of 
medicine. 

DIETETICS. That branch of the medi- 
cal science, which treats of the diet on 
food suited to particular cases. 

DIEU ET MON DROIT; that is, God 
and my right. The motto on the arms of 
the King of England, 


DIFFERENCE \(in Arithmetic) The 















Saale aly. ibs ey one number has been 
subtracted from another. 

DIFFERENCE (in Heralare: What 
is added in coats of arms, as a mark to dis- 
tinguish younger families from the elder. 

DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE (in 
Astronomy). An arc of the equator, com- 


_ places on the earth. 

pe DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS A 
method of finding a differential, or that 
tnfinitely small quantity, which taken an 
iafinite number of times, is equaltoa given 
guantity. 

DIGESTER. An apparatus for reducing 
Basstances to a pulp or jelly. 

DIGESTION. The dissolt ng or con- 
eocting food im the stomach so that its 
various parts may be applied to their 
preper uses. 

DIGESTION (in Chemistry). The con- 
tinual soaking of asolid substance in a 
liquid, so that by the application of heat, 
it may be reduced to a soft substance. 

‘DIGESTION (in Surgery). The dis- 

~ posing a wourd to suppurate or discharge 
good pus. 

DIGESTIVES. Medicines which help 
digestion. 

DIGESTS. The first vol ime of the civil 
law. 

DIGIT. A measure equal to three quar- 
ters of an inch; also a character denoting 
a figure, as 1, for one; 2, for two, &c. 

DIGIT (in Astronomy). The twelfth 
part of a diameter of the sun or moon. 

DIGITALIS, or Foxerovz. Akind of 
plant which is for the most part herba- 
ecous, with a root that is either biennial 
or perennia®. The stalk of this plant rises 

* two or three feet high, and bears spikes of 
ee iron coloured, or purple flowers. ‘The pur- 

a ple foxglove is a native of England, and 
is much used in medicine. 

DIGNITY (in Law). Honour and au- 
thority. 

- DIGYNIA (in Botany). An order in the 
Linngzan system, consisting of plants that 
/ have two pistils 

oe DILAPIDATION (in Law). The ruin 
or damage which accrues to a house, in 
e@onsequence of neglect. 

DILEMMA. An argument which cannot 
be denied in any way, without invo, ving 
the party denying in contradictions. 

DILETTANTE. A lover of the fine arts. 

DIMENSION The measure or compags 
of athing; a thine has one dimension, 
namely, length; a surface two, namely, 
_ ength and breadth; a solid three, namely, 
length, breadth, and thickness 
§ ‘DIMINUTIVE (in Grammar) A word 

n* 




















: 
___ prehended between the meridians of two+ 





or ending, which lessens the meaning of 
the original word; as, rivulet, a smeil 
river. 


DIOCESAN. A baioy who has charge » 


of a particular diocese. 


DIOCESE. The district or circuit ef a 


bishop’s jurisdiction. 

DIOLCIA (in Botany). A class in the 
Linnean system, comprehending such 
plants as have no hermaphrodite flowers, 
but the males and females on distinct in- 
dividuals, as the poplar, aspen, amber tree, 
willow, ozier, d&c. 





DIOPTRICS. That braneh of opties, 
which considers the different refractions 
of light in its passing through differem 
mediums, as air, water, glass, &c. 

DIP OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. 
The property of the needle, when rubbed 
with the loadstone, of inclining the north 
end below the level of the horizon. 

Die OF THE HORIZON See Dsz- 
PRESSION } 

DIPHTHONG. Two vowels sounded as 
one; 38, &. 

DIPLOMA. A license or certificate 
given by colleges, &c. to a clergyman, te 
exercise the ministerial functions, or toa 
physician, to practice physic. 

DIPLOMACY. The functions of an 
ambassador residing at a foreign court. 

DIPPING NEEDLE. The magnetieal 
needle go duly poised about an horizonta 
axis, that, besides its direction towards the 
pole, it will always point to a determined 
degree below the horizon. The dipping 
needle was invented by Robert Norman, 
a compass maker at Ratcliffe, about the 
year 1580, and arose, according to hisown 
account of the matter, from the following 
circumstance. It was his custom to finish 
and hang the needles of his compasses 
before he touched them, and he alway 
found, after the touch, the north point 
would dip or decline downward, pointing 


in-a direction under the horizon; so that 


to balance the needle again ,he was always 
forced to put a piece of wax on the south 
end, asacounterpoise After having ob- 
served this effect frequently, he was at 
length led to mark the quantity of the 
dip, or to measure the greatest angle which 
the dip would make with the horizon; ke 
found at London it was 71° 50’, but by 























subsequent experiments the dip is found 
to decrease about 1! 4’! every year. ; 

DIPTERA (in Entomology). An order 
in the Linnzan system, comprehending in- 
pects that have two wings, with a poiser, 
asthe fly, the gnat, &c. @ 

DIRECLION (in Astronomy). The 
motion and other phenomena of a planet 
when it is dirett, or going forward in the 
zodiac according to the natural order of 
the signs. 

DIRECTION, LINE OF (in Gunnery). 
The direct line in which a piece is pointed. 

DIREUTION OF A LETTER. ‘The 
superscription or address. 

DIRECIION POST. A post set up in 
roads, to direct the traveller to particular 
places. 

DIRECTION WORD, (in Printing). 
The word which begins the next page, 
which used to be set at the bottom of the 
page preceding. 

DIRECTORY (in England). A form of 
prayer set forth by the assembly of divines, 
and used by order of the Long Parliament, 
instead of the Common Prayer. The 
word is applied In the United States to 
books ta the large cities which point out 
the names and residences of the inhabi- 
tants. 

DIRGE. A song of lamentation at fune- 
rals. 

DIRK. A kind of dagger. 

DISBANDED. An. epithet used for a 
.. giment discharged from service. 

DISC. The body or face of the sun or 
moon aa it appears to us 

DISC (in Optics). The magnitude of a 
telescope glass, or the width of its aper- 
ture. 

DISCHARGE (in Law) A release from 
confinement. 

DISCHARGE (in Military Affairs). A 
remission of service for the time that a 
soldier has heen engaged. 

DISCHARGER, or DISCHARGING 
ROD. An instrument made of glass or 
baked wool, by the help of which an 
slectric jar is discharged 







amas 


pies eRe 


DISCLAIMER (in Law) 
taining an express denial. 

DISCIPLINE. In general, 
method of government. 

DISCIPLINE (in Military Affairs). The 
taining up soldiers for service. 

BISCORD. An inharmoniows combina- 
thon of sounds. 


A plea con- 


a rule or 





‘DISCOVERY (in Law). The pete 5 


his answer to a bill, filed against him in 
court of equity. 

DISCOUNT (in Commerce). An alist: 
ance made on a bill, or any other debt not 
yet become due, in consideration of imme- 
diate payment. 

DISEASE. Thai state of a living bedy 
which interrupts any of its finctions, 

DISEMBOGUING. A term applied te 
rivers, which diseharge themselves inte 
the sea. 

DISJUNCTIVE. An epithet for con- 
junctions, which separate the sense, as 
but, nor, é&c. 

DISLOGATION. The putting @ bone 
out of its place. 

DISPATCHES, Letters sent to, or from 
government, on public business. 

DISPENSARY. A charitable institu 
tion, where medicine and advice are given 
gratis to the poor. ; 

DISPENSATION (in Law). In Eng- 
land, an exclusive privilege, to do any 
thing that is otherwise prohibited by 
law, granted by the King in council. bt 

DISPENSATION (in Ecclesiastical 
Affairs). An indulgence granted by the 
Pope, to do what is otherwise forbidden 
by the church, as the marriage of first 
cousins, &c. 

DISPENSATORY, or PHarMacoral 
A book which directs apothecaries, in the 
compounding or making up medicines. 

DISPERSION (in Optics). The diverg 
ency of the rays of light. 

DISPOSITION (in Military Affairs). 
The placing an army ready for attack or 
defence. 

DISPOSITION (in Architecture). The 
just placing all the several parts of ® 
building. 

DISSECTION. The cutting asunder 
animal bodies, in order to come at the 
knowledge of their parta. 

DISSEISIN (in Law). The wrongfut 
putting out of one that is seised of his 
freehold. 

DISSENTER. One who dissents or 
departs from the forms of the Church, as 
established in Pngland. 

DISSIPATION (in Medicine). An 1a- 
sensible loss or consumption of the minate 
parts of a body. 

DISSIPATION (in Opties) The Circle 
of Dissipation is that circular space uper 
the retina, which is taken up by the rays 
of each pencil in indistinct vision. ; 

DISSOLVENT. A liquor proper fe 


eee 
a A ED 


fluid 








or revealing any thing by a defendant, ia 


reducing a solid body to the state of 3 ass 





Se DISSOLUTION. The reducing of a 

 .  wolid body into a fluid state, by the action 
- of some menstruum or dissolvent. 

DISSONANCE (in Music). A disagree- 

' able interval between two sounds, which 

being continued together, offends the ear. 

DISTAFF. An instrument anciently 
-used in spinning. 

DISTEMPER (in Painting). Colours 
not mixed with oil or water, but with size, 
whites of eggs, é&c. 

DISTEMPER (in Farriery). A disease 
{neident to dogs, horses, and other domes- 
tie animals. 

DISTICH. A panied or couple of 
verses in poetry, making complete sense, 

DISTILLATION. A chemical process 
of drawing out the humid, spirituous, 
o.eaginous, or saline parts of mixed bodies, 
by means of heat, these parts being first 
resolved into a gas or vapour, and then 
recondensed into a fluid, by means of 
cold. 

DISTILLER. One who follows the trade 
of distilling. The distillers are one of the 
city companies in London, incorporated in 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 

“DISTRESS (in Law). The distraining 
or seizing upon a person’s goods, for the 
payment of rent or taxes, &c. 

DISTRIBUTION (in Printing). The 
taking a\form asunder, so as to separate 
the letters. 

DISTRIBUTION (in Medicine). The 
circulation of the chyle with the blood. 

DISTRIBUTION (in Logic). The dis- 
tinguishing a whole, into its several con- 
stituent parts. 

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. Justice 
administered by a judge, so as to give 

~ every man his due. . 

DISTRIBUTIVE NOUNS. Words 

which serve to distribute things into their 

fy several orders, as each, either, every, &c. 

DISTRICT (in Law). That circuit or 

territory, within which a man may be 
forced to make his appearance. 

















DITCH. A treiich cut in the ground 
about a field. 

DITCHUER. A labourer who makes 
ditches. 


tiently sung in honour of Bacchus; any 
_ poem written with wildness. 

DITTO, abbreviated Do. The same as 
the aforesaid; a term used in accounts. 
DIVAN. A council of state among the 

Turks; also a court of justice. 
- DIVER. A waterfowl that frequents 
takes, and goes with difficulty on land. 
DIVERGENT, er DIVERGING An 





DITHYRAMBIC. A sort of hymn an- 


epithet for several things whieh have the 
property of divergency. 

DIVERGING RAYS (in Opties). These 
which, issuing from a radiant point, con 
tinually recede from each other. 

DIVERGING SERIES (in Mathema. 
tics). A series, the terms of which always 
become larger, the farther they are con 
tinued, 


DIVIDEND (in Arithmetic). The num > 


ber to be divided. 

DIVIDEND @n Commerce), The share 
of profit in a joint stock, which is to be 
divided among the shareholders; also that 
part of a debtor’s effects, which ig to be 
divided among the créditors: 

DIVINATION. A practice ameng the 
heathens of foretelling future events, by 
the flight of birds or other signa. 

DIVINE, A minister of the gogpel; a 
clergyman. 

DIVINER. One who professes the art 
of divination; a conjuror. 

DIVING, The art of descending under 
water to a considerable depth, and remain- 
ing there for a length of time, as occasion 
may require. ‘The practice of diving is 


resorted to, for the recovery of ae thas 


are sunk, ke. 
DIVING-BELL. A contrivance, by 


which persons may descend below the — 


water, and remain for some time without 
inconvenience. Itis used for the recovery 
of property, that is sunk in wrecks. 





DIVISION. One of the four first rules 
or operations in arithmetic, by which we 


find how often one quantity is containeé | 


in another, There are three numbers cun- 
tained in this operation, namely, the divi- 
dend, ornumber to be divided; the divisor, 
or that by which one divides; and the 
quotient, or that number which shows, how 
often the second is contained in the firs# 











DOG. 
DIVIBION (in Military Affairs) A 
body of men commanded by a particular 
officer. 

DIVISION (in Music). That part into 
which an octave is divided, as quavers, &c. 

DIVISION (in Priming). A mark to 
divide compound words, as (-) in May-pole. 

DIVORCE (in Law), A lawful separa- 
tion of man and wife, pronounced by a 
eompetent judge, on cognizance had of the 
cause. 

DIURETICS. Medicines which promote 
the urinary discharge 

D. M. Doctor Medicinw, Doctor of Me- 
dicine. 

DOCK (in Shipbuilding). A trench near 
a harbour, fitted for the building and re- 
pairing of ships 

DOCK (in Botany). A plant which grows’ 
wild, and infects corn fields; some species 
ef it have medicinal virtues. 

DOCK (in Farriery). The stump of a 
horse’s tail. 

DOCKET (in Commerce). A bill with 
& direction tied to goods. 

DOCKET (in Law). A small piece of 
paper or parchment, containing the heads 
of a large writing; also a subscription at 
the foot'of letters patent. ‘To strike a 
docket,’ is the same, as to make a mana 
bankrupt by process of law. 

DOCKING. Cutting off a horse’s tail to 
the stump. 

DOCTOR. Literally, a teacher; the 
highest degree in any faculty in a univer- 
sity, as D. D. Doctor of Divinity, M. D. 
Doctor of Medicine, D. Mus. Doctor of 
Music, LL. D. Doctor of Laws. om 

DOCTOR’S COMMONS. In England, a 





- college of civilians 


DODECAHEDRON (in Geometry). A 
solid bounded by twelve equal and equi- 
lateral pentagons. 

DODECANDRIA. One of the Linnean 
élasses, comprehending those plants which 
have flowers with twelve stamens and up- 
wards, as far as nineteen inclusive, as 
@yer’s weed, purslane, houseleek, &s. 





DODO; the Monk Swan. A species of |: 


large birds now extinct. At the discoy- 

ery oftheisland of Mauritius, in 1598, 

the Dodo was very. abundant there. 
DOG. A domestic, faithful and valuable, 








rieties are the mastiff, bulldog, hound, 
greyhound, spaniel, terrier, pointer, ke. 
The Monks of St. Bernard on the Alps, 
have a peculiarly sagacious breed of the. 


spaniel, one of which saved the lifeofa 


boy, whose mother was frozen to death in 
the snow 





DOG- DAYS. Certain ne al in the month 
of July and August, which are usually very 
hot, owing, as is supposed, to the influence 
of the Dogstar, which then rises and sets 
with the sun. 

DOGE, The chief magistrate in the re-— 
publics of Venice and Genoa. 

DOGTISH. A fish of the shark kind, . 

DOGGREL, An irregular kind of vers 
fication. 

DOGMATIC SECT. An ancient sect of 
physicians,of which Hippocrates and Galea 
were at the head. They supposed princi 
ples, and from them drew inferences appli 
cable to-particular cases; they were opposed 
to the empirici, or theorists, answering te 
the quacks of modern days. 

DOGSTAR, or Sirius. A star of the 
greatest magnitude in the constellation 


canis. 
DOLLAR. A silver coin of the United 
States, and also of several other coun- 
tries, ‘having an average value of 100 
cents. The U.S. silver dollar contains 
3871/4 grains of pure silver. 
DOLPHIN. An animal which, though 


commonly reckoned among the fishes, is — 
classed by Linnzus under the mammalia. © 
It has an oblong body, and swims with — 


great rapidity. 








an ninaal, fe which the most remarkable ve ei 


DOME. A vaulted roof or tower of 7 
church. Lay 
DOMESDAY BOOK © An anctont re us 








ds wads Lina teien of Willam theCon-} DORMOUSE, An animal of the mouse 
“weror; ora book of the survey of England, | kind, which remaine torpid dwrimg winter 
sontaining an account of all the demesnes : 
af the crown. : 
DOMINICAL LETTER. One of the 
first seven letters in the alphabet, with 
which the Sundays throughout the whole 
year are marked in the Almanac. After 
the term of twenty-eight years, the same 
letters return in the same order again. ; 
DOMINO. A game played by two or} DOSE. The quantity of any medicine 
four pers ns, with twenty-eight pieces of | prescribed by the physician to be taken by 
ivory, called cards. the patient at ope time 
DOMINO (in Ecclesiastical Affairs). A} DOUAY BIBLE. An English transla- 


sort of hood worn by canons of a cathedral. | Hon of the Scriptures sanctioned by the 
DON. A title of honour in Spain, answer- Roman Catholic Church, and so called 


i ae from Douay, a town in France. 
ng to Dom, or Dominus, Lord. ¢ DOUBLOON. A Spanish and South 
DONATIVE (in Law). A benefice given | American gold coin, which weighs 417°70 


te a clerk by the patron, without presenta- | grains troy, of which 365'49 ava pure; 
tion to the bishop. value, $16.00. There are also halrand 
DONJON (in Fortification). A tower or anges doubloons, of proportionate 


redoubt, where the fortress may retreat in DOUCHE: Tho name givén to a jetor 

case of necessity. ~| sudden rush of water directed on some 
DORIC ORDER (in Architectnre). The | diseased part of the body, with a view 

most ancient of the Grecian orders, made, | tO strengthen it. 

as is said, in imitation of the hovels Graslad DOUCINE. In architecture, an orna- 


; ‘ mental moulding, concavo above and - 
mye eceieal inhabitants of Greece convex below, being tho French term 


for the cyma. 

DOUCEUR A gift made to gain the 
favour or interest of a person. 

DOVE. A wild pigeon, of which there 
are three sorts, namely, the ring dove, the 
largest of the pigeon tribe, so wild that it 
cannot be domesticated ; the stock dove, 
that is migratory ; and the turtle dove, a 
shy and retired bird living in the woods. 
These descriptions apply to the European 
varieties. In America we have several 
kinds of pigeon, of which the passenger 
pigeon is the most remarkable. In the 
western states these birds assemble in such 
countless numbers, as to darken the air by 
their flocks, anu desolate the whole coun- 
try for miles around their breeding places 
The turtle dove of America differs in some 
measure, from the turtle dove of Europe 

DOVE-TAILING. A method ofjoining 
one board into another, by pins in the one 
fitted to holes in the other. 

DOWAGER (in Law). Properly, a 
widow who enjoys a dower, commonly 
applied as a tille to the widows of princes 
and nobility. 

DOWER (in Law). The portion which 
a widow has of her husband’s lands at his 

DUBWER, or DORMENT (in Archi- | decease 
tecture). A window made inthe roofofa| DO\WLAS. A sort of linen eloth. 
building. DOWN. The finest and softest part of 

DORSAL. Anepithet for what belongs | the feathers of a goose or other water fowl 
or relates to the back, as wt» dorsal finsof | DOWNS. A bank of sand formed by 

the sea along its shores ; also a large open 


pian 




















DR. An abbreviation for debtor and 
doctor 

DRACHIIM. The eighth part of an 
ounce. 

prac&, A constellation in the north- | 
erm hemisphere. 

DRACO VOLANS. A. meteor in the 
form ofa flying dragon, sometimes visible 
in marshy countries, 

DRAFT (in Commerce). A bill drawn 
by one person upon another for a sum of 
money. 

DRAG. A sort of hook to catch hold of 
things under water. 

DRAGOMAN. An interpreter in the 
Eastern countries, whose oflice it is to in- 
terpret for the European anibassadors at 
the Ottoman court, 

DRAGON. See Fryine Dragon. 

DRAGON FLY. A particularly raven- 
ous insect, which hovers over stagnant 
waters. 

DRAGON’S BLOOD. A gum or resin 
of a tree in the Canaries and New Spain, 
formerly called Draco Arbor, now Astra- 
galus; it is hard, compact, moderately 
heavy, and of a dusky réd colour, but ofa 
bright scarlet when powdered. 

DRAGON'S HEAD. One of the nodes 
of the planets, particularly the moon, as 
distinguished from the dragon’s tail. The 
former, marked thus ( §2), is the northward 
point, as she ascends the south to the 
north ; the latter is the southward point, 
marked (25). 

DRAGOON. A soldier who fights some- 
times on foot and sometimes on horseback. 

DRAGS. Floating pieces of timber, 
soined so that they may earry a load down 
a river. 

DRAIN. A watercourse sunk in the 
ground for the purpose of carrying off the 
water. 

DRAINING, or LAND DRAINING. 
_ The process of carrying water off from the 
jand, sometimes by means of open drains, 
but more commonly by drains made toa 
certain depth under the ground, which are 
filled with bushes so as toadinit the water. 

DRAM. See Dracum. 

DRAMA. _A play, or any piece fitted 
for theatrical representation. Dramas are 
either tragedies, comedies, operas, or farces. 

DRAMATIS PERSONA. The. per- 
formers and characters in any particular 
piece 

DRAPER. A seller of cloth ; as a woollen 
draper and alinen draper. The Drapers 
‘n London, are one of the city companies, 
‘ncorporated in the reign of Heary Vi. 

DRAUGHT, or DRAFT (in Architec- 





ture). The 6 igure of an intended i pahhatee 
described cn paper. 

DRAUGHT (in Navigation). Thequan- — 
tity of water Which aship draws when she 
is afloat. 

DRAUGHT (in Military Affairs). A 
detachment of soldiers drawn off from the 
main army. > 

DRAUGHT (in Husbandry). What per- 
tains to draw ing, as draught horses, 

DRAUGHIITS. A’ game played with 
pieces on a phoek ered board, like a chess 
board, where by particular movements 
they are enabled to take each other, accord- 
ing to certain rules, 

DRAUGHTSMAN. One who follows 
the profession of taking plans and sketch- 
es, of buildings and places, 

DRAWBACK (in Commerce). An al 
lowance made to merchants on the expor- 
tation of goods which paid duty inwards, 

DRAWBRIDGE. A bridge made so as 
to let up and down at pleasure. 





DRAWER Aboxina case, from which 
it may be drawn. 

DRAWER OF A BILL. One who 
Writes and signs a bill for a sum of money 
to be paid to another. 

DRAWING, The art of representing 
objects on paper, canvass, &c. by means 
ofa pencil or a pen; also the representa- 
tions so made, as drawings in India ink, 
pencil drawings, &c. 

DRAWINGROOM. The roomin which 
company assemble at court; or to which, 
in common cases, parties withdraw after 
dinner; also the company assembled at 
court, in Europe, to pay their respects te the 
sovereign. 

DRAW-WELL., A deep well, in whick 
water is drawn up by means of a wheel, 
rope, and a bucket, 

DRAY. <A brewer’s cart. 

aecne iho The driver of a dray. 

EAM. The acting of the imagination 
in pry which represents objects without 
the help of the senses. 

DREDGE, A kind of net fer catching 
oysters 

DREDGING. The ante of mere 















e _ oysters, by the evi or r dragging ty 
aud with dredges, &c. 

“DRESS Clothing for the body. | 

DRESS (in Husbandry). Any stuff, such 
as loam, sand, &c. which is put on land to 
improve the soil. 

DRESSER. One employed in putting 
on the clothes of another, particularly for 
the purposes of ornament. 

DRESSER (in Military Affairs). One 
who dresses a line of soldiers, or makes 
them stand with an even front. 

DRESSER (in Housewifery). A bench 
en which meat is dressed or prepared for 
the cook. 

DRESSING (in Husbandry). The-clean- 
ing of hemp, flax, &c.so as to prepare it 
for spinning. 

DRESSING (among Letterfounders). 
The scraping, bearding, &c. of letters, be- 
fore they are used by the printer. 

DRESSING (inthe Manege). The clean- 
ing and trimming a horse. 

DRIFT. A sea terin for any thing that 
floats upon the water; also the course 
which a ship inakes when she is driven by 
a storm: 

DRILLING (in Military Affairs) The 
teaching young recruits the first principles 
of military movements. 

DRILLING (in Husbandry). A modern 
~ mode of putting seed into the ground by a 

machine called a drilling machine, which 

makes channels in the ground, and lets the 
seed intothem, so that it comes up in rows 
at regular distances from each other. 
DRINK. A liquid medicine given toa 
horse. 
DRIP. The projecting part of a cofnice. 
DROMEDARY, The Arabian camel 
having one bunch, which is said to be very 
swift, and able to travel more than one 
hundred miles in a day, though its com- 
mon rate does not exceed 40 miles. Srx 
CaMEL 





BROP. An ornament in pillars of the 
Doric order. | 
 DROPSY. A collection of watery hu- 


mour either throughout the whole body; or 





aL Was 
im some part of it, as ae eavity of the 
abdomen. 

DRONE. A large kind of bee or wasp, 
which is without a sting. It is the male 
of this tribe of inseets, 





DROVERS. Men employed to drive 
cattle to, or from market. 

DRUGGET. A kind of woolen stuff, 

DRUGGIST. A dealer in drugs. 

DRUGS. All kinds of simples, which are 
for the most part dry, and fit for medicinal 
uses. 

DRUIDS. A sort of priests among the 
ancient Gauls and Britons. 

DRUM. A’ masical instrument much 
used in the army, consisting of vellum 
strained over a wooden cylinder on each 
end, and beaten with sticks. 





DRUM (in Anatomy). A membrane of 
the cavity of the ear 

DRUMMER (in Military Affairs). 
soldier who beats the drum. 

DRUM MAJOR. He who has the com 
mand over the other drummers / 

DRUPE (in Botany). A pulpy fruit, 
containing a nut or stone, with a kernel 
like the plum. 

DRYADS., Nymplis inhabiting woods. 


DUALISM. The doctrine of Manich- 
sism, or the beliefin two eternal prin- 
ciples, the one good and the other evil, ae. 
to which all the phenomena of nature 
are attributed. 


A 


y 


DUCAL CORONET. A circle of gold 
with eight strawberry or parsley leaves of 
equal height, about the rim. 





DUCATOON a silver coin in Noland, 
worth about $1.2 

DUCK. A water fowl, both wild and 
wame. 





DUCK, or RUSSIA DUCK (in Com- 
merce). The best sort of canvass. 

DUCKWEED. A plant growing in 
ditches and stagnant waters; it is an an- 
nual much liked by ducks. 

DUCT. A channel or passage for any 
fluid in the body. 

DUCTILITY. A_ property possessed 
ay certain bodies, particularly metals, of 
yielding to any pressure, by which their 


. Yarts may be expanded by hammering. 


DUEL (in Law). Originally a combat 
vetween two persons for the trial of the 
sruth ; but now an unlawful battle between 
two persons on some private quarrel, in 
the which, in England, if death ensue, both 
she principal, and the seconds are guilty 
of murder. In most of the United States, 
the laws are similar. 

DUES (in Law). Moneys due to the 
elergy, as Easter offerings, &c. 

DUET. A little song in two parts. 

DUKE. A sovereign prince in Germany; 
the highest title of honour in England 
next to the Prince of Wales. 

DUMOS/®. One of Linneus’s natural 
orders of planta, venzisting of shrubs ard 
bashes, as laurels, firs. &c 


Weibel) oe ny a: he 
ott eal, $a yly 


pys 


DUNGECN. The darkest, ma 1 etewentt 
part of a prison. | 

DUODECIMALS, or Cross Muutirut 
cation. A rule need by workmen and 
artificers, in computing the contents of theix 
work. Dimensions are usually taken in 
feet, inches, and parts. 

DUODENARY ARITIMETIC. That 
in which the local value of the figures in- 
creases in a twelvefold proportion. 

DUPLICATE. Any manuscript copied 
after another, 

DUPLICATE RATIO (in Geometry) 
The product of a ratio multiplied into 
itself. 

DURA MATER. One of the membranes 
which encloses the brain. 

DURAN'TE (in Law). During, as Du- 
rante bene placito, during pleasure; Du- 
rante minore wtate, during minority. 

DURESS. An unlawful imprisonment. 

DUTCHY. In England, a seignory or 
lordship, formerly established by the king, 
With several privileges, honours, &c. 

DUTY. What is paid or due, by way of 
custom on merchandise in general. 

DWARF, A man much below the erd+ 
nary size. 

DWARF (in Botany) A term for plants | 
that grow low, as distinguished from those 
of the same kind which rise to a consider- 
able height. 

DYKE. A bank, mole, or causeway 
raised to stop the citi 

DYNAMICS. The science of moving 
powers, particularly of the motion of bodies 
mutually acting on one another. It is a 
branch of the science of mechanics, and is 
distinguished from statics in this, that the 
former considers bodies only as regards 
their motion, but the latter considers those 
bodies when in a state of rest, as to their 
equilibrium. When fluids, instead of 
solids, are the subjects of investigetion, 
that which treats of their equilibifum, 
weight, pressure, &c. iscalled hydrostatics, 
and that which treats of their motion, 
hydrodynamics, 

DYNASTY A series of princes whe 
have reigned successively in any king- 
dom, particularly cee to the Egyptian 
kings. 

DYSENTERY. A difficulty, or disturb 
ance in the iatestines, which impedes thet: 
functions 





gic 











” 


+ 


: el es ape ‘ E. 


G, the fifth letter of the alphabet, stood as 
a numeral for 250; stands as an abbrevi- 
ation tor est, as i. e. id est; also for east; 
asa sign of particular notes in music, 

EAGLE, A bird of prey, said to be the 
swiftest, strongest, and boldest of all birds. 
It has a long hooked beak, yellow scaly 
legs, thick crooked talons, a short tail, and 
& very keen sight. The common eagle is 
here represented. 





The eagle, as a bearing in coat armour, 
ta reckoned as honorable among the birds, 
as the lion is among the beasts. The bald 
eagle is the national emblem of the United 
States. 

EAR. The organ of hearing in an animal 
body, which consists of the external ear, 


~ or all that lies without the external oritice 


4 


> 









® pearl on each of them. 


_ of the meatus auditorius, and the internal 


ear, or that which lies within the cavity of 
the os temporis. 


EARL. In England, a title of nobility,” 


between a marquis and a viscount, now 
the third degree of rank. 
EARL’S CORONET. Has no flowers 


_ caised above the circle, like that of a duke 





EARL MARSHALL (in Erg.) Whe 
has the care and directicn of faneral sol 
emnities. This oflice belc ngs by hereditary 
right to the Duke of Norfolk. 

EARNEST (in Commerce). Money ad- 
vanced to bind the parties to the perform- 
ance of a verbal bargain. 

EAR-RING. An ornament hung on the 
ears, particularly of women. 

EARTIL (in Mineralogy). A substance 
formerly considered as one of the four 
elemnents of which the material world is 
composed, The term is now applied to 
such substances as have neither taste nor 
smell, that are incombustible, and nearly 
insoluble in water, the specific gravity be- 
ing under five, as lime, barytes, silica, 
clay, &c. 

EARTH (in Astronomy). One of the 
primary planets, marked by the character 
@. According te *he Ptolemaic, system 
it was supposed to be immoveable in the 
centre ofthe universe, but according to that 
of Copernicus, it moves from west to east 
80 as to occasion the succession of day and 
night, and also annually round the sun, so 
as to cause the different seasons. 

EARTH NUTS. A kind of plant, the 
pods or nuts of which ripen under ground 
The nutsyield a quantity of oil. 

EARTHQUAKE. A _ violent shock or 
concussion of the earth, or some parts of 
it, caused by an accuiulation of electrical 
matter within the bowels of the earth 
which forea a passage, and cause much 
destruction of houses, cities, trees, and 
whole tracis of country. In hot countries, 
earthquakes are most frequent. 

EARTUWORM. A worm bred under 
ground, being the common species of the 
worm. 

EARWIG. An insect with sheath wings, 
which was formerly imagined to creep inte 
the ear, but this idea does not appear to 
be borne out by the fact, no case of the 
kind having yet been witnessed or re- 
corded. 

EASEL. A frame on which a paintes 
sets the cloth, &c. ta be painted. 

EAST. One of the four cardinal points, 
where the sun rises. 

EASTER. A solemn festival observed 
among Christians, in commemoration of 
the resurrection of our blessed Lord and 


_ «nd a marquis, but only points rising and | Saviour Jesus Christ. This feast wes fixed 
| by the council of Nice. in the year 325, t« 











or immediately after the full moon, which 
happens next after the twenty-first of 
March. 

EASTER OFFERINGS. In England, 
money paid at Master to the parson of the 
parish 

EASTERLING. A money coined by 
Richard Il , which is supposed to have 

ven rise to the name of sterling, asapplied 
English money. 

EAU DE LUCE. A fragrant liquor, 
made chiefly of nastic dissolved in alcohol. 
' EAVES. The edges of the roof ofa house, 
which overhang the wall, for the purpose 
af throwing off the water. 

EAVESDROPPER, One who stands 
ander the caves of houses, for the purpose of 
listening to what passes Within. Any one 
who listens slily to what is said by others. 

EBR. The retirement or going away of 
the tide. 

EBONY. A sort of black wood, which 
adinits ofa fine polish It is the wood of 
the eben tree, which grows in India, Ethi- 
opia, and the Levant. 

EBULLITION. The effervescence 
which arises from the mixture of an acid 
and alkaline liquor. 

ECCE HOMO. A painting which repre- 
gents our Saviour in a- purple robe, and 
with a crown of thorns on his head. 

ECCENTRIC CIRCLES Circles not 
having the same centre. 

ECCENTRIC CIRCLE, or ECCEN- 
TRIC (in Modern Astronomy). The circle 
that circuimnscribes the elliptical orbit of 
the planet. 

ECCENTRICITY (in Modern Astrono- 
my). Is the distance between the sun and 
the centre of the eccentric. 

ECCLESIASTIC. A clergyman; one 
dedicated to the ministerial office. 

ECHO. A sound reflected, or reverbe- 
rated from some body, and thence returned 
or repeated to the ear, Echoing bodies 
may be so contrived, as to repeat the echo 
several times. At Milan there is said to 
be an echo, which reiterates the report of 
a pistol fifty-six times, and if the report be 
exceedingly loud, the reiteration will ex- 
ceed that number. The celebrated echo 
at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England, 
repeats the same sound fifty times. But 
‘the most singular echo hitherto spoken of, 
ia that near Rosneath, a few miles from 
Giasgow,Scottaad. If a person placed at 
a proper distance from this echo, plays 
eight orten notes of a tune with a trumpet, 
they are correctly repeated by the echo, 
out a third lower; after a short pause, 
another repetition is heard, in a lower 


bs held on the Sunday which falls upon, , tone; and ithe: after shelter ‘facalh | 


rr ee ey enn ss mene cep npn Higa 








third ‘repetition follows ina still lower tene 

ECHO (in Architecture). Any vault 
arch, constructed so as to produce an arti 
ficial echo, These are generally of a para. 
bolic or elliptic form: of this kind is the 
whispering gallery in St. Paul’s Cathedral. 
London, and some other large buildings. 
The vault of the Pantheor, Paris, is con- 
structed on similar principles. 

ECHO (in Poetry). A sort of verse whieh 
returns the sound of the last syllable. 

ECHOMETER. A kind of scale or rule 
to measure the duration of sounds. 

ECLECTICS. Ancient philosophers,whe 
adhered to no sect, but selected what was 
best and most rational. 

ECLIPSE. An obscuration of the sun, * 
moon, ar any heavenly body. An ecsipse 
may be either partial, when only part of 
the body is darkened, or it may be a total 
eclipse, when the whole is darkened. A  ~ 
lunar eclipse is the depriving the moon of 
the sun’s light, by the interposition of the 
earth between the sun and the méon. A 
solar eclipse is the privation of light which 
the sun suffers in regard to us, by the in- 
terposition of the moon between the gua 
and the earth. 

ECLIPTIC. A great circle of the sphere, 
in which the gun performs his apparent 
annual motion. Itis supposed to be drawn 
througli the middle of the zodiac,and makes 
an angle with the equinoctial of nearly 
23° 30’, which is called the obliquity of 
the ecliptic. 

ECLOGUE. A pastoral poem, wherein 
shepherds are introduced discoursing toge- 
ther. It is so called after the Eclogues 
of Virgil. 

ECONOMY. In the general sense, the 
regulation of things, or the due distribution 
of means to an end. Political economy 
is a science which treats of the wealth and 
resources of a nation, and the manner in 
which they may be best employed to in ghar 
crease the prosperity of the people. Adana 
Sinith has treated at large on this subject 
in his Wealth of Nations, 


E CONTRA. On the contrary. 
ECTIILIPSIS. The cutting off a vowel i) 
or consonant. - iN <a 
EDGE. The sharp cutting part of ap ue 
instrument. Br 
EDGE TOOL. A tool made sharp for aa 
cutting. te 


EDIBLE ROOTS. Roots that are fit 
for food, as the potatoe, carrot, &c. 

EDICT. A public ordinance or decree. 
issued by a prince. ua 

EDITION. The whole rumber ofbocks = 
of a kind struck off at one time. ‘ 



















- gpuLco 





Mee te 
ATION (ie Chymlstry). The 
washing of things that have been calcined, 

ta order to purify them from their salts. 
EDULCORATION (in Pharmacy). The. 
sweetening any medicinal preparation. 
_ EEL. A voracious slimy fish, very similar 
© a lizard, that lurks and feeds in mud. 
EEL POUT. A young eel. 
EEL SPEAR. A forked instrument with 
whieh eels are caught. 


A, f 





EFFECTIVE (in Military Affairs). A 
erm for any body of men that are fit for 
ervice. 

EFFECTS. The moveables or goods of 
.ny merchant, tradesman, &c. 

EFFERVESCENCE (in Ciemistry). 
A violent commotion in the parts of any 
dquor, accompanied with some degree of- 
Reat. 

EFFICIENT CAUSE. Any cause that 
oetually produces an effect. 

EFFIGY. Any representation whatever 
-which gives, or is intended to give, the 
figure of a person ; thus, the figure of a man 
dressed up and carried about in derision 
of any one, is called his effigy ; when this 
is burnt, the person is said to be burnt in 
effigy. 

EFFLORESCENCE (in Botany) The 
flowering of plants. 

EFFLORESCENCE (in Chemistry). 
The conversion of any body into a dry 
powder. 

EFFLUVIA. Small particles, perpetu- 
“ally flowing out of mixed bodies in the 
form of vapours, which are sometimes 
visidle, as in the case of smoke or steam ; 
and sometimes not perceptible, as insensi- 
ble perspiration. 

EFFUSION. The pouring out a liquor, 
#o that the sediment may remain. 

EFFUSION (in Surgery). The, natural 
secretion of fluids from the vesaels, 

EFT A sort of lizard, which has a body 
covered with scales, 

E. G. An abbreviation for Exempli 
gratia, that is, for example, or by way of 
example. 

EGG. The foetus or production of feather- 
ed fowls; that which they my, and from 
which they hatch their young; also the 
spawn or sperm of other creatures, The 

eggs of birds are composed of the shell, or 


if extemal coating, a thin. white, and strong 


membrane, the albumen or white, and the 
yolk. . 

EGLANTINE. The wild rose 

EGRET. A bird of the heron tribe. 

EIDER-DUCK. A kind of duck remark 
able for the softness of its down 

EIDOURANION. An exhibition of the 
heavens and the heavenly bodies. 

EJECTMENT. A writ or action which 
lies for the lessee for a term of years, whe 
is cast out before his term is expired: alse 
the putting any one out cf an estate by @ 
legal process. 

ELASTICITY. That property of bodies, 
ofrestoring themselves to their former figure 
afler any external pressure. Elasticity is 
increased by augmenting the density of 
bodies; thus metals are rendered more 
elastic by being beaten by a hammer: it 
is also sometimes increased by cold ; thus 
the strings of a violin recover their situa- 
tion with less force in hot, than in cold 
weather. 

ELECTION (in Law) The choice of 
two remedies, either of which, when cho- 
sen, the party is compelled to abide. 

ELECTION, The choosing of persons 
to a particular office or situation by a ma- 
jority of voices, as in England the election 
of parish officers, or the election of mem 
bers of parliament, which takes nlace eve- 
ry seven years. The state elections here 
are generally annual. The President 
and Vice President are elected once in four 
years 

ELECTIVE ATTRACTION Another 
name for chemical affinities. 

ELECTOR (in Political Affairs). The 
title of such German princes as formerly 
had a voice in the election of the emperor 
of Germany. 

ELECTOR (in English Law). Any one 
who has the right of giving his voice at an 
election, particularly at an election of a 
member of parliament. The term is appli- 
ed in America to voters generally. In 
most of the states, those citizens who pay 
taxes are electors. 


ELATERITE. A mineral pitch, a mas- 
sive variety of bitumen; also called el- 
astic bitumen. 

ELATERIUM. The Squirting Cucum- 
ber, of the order Cucurbitacee. Iixtract 
of elaterium is gathered from this plant 
betoreit ripens, thejuice being gently 
expressed, when a green sediment ix 
deposited, which is collected and dried, 
one-eighth of a graiu operates as a draa- 
tic purge. 

ELATROMETER. In physics, an ,in- 
strument for measuring the degree of 

| diversity or rarefaction of air contained 


{in the receiver of an aiz-pump. 


os talc 





ELECTRIG, or ELECTRICAL. Cons 
taining electricity, or capable of exhibit- 
.ing it when excited by friction; derived 
from or produced by electricity; com- 
municating a shock like electricity. 
Electric aurais a current of electrified 
air, employed as a mild stimulantin 
electrifying sensitive parts, as the ear 
orthecye, Electric circmt, or Electric 
current, is the transmission of electric- 
ity from a body overcharged to one that 
is undercharged, through the agency of 
metallic wiresor conductors. Electric 
column is a sort of electric pile invented 
by De Luc, compesed-of thin plates of 
different metals, with paper interposed 
between them. Electric telegraph is a 
mode of transmitting messages and in- 
telligence by means of electricity over 
wires, either for long or short distances. 
Electric wireis the popular name forthe 
wires of the magnetic telegraph. 
ELECTRICITY. The subtile agent cal- 
led the clectric fluid, usually excited by 
friction; the science which unfolds the 
phenomena and laws of the electric 
fluid. It wassocalled from the Greek 
word foramber. becauseit was in the 
friction of this substance that it was 
first observed. The phenomena of el- 
ectricity aresuch as attraction and re- 
pulsion, heat and light, shocks of the 
animalsystem,and mechanical violence. 
ELECTRO. A term extensively used 
asa prefixin the composition of words 
appertaining to clectricity; as IElectro- 
biology, the science of electrical forces 
as shown in mesmerism. Electro-chem- 
istry, that portion of electric science 
which treats of the agency of electricity 
and galvanism in effecting chemical 
changes. Electro-chemical, that which 
pertains to electro-chemistry. Electro- 
dynamics, the phenomena of clectricity 
inmotion. Wlectro-gilding, a mode of 
gilding copper or silver by the agency 
of voltaic electricity. Electro-magnetic, 
designating what pertains to magnet- 
ism, as connected with clectricity, or 
affected by it. Llectro-magnetic Tele- 
graph, av apparatus for conveying in- 
telligence, by means of  eclectricity 
moving betweer two places on iron 
wires. Electro-magnetism, that science 
which treats of the agency of electricity 
.and galvanism in communicating mag- 
netic properties. Electro-metallurgy, 
the art of depositing metals heldin sol- 
ution, as silver, gold, &c., on prepared 
surfaces, through the agency of voltaic 
electricity or galvanism. See Electro: 
type. Electro-motion, the motion of el- 
ictricity or galvanism, or the passing of 
it from one metal to another. Electro- 
motive, producing clectro-motion. El. 
ectro-negative, a term denoting the 
natural state ota body, or a particle of 
matter, which makesit tend to the pos- 
itive pole ota voltaic battery. Electro- 
polar, a term applied toconductors, one 
end or surtace of which is positive and 
the other negative. Lloctro-positive, a 
form vcuvling the natural state ef a 


ee 





i 


body, or a 


particle of matter, whicn 





makes it tend to the negative pole of a Peas 


voltaic battery. 
belonging to the electro-magnetic tele- 
graph, or by its means. 
ELECTRODE. A name applied to what 
is called the pole of the voltaic circle. 
The electrodes are the surtaces, air, 
water, metal, &c., which serve toconvey 
an electric current into and from the 
liquid to be decomposed. 
ELECTROLYSIS. Lhe act of decom- 
posing a compound substance by the 
action of electricity or galvanism. 


ELECTROLYTE. A compound which 
may be directly decomposed by an elee- 
tric current. 

ELECTROLYZE. To decompose acom- 
pounu substance by the direct action of 
electricity or galvanism. 

ELECTROMETER. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity or intensity of 
electricity , or forindicating the presence 
of electricity; an instrument for dis- 
charging electricity from a jar. 

ELECIRON. Amber; also a mixture 
of gold with a fifth part ofsilver. — 

ELECTRO-PLATE. A precipitation of 
silver or gold on asuttace of copper, or 
German silver metal. 


ELECTROSCOPE. An instrument for 


rendering electrical excitation apparent 
by its effects. 


ELECTRO-TINT. The art or process by ~ 


which an etching is produced through 
the means of galvanism. The plate 
used for the purpose is of mixed metal, 
presenting a white surface, such gs 
German silver. The artist sketches his 
design on the dull white surface by 
means of brushes and composition. All 
the parts which are white in the im- 
pression are left uncovered by the paint. 
When the picture is finished, it is coated 
with black-lead, and exposed to the 
electro-coppering process, by which a 
plate is produced for working in the 
copper-plate press, having the lines of 
the device marked in intaglio, orsunken. 

ELECTROTYPE. The art of depositing 
metals held in solution, and of executing 
fac-simile representations by galvanism, 
sometimes called Hlectro-metallurgy. 
Electro-plating, which is effected qn 
this principle, is a process by which a 
pattern, cast in alloy or white metal, 
composed of copper, nickel, and zinc— 
hard white, and fusible only at a high 
temperature — after being properly 
chased and prepared, and dipped in a 
vessel containing a solution of phos- 
phorous, is transferred to a tank or 
trough, and subjected to galvanic 
agency. In the tank is a chemical solu- 
tion of silver; and the wires of a galvan- 
ic battery are s0 arranged that the cur- 
rent, in completing its circuit, must 


necessarily pass through the solution, __ 


The result is, the solution is decom- 


posed, and a fine film of metallic silver — 
is deposited on the surfaces of the ay — 


ticles suspended in the trough. ae 





Electro-telegraphic, — 


¢ 



















 BLECTRO-B 


a 





TUS. An instrument for determining 
by electricity the velocity of a projec- 
tile at any part of its flight. 

ELECTRO-BIOLOGY. A term ap- 
plied to ascertain mental phenomena, 
supposed by some to be produced by 
the various applications of mesmerism 
to the human body. i 

ELECTRO CALICO-PRINTING. 
The art of producing patterns on cloth 
by the chemical action of the voltaic 
eurrent. The process nay be thus de- 
acribed: if, for instance, a blue pattern 
is to be printed on a white ground, the 
cloth having been wetted with a very 
dilute lhydro-chloric acid, is placed on 
a sheet of tin-foil or other conducting 
surface connected with the negative 
electrode of a voltaic battery. A plate 
of iron upon which the required pattern 
has been painted in varnish, is now 
connected with the positive electrode 
of the apparatus, and applied to the 
cloth. lectro-chemical action is at 
once set up, and the exposed portions 
of the metallic surface are dissolved by 
the acid, and the chloride of iron thus 
formed becomes fixed in the cloth. To 
develop the pattern, the cloth is now 
passed through a bath of prussiate of 
potash, which produces a beautiful blue 
color wherever the iron has touched, 
but which does not affect tho parts 
which tho varnish has shielded. 

ELECTRICITY, History or. It does 
not appear that the ancients had anything 
more than an imperfect and partial know- 
ledge of the electric fluid. Thales, the 
Milesian, who lived about six hundred 
years before Christ, was aware of the 
electrical property of amber, that when 
rubbed it would attract light bodies to 
itself; and Theophrastus observed that 


lyncurium or tourmalin possessed the same 


property, but beyond this there is no men- 


tion of the subject, either by this or any 
other writer, until the seventeenth century, 
when Dr. William Gilbert, & native of 
Colchester, published his treatise ‘De 
Magnete,’ in which we find many impor- 
tantand interesting particulars. These re- 
ceived farther illustration from the experi- 
ments of Boyle, Otto Guericke, Dr. Wall, 
and some others, but more especially from 
Mr. Hawksbee, who, in his work on elec- 
tricity, first noticed the electrical power in 
glass, and the light proceeding from it. 
He also first heard the snapping noise that 
accompanies excitation, and noticed the 
different phenomena relating to electrical 
attraction and repulsion: besides, by intro- 
ducing the glass globe into the electrical 
apparatus, he much facilitated his own 
experiments and those of others. After 
an interval of about twenty years, Mr. 





‘Has! 





science of eleetricity by numerous imper 
tant experiments. He first showed how 
the power of native electrics might be 
communicated to other bodies in which it 
cannot be excited, by supporting them on 
silken lines, hair lines, cakes of resin os 
glass. He also more accurately distinguish- 
ed between electrics and nonelectrics, and 
displayed the effect of electricity on water 
more clearly than Gilbert had done. 

The experiments of Mr. Grey were 
elucidated and enlarged by M. du Fay, 
member of the Academy of Sciences at 
Paris. He observed that electrical opera 
tions were obstructed by great heat, as 
well as by a moist air ; that all bodies, both 
solid and fluid, would receive electricity, 
when placed on warm or dry glass or seal- 
ing wax: that those bodies which are nat- 
urally the least electric have the greatest 
degree of electricity communicated to them 
by the approach of the excited tube. He 
first observed the electric spark from a 
living body suspended on silken Sines, 
and established a principle first suggested 
by Otto Guericke, that all electric bodies 
attract others that are not so, and repel 
them as soon as they are become electri¢ 
by the vic. nity or contact of the electric 
body. He likewise distinguished elec- 
tricity inte two kinds, which he called vit- 
reous, as belonging to glasa, rock, crystal 
&c., and resinous, as applied to that of am- 
ber, gum, lac, &c.; the former of these 
has since beem called positive eleetricity, 
and the latter negative. 

Mr. Grey resumed his experiments in 
1734, the result of which was the discovery 
of conductors. He also coneluded from 
several experiments that the electrical 
power was of the same nature as that of 
thunder and lightning. Desaguliera and 
other experimentalists in Franee, England, 
and Germany, followed up the experiments 
of Mr. Grey with further researches, whieh 
displayed the power cf electricity in new 
forms, particularly by the discovery that 
if electricity be accumulated in a phial, it 
may be discharged again so as to occasion 
the electric shock. Mr. Van Kleist, of 
Leyden, first observed the property of the 
phial, and Cunzus followed it by exhibit- 
ing the experiment. Mr Muschenbrock, 
who also tried the experiment with a very 
| thin bowl, assured M, Reaumur, ina letter, 

that he felt himself struck in his arms, 
shoulder, and breast, so that he lest his 
breath, and was two days before he reco- 
vered from the effects of the blow, and 
the terror which this unexpected result 
produced. He added that he would no 





Ps at Gtephen Grey added ey materially to the | receive a seeond shock for the whole king 

















i ] 
7 





dom of France. M. Allemand made ie 
experiment with a cemmon beer giaas, 
from which he found himself powerfully 
affected in his breath, and felt so severe a 
pain all along his right arm, that he appre- 
hended serious consequences from it. These 
inconveniences, however, passed off after 
afew days, and others being induced to 
repeat the experiment, the practice of 


electricity became soon after common, and* 


was, after a time, also applied to medical 
purposes. Machines of different forme were 
now invented, and the electrical apparatus 
was continually enlarged, by some new 
device, to increase the force or direct the 
eperations of the electricity ; among other 
things, when it was ascertained that light- 
ming was ho other than electrical matter, 
sonducting rods began to be employed on 
the tops of buildings and on the masts of 
vessels, for the purpose of saving them 
from the effects ofstorms. Many important 
treatises on the science of electricity have 
been written within the last century, by 
Adams, Cavallo, Cavendish, Ferguson, 
Galvani, Franklin, Faraday, &c. 

ELECTRIFYING. The communication 
of electric matter to any body ; when this 
is effected by means of a charged phial, it 
is called an electric shock. 

ELECTROMETER. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity and determining 
the quality of the electricity in any electri- 
fied body 





ELECTROPIJORUS. A machine con- 
slating of two plates, one of which is a 
resinous electric and the other metallic, 
When the former is once excited by a 
peculiar application of the latter, the in- 
strument will furnish electricity for a con- 
siderable time. This is one of the inge- 
nious contrivances devised by Professor 
Volta, about the year 1774, which may 
serve as a good substitute for the electrical 
mechine When properly constructed, it 


ta beast of burden.- 


a been. known to retain its ectrietty 
three weeks, ni 


ELECTUARY (in Pharmacy). A me eee 
dicinal compositiin, in which honey ea 


sirup forms a necessary ingredient. 

ELEGIAC VERSE. A sort of verse used 
in elegies 

ELEGY. A plaintive kind ef peetry, or 
a funeral song 

ELEMENTS (in Chemistry) The first 
principles of which bodies were supposed 
by the ancients to be composed ; these were 
fire, air, earth, and water. In modern 
chemistry no such elementary principles 
are admitted, because it is considered that 
all bodies either are or may be decom 
posed 

ELEMENTS (in Geometry). The infi- 
nitely small parts of a right line, curve, o2 
solid. 

ELEMENTS (in Science). The first 
principles of any science. 

ELEMENTS (in Divinity). The bread 
and wine prepared for the sacrament of the 
Lord’s Supper. 

ELEMENTS (in Grammar). The letters 
of the alphabet. which are the elements of 
language 
~ ELEPHANT. "The largest, stron geetane 
most sensible of all quadrupeds. It is net 
carnivorous, but feeds on herbs, and ak 
sorts of pulse. It is naturally very gentle 
but when enraged is very terrible. It is 
common in the central and southern parts 
of Africa, and in India. In the latter 
country it is tamed and rendered useful as 
There is a white spe. 
cies, which in the Birman Empire, is re- 
verenced by the people. In central Africa 
Major Denham saw a herd of 150 





ELEVATION (in Astronomy). Th 
height of the equator, pole, or star, &~ 
above the horizon. 

ELEVATION (in Archean). & 
draught or description of the face or prin 
cipal side of a building, which in common 
language, is called the upright 


i 






















a 
tN 





which the chase of a cannon or mortar 
makes with the place of the horizon. 

ELEVATION OF THE HOST (in the 
Romish Church). That part of the ceremony 
of the mass which consists in the priest’s 
raising the host above his head, for the 
adoration of the people. 

ELF. A wandering spirit supposed to be 
seen in unfrequented places. 

ELGIN MARBLES. Curious marbles 
brought by the Earl of Elgin out of Greece, 
and deposited in the British Museum. 

ELISION (in Grammar). The striking 
eut a vowel at the end of a word, as ‘th’ 
arch,’ fer ‘the arch.’ 

ELIXIR. A very powerful tincture. 
The Grand Elixir is another word for an 
all-powerful medicine. 

ELX. The largest of the deer kind, and 
inhabits the northern parts of both conti- 
nents. It is called Moose in America 





ELL. A measure of length, different in 
different countries. The Englishand Flem- 
ish ells are the most used: the former of 
which is three feet nine inches, or one yard 
ead a quarter ; the latter only three quar- 
.ars of a yard. : 

ELLIPSIS, or ELLIPSE. A _ curve 
wh ch cuts the cone obliquely through both 
sides it is vulgarly called an oval, as in 





the subjcined figure, A H B !, where 
AB is the transverse diameter, H | the 


conjugate diameter 





very great height, and thrives best in a 
rich-black earth. The timber of elm tn 
England is next to that of oak for value, 
being particularly useful for mills. 

' ELOCUTION (in Rhetoric). The adapét- 
ing words and sentences, to the things er 
sentiments to be expressed. It consists im 
apt expressions, the happy order im dis- 
posing the words, and a certain musical 
cadence which arises from the whole 

* ELONGATION (in Astronemy). The 
removal of a planet to the farthest distamos 
it can be from the sun, as it appears to an 
observer on the earth. 

ELOPEMENT (in Law). The volun 
tary departure of a wife from her huabant 
to go and live with an adulterer; im eam 
mon acceptation, the secret departure of 
any female with her lover. 

ELYSIAN FIELDS. The paradise of 
the heathens. 

EMANCIPATION. A deliverance from 
slavery or servitads; also the release of 
the Roman Catholies from the disabilities 
which prevented them from filling offices 
of state, m 

EMBALMING. The filling a dead beady 
with spices, gums, and other antiseptics, te 
prevent it from putrifying. The Egyptians 
practised this arf most successfully, so that 
bodies which they embalmed two thousand 
years ago, remain whole to this day. 

EMBARGO (in Commerce). A proht 
bition issued by authority om all shipping, 
not to leave any port. 

EMBER DAYS. Particular days of fast- 
ing and humiliation in the Ember weeks. 

EMBER WEEKS, Four seasons in the 
year, more particularly set apart for prayer 
and fasting, namely, the first week in Lent 
the next after Whitsuntide, the fourteenth 
of September, and the thirteenth ef De- 
cember. 

EMBEZZLEMENT. The appropriating 
a thing to one’s own use, which has been 
intrusted to one. 

EMBLEM. A kind of painted enigma, 
or certain figures painted or cut metapher- 
leally, expressing some action. 

EMBOSSING. A sort of sculpture or 
carving, where the figure ia protuberaat, 
and projects from the plane in which it is 
cut. 

EMBRASURE (in Architecture). An 
énlargement made in a wall, 

EMBRASURE (in Fortification). 4 
hole in a parapet for the reception of a gun. 

EMBROCATION A kind ef fomenta 
tion. 

EMBROIDERY. Figured werk 
wrought on silk, cloth, or stuffs. 





‘ict ia gear a v vh 
ON (in Gunnery). The angle} ELM. A sort of tree which grows to a 








ELYTRUM. The first pair of wings 
in beetles, which are hard, and cover 
the second pair! 

EMBOLITE. A mineral, chiefly shiore” 
bromide of silver, 

EMBOSSING. Covering wood, paper, 
cloth, &c..with ornamental raised work. 

EMBRASURE. An opening in a wall, 
usually with sloping sides, for the fire of 
a gun, or a window. 

EMBRITHRITE. A mineral, chiefly 
sulphide of antimony and lead. 

EMBRYO. The earliest stage of a 

young animal, before it is sufficiently 
advanced to be termed a fcetus: consists 
of three layers. 1. The outer, which 
becomes developed into nerves, muscle, 
and bone. 2, The mediai, which forms 
the heart and circulating system. Naked 
.=Spore. FE. in ar receptcele=Seed. 
HE. of man: at first resembles all other 
embryos of plants and animals; suc- 
cessive differentiations limit it consecu- 
tively to animals, vertebrata, mamma- 
lia, placental mammalia, quadrumana, 
and man. 
. EMBRYOLOGY. The science of the 
successive modifications through which 
any organism passes in its gradual de- 
velopment from the germ stage to the 
adult form; a sub-division of Biology. 

EMERALD. A brilliant greenstone, 
@ silicate of aluminum and glucinum; 
a pure variety of beryl; a mineral of the 
topaz group, crystallizing in hexagons. 
Oriental E: a green variety of sapphire. 
E.. copper=Dioptase. 

EMERSION. ‘The reappearance of a 
planet, &c., after eclipse; the opposite 
of immersion. 

EMERY. A coarse variety of corun- 
dum or native alumina. 

EMETINE. <A base obtained from 
ipecacuanha; used as an emetic. 

EMBU, A lar ge bird of New Holland, 
allied to the cassowary and ostrich. Its 
wings, which are useless for flight, serve 
to balance the body when running. The 
Emeu wren is also an Australian bird, 
bearing a close resemblance to the emu. 

EMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT. 
That light is the effect of emission of 
infinitely minute particles of matter. 

EMOLLESCENCE. In metallurgy, 
the softening of a metal when beginning 
to melt; the lowest degree of fusibility. 

EMPAISTIC. In the arts, a kind of 
inlaid worl, which bears some resem- 
blance to the modern buhl, and consists 
of inlaidthreads or pieces of different 
metals impressed into other metals. 

EMULSIN. A ‘substance, found in al- 
monds, which acts as a ferment on amyg- 
dalin. and converts it into glucose, &e. 
EMULSION. A compound of oil and 


water obtained by use of a third body, 
‘such as which will combine with both, 


named from its milky appearance. 

EMYS’S SYSTEM. A method of con- 
structing large arches by a number of 
united layers of timber. 


e ~ 


country. 
EN CHANTMENT. 
practised for purposes of fraud 


ENCHASING. The beautifying gold 
silver, and other metal works by figures — 
it is practised only on hollow thin works ~ 


as watchcases, caneheads, andthe like. It 
is performed by punching or driving out 
the metal to form the figure, so as to stand 
out prominent from the surface of the 
metal. 


ENCHYRIDION: A manual or small - 


volume. 

ENCLOSING. The parting off of com- 
mon grounds, into distinct possessions. 

ENCORE. Literally, again; to be re- 
peated, as applied to any song or perform- 
ance in a theatre. 

ENCROACHMENT (in Law). Anun- 
lawful gaining upon the rights and posses- 
sions of another. 

ENCYCLOPASDIA. A dictionary which 
professes to explain the whole circle of the 
sciences. 

ENDEMIC, An epithet for disorders te 
.Which the inhabitants of particular coun- 
tries are subject. 

ENDIVE. An herbaceous plant, a sort 
of succory, used as a vegetable for the ta- 
ble. 

ENDORSING. Writing on the back of 
@ bill of exchange or check. 

ENDOWMENT 
giving or assuring a dower toa woman 
also the assigning certain rents and reven- 
ues for the maintenance of a vicar, alms- 
houses, &c. 

ENFRANCHISEMENT (in Law). The 
making a person a denizen, or free citi- 
zen. 

ENGINE (in Mechanics). A compound 
machine, consisting of one or more me- 
chanical powers, as of screws, levers, pul- 
lies, &c. in order to raise, cast, or sustain 
any weighty body. 

ENGINEER. One whose office is te 
conduct the attack and defence of all for- 
tresses. 

ENGLISH, or the ENGLISH LAN- 
GUAGE. A compound of the original 
British or Welsh, the Anglo-Saxon, Nor- 
man, French, Latin, and Greek, which is 
now spoken not only in all parts of Great 


Britain, but throughout North America and. 


all the English colonies in different parts 
of the habitable globe. — 

INGRAVING,. 
figures in metal, wood, or stone. by means 
of Jines cut thereon. 

ENGRAVING, History oF 


Magical charuss: ee a 


(in England). The 





The art of representing © 










- 











| Aigo ae characters on metal, stone, or 
- wood, was one of the first arts on which 
 eumaa ingenuity was exercised. Moses 
speaks of the art of engraving as no new 
invention. The tables which God deliver- 


ed to Moses are said to be the work of God, 


and the writing was the writing of God 
engraved upon the tables. The first en- 
gravings of human workmanship mention- 
edin the Scriptures, were executed by Aho- 
hab and Bezaleel, for the decoration of the 
tabernacle and the ornaments for the dress 
of Aaron. It isalso said that the tables of 


Seth contained the astronomical discove-. 


ries of that patriarch and his sons. In 
process of time we find that the clasps, 
buckles, rings, and other ornamental parts 
of dress, as also the cups and other house- 

_hold furniture, together with the arms of 
Mnilitary chieftains, were probably enriched 
with the first specimens of engraving. The 
shields of the Carians, as described by 
Herodotus, were ornamented with rude 
portraitures, as were also those of the an- 
cient Celtic nations, but the hieroglyphic 
figures of the Egyptians afford the best and. 
earliest specimens of engraving properly 
socalled. The Phoenicians probably learn- 
ed this art from the Egyptians; and their 

coins, which are looked upon to be among 
the most ancient extant, prove, as Mr. 
Strutt observes, that they were by no means 
indifferent artists. It is, however, gener- 
ally supposed, that there are noremainsin 
antiquity, either in sculpture, painting, or 
engraving, prior to those of Etruscan orig- 
inal. Some of those which are preserved 
in the British Museum are exceedingly 
rude, and evidently executed with the 
graver only upon a flat surface, and if fill- 
ed with ink and run through a printing 
press, provided the plate would endure the 
eperation, might produce a fair and perfect 
impression. 

The art of engraving on their shields 
was practised by the Saxons, in common 
with the other northerntribes. Alfred the 
Great eneouraged this among the other 
arts, and the works ofthe Saxon artists, 
av’ their shrines and caskets, rose by his 
encouragement and that of his successors, 
cousiderably in estimation, not only in 
England but on the continent. - Strutt men- 
tions a curious remnant of antiquity in the 
Museum at Oxford, namely, a very valu- 
able jewel, made of gold, and richly 
aacomed with a kind of work resembling 
niagree, in the midst of which is seen the 
half figure of a man, supposed to be Saint 
@uthbert. The back of this jewel, which 


te ainsnted: with sponte very skilfully 


executed. Saint Dunstan, the celebratec 
archbishop of Canterbury; who died a pv. 
988, 18 also noted for his skill in the arts. 
Osborn, his biographer, enumerates amon: 
his other endowments that he could ‘ scal 
pello imprimere ex auro, argento, wre, et 
ferro.’ , 

After the Conquest, it appears that en- 
graving, which had hitherto been mostly 
followed in conjanction with thé sister arts 
of carving and chasing, was now followed 
asa distinct art, and carried to a higher 
state of perfection, as may be learned from 
the brass plates so frequently to be met 
with in the English churches or om the 
tombstones in the fourteenth and following 
centuries. *These are usually ornamented 
with the effigies of the person to whose 
memory they are dedicated, and are evi 
dently executed by the graver only; the 
outlines being first made, then the shad 
ows are expressed by strokes strengthened 
in proportion as they required more force, 
and occasionally crossed with other strokes 
a second or third time, precisely in the 
same manner as copperplate_is at present 
engraved for printing. Thus we see that 
the art of engraving was for a long time 
practised, before it was made to answer 
the noble purpose, of perpetuating the la 
bours of the painter 

That branch of the art of engraving 
which consists in taking impressions on 
paper was, according to Giorgio Vasari, 
first practised by the Italians, and took-its 
rise from an accident. One Maso Fini- 
guerra, an ingenious goldsmith and sculp- 
tor of Fiorence in the fifteenth century, 
used to design and emboss figures on gold 
and other metals, and before he inlaid them, 
he used to fill the engraving with earth, 
and cast melted sulphur on it, which gave 
it a sort of olive colour, after which, 
pressing a piece of damp paper on it witk 
a smooth wooden roller, the engraving on 
the metal remained imprinted on the paper 
just as ifi had been designed with a pen 
in conseqaence of which Andww Man 
tegna set about making regular prints from 
his engravings. ‘The correctness of this 
story, however, as far as regards the prior 
ity of the discoverer, is disputed by Strutt 
and others. 

It should seem that impressions from 
engravings on wood, had been taken ix 
Germany prior to this, and that the brief 
malers, or the makers of playing eards, 
practised the art of card making about the 
fifteen’ h century, and from the making of 
cards were led to the execution rf other 


was engraved by command of Alfred, is | figures of a devout nature, so as t form a 












ayy my 


kind of books comaining a history of the 


Old and New Testament, which was 
printed only on one side of the paper. In 
this manner the engraving both in wood 
and brass continued to be followed by the 
same artists, and in their hands made great 
advances to perfection. Martin Schoen, 
ef Culmbach, was one of the first who 
distinguished himself in this art. Israel 
von Mecheln, of Mechelen, was the rival of 
ef Schoen ; the style of which latter artist 
ws flowed by Albert Durer. After this 
rose a succession of distinguished en- 
gravers in France, England, and Holland. 

Engraving in chiaro-scuro is justly as- 
tribed to the Germans, and was first 
practised by Muir. At what time etching 
was introduced, is not known. “One ofthe 
most early specimens of a print, by Albert 
Durer, is known by the name of the 
Cannon, dated 1518. 

Engraving with dots, called stippling, 
was of Italian invention, and was first 
practised by Agostino de Musis. The 
method of engraving in mezzotinto was 
eummenced about the middle of the sev- 
mieenthcentury. Engraving in aquatinta 

“tg a recent invention. In medern times, 
every species of engraving has made great 
advances toward perfection. For mezzo- 
finto and line engraving, steel has been 
“ately brought into use, which not only 
enables the engraver to give greater delica- 
ey, and a higher finish to his works, but 
affords ten times az many good tnpressions. 
Copper is now little used fur fine engra- 
vings. 





-ENNEANDRIA (in ne of 
Linneus’s classes of plants, including sek 
as bear hermaphrodite flowers, with nine 
stamens, as the bay, the cashew nut, the 
flowering rush, &e i 





ENTABLATURE. That partota columa 
which is over the capital, comprehending 
the architrave, frize, and cornice. 

ENTAIL. An entailed estate, or an 
estate abridged and limited; by certain 
conditions prescribed by the first donor. 

ENTERTAINMENT. A species of the- 
atrical representation following a tragedy 
or comedy ; it may be either a farce or a 
pantomime, écc. 

ENTOMOLOGY. The science whick 


treats of insects, as to their structure, — 
habits, and varieties. 


The body of an in- 
sect consists of four principal parts, namely, 
the head, the trunk, the abdomen, and the 
limbs or extremities. The head is fur- 
nished in most insects with eyes, antennas 
or horns, and a mouth. The eyes are 
various, both in colour, shape, and number, 
in different kinds, some being ofa different 
colour from that of the head, and some of 
the same colour, some placed close to- 
gether, or alinost touching each other, some 


In wood engraving there has been still | having the pupil glassy and transparent, 


greater improveient. A few years since 
it was imagined that the birds and beasts 
of Bewick could never be surpassed. 
But Branstone Wright, Thompson and oth- 
ers, in England have given a degree of 
spirit, delicacy and beauty to their produc- 
tions, of which it was supposed that wood 
engravings Were unsusceptible. They 
have shown that the art is one of great 
scope, and is capable of producing ef- 
fects siiperior, in some d2partinents, to line 
engraving. 

ENGROSSING, The writing any thing 
fair in a large hand. 

ENLISTING. The entering fora soldier 
into the miitary service for a certain stip- 
tluted time, as for a term of seven years, 
or during a war &c. 

ENSIGN The banner under which 
the soldiers are ranged, according to the 
different rezinwzats to which they belong; 
also the officer who carries the ensign or 
colours. 

ENNUI. Listless fatigue. 


others having it scarcely distinguishable 
Many insects have, besides the large eyea, 
also three small spherical bodies placed 
triangularly on the crown of the head; 
called ocelli, or stemmata. The antenns 
aré two articulated moveable processes, 
placed on the head, which are also subject 
to great variety in their forin and strue- 
ture, being setaceous, or bristle shaped, 
filiform, orthread-shaped, &c. Whe mouth 
in most insects ig situated in the lower 
part of the head, and consist of the lipa, 
upper and lower; the mandibles, or horny 


substances, one on each side of the mouth; © 


the maxilla, or jaws, two membranaceoug 
substances, differing in figure from the 
mandibles, under which they are situated; 
the tongue, an involuted tubular organ, 
which constitutes the whole mcuth in some 
insects, as the sphinx; the rostrum, beak, 
or snout, 8 moveable articulated member 
in the grasshopper, the aphis, &e ; the 
proboscis, or trunk, which serves as @ 


mouth in the Bouse fly, bee, and some ‘i 











ca ae F 
<a 

















filiform ‘oreeas, placed mostly oa each side 


-s« gerve to cover the abdomen and enclose 
- their membranacsous wings, as in insects 


: bs Melars's ariedi uovenble 


. the jaw, and resembling the antenna, but 
* much smaller ; these vary in number from 
two to six In different insects. 

The trunk, which iv the second general 
division of which an insect consists, com- 
prehends that portion situated between 
the bead and the abdomen. T'his consists 
ef the thorax, or upper part of the body, 
to which the first pair of legs is attached ; 
the breast, or under part of the thorax, to 
which the four posterior feet are attached; 
the breast bone, a ridge running under the 
breast, which is conspicuous in some in- 
sects ; und the scutelium, or escutcheon, a 
leke-like process, situated at the posterior 
part of the thorax, 

The abdomen, or third principal portion 
ef an insect’s body, is composed of annular 
jeints, er segments, which vary in form 
and number in different imsects; this is 
distinguished into the back, or upper part, 
and the beliy, er under part. The motion 
af the abdomen iz most visible in the fly 
amd bee tribes. To this division belong 
also the tail and the sting. The tail some- 
times spreads like a leaf, as in the cock- 
roach; and in other insects is bristle- 
shaped. The sting, which is peculiar to 
insects of the bee tribe and some few 
othera, is sometimes simple, having but 
one dart, and sometimes compound, having 
two darts. In bees and wasps the sting is 
retractile, that is, capable of being drawn 
in ; but in other insects it is almost always 
hid in the body, or seldom thrust out. In 
some tribes of insects it oxists in the males, 
fin others in the females only, but seldom 
in both sexes. 

The members or extremities of insects 
are the legs andthe wings Insects have 
sometimes six legs, but never more, except 
what are observable in the larve, which 
are termed spirious feet. The feet vary in 
their form and use, bemg formed either 
for running, swimming, or leaping, with 
or Without claws or spines,&c. The wings 
are mostly two, but sometimes four in 
number; mostly placed on each side the 
insect, so as that each pair should corres- 
pond in situation, form, &c.; but where 
there is more than one pair, the first are 
Faestly larger than those behind. The 
wings are greatly diversified as to form, 
figure texture, construction, &c. To the 
wings belong also the elytra, or wing 
cases, and the aAalteres, or polsers. The 
elytra are two coriaceous wings, which 
ars expanded in filght, but when at rest 





of the beetie tribe; the polvors sre twe 


globular bodies placed en siender etelka 
behind the wings-in the trfbe of winged 
insects, so called because they are sup- 
posed to keep the insect steady in its 
flight. 

The internal parts of inseets are less 
perfect and distinct than those of larger 
animals, and of course less knewn. The 
brain of insects is altogether different from 
the substance which bears that name in 
other animals, being little more than gan- 
glions of nervea, two in number, that are 
observed in the crab, lobster, &c. The 
musclea consist of fasciculi of fibres, that 
serve apparently the office of producing 
two motions, namely, that of extending 
and that of bending. Some insects appear 
to be furnished with some floating veagela 
which secrete a fluid varying in colour im 
different tribes, but very similar to saliva 
The @sophagus, or organ of deglutition, is 
a straight short tube, consisting of annulaz 
muscular fibres, like the proboscis of the 
common fly. 

_ The organs of digestion vary very much 
in different tribes of insects. Most havea 
single stomach, but some have it double, 
and others have a manifold stomach. In 
bees the stomach is membranaceous, fitted 
to reeeive the nectar of flowers: the bug, 
the boat fly, and such as feed on animal 
substances, have a muscularstomach. The 
beetle, ladybird, earwig, and some others 
that feed on other insecta, have a double 
stomach, the first of which is museular, 
afver the manner of a gizzard, and the 
gecondisamembranaceeuscanal. Insects 
such as the cricketand grasshopper, which 
have many stomachs, s¢¢em to empley them 
much after the manner of the ruminating 
animals. 

Instead of organs of respiratien, it has 
been found that they have sptracula ran- 
ning on each side the body that serve for 
the reception of the air, and other vessels 
proceeding from these that zerve for the 
exspiration of air. Insects, among the 
ancients, were reckoned to be bloodless 
animals ; but it has since been ascertained 
that the process both of eirculation ang 
secretion goes forward in the bodies of 
insects, although in a different manner. 
The process of secretion is supposed to be 
performed by means of a mimber of long 
slender versels, Which float in the internal 
cavity of the body, serving to secrete 
different fluids, according to the nature of 
the animal; thus the bee, wasp, sphinx, 
&e. have two vessels situated at the bottom 
of the sting, through which they discharge 
an acrid fluid. From the ant is extracred 























en acid well krewn to chymists,and other 
insects have other fluids peculiar to them- 
selves. Ag to the process of circulation in 
_ insects, little more is known at present 
than that a contraction and dilatation of 
the vessels is observable in some kinds, 
particularly in caterpillars ; but the fluid 
which is supposed tosupply the place of 
blood is not of the same colour, 

The sexes in insects are of three kinds, 
Ramely, the males, the females, and the 
neuters, which have not the usual marks 
of either sex. Thesexesare distinguished 
by the difference of size, brightness of 
gelours, form of the antenna, &c.; the 
male is always smaller than the female, 
and in some cases the female is several 
hundred times bigger than the male; on 
the other hand, the males have brighter 
colours and larger antenne. In many 
cases the females have no wings; and in 
gome instances, as that of the bee, the 
female has a sting, but the male none 

The metamorphoses of insects is one 
characteristic of these animals which dis- 
tinguishes them from all others. In most 
insects the egg is the first state ; but there 
are examples of viviparous insects, as in 
the case of the aphis, the fly, &c. The 
insect in the second or caterpillar state, is 
mow called the larva, but formerly the 
eruca. The larve® differ very much in 
different insects ; those of the butterfly and 
moth are properly called caterpillars, those 
of the flies and bees are called maggots. 
The Jarve of the beetle tribe differ from the 
complete insect only by being destitute of 
wings. Butterflies, in their caterpillar 
state, are very voracious, but in their com- 
plete state they are satisfied with the 
lightest and most delicate nutriment. The 
third state into which insects transform 
themselves is the pupa, or chrysalis, In 
most of the beetle tribe the pupa is fur- 
rished with short Jegs, but the pupa of 
the butterfly tribe is without legs: that of 
the fly tribe is oval, but that of the bee 
tribe is very shapeless. (The last and per- 
fect state of insects is called by Linnseus 
the image, im which state it continues 
until its extinction. The life of insects 
varies as to its duration. Some, as bees 
and spiders, are supposed to live for a 
eonsiderable time ; but others will not live 
beyond a year, a day, or some hours, in 
their perfect state, although they will con- 
finue for some time in their larva state. 
Water insects generally live longer than 
land insects. 

As to the classification of insects, it 
suffices here to observe, that Linnzus, 
whose system is now generally followed, 

4 bt 


has classed them according te thelr wings 


into seven orders, namely, 1. Coleoptera, 
or such as have shells that ccver the wings, — 


as the beetle tribe. 2. Hemiptera, or half 
winged insects, as the cock-roach, locust, 
grasshopper, bug, &c. 3. Lepidoptera, os 
scaly winged insects, as the butterfly and 
the moth. 4, Neuroptera, or nerve-winged 
or fibre-winged insects, the wings of which 
are furnished with conspicuous nerves, 
fibres, or ramifications, as the dragon fiy, 
May fly, troat fly. 5, Hymenoptera, or 
insects with four wings and a sting, as the 
bee, wasp, hornet, termes, or white ant, 
é&c. 6. Diptera, or two-winged insects, 
as the gnat, common fly, musquitto, horse- 
leech, &c. 7. Aptera, or insects without 
wings, as the spider, flea, lobster, scorpion, 
&c, 

ENTOMOLOGY, History oF. There 
are scattered notices respecting insects at 
an early period, from which we may infer 
that they had not escaped the notice of 
inquirers into the animal kingdom. Among 
the books of Solomon now lost to the 
world, it is recorded that he treated on 
insects or creeping things. Hippocrates 
wrote a work on insects, from which Pliny 
has given gome few extracts. The labours 
of Ariztotie on this subject are still extant, 
and show that he had made insects his 
particular study. What he has written on 
this subject has not been surpassed in 
accuracy by any thing that has followed 
Nicander, Callimachus, and above all The- 
ophrastus, are mentioned as writers on in- 
sects ; but there is no work extant on that 
subject before the time of the Romans. 
Virgil treats on the subject of bees, which 
were much cultivated in his time. Pliny 
has devoted the eleventh book of his 


Natural History to this subject, and men- , 


tions several Latin writers who had direct- 


ed their attention toit. lian, in his work — 
on animals, devotes several chapters to — 


particular insects, as the spider, scorpion, 
cricket, &c.; besides that, the subject is 
slightly touched upen by the medical 
wrilers Actius, Paulus A2gineta, Trallian, 
and Oribasius, and alse by the Arabian 
authors Rhazes, Avicenna, Avenzoar, anf 
Averrhoes. From the twelfth to the fif- 
teenth century no writer of any note occurs 
on the subject. of entomology. Albertus 


° 


Magnus has devoted some small part of — 


his work De Animalibus to this subject. 
Agricola, in his work De Animantibus 


Subteraneis, which appeared in 1549, has _ 
given the first systematic arrangement of © 
insects, by dividing them into creeping — 


insects, flying insects, and swimming ims 


sects. ‘This work was followed in the : 













a 










marks on insects in Rondeletius Libri de 
‘Piscibus Marinis, and in Conrad Gesner’s 
work De Serpentium Naturd. 

A far more important production on the 
subject of insects appeared in 1602, from 


‘the pen of that industrious naturalist Al- 


arovandus, entitled De Animalious Insec- 


tis, in which he divided them into two 


elasses, terrestria and aquatica, and sub- 
divided them into orders, according to the 
Rumber, nature, position, &c of their 
wings. This work was followed by the 
Historia Animalium Sacra of Wolfang 
Frenzius, and other works from the pen of 
Fabius Columna, Hoefnagle, and Archibald 
Simpson. This latter work is entitled to 
notice because it was the first work on en- 
omology that had appeared in Britain. 
The graphic art was also called inte aid 
about this period, to illustrate the subject 
of entomology, as appears from the works 


of the celebrated engravers Hoefnagle, 


Robert Aubret, De Bry, Vallet, Robin, 
Jonston, &c. The invention of the micro- 
scope also afforded great facilities to the 


- study of entomology, and enlarged the 


sphere of observation very considerably. 
Of these facilities many naturalists amply 
availed themselves, as Iiooke, Leuwen- 
hoek, Hartsoeker, and others. he latter 
writer discovered the circulation of the flu- 
ids ininsects. Christopher Marret publish- 
ed, in 1667, a work containing an account 
of British insects ; and a particular descrip- 
tion of the tarantula was published about 
the same time by Wolferdus Sanguerdius ; 
butthe most important work on this sub- 
ject way Swammerdam’s General History 
of Insects, which displayed an anatomical 
knowledge of these animals that raised 
the reputation of this writer very high. 
This appeared in 1669, and in 1678 Lis- 
ter’s valuable History of English Spiders ; 
the year following the first part of Madame 
Merian’s extensive work on the metamor- 
phoses of lepidopterous insects, which was 
followed by other parts. in 1683, 1718, and 
1726, which last is a splended perforntance 
on the insects of Surinam. Leuwenhoek 
also, about the same time, added materially 
to the stock of entomological knowledge, 
by giving an account of the anatomy of 
insects, drawn from microscepical cbser- 
vations. Ray published, in 1710, his ilis- 
toria Insectorum, which was the joint 


_ Jabour of himselfand his friend Willough- 
by. In this history insects are divided 


into the transmutabilia and intransimuta- 
bilia. The transmutabilia are divided into 


 fouy orders mamely, vaginipennes, those 


eontury bi 
 Dierentiis” “Animalium, and. cursory re- 


ioe 
eens We: be 

whieh have winks covered with a sheath , 
papilicnes, the lepidopterous insects ; qua- 
dripennes, four winged insects; and bi- 
pennes, two winged insects: which are 
again subdivided into families. In 1735, 
the system of Linneus was published, 
which has since veen universally adopted. 
It consisted at first of four orders, which 
he afterwards increased to the number of 
seven. Some writers, as Deger, Reitzius, 
and Fabricius, have attempted to improve 
upon the Linnwan system, but their alter- 
ations have not been admitted. 

As to the history of insects, many natno- 
ralists since his time have contributed thei 
share tothe stock of information, either 
by the description of the insects in par 
ticular parts, or by the description of in- 
sects generally. In 1753, appeared the 
Entomologia Carniolica of Scopoli; in 
1769, Birkinfront published’ Outlines of 
Natural History of Britain; in Seward’s 
Natural History is given ap account of 
many exotic insects. In 1770 were pub- 
lished Tlustrations of Natural History ; in 
1775 Fabricius published his Systema En- 
tomologie ; and within the last few years 
we have had Donovan’s Natural History 
of British Insects, in 15 yols. ; Lamarck’s 
Systéme des Animaux sans vertébres; 
Marcham’s Entomologia Britannica, and 
Kirby’s Monographia Apium Anglia. 

ENTRY (in Commerce). The act of 
setting down in merchant’s account books 
the particulars of trade. 

ENTRY (at the Custom House), The 
passing the bills through the hands of the 
proper officers. 


ENTRY (in Law). The taking posses- 


Sion of lands. 


ENVELOPE, The cover that encloses 
a letter or note 

ENVIRONS. The country lying round 
a large town or city. 

ENVOY. A person in degree lower 
than.an ambassador, sent on some par- 
ticular occasion from one government to 
another. 

EPAUCT (in Chronology). A number 
arising from the exc*ss of the commen 
solar year above the lunar, by which tke 
age of~the moon may be found every 
year. # 

EPAULETTE., The shoulder knot worn 
by a soldier or foetman- 

EPAULEMENT. A work raised te 
cover sidewise, made of earth, gabions, 
&e 

EPHEMERAL. Beginning and ending 
in a day; an ephemeral insect lives bua 
for a day, as the day fly. 

EPHEMERIS Ap astronomical almy 








bis & 














Alen tout cha =i Pa 
Pak hs St ee 2 fe eae wae 


mack or table, showing the state of the 
heavens for every day at noon. 

EPHOD. A garment worn by tho eerie 
ef the Jews. 

EPIC POEM. A narrative poem formed 
upon a story, partly real and partly ficti- 
tious, the subject of which, is always some 
hero or distinguished person. 

EPICENE (in Grammar). An epithet 
far the gender of such words as are com- 
mon to both sexes, as in the Latin, hic et 
hec pareng: 

EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY = The 
doctrine taught by Epicurus, that the unt- 
verse consisted of atoms or corpuscles of 
various forms, magnitudes, and weights, 
which, having been dispersed at random 
through the immense space, fortuitously 
concurred into innumerable systems. ‘lo 
this scheme of infidelity he added the notion 
that happiness consisted in sensual indul- 
gence, particularly in the pleasures of the 
cable 

EPICUREANISM, or EPICURISM. 
Tbe doctrine of Epicurus: the practice of 
an epicurean or epicure, or of one who ig 
addicted to his sensual gratifications. 

EPICYCLE. A little circle that is in 
the centre of a greater circle. 

EPIDEMIC DISEASES. Such as pre- 
vail at particular seasons, and spread among 
the inhabitants of a country. 

EPIDERMIS (in Anatomy). The cuticle 
or scarf skin, that which rises in a blister, 

EPIGRAM. A short, witty, pomted 
poem. 

EPIGRAPHE. An inscription on a 
building, stone, &c 

EPILEPSY, or the Faruinae Sicxness. 
A convulsion of the whole body, witha 
privation of sense. 

EPILOGUE (in Dramatic Poetry). A 
speech addressed to the audience when 
the play is ended. 

EPILOGUE (in Rhetoric). The conclu- 
sion of a speech, a recapitulation of the 
whole, 

EPIPHANY, vulgarly called Twetrtn 
Day. A festival celebrated on the twelfth 
@ay after Christmas by some Christians, 
im commemoration of the manifestation 
made to the Gentiles of our Saviour’s na- 
tivity. 

EPISCOPACY. A form of church go- 
vernment by bishops. 


EPISTILBITE. A crystallized min- 
eral, consisting of soda, silica, alumina, 


lime, and water; sp. gr. 2:2. 


EPIZOANS. In zoology, a class of par- 


asitic animals which infest fishes, &c. 


EPISODE. in poetry, a separate inci- 


‘ent, which che poet introduces. 


~ 


pa an ra SNe dams SNSDNSn =a atone 


into hts wanaevs as ae with Go 
princival action. 

EPITAPH. An inscription en a tomb- 
stone. 

EPITHALAMIUM. A song sung at 
weddings. 

EPITHET. A word expressive of a 
quality. 

EPITOME. An abridgment er shert 
draught of a book. 

EPOCH, or EPOCIIA> A term er fixed 
point of time, whence years ars num- 
bered, such as the Creation, 4004 x. c., 
the Taking of Troy, 1184 3. c.; the Build- 
ing of Rome, 753 3. c.; the Birth of our 
Saviour, the commencement of the Chris- 
tian era, and the Hegira, or the flight of 
Mahomet from Mecca, a. p. 622 

EPODE (in Lyric Poetry) 
or last part of the ode. 

EPOPQSIA (in Poetry). 
subject of an epic poem. 

EPSOM SALTS. Sulphate of magnesia 
formerly procured by boiling down the 
mineral water from the spring at Epsom, 
but now prepared from sea water. They 
are used as an aperient 


The third 


The fable or 


EQUABLE. An epithet for uniform — 


motion, &c. 

EQUALITY. A term of relation be- 
tween things the same in magnitude, quan- 
tity, or quality. 

EQUATION (in Algebra). An expres- 
sion in which two quantities differently 
represented are put equal to each othe 
by means of the sign of equality, as 
Tat4+.  =b. 

EQUATION, or the EQUATION OP 
TIME (in Astronomy). The difference be- 
tween mean and apparent time, or the 
reduction of the apparent unequal time oz 
motion of the sun, &c. to equabie time or 
motion. 

EQUATION, or EQUATION OF PAY- 
MENT (in Arithmetic). A rule for find- 
ing a time when if a sum be paid which 
is equal to the sum of several others due 


at different times, no loss will be sustained _ 


by either party. 

EQUATOR. A great circle on the ter 
restrial sphere, equidistant from the pole. 

EQUATORIAL, or Portasie Osserva 
Tory. Art instrument by which most of 
the problems in astronomy may be per — 
formed. 

EQUERRY In England, an offeser whe 
has the care of the king’s horses. 

EQUES AURATUS. A knight, socalled 
because none but knights were alowed te 
gild their armour 

EQUESTRIAN One on horse cb 

















vank in Rome, next to the senators. 

BQUEST'RIAN STATUE. The repre- 
sentation of a person mounted on a horse. 

EQUIANGULAR,. Having equal an- 

lea. 

EQUIDISTANT At an equal distance. 

EQUILATERAL. Having equal sidea,. 

EQUILIBRIUM An equal balance or 
equality of weight and poise,as when two 
ends of a lever hang so even, as to poise 
neither way 

EQUIMULTIPLES (in- Arithmetic or 
Geometry) Numbers and quantities multi- 
plied by one and the same number and 
quantity, as 12 and 6, which are equi- 
muitip.es of 4 and 2. called their sub- 
multiples. 

EQUINOCTIAL, or EQUINOCTIAL 
LINE. A great circie of the celestial globe, 
answering to the equator on the terrestrial 
globe. Whenever the sun comes to this 
circle the days and nights are equal all 
over the globe 

EQUINOXES. The times when the sun 
enters the first points of Aries and Libra, 
that is, about the twenty-first of March and 
the twenty-first of September, when the 
days and nights are equal all over the 
world. 

EQUIPAGE (among Travellers). What- 
ever is necessary for a voyage or journey, 
as horses, attendants, attire, &e. 

EQUIPAGE (in Military Affairs). What- 
ever is necessary for an army on its march, 
as tents, baggage, kitchen furniture, &c. 

EQUIPOLLENCE. Equality of force 
and power; as equipollent propositions, 
such as have the same meaning, though 
differently expressed. 

EQUITY (in Law). A correction of the 
eominon law wherein it is deficient. 

EQUITY, Court or. A title given by 
way of distinction to the Court of Chan- 
cery, in which the rigour of other courts is 
moderated, and controversies are supposed 
to be determined, according to the exact 
rules of equity and conscience. 

EQUIVOCAL. An epithet for words 
which have a double meaning, and may 
be applied equally wellin both. 

EQUIVOCATION. The use of equivocal 
' terms, which may be understood by the 
hearer in a different sense from that in 
which they are taken by the sperker. 
~ EQUULEUS. An old constellation, 
having from four to six stars. 

ERA. See Aina. 

ERIDANUS. A eaniieilation in’ the 
southern hemisphere, containing, accord- 
ing to different authors, from nineteen to 
eighty-four stars. 


Me: aii aa Neiat pay meen RRR Core 
AG: Esc oe 





BUVEBTRIAN ORDER. The second, 


ERMINE. A little animal about the size 
of a squirrel, the furof which bearing the 
same name, is very valuable. Thisanimaj 
is white all over, except the tip of the taik 
which is black. The common weasel of 
the United States, which in winter ia white 
ig anermine. In some parts of the coum 
try it is sometimes called Steat. 





ERMINE (in Heraldry). A fur used in 
coat armour, and supposed to represent the 
linings and doublings of mantles and robes. 
It is represented by a white field pow 
dered or semé with black spots. 





ERRATUM. An error of the press; iz 
the plural, Errata, errors of the press. 

ERRATIC. Wandering, not fixed. 

ERUPTION (in Medicine). A breaking 
forth in a morbid manner, as spots on the 
skin, 

ERUPTION (in Mineralogy) The 
breaking forth of fire, ashes, stones, &c 
from a volcano 

ERYSIPELAS, vulgarly called Sarnt 
Antuony’s Fire. A disorder in the skin, 
which consists in aswelling, with redness 
heat, and pain. 

ESCALADE. An attack of a fortified 
place by scaling the walls with ladders, 
without breaking ground or carrying on 
a regular siege. 

SSCALOP SHELLS. The shells of 
escalops, a sort of fish, which are regularly 
-ndented, 

ESCAPE ({n Law), A violent or privy 
evasion out of some lawful restraint. 

ESCAPEMENT. See Scarzmerry. 

ESCARBUNCLE See Cansvncie. 


eR 








ghee mee 








ESCHEAT. In Eagand: lands or rai 


that fall to a lord within his manor, either 
by forfeiture or the death of the tenant. 

ESCHEATOR, In England, an officer 
formerly appointed to make inquests of 
titles by escheats, 

ESCORT. A company of armed men, 
attending by way of distinction or pre- 
teelion. 

ESCUAGE. A kind of knight’s service. 


ESCULENT A plant that may be 
eaten. 


ESCUTCHEON, orSuizxp. The repre- 
sentation of the ancient shields used in 
war, om which armorial bearings are 
vainted. 

ESPALIER. A low branching fruit 
tree, having the branches trained to a 
frame 

ESPIONAGE, A system of employing 
spies either in military or political affairs. 

ESPLANADE (in Fortification). The 
sloping of the parapet of the covered way 
towards the campaign. 

ESQUIRE. In England, anciently, the 
person that attended a knight in time of 
war, and carried his shield; now, a title of 
honour given to the sons of knights, or 
those who serve the king in any worship- 
ful calling, as officers of the king’s courts, 
counsellors at law, &c. In the United 
States this title is given to lawyers, and by 
eourtesy to many other persons. 

ESSAY. A short discourse or treatise 
en some subject. 

ESSAYIST. A writer of essays, of which 
there have been many in England, as 
Addison, Steele, Swift, Pope, Johnson, 
Hawkesworth, Goldsmith, Mackenzie, 
&¢. whose works have been collected un- 
der the name of the British Essayists 

ESSENCE (in Chemistry) The purest 
and subtiest parts of a body, drawn by 
means of fire, &c 

ESSENTIAL OILS. Acnd, volatile 
oils, having a strong aromatic smell, which 
are drawn from plants by distillation, in 
distinction from native oils procared by 
section. 

ESSOIN (in Law). An excuse by rea- 
son of sickness or any other just cause, for 
one that is summoned toappear and answer 
am action, &c. 

ESTABLISHMENT (in Military Af- 
fairs). The quota of officers and men in 
eb army 

ESTABLISHMENT (in Trade). The 
stock, capital, &c. which are essential for 
earrying on a business. 

ESTAFEITE. A military courier, sent 
from one part of an army to anther. 





5 ; v4 By, 

ESTATE (in Law). The title ox intevest e 
aman has in lands or tenemeats . 

ESTATES OF THE REALM. In Eu 
rope, the distinct parts of any state of 
government, as the King, Lords, and Com- 
mons in England. 

ESTIMATE. A calculation of the ex- 
penses ofany undertaking, made according 
to the regular charges of trade, as the 
estimate of builders, engineers, printers, 
publishers, &e 

ESTOPPEL. An impediment or bar te 
an action, 

ESTRAY. A tame beast found without . 
any owner known 

ESTREAT (in Law). The copy of an 
original writing, particularly of the penal 
ties or fines, to be levied by the bailiff or 
other officer, of every man for his offence. 

ESTUARY. The mouth of a lake or 
river, or any place whers the tide comes, 

ETC, or &c. i. e. kt Catena. Literally, 
And other things not mentioned. 

ETCHING. A method of engraving, in 
which the lines and strokes are eaten in 
with aquafortis 

ETIUER, A very volatile fluid, produced 
by the distillation of alcohol with an 
acid. 

ETHICS. The science of moral duties, 
showing the rules and measures of human 
conduct which tend to happiness 

ETIQUETTE. Rulesand ceremontes of | 
good manners, observed either at court or 
in genteel life. 

ETYMOLOGY. A branch of grammar, 
which teaches tha original and derivation 
of werds. 

ETYMOLOGIST. One who traces 
words from their original sources 

EVACUATION (in Medicine). The dis- 
charge of superfluous humours or excre- 
ments out of the body. 

EVACUATION (in Military Affairs). 
The leaving a town, fortreas, or any place 
which has been occupied as a military 


“post or position 


EVANGELIST. Literally, the bringer 
of good tidings; particularly, the writers — 
ofour Saviour’s history, as Matthew,Blark, 
Luke, and John. 

EVAPORATION (in Chemistry), A 
process in which the superfluous moisture 
of any liquid substance is dispersed by 
means of fire. 

EUCHARIST. The sacrament of ihe 
Lord’s Supper, sc called, because the death 
of our Redeemer is thereby commemorated 
with thankful remembrance. 

EUDIOMETER. An instrument fos 
ascertaining the purity of air, or tee yuan 





a’ 






ty. ofc oxygen and teats | in seinen 


 ealair. 


“EVERGREEN {in Gardening) A spe- 


gies of perennials which preserve their 


verdure all the year round, such as hollies, 
laurustifius, bays, pines, firs, &c. 

EVERLASTING PEA. A perennial of 
the vetch kind, which grows naturally in 
some places, and may be cultivated with 
advantage as food for cattle. 

EVIDENCE (in Law). The testimony 
afiduced in acourt, which may either be 
Written, as by deeds, bonds, and other 
documents, or verbai, by witnesses ex- 
amined viv4 voce. 

EULOGY Praise or commendation of 
& person. 

EVOLUTION (in Arithmetic). The ex- 
traction of the roots of any power. 

EVOLUTION (in Military Tactics). 
The complicated movement of a body of 
men when they change their position. 

EVOLUTION (in Geometry). The un- 
felding of a curve. 

EVOLUTION (in Botany). The expan- 
sion or opening of the bud 

EUPHONY (in Grammar). Good sound 
tn pronouncing a word. It is properly a 
figure, whereby a letter that is too harsh 
ts converted into a smoother, contrary to 
the ordinary rules, for the purpose of pro- 
moting smoothness and elegance in pro- 
nunciation. 

EURITHMY (in Painting, Architec- 
ture, and Sculpture). A certain majesty 
and elegance of appearance in the compo- 


sition of diverse parts of a body, painting, 


or piece of sculpture. Vitruvius, who 
ranks eurithmy among the essentials in 
architecture, makes it to consist in the 
beauty of the construction or assemblage 
of the several parts of the work 
“EWE. The female of the sheep 
EX (in Composition). Now signifies 
late, as the ex-minister, the late minister. 
EXACTION (in Law). Injury done by 
an officer, or one wio, under colour of his 


- office, takes more than what the law 


allows. 

EXAGGERATION. The making things 
eppear, more than they really are. 

EXALTATIEON (in Chemistry). The 
raising a thing toa higher degreeof virtue, 
or increasing the principal property in a 
body. 

EXAMINATION (in Law). The ex- 
amining of witnesses by questions. 

EXAMINERS (in Law). Two officers 
tm the Court of Chancery, in England, ap- 
pointed to examine witnesses. 

EXCELLENCY In England, the title 


an given to uateaere commanders, and 





others not entitled tothatofhighness In 
America the title is given to the Pres 
dent, to ambassadors, and governors of 
stales 

_ EXCENTRICITY. See Eccenraroity 
’ EXCEPTION (in Law). A stop or stay 
toany action, which consists either of a 
denial of the matter alleged in bar to the 
action, or, in the Court of Chancery, it ia 
what is alleged against the sufficiency of 
an answer. 

EXCHANGE (in Commerce). The 
trucking or bartering one thing for ano- 
ther; also the place where merchants meet 
for the purpose of transacting businegs: 
and likewise the giving asum of money 
in one place fora bill, ordering the pay 
ment of it in another place. 

EXCHANGE (in Arithmetic). The re 
ducing of moneys of different denomina- 
tions from one to another, or the method 
of finding what quantity of the money of 
one place is equal to a given sum of ano- 
ther, according to a certain course of 
exchange 

- EXCHANGE (in Law). A mutual grant 
of equal interests, the one in consideration 
of the other. 

EXCHANGE BROKERS. Men who 
give the merchants information how the 
exchange goes. 

EXCHEQUER (in Law). In England 
the office or place, where the king’s cash 
is kept and paid. 

EXCHEQUER COURT. In England, 
a court in which all causes relating to the 
revenue are tried; also the Prerogative 
Court of the Archbishop of York. 

EXCHEQUERED. Summoned before 
the Exchequer, in England, to answer any 
charge of defrauding the revenue, &e. 

EXCISE DUTIUS. Inland taxes on 
commodities of general consumption. 

SXCOMMUNICATION. An ecclost 
astical censure, whereby a person is ex- 
cluded from communion with the church, 
and in England deprived of some eivil 
rights, 

EXCORIATION., The rubbing or peel- 
ing away the cuticle or external skin. 

EXCORTICATION ‘The stripping a 
tree of its bark 

EXCRESCENCE (in Surgery). Any 
preternatural formation of flesh on any 
part of the body, as warts wens, é&c 

EXECUTION (in Law). A judicial writ 
granted on the judgment of the court 
whence it issues, 

EXECUTION (in Military Affairs). The 
plundering and wasting a country in time 
of war. 


EXECUTIVE ‘in Law). ‘That branch 











EXE 


of the government, which executes the 
funetions of governing the state. 
EXECUTOR (in Law). One appointed 


by @ testator to see that his will is exe- 


cuted, 

EXECUTRIX. A female executor. 

EXEMPLIFICATION. A duplicate of 
fetters patent. 

EXERCISE (in Military Tactics), The 
practice of all military movements. 

EXHALATION. A fume or vapour 
rising from the earth. 

EXIIBITION. A_ public display of 
whatever is interesting, either as a matter 


6f art, or A natural curiosity. 

EXERGUE. In numismafics, the place 
on a medal or coin around and withont 
the type or figure, which has generally 
the date or other particular inscription. 

BAHUMATION. The act of digging up 


a body that has been interred, 

EXIGENT (in Law), A writ or part of 
twe process of oullawry. 

EXILE (in Law). A person sent into 
seme place distant from his native country, 
under a penalty not to return within a 
eertain period. 

EXIT (in Theatricals). Going off the 
stage. 

EX OFFICIO. By virtne of one’s office, 
as, in England, ex officio informations, 
prosecutions commenced by the king’s at- 
torney general by virtue of his office, with- 
out applying to the court for perinission. 





EXPERIMENTUM cRucIs” A a 
ing or decisive experiment. 

EXPIRATION, A breathing out ai 
from the lungs. 

EXPLOSION. A sudden and violent 
expansion of an aerial or elastic fluid, ae- 
companied with a nolse. 

EXPONENT (in Algebra). The number 
or quantity expressing the degree or eleva 
tion of a power, as, in z2, 2 is the exponent 
of the square number. 

EXPORTS (in Commerce), Goods ex 
ported or sent out of one’s ewn country te 
a foreign land. 

EXVOSITOR. One who explains the 
writings of others, particularly one whe 
professes to expound the Scriptures. 

EX POST FACTO. Literally, from 
something done afterwards, a8 an ex post 
facto Jaw, a law which operates upon a 
subject not liable to it at the time the > 
was made. 

EXPRESS. A messenger sent rites di- 
rect and specific instructions, 

EXPRESSED OILS. Oils 
from bodies by pressing. 

EXPRESSION (in Chemistry or Phar- 

macy), The pressing of the oils or juices 
of vegetables. 

EXPRESSION (in Painting), The dis 
tinct exhibition of character or of senti- 
ment, in the characters represented. 

EXTEMPORE, or EXTEMPORANE- 


EXORCIST. One, who by prayers and | OUSLY Without preparation or premed- 


incantations, professes to cast out evil 
Spirits. 

EXORDIUM. The commencement of a 
speech, serving to prepare the audience. 

EXOTIC PLANTS, Plants of foreign 
growth, which in this climate require a 
hothouse and every kind of nurture. 

EXPANSION, An increase of the bulk 
of any body by a power acting within, 
particularly by the action of heat 

EX PARTE (in Law). On one side, 
a3 2xXparte statements, 4 partial statement, 
er that which is made on one side only. 

EXPECTATION. Ir the doctrine of 
chances, isapplied toany contingentevent, 
upon the happening of which, some bene- 
Git is expected. 

EXPECTORANTS Medicines which 
promote expectoration, or a discharge of 
mucus from the breast. 

EXPERIMENT. A trial of the results 
wm eertain applications and motions of natu- 
ral bodies, in order to discover something j 
of their laws, nature, &c. 

EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 
That philesophy, which deduces the laws 
of nature, from sensible experiments and 
obwervatior.. 


itation. 

EXTENSION, One of the essential pre- 
perties of a body, to occupy some space 

EXTENT (in Law). A writ of execu- 
tion for valuing lands and tenements. 

EXTEN’ (in Music). The compass ofa a 
voice or instrument. 

EXTENT IN AID. In England, a seiz- 
ure made by the crown, when a publi¢e 
accountant becomes a defaulter. 


EXTINGUISHMENT (in Law), The_ 


annihilation of an estate, é&c. by means of 
its being merged or consolidated with 
another. 

LX TIRPATION (in Surgery). The com- 
plete removal or destruction of any part, 
either by excision or by meaas of caustics. 


EXTORTION ‘The unlarvful act ef an } 


officer who, by colour of hie offise, takes 
money or any other thing when nene at 
all is due. 

EXTRACT (in Chemistry;. The purer 
parts of any substance extracted from its 
grosser parts by means of detootion, and 
furmerly also by distillation, until they 
were of the consistence of past. er honey 

EXTRACT (in Literature), 3eme soleet 
Tmatier or sentences taken from 3 book. 


obtaine@ | 








mt 
* 
. 
Cs 
i 






Naor kote Law). Karaught or copy 
-? a writing. 

EXTRACTION (in Surgery). The draw- 
Seg any foreign matter out of the body. 

EXTRACTION (in Arithmetic). The 
finding out the true root of any number or 
gaantily. 

EXTRACTION (in Genealogy). The 
ime, stem, or branch of a family from 
which a person {is descended 

EXTRACTOR (in Surgery). An instru- 
ment for drawing the stone from the 
body. 

EXTRAORDINARY. Out of the com- 
mon course; as an Extraordinary Courier, 
one sent on an urgent occasion; Extraor- 
dinary Gazette, one published to announce 
some particular event. 

EX'TRAVASATION. The state of the 
fluids when they ere out of their proper 
vessels, as when by the breaking of a blood 
vesse} in the dura mater, the blood is effus- 
ed in the ventricles of the brain. 

EXTREME UNCTION. A_ solemn 
anointing of any person in the Romish 
shurch, who is at the point of death. 

EXUDATION, The emitting of moisture 


“Fac? 16a 


through the pores, as the exudation of gums 


ae 
a 





through the bark of trees 

EXUVIA3. The slough or cast off tevar 
ings of animals, particularly those of the 
snake kind. 

LYE (in Anatomy). The organ of sight, 
whereby visible objects are represented te 
the mind. ‘lhe external parts of the eye 


are the eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, the 


lachrymal ducts, &c.; the internal parts oa 
the eye, which compose the ball or globe of 
the eye, consist of membranes, chambers 
and humours, 

EYE. A term applied to different ob 
jects from some supposed resemblance te 
the natural eye. 

EYE (in Architecture). The aperture ag 
the top of a dome, and to the centre of a 
volute. 

EYE (in Botany). That part of a potatoe 
and other things where the bud put 
forth. 

EYE (in Printing). The graving in re 
lievo, on the top or face of the letter. 

EYEGLASS. A glass put close to th- 
eye, for the purpose of bringing objects 
nearer. 


F 


¥, the sixth retter in the alphabet, stood 
as a numeral for 40, and with a dash over 


FAC SIMILE. The copy ofa person’s 
writing, as of a letter in imitation of hi: 


st, for 40,000; it now stands for one of the | own handwriting. 


Dominical or Sunday letters, and also, in 
Music, for the fourth note in the diatonic 
scale. 

FA (in Music) The fourth note of the 
modern scale, which is either flat or sharp; 
the flat is marked thus |), and the aharp 
thus +. 

FABLE. A tale or fictitious narration 
shntended to instruct or convey a moral, as 
the Fables of AZsep; also the principal 
part of an epic or dramatic plece. 

FABRIC (in Commerce). The same as 
manufaccure; lace of the fabric of Brus- 
sels, &c. 

FACADE. The front or the principal 
wide of a building. j 

“FACE (in Anatomy). The lower and 
anterior part of the skull; in general, the 
fore part of any thing, as the face of a 
stone, anvil, &c. 

FACE (in Fortification). The face of a 
bastion, the most advanced part towards 
the field. 

FACE (in Gunnery). The metal at the 
extremity of the muzzle of a gun. 

FACE (in Military Tactics), The side 
ef battalion formed into a square. 

WA CET. The small side of a diamond 


FACTITIOUS. Made by art, as factt- 
tious cinnabar; in distinction from that 
procured naturally 

FACTOR (in Commerce). An agent 
commissioned by merchants te buy or 
sell goods on their account. 

FACTORS (in Arithmetic). The twe 
numbers that are multiplied together. 

FAQGTORY. A piace ina distant coun- 
try, where factors reside for purposes of 


trade; also the trades themselves collec- . 


tively. 


FACULZE (in Astronomy). Bright spots 


on the surface of the sun. 

FACULTIES, Cowrr or. In England, 
a court under the archbishop of Canterbu- 
ry for granting faculties or privileges. 

FACULT HES (in the Universities). The 
divisions under which the arts and sclences 
are classed, and degrees granted. These 
are for the most part four, as 1. Arts, ir- 
cluding Humanity and Philosophy: 2. The- 
ology; 3. Physic; and 4. Civil Law. 

FACULTY (in Law) A dispensation 
or privilege. 

FACULTY (in Physics). That pewe: 
by which a living creature moves and asta. 
This may be either an animal, or corporesi 









a 


a 


faculty Lelonging to the body, er a rational 
facaity belonging to the mind. 

FACES. The dregs or grossa substances 
which settle afier fermentation. 

FAZCULA. Small dregs or lees 

FAGG. A sea term, for the end of the 
strands which do not go through the tops 
when a cable or rope is closed. 

FAINTS (in Chemistry). The weak spi- 
rituoua liquor that runs off from the still 


_ after the proof spirit is taken away. 


FAIR. A larger kind of market, held 
once, twice, or oftuner in the year, ac- 
cording to the charter granted to any par- 
ticular place. 

PAIR MAID OF FRANCE. A phant 
ef the ranunculus tribe, bearing an ex- 
ceedingly white flower 

FAIRY. A kind of genif or fulncniaye 
spirits of a diminutive size, and fabled to 
haunt houses and revel in meadows du- 
ring night, &c. 

FAIRY CIRCLE or RING. A pheno- 
menon frequently seen in the fields, con- 
sisting of a round bare path with grass in 
the middle, formerly ascribed to the dances 
of the fairies. It is supposed by some to 
be a fungus which eats away the grass in 
this circular form, or by others the effect 
of lightning. 

FAIRY TALES. Eastern tales ‘of the 
wonderful proceedings wrought by fairies. 

FAKIR, A sort cf dervises or Maho- 


‘ metan moaks. Religious devotees of Hin- 


dostan 

FALCHION. A kind of sword turned 
up somewhat like a hook. 

FALCON. A bird of the hawk tribe, 
about the size of a raven, and capable of 
being trained for sport, in which it was 
formerly much employed 
represented in coats of arms with bells on 
its legs, and also decorated with a hood, 
virols, rings, &c. The falcon gentil is 
here represented 





PALCONER,. Ons wholooks after, and 
twaine baw ks. 


It is usually- 







PW PN eens i 


PALL (in Physics). ‘The doseent or 
tural motion of bodies towards the earth 
FALL (in Military Affairs). The sur — 


render of & town; among Seamen, the 


loose end of a tackle. 
FALL (in Husbandry). The descent of 
ground which serves to carry off the water. 
FALLACY. A logical artifica, or am 
argument framed so as to deceive; a 80 
phism 
FALLING SICKNESS, See Ertuersy. 
FALLOW. Land laid up and left with 
out a crop for a year, in order to give the 
soil time to recover itself; the act of se © 
doing is called fallowing. 
FALLOW-DEER. The common deer 
seen in the parks of England. The Vir- 
ginia deer of America. 


FALLOW-FINCH A bird, otherwise - 


named Wheat Ear. 

FALSE. An epithet used in Law, as 
False Imprisonment, the trespass of im- 
prisoning a mgn without lawful cause; in 
Mineralogy, as False Diamond, a diamond 
counterfeited with glass. 

FALSE FLOWER (in Botany). A 
flower which does not seem to produce 
any fruit, 

FALSE ROOF (in Carpentry). That 
part of a house which is between the roof 
and the covering. 

FALSIFYING (in Law). Proving a 
thing to be false, as falsifying records 

FAMILY (in Law). All living in one 
house under one head; also the kindred 
or lineage of a person. 

FAMILY (in Natural History). Any 
order of animals, or other natural produc 


‘tion of the same class. 


FAN. A sort of basket in which the — 
corn is winnowed, to separate the chaff 
from it. 

FANDANGO. A dance much used in 
Spain 

FAR. An abbreviation for farthing. 

FARCE. A sort of mock comedy, ia 
which there {s much grimace and baf- 
foonery. 

FARCY. A sort of leprosy in horses. 

FARE. Money paid for the passage of 
@ person in any vehicle, either by land or 
by water. 

FARINA. The pulverulent and gluti-- 
nous part of wheat and other seeda, ob 
tained by grinding 

FARM. In England, part of an estate in 
land employed in husbandry, and let toa 
tenant on condition of paying rent to the 
owner thereof. In the United States, the 
term is applied to any estate in fane 
whether rented or sultivated by i a 


prieter. 














FP 
Zé 











land the ers are not proprietors of the 
lands which usually belong to rich per- 
tons, who let them to tenants. 

FARMING. The cultivating of land for 
the purposes of profit. 

FARRAGO. A mixture of several sorts 
ef seed sown in the same plot of ground. 

FARRIER. One who shoes horses, and 
also cures their diseases. In London, the 
farriera are one of the oldest of the city 
companies. As farriers worked most in 


. fron, they were originally called ferrers or 


ferriers, from ferrum, iron 

FARRIERY. The art of shoeing and 
managing a horse altogether, including also 
the cure of his diseases. On the apptication 


_ ef science to this art, it rose in importance 


and estimation; a college was formed some 
years ago in England for practitioners in 
animal medicine and surgery, which, in 
imitation of the French, was called the 
Veterinary College, and the art itself the 
Veterinary Art 

FARTHING. The fourth part ofa penny. 

F. A. 8. i. e. Fraternitas Antiquariorum 
Socius, or Fellow of the Antiquarian So- 
clety in England. 

FPASCES. Bundles of rods bound round 
the helves of hatchets, which were carried 
before the Roman consuls as insignia of 
their office. 

FASCETS. Irons used in a glass manu- 
factory. 

FASCINES (in Fortification), Small 
eranches of trees bound up in bundles for 
filling ditches, &o 





FAST. An abstinence from feed on a 
religious account. 

FASTI. The Roman ca:endar, in which 
were sct down the feasts, games, cere- 
monies, &c, 

FAT. A concrete oily matter contaaed 
in the cellular memorane of animals. 

FATES. The destinies; according to 
the poets, the three fata: sisters, Clotho, 
Lachesis, and Atropos, who determined 
the duration of Ife. 

FATHER LASHER. A voracious fish 
tubabiting the shores of Greenland and 
Newfoundland, $ 

FATHER LONG-LEGS. A harmless 
tmsect, with a small body and exceedingly 

ong legs. 


_ FATHOM A long measure of six feet. 


‘ LRMEL Property, one who capt ah 
and cultivates a farm or hired ground; a 
—eultivator of ground generally. In Eng- 


PEL 


FAUNS, Rural deities having horns ea 
taeir heads, with pointed ears and tails 

FAWN. A young deer; a buck or dos 
of the first year. 

F. E. An abbreviation for Flemish Ells. 

FEASTS.” Anniversary timea of feasting 
and thanksgiving, such as Christmas and 
Easter, &c. Some feasts are moveable 
that is, not confined to any particular day, 
as Easter and all that are governed by it 


others, as Christmas, &c. are immoveable » 


that is, fixed to a day 

FEATHER, That which forms the co 
vering of birds ‘The constituent parts of 
feathers are, for the most part, albumen 
WIth a little gelatin 

FEATHER (in the Manege). A row of 
hair turned back and raised on the neck 
of a horse. 

FEATHER-EDGED BOARDS. Boards 
having one edge thinner than the other 

FEATHERS. The finest kind of feathers, 
as Ostrich Feathers, which are used for 
ornament. The Prince’s Feathers are those 
which adorn the cognizance of the Prince 
of Wales. 

FEB. An abbreviation for February. 

FEBRIFUGE. A_ sort of medicines 
which abate the violence of fever 

FEDERAL. United by a compact, as 
Federal States 

FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. The 
‘constitution of the United States in whiea 
the several states are united, or federated 
under one general government. 

FEE. An estate of inheritance, or the 
interest which a man has in land or some 
other immoveable: this is called a fee 
simple when it is unconditional, anda 
fee tail, when limited to certain heirs ae- 
cording to the will of the first donor 

FEED. What is given to & horse at one 
time, either of hay or corn. 

FEEDER. A sort of drain which carnes 
the water into other drains, 

FEELERS. Organs fixed to the mouth 
of insects, which are vulgarly called horns: 
the feelers are, however, smaliet than the 
antenn@, or horns, in some insects. 

FEELING. One ofthe fivesenses, which 
acts by means of the nerves, that are dis 
tributed in all parts of the body. 

FEES. Perquisites allowed to officers 
in the administration of justice. 

FEIGNED ACTION. An action which 
is brought simply to try the merits of a 
question. ; 

FEINT (in Military Tactics). A moek 
attack, made to conceal the trve one. 

FELLOES. The pieces of wood whicd 
form the circumference or cirey/ar part of 

he wheel. 


Se ee ewe 
Sn 5 we ee oH 






A) 
Sh 
Lal 

A 





=" 

















nue ao ‘t ay 
py Sts FEO! oe A arias ies FET Y ea rae 
FELSPAR, A mineral occurring in] FER. The third order of: animals 
crystals and crystalline masses, which,| the Linnean system, including such as 
next to quartz, is the most abundant | have from six to ten conie fore teeth and 


nature. It is somewhat. vitreous in! one tusk, as the seal, the dog, the wolf, — 


lustre, and breaks rather casily in two e 
directions with “smioot Si eaes: Tte| Cre Ay seni ee DRC Ka Ue Oe ae een Uger, 
cclor is usually white or flesh-red, some-| the panther, &c. 


times bluish or greenish. Itconsistsof; FERMENT. Any substance whieh hag — 


Bilica, alumina, and potash, and is a the property of causing fermentation ia 
ccnstituent part of granite, gneiss, mica; another body, as the acid in #aven. 
slate,porphyry,and most voltanicrocks. 

FELLAUS. The peasants or: laboring 
glasses in Egypt. 

FELONY. In common law, any crime! 


motion in the small insensible particles of 
ainixed body, usually caused by the ope 
which incurs the forfeiture of lands or! ration ofacid matter. When animal liquids 
goods, and to which capital or other) alone, or' mixed with vegetable, become 
punishment is superadded, according) sour, this is called aceious fermentation, 
to the degree of guilt. and the product is, generally speaking, 

FELT-GRAIN. The grain of cut timber | acetic acid or vinegar. When saccharine 
that runs transversely to the annular rings | matter, or the sweet juices of fruits, 
or plates. undergo this intestine change, it is called 

FELTING. The process of working felt | vinous fermentation, and the result is an 
imto hats. intoxicating liquor, as-wine or beer, &e. 

FELTING (in Carpentry). The splitting}; FERN. A weed, very common in dry 
of timber by the felt-grain. and barren places, which ig very injurious 

FELUCCA. A light open vessel with six | to the land in which it has onee taken 
eara, much used in the Mediterranean. Its | root. ‘ 
helm may be used either at the head or} FERRET. Ananimal ofthe weasel tribe, 

he stern. with red eyes and a long snout; it is much 

FEMALE FLOWER. A flower having | usedin Europe, in catching rabbits and rate 

istils or stigmas without stamens. 

FEMALE SCREW. A screw, the spiral 
thread of which is cut in the cavity of the 

ylinder. 

FEME COVERT (in Law). A married 
Woman. - 

FEME SOLE. A single woman. 

FEMININE GENDER (in Grammar). 
Nouns which, by their ending, denote the 
femaie sex. 

FEN. A place overflowed with water, 
and abounding in bogs. 

PENCE (in Husbandry). A hedge, wall, 
or ditch, &c. made to part off a field or 
garden. 

FENCING. The art of using the sword, FERRUGINOUS. An epithet for any 
either in attack or defence. In the exer- | ‘thing partaking of iron, or containing any 
ele of this art, foils or thin swords are | particles of that metal. 4 
used, which, being blunted at the points| FERRY. A vessel employed for con- 
and bending readily, are perfectly harm-| veying persons and goods over & marrow 





leas. piece of water. 
FENDER. An iron plate to keep the} FERRYMAN. One who keeps a ferry 
fire and eshes from she room. FERULA. An instrument of correction 


FENDERS. A sea term for pieces of | in schools, with which boys are beaten en 
oid eable, &c. humg over the sides ofaship | the hand. 
to keep off other ships FERULA (in Botany). A plant, other: 

FENNEC. An aaimal found in Africa | wise called Fennel Giant, which ia an 
resembling a dog. herbaceous perennial 

FEOFPEE 12 Law): He to whom a} FESCUE-GRASS. A sort of grass eu: 
feoffment is made. | tivated as food for cattle. 

FEOFFMENT (in Law). The gift or} FESTOON. An ornament ef carved 
grant of any hereditament to another in | wood, in manner ef wreaths or garlands 
fee simple. hanging down. 


/ 


FEORYOR. He who makesafeoffment.! FETLOCK. A tuft of hair that grows. 


x 


RH 


‘FERMENTATION. The intestine com — 
















“retin eater Joint in the feet of | 
ynany horses. 
_ FESSE (in Heraldry). One of the hea! 
eurable ordinaries, which occupies the 
third part and the middle of the field! 





FETTERS (in Law). A sort of irons 
put on the legs of malefactors. 

FEUD. In England, the right which the 
vassal or tenant had in lands and other 
fimmoveable things of his tord’s, to use 
the same and take the profits thereof, ren- 
dering unto hislord such duties and services 
as belonged to military tenure, the property 
ef the soil, &c. always remaining to the 
ord. The laws respecting these feuds, 
which are comprehended under the name 
of the Feudal System, regulated all the 
principles of landed property in that king- 
dom until the reign of Charles II.; and 
vestiges of this system are atill to be seen 
in the modern tenures, particularly in 
copy holds. 

FEVER. A disease characterized by an 
increase of heat, an accelerated pulse, a 
foul tengue, and an impaired state of se- 
veral functions. 

FIAT, i.e, Ler rr bx pong. In Eng. 
A short order or warrant of some judge, 
for making out and allowing certain pro- 
cesses. ; 

FIBRE (in Anatomy). Asimple filament, 
serving to form other parts, as the muscles, 
nerves, &c. 

FIBRE (in Botany). Threads or hatr-like 
strings in plants, roots, &c.; the first con- 
stituent parts of bodies. 

FIBRIL. A small fibre. 

FIBRINA (in Chemistry). That sub- 
stance which constitutes the fibrous part 
ef muscles. It is of a white colour, with- 
out taste or smell, and not soluble in alco- 
hol or water. 

FIBROLITE. A mineral tonbisting of 
alumina, silica, and fron. 

FIBULA (in Anatomy). The leaser and 
@uter bone of the leg. 

FICTION (in Law). A supposition thai 
)" a thing is true, so that it may have ihe effect 
ef truth as far as is consistent with equity. 

FIELD. Arable land, or any piet of 
ground parted off for cultivation. 





re 


FIELD (in Heraldry). The whele sur 





~ 


face of the shield or eseutcheon. : 

FIELD (in Military Tactics). The ground 
chosen for any battle. 

FIELD (in Painting). The ground or 
blank space on which any thing may pe 
drawn, 

FIELD-BED (in Military Affairs). A 
folding bed used by officers in their tents Wh siey 

FIELDFARE. A migratory bird of the 
thrush tribe, that visits England about 
Michaelmas and leaves it in March. 

FIELD-OFFICERS. Those who com. 
mand a whole regimeat. 

FLELD-PIECE. A sort of cannons, con- 
sisting of eighteen-pounders and less, 

FIELD-WORKS (in Fortification). 
Works thrown up by an army in be- 
sieging a fortress, 

PLERL FACIAS. A writ commanding 
a sheriff to levy the debt or damages on 
the goods of one, against whom judgment 
has been had in an action of debt. 

FIFE. A shrill wind instrument of the ) 
martial Kind, consisting of a short narrow oR 
tube, with holes disposed along the side « 3 
for the regulation of its tones. 

FiFER. One who plays on the fife in 
the army. : 

FIG. A tree, with an upright stem 
branching fileen or twenty feet high, w'th 
large palnated or hand-shaped leaves. It 
flourishes in warm climates, and bears a 
fruit as represented underneath, which, 
when dried, is remarkable for ite laseious 
sweetness, 

















FIG (in Farriery). A kind of wart en Hee 
the flesh of a horse, that is often filled “ 
with fon! humours, 

FIGHTS, Waste clothes hung round a 
ship in battle, to prevent the men from 
being seen. 

FIGURE (in Painting). The lines and 
colotirs which form the representation ef 
an object. 

FIGURE (in Geometry). A space tor: 
minated ‘on all parts by lines curved or 
straight, 

FIGURE (in Arithmetic). One of the 
nine digits, ea 1,2, 3, dc. 

FIGURE (in Grammar and Rheterie) 
A word or form of expression whieh de 








Sa ee eas ee Sa 








FIN” 


vistes from the common and natural 
meaning. 

_FILACEA In England, an officer of 
the Court of Common Pleas who files the 
writs, whereon ke makes out process. 

FILAGREE, or FILIGRANE. An or- 
aamental werk in which flowers or other 
igures ate wrought with gold or silver 
threads, 

FILAMENT (in Botany) .The thread- 
like part of the stamen, which supports 
the anther. 

FILBERT. A sort of nut tree cultivated 
‘a gardens, the fruit of which is larger and 
fer than the common wild nut. 

FILE (in Trade and Law). A wire or 
thread en which loose papers are filed up 
tog~ther, 

FILE (among Mechanics). A tool of 
steel, with which iron or any other metal is 
polished. Files aic cut in little furrows in 
a certain direction, and of a certain depth, 
aceording tothe grain or touch required. 
Files are either cut by the hand with a 
ehisel and mallet, or by means of a ma- 
chine ; but the latter mode is not so good. 

FILE (in Military Tactics), A straight 
line er row formed by soldiers. 

FILICES. An order of plants of the 
class eryptegamia in the Linnwan system, 
Including the fern, horse-tail, adder’s 
tengue, maiden-hair, spleenwort, polypo- 
dy, &c. 

FILLET (in Heraldry). A kind of bor- 
dure. 

FILLET (in Architecture). A little 
member that connects the ether members. 

FILLET (in Painting). A little ringlet 
of leaf gold. ' 

FILM (in Surgery). A thin skin that 
covers the eye. 

FILM (in Botany). The thin woody skin 
that separates the seed In the pod. 

FILTER (in Chemistry). A strainer 
through which any fluid is passed so as to 
separate the grosser particles fromm it. 

FILTERING PAPER. Paper without 
size, thet may be used in filtering. 

FILTERING-STONE. A sort of stone 
a basin which is sometimes used for puri- 
fying water. It is artificial as well as 
ratural, and has been variously constructed 
é® answer the purpose. 

FIN. The mombrane in fishes by which 
seoy perform their movements in the wa- 
‘er, 

FINAL. The last orconcluding. Final 
letters are those which are used only at 
the end of words, asin the Hebrew and 
ether oriental languages. 

FINAL (in Music) The last sound efa 


verse in a chant. 





“FINALE. ‘tas atplegina shee | 


FINANCES (in Political Economy} — 


The treasures or revente of the country. 

FINANCIER. An officer who manages 
thé finances of the country. 

FINE (in Law). A penalty or amends 
made in money for an offence ; also money 
paid for the renewal ofa dibs, and a con- 
veyance of lands or tenements in order te 
cut off all controverstes. 

FINE-DRAWING, Sewing up the rents 
in woollen cloths so finely that they can- 
not be seen. 

FINERS OF GOLD AND SILVER 
Those who separate the metals frem 
coarser ores, 

FINERY. The furnace in which met- 
als are refined, that is, hammered and 


fashioned inte whet is called a blooma or 


square bar. 
FIN-FiSH. A smaller sort of whale. 
FIR, or FIR TREE. A tree valuable 
for the timber, pitch, tar, &e. which 
ylelds in ebundance. The sorts most 
esteemed in England, are the Seoteh fir, 
Norway fir, Spruce fir, and Canada fir. 


In the United States, the white and yellow 


pine, are the most valued, 
, FIRE (in Chemistry). Was formerly 


reckoned one of the four elements; but it 


is now a matter of dispute whether it be 
a distinct substance, or whether it arises 
solely from the intestine and violent moe 
tion of the parts of bedies. 
FIRE-ENGINE. An engine for the 
extinguishing of fire, which consists of twe 
forcing pumps se combined that their joint 
action produces a constant and powerfv 
stream of water, which, by means ofa pipe, 
may be direeted at pleasure to any peint. 





FIREBALLS. Luminous bodies usually _ 


appearing at a great height. 
FIREBRAND 

wood taken out of the fire 
FIRE-DAMPS. See Damrs. 


FIRE-FPLY. A species of flieseommen 


in Guiana, having on each side of the head, 
a globular lumineus body, that shines Uke 


astar. They live in rotten trees ia ths ue i 


day, and always appear at nat 


A piece of burning 





ote 






















. bap tts pet 


FIRE-SHIP. A ship filled with com- 


bustibles, to set fire to the vessels of the 


enemy. 

FIRE-WORKS. Compositions of sul- 
phur, saltpetre, and charcoal, which exhib- 
it a handsome appearance when fired off. 

’ FIRKIN. An English measure of eapa- 


- elty, containing nine gallons of beer. 


FIRMAN. A passport granted in Tur- 


_ key and India for the liberty of trade. 


FIRST-FRUITS (in England.) The 
profite of every spiritual living for one 
year, given to the king. 

FIRSTLING. The young of cattle 
which are first brought forth. 

FISH, or FISHES (in Natural Histe- 
ry). Water animals in general ; one class 
of the animal kingdom in the Linnean 
system. 

FISH, or Rorau Fisu (in Law). The 
whale and sturgeon, so denominated in 
England, because the king is entitled to 
them whenever they are thrown on shore, 
er caught near the coasts. 

FISH (among Mariners). A machine 
employed to hoist and draw up the flooks 
ef ships’ anchors towards the top of the 
bow. 

FISHERY. The place where fish are 
caught for the purposes of trade. 

FISH-GIG. An instrument for striking 
fish at sea. 

FISHING-FLY A bait used for catch- 
ing fish. 

FISHING-HOOK An instrument of 
steel wire, fitted for catching and retaining 
fish. 

FISHING-LINE. A line of twisted 
hair fixed toa rod called the fishing-rod, 
and having at one end the fishing-hook. 

FISHMONGER. A dealer in fish. 
There were formerly two companies of 
fishmongers in London, namely, the stock- 
fishmongers and salt-fishmongers, which 
Were united in 1536. 

FISTULA. A long and sinuous ulcer. 

FITCHET. An animal ofthe weasel or 
ferret kind. 


_ FIXATION. The making any volatile 
_ spirituous body endure the fire. 


FIXED AIR. A name formerly given 
by chemists, tothe air which was extri- 


_ ¢ated from lime, magnesia, and alkalies, 
_ BOW commonly called, carbonic acid gas. 


FIXED BODIES. Such as neither fire 


Bor any cerresive menstruum, have the 


power of re¢ucing to their comperent 
elements, as ammonia. 

kK FIXED STARS. Suchas donot change 
ceiem in Sher to ene anether 


One whe is employed t in | 
 ditiaatabing fires. 





“FLAG (in Naval or Military Affairs) 
The colours or ensign of a ehtp, or of a 
regiment of land forces. The firet flag in 
Great Britain is the standard, only to be 
hoiated when the king or queen is on board 








FLAG (in Botany). A sort of rush with 
a large leaf. Itisof different kinds, as the 
common flag, or water iris, that grows in 
rivers and bears a yellow flower; the corn 


flag, or gladiole, a bulbous plant; and the 


sweet flag, a perennial ; which two last are 
cultivated in gardens. 

FLAGEOLET. A little flute 

FLAG-OFFICER. An officer command- 
ing a squadron. 

FLAGON. A large drinking vessel, 

FLAG-SHIP. A ship commanded by a 
fiag-officer. 

FLAG-STAFF. The staff set on the 
head of the topgaliant mast, on which the 
flag is placed. 

FLAGSTONE, A sort of stone used for 
smooth pavement. 

.FLAIL. An instrument used for thresh 
ing corn. 

FLAME. ‘The most subtle part ef fire 
which is properly the fume or vapour of 
fire, heated red-hot so as to shine. 

FLAMINGO. A sort of bird in Africa 
and America. 

FLANK. The side of an army, ora bat- 
talion encamped on the right and left. 

FLANK (in Fortification). Any part of 
a work that defends another work along 
the outside of its parapet. 

FLANNEL. A slight, leose, woollon 
stuff, woven on a loom with twe treadles 
after the manner of baize. It serves te 
keep the body warm, because, fom ite 
light and spongy texture, it does not ad- 
mit of a passage for the heat. : 

FLASK. A measure for holding gua- 
powder. 

FLAT (in Music). A character marked 
thus b, which lowers a note one semitone. 

FLAX. A plant, from the fibres of whick 
linen thread is made Common flax, of 











BLO. 


the other kinds are perennials. 


ec 





FLAX EARTH, or Mountain Frax. 
§ee Asnrstos. 

FLEA. A little insect of a deep purple 
tolour, remarkable for its agility in leap- | 
mg, for which it has three pair of legs. | 
it sucks the blood of larger animals. 

FLEAM. An instrument for lancing the 
gums or bleeding cattle. 

FLEECE. A flock of wool, or what 
comes from a sheep at one shearing. 

FLEET. A number of ships together in 
company or under one commander. 

FLEET. A prison in London, where 
debtors are confined. 

FLESH (in Anatomy). The soft and 
fibrous part of an animal body; also the 
red part of a muscle. 

FLESH (in Botany). The pulpy sub- 
stance of any fruit or root. 

FLEUR DE LIS, or Frowen pe 
Luce (in Heraldry). A bearing in the 
arms of France, and in other coats of arms. 

FLINT. A semitransparent and hard 
stone, which possesses the property of 
emitting fire when struck. 

FLINT \among Gunsmiths). A piece of 
flint, cut so as to go between the jaws of 
khe cock of a gun. 

FLOAT. A raft or number of pieces 
of timber, fastened together with refters 
athwart, to be driven down & river with 
the tide. 

FLOATING BATTERY. Vessels used 
as batteries to cover troops in landing on 
an enemy’s coast. 

FLOCK. A number of sheep in com- 
pany; also a lock of wool. 

' FLOETZ. Beds or strata of earth, con- 
taining the remains of animal os vegetable 
gabstances, &c 





p PRU underneath, is an annua! ; but a 











‘Tn mining, the Pov ro) 
shifting of a lode or vein by a cleft, &c. 
FLORA. A catalogue or account of - 
flowers or plants; the plants ofa par- — 
ticular country. In mythology, the — 
goddess of flowers, in honor ot whom — 

the festival Floralia was celebrated. 

FLORIN, A British silver coin, the 
tenth of a pound sterling, and worth 
about 48 cents, first minted in 1849, and 
now in general circulation. It was or- 
iginally made at Florence, and now cir- 
culates in many European countries, 
ranging in value from 38 to 56 cents to 
two shillings and four pence. 

FLOWER. In botany, that part of a 
plant which contains the organs of 
fructation. A flower, when complete, 
is furnished with a calyx, corolla, sta- 
mens, and pistils; the stamens carry- 
ing the anthers, or male organs of re- 
production, and the pistils the stigmas, 
or female organs, by which the pollen, 
orimpregnating dust, is conveyed into 
the ovary, or seed-yessel. Flower-stalk 
is the peduncle ofa plant, or the stens 
which supports the fructification. 
Flower-head is that mode of inflores- 
icencein which allthe flowers are ses-. 
isile, asin the daisy. In pyrotechnics, a 
‘particular kind of firework,which, when 
ignited, throws out a fountain of vivid 
florescent-looking sparks. 

FLUATES. A kind of salts formed by | 
the borabination of fluoric acid with diffe 
rent bases, as the fluate of ammonia. 

FLUE, The small winding chimney in 
a furnace for conveying smoke, air, and 
heat"into a larger chiinney; also the down 
or soft hair of rabbits and feathers. 

FLUELLEN, An annual that grows in 
gardens. 

FLUID (in Phystology). A fluid bode 
or one whose parts yield to the smallest 
force impressed, and are easily moved 
among each other. Fluids are either elas- 
tic, as the air, or non-elastic, as water 
mercury, &c. 

FLULD (in Anatomy). The fluids of the 
animal body are the humours and juices, 
as the blood, chyle, saliva, &c. Ate 

FLUIDITY. The state of bodies when 
their parts are very readily moveable in - 
all directions with respect to each other. 
It stands directly opposed to solidity or 
firmness, and is distinguished from liquid- _ 
ity and humidity, inasmuch as the latter 
imply also wetting and adhering. Melted — 
metals, air, ether, smoke, and flame are — 
fluid but not liquid bodies, their parts being — 
dry and leaving no sense of moisture — 
Solids are converted into fluids by means 
of heat. 

FLUOR SPAR, A species of salt which 
abounds in nature, and consists of a cal 

careous earth in combination with ff 





im 

















rE 











yeadily; {t is called spar because it has a 

 sparry form and fracture; and tt is also 

tallied vitreous spar because it has the ap- 
pearance of glass. 

f FLUORIC ACID. A gaseous substance 
procured from fluor spar, which is of a 
oorreding nature, and will dissolve glass, 
for which reason it has deen used for 
etching on glass. This acid gas readily 
combines with water; and when dropped 
in, a hissing noise is produced with much 
heat. 

— FLUTE. A wind instrument, and the 
simplest of ita kind, with stops for the 
fingers. ‘ 

FLUTES. The hollow channels found 
along the surface of a column. 

FLUX (in Physiology). That motion of 
the water by which it rises 

FLUX (in Chomistry). Any substance 
or mixture added to assist the fusion of 
minerals and metals. In assaying, alkalies 
are used as fluxes, which render the earthy 
mixtures fusible by connecting them with 
glass. 

{ot FLUXIONS. That branch of algebra 
- which treats of the velocities with which 

the fluents or flowing quantities increase 
ordecrease. The variable or flowing quan- 
tities are represented by the letters v, w, 
Z, y, 1; tbe invariable quantities, by the 
setters a,b, c,d, &c. The fluxion is re- 
presented by a dot thus y, z. 

FLY (in Natural History). A small 
winged insect, that is always flying about 
in houses. 

‘ FLY (among Mechanics). That part of 
a jack which puts the rest of the machine 
in motion. 

a FLY (among Mariners). That part of a 

; eompass on which the thirty-two points 

are described. 

re FLY (among Carpenters). Flies or flyers 

are the series of steps which go straight 

forward without winding. 

FLY-BOAT A large vessel with a broad 

Bow, used in the coasting trade. 

FLY-BLOW. The deposit of the eggs, 

. Maggots, or nymphe of flies in meat. 

_ PLY-CATCHER. A sort of bird inha- 

_ giting Asia, Africa, and America, so called 

because it ivesupon flies, The king bird 

- wa well kaown variety in this country. 

_ FLYING BRIDGE. See Brinvox. 

_ FLYING-FISH. A fish inhabiting the 


——— 


Te ee 












+ ed to raise itself out of the water and to 
a short distance when pursued by other 


YING SQUIRREL. A beautiful 


A) 





It iw called fluor because it melts 


‘American Squirrel, which by the use of 


membranes attached to its legs sails from 
the tops of trees to a great distance, 

FLYING DRAGON. A four-footed rep- 
tile of the lizard tribe, inhabiting Africa 
and India, which has a lateral mem>bram® 
serving as a wing. 





FLY-ORCHIS. A plant,so called from the 
resemblance it bears in its figure toa fly. 
FLY-TRAP, or Vewvs’s Fuy-Trar. A 
sensitive plant, the leaves of which consist 
of. two lobes, that close when they are 
irritated within, and consequently entrap 
any insect that lights upon them. © 
_ FOAL. The young of a horse, or ass. 
FOCUS (in Optics). The point of con- 
vergence or concourse, where all the rays 
meet after passing through a convex lens. 
FOCUS (in Geometry and Conic See 


tions). A certain point in the parabola 


and ellipses, &c. where the rays reflectea 
from all parts of these curves concur 

FODDER. Dry food for cattle. 

FODDER (in England). The prerogative 
of the king formerly, to be provided with 
fodder for his horses in any warlike ex- 
pedition. 

FOG, or Mist. A meteor consisting of 
condensed vapours floating near the surface 
of the earth. 

FOIL (in Fencing). An instrument with- 
out a point, to fence with by way of exer- 
cise. 

FOIL (among Glass-grinders). A sheet 
of tin laid on the back of a looking-glass, 
to make it reflect. 

FOIL (among Jewellers). A thin leaf 
of metal placed under a precivus stone, te 
increase its brilliancy. 

FOLD, An enclosed place in whieh 
sheep are confined. 

FOLIAGE. A cluster cr assemblage ef 
the leaves of trees. 

FOLIAGE (in Architecture). Omamenta 
representing leaves, used in cornices, &¢. 

FOLIATING. Spreading the plates of 
glass over with the foil, in order to make 
them reflect. 

FOLIO. The full size of paper as & 
comes from the manufacturer; also beste 
printed on paper of that size. 




















ORC 


FOLIO (in Merchants’ Aceounts). The 
page, including the rigat and left hand 
pege, in a merchant’s ledger, which are 
Rumbered by the same figure, so that they 
may correspond. 

FOMENTATION. The bathing any part 
of the body with a decoction of herbs, &c. 
A similar application with bags of herbs 
aad other ingredients, ie called a dry fo- 
mentation. 

FOOT. A measure of length consisting 
of twelve inches. 

FOOT (in Poetry). A certain number 
of syllakies which serve for measuring the 
verse. 

FOOT (in Military Tactics) Soldiers who 
serve on foot, 

FORAGE. Provender for horses in an 
army. 

FORCE (in Physiology). Whatever is 
er may be madé, the primary cause of 
motion in bodies. 

FORCE (in Law). Unlawful violence 

FORCE (in Military Affairs). Any body 
of men that may be employed in action. 

FORCEPS. A surgeon’s tongs, pin- 
Gers, dc. 

FORCER, or FORCING-PUMP. A 
pemp with a forcer or piston without a 
valve. 

FORCING (among Gardeners). A me- 
thed of obtaining fruits and flowers before 
their season, by the application of heat. 

FORCING (in Commerce). The fining 
down wines so as to render them fit for 
immediate use. “ 4 

FORE. A sea term for near the stem; 
as ‘ fore and aft,’ that is, from stem tostern. 

FORECASTLE. A short deck in the 
fore part of the ship. 

FORECLOSED (in Law). Excluded or 
barred the equity of redemption on mort- 
gages, dc. 

FOREIGN ATTACHMENT (in Law). 
ab attachment of foreigners’ goods. 

FORENSIC. Belonging to the bar or 
eourts of law. 

FORESHORTENING (in Painting). 
The making a head or face in a drawing 
appear shorter before. 

FOREST. In England, a large wood 
privileged to hold the king’s game of all 
kinds. 

FORESTALLING, The buying or bar- 
gaining for corn or other merchandise, be- 
fore it comes into the market. 

FORESTER. In England, the keeper 
of a forest. 

FORFEITURE (in Law). The loss of 
gooaa, lands, or employments, &e. for neg- 
decting to do one’s duty, or for seme crime 
comm med 









FORGE A furnace, in which smiths 
heat their metals red-hot, or in which the 
ore taken out of the mine is melteddowm 

FORGERY (in Law), The fraudulen- 
making or altering any record, deed, er 
writing, &c, to the prejudice of another 
man’s right, particularly the counterfeiting 
the signature of another with intent te de-_ 
fraud. ; 

FORMATION. In geology, any assem- 
blage of rocks, alluvial deposits, or sedi- 
mentary strata reierred to a common 
origin, or period, The term properly 
signifies a series of rocks, weually pass- 


-ing gradually into each other, and the 


whole being considered as belonging to 

a certain period of geological time. A ‘ 
geological formation may consist of 
rocks entirely dissimilar, as the coal, 
shale, ironstone, and sandstone of the 
coal formation; or the chalk, flints, and 
sands of the chalk formation. 


FORM (among Printers) The chase or 
frame filled with type or letter the size 
and form of a page, made ready for the 
press. This form will be quarto if the 
sheet consist of 8 pages, octavo if it con- 
sist of 16 pages, and duodecimo if it con- 
sist of 24 pages 

FORMA PAUPERIS, i. e. IN THR 
Form ory a Paurer. In England, a form 
in which any one may sue who swears 
that he ia not worth five pounds, and brings 
a certificate from some lawyer that he has 
just cause of suit. In that case he has 
counsel assigned, and is released from oe) 
costs of suit, &e. 

FORMIC ACID. The acid of ants, which 
is obtained chiefly from the red ant. it 

FORMULA (in Mathematics). A genera. 
theorem or literal expression, for resolving 
any part of a problem. if 

FORMULA (in Theology). A profession hit 
of faith. APs LSB 

FORMULARY A book of forms and 
precedents for law matters. 

FORT. A small castle or strong hold, 
a place of small extent, fortified either by 
art or nature, being encompassed with 9 
moat, rampart, and parapet, as represented 
underneath, to secure some high ground, 
or the passage of a river 








mode of putting a city town, or any other 


My 
j 





FOR 






16 





pou. 


pines, Be sss of’ denies Vy mating inference that ls much stronger than an 


Works around it. A fortification is either 
yegular er irregular: a regular fortification 
fw bailt in a regular polygon, as in the 
subjeined figure; an irregular fortification 
fie where the sides and angles are not 
uniform. A temporary fortification is that 
which is raised for any particular emer- 
gency, as fieldworks, &e. This is distin- 
guished from a durable fortification, which 
serves a3 a permanent defence of a place. 
A defensive fortification is that by which 
atown is defended in case of a siege, in 
distinction from an offensive fortification, 
which is raised by besiegers for the attack 
ofa place. The works of a place are those 
about the place, in distinction from the 
eutworks, which are constructed before 
the body ofthe piace. The principal works 
belonging toa fortification are, the ditch 
or trench made round each work; the 
ram part, or elevation of earth, raised along 
thé faces of any work, to cover the inner 
part; the parapet, or that part of a rampart 
which serves to cover the troops planted 
there; the bastion, that part of the inner 
enclosure ef a fortification making an angle 
towards the fleld; the counterscarp, the 
slope of the ditch facing the body of the 
place; the covert way, the space extending 
round the counterscarp; the glacis, the part 
beyond the covert way, to which it serves 
as a parapet; the curtain, the front of a 
wall between two bastions; the flank, any 
part of a work which defends another; 
the gorge, that part next to the body of 
the place where there is no rampart: the 
epaule, the shoulder of the bastion; besides 
the barriers, palisades, portcullis, place of 
arms, &¢ s 





other. 

FORUM. A putiic place im Rome, whore 
cause’ were tried and business traneacted. 

FOSS (in Fortification). A hc liow ditch, 
commonly full of water, lying between tha 
searp and the countersearp. 

FOSSAN. An animal of the weasel kind, 
feund in the Asiatic islands, about the 
size of the ferret. 

FOSSILS. All manner ef things dug 
eut of the earth, whether they be native 
fossils growing in and of the earth, as 
metals, stones, salts, earths, and other minr- 
erals; or whether they be foreign substan- 
ces, as the exuvia of sea and land animals 
namely, shells, bones, teeth, &c.; or whe- 
ther they be vegetables, as leaves, wood, 
&e. which have lain long buried in the 
earth. 

FOUL. A sea term for the running of 
one ship against another. 

FOUNDATION (in Architecture), That 
part of a building which is under ground. 

FOUNDATION (in Law). A donatian 
in money or lands for the maintenanes | 
and support of some community, as an 
hospital, a school, &e. 

FOUNDER (in Law). One who founds 
and endows a church, school, college, &e. 

FOUNDER (in Trade). One who casts 
metals in various forms, as gun-founders, 
bell-foundersa, &c. The company of foun- 
ders was incorporated in London, in 1614 

FOUNDRY. The art of casting metals 
in various forms; also the place where 
this business is done. Small works are 
cast in sand, which, being duly prepared, 
is put into a wooden frame; then wooden 
or metal models of what is intended to be 
cast are put into the sand eo as to leave 
their impression, and along the middle of 
the mould is laid a smail brass cylinder to 
form a chief eanal for the metal to run 
through, from which canal run others ex- 
tending to each model or pattern placed 
in the frame. When the moulds are fully 
prepared, the fused meta! is poured out of 
the crucible intc the chief canal, and thence 
conveyed toeach pattern. After the whole 
has been set to cool, the cast work is takep 
outofthe sand. The mould for very large 
articles is made of wet tempered loam 
built up by degrees in a pit, into whick 
the melted metal is made to run along a 
channel on the ground tothe mould. The 
composition used in casting bells is termed 
bell metal. 

FOUNT, ex FONT A set or certain 
quantity ef letters cast at one time by 3 
letter-founder for the use of a printer 
































FOUGADE, or FOUGASS. In the mili- 
tary art, a little mine, dug to defend or 
destroy a fortification by its explosion. | 


ladies’ dresses; a silk kerchief, 

FOURCHETTE. In ornithology, the 
bone formed by the junction of the 
clavicles;-commonly called the merry- 
thought. 

FOURNEAU. In military engineering, 
the chamber of a mine in which the 
powder is lodged. 

FOURTH. In music, an interval enu- 
merated among the discords. The minor 
or lesser fourth consisis of five semi- 
tones; but the fourth sharp, or greater, 
consists ofsixsemitones. In anatomy, 
fourth pair ot nervesis a term applied 
to the nervi pathetici. 


FOUNTAIN. A natural spring of water 


_Taing out of the ground; also a stream of 


water ejected through a pipe by means of 
a machine contrived for this purpose. Arti- 
ficial fountains are various in their forms, 
but they all act on the principle of a pres- 
Bure, either from a head of water, or arising 
from the spring and elasticity of the air. 
When fountains are formed by the pressure 
of a head of water, or any other fluid of 
the same kind, with the fountain or Jet, 
then will this spout up nearly to the same 
height as that head, allowing a little for 
the resistance of the air, with that of the 
adjutage, &c. in the fluid rushing through; 
but when the fountain is produced by any 
other force than the pressure of a column 
of the same fluid as itself, it will rise nearly 
to the altitude of the fluid, whose pressure 
8S equal to the given force that produces 
the fountain. ‘The subjoined figure repre- 
sents the tirculating fountain, o: the foun- 
tain of Hero of Alexandria, so called be- 
oause it was inverted by him, in which 





the air, being compressed by 2 conceated | 
fall of water forms a jst that appears as if | 











tt fad a perpetual motion, and t at 
same water which fell from the jet 


again 





the air through an ascending pipe into the 


box at the top containing water which, — 
being pressed upon, is forced through the 


spout as long as there is any in it 

FOWL. The largest sort of birds, whethez 
domestic or wild, as geese, pheasants, par- 
tridges, &o. ; also a full grown chicken, or 
young hen,, : 

FOWLING. The art of taking or killing 
birds, either by means of snares or nets, or 
by various devices, as imitating their voices 
or using decoy birds and the like. 

FOWLINGPIECE. A light gun for 
shooting birds, 

FOX. A crafty, lively animal, nearly 
allied to the dog, which seeks its food by 
night among the poultry, rabbits, and hares. 
The fox is borne in coats of arms, and ag 
a charge, is supposed to denote a subtle wit 
by which a man has served hia country 


LEM mee 





FOXGLOVE. See Dierratis. 

FOX-TAIL-GRASS. An_ herbaceous 
plant. y 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society im 

London. 
* FRACTURE (in Mineralogy). The break 
ing of minerals, or the manner in which 
they break, which is one of their specific 
characters. 

FRACTURE (in Surgery). The break- 
ing of any bene by an external act of 
violence. 

FRAENUM LINGU® (in Anatomy) 
The ligament under the tongue. 

FRAME (with Painters). A kind of 
square, composed of four long pieces of 
slips of wood joined together, the inter- 
mediate space of which is divided by litte 
strings or threads into a great number of 
little squares, like the meshes of a net, 
used in reducing figures from great te 
small or from small to great. 

FRANCHISE. The privilege or righ¢ 
of voting in an election, "eA 


ans Se TS ae 
; but, in reality, that water does not 
FOULARD. A kind of silk material for| come up again, for, runningdownthrough 
a pipe into the bottom box, it drives out 


















the old English law, as Frank pledge free- 
men, who used to be pledges or sureties, 
for the good behaviour of those who were 
of their community ; in modern law, an 
exemption from paying postage for letters, 
which is enjor ed by members of parliament 
in England, and members of Congress to a 
certain extent. 

FRANK. A French coin, worth twenty 
sols, or about eighteen cents and 34. 

FRANKINCENSE. An_ odoriferous, 
dry, resinous substance, procured from the 
juniper iree in Turkey and the East In- 
dies. 

FREEBOOTER. A soldier that serves 
for plunder, without pay, 

FREEHOLD. That land or tenement 
which a man helds in fee sin.ple, fee tail, 
er for term of life. 

FREEHOLDERS. Possessors of a free- 
hold estate. 

FREEMAN(in Ancient Law). In Eng 
one free from servitude, as distinguished 

- from a villain or bondsman; also ene who 
enjoys the freedom of a city or boi agh. 
_A freeman in the United States, is one 
who has a right to vote ; 

FREE SCHOOL. An endowed school, 
where children are taught free of expense. 

FREESTONE. A sort of stone used in 
building, that may be cut freely in any 
manner. 4 

FREIGHT (in Commerce). The sum of 
money agreed to be paid for the burden 
of a ship; also the burden itself, or the 
eargo of a ship. 

FRENCH HORN. A musical instru- 
ment, bent into a circle, and going two or 
three times round. It grows gradually 
larger and wider towards the end, and in 
some hors is nine or ten inches over 





EE. A term much used in) freezing mixtures, or compositions of such 


Hae 









ingredients as when mixed with other 
bodies, cause them to congeal; such as 
snow and common salt, or muriate of am- 
monia, nitre and water, é&c. 

FRESCO, A method of painting in 
relievo on Walls, so as to endure the 
weather ; it is performed with water colours 
on fresh plaster, so that the colours incor. 
porate with the mortar. 

FRESHES. A sea term for an impeta- 
ous ebb tide increased by heavy rains, 

FRET (in Architecture). An ornament 
consisting of small fillets interlaced, that 
were used by the ancients on flat mem 
bers. 





FRET (in Music). A kind of stop en 
some instruments, particularly bass viols— 
and lutes. 

FRICTION (in Mechanics), The rub- 
bing of the parts of engines and machines 
against each other, by which means a greag 
part of their effect is destroyed. 

FRLENDLY SOCLETIES. In England, 
associations chiefly among the lower clas- 
ses, for affording relief to each other in 
time of sickness, or to the widows and 
childien at their death. 

FLIGATE. A light built ship of war 
from tventy to fifty guns, fitted for fast 
sailing. 





FRiGID ZONES. The two zones @ 


P2EEZING (in Physiology). The fixing | divisions of the earth, comprehended be- 


& fluid body into a firma and solid mass by | tween 


the poles and the polar circles 


the action of cold. Tt process of freezing | They are the north friwid zone, at the north 


may be artificially produced by means of 


7 


pole, and the south frigid zone at the south — 


 \he air pump, and sometiunes by certain | pele 




















FRiT, or FRITT (in the Glass Manu- 
feeture). The matter or ingredients of which 
giase is to be made, after they have been 
ealcined or baked in a furnace. It is of 
different kinds, according to the quality of 
the glass. Crystal frit, for the best kind, 
is made with salt of pulverine and sand. 
The ordinary or common glass is made of 
the bare ashes of pulverine, or barilla, 
without extracting the ealt from them ; this 
is the second kind of frit. The third kind 
of frit, for green glass, is made of common 
ashes, without any preparation. 

FRITH (in Geography). An arm of the 
sea, as the Frith of Forth, or of Edinburgh, 
the Frith of Clyde, &c. 

FRIZING CLOTH. A process in the 
woollen manufacture, of forming the nap 
of cloth or stuff into a number of little 
hard burrs er prominences, so as to cover 
almost the whole ground. This process is 
new performed by machinery. 

FROG. An amphibious animal, having 
asmeeth body, and lenger legs than the 





FROG (in Farriery). The hard project- 
ing substance in the hollow of a horse’s 
foot. 

FROG-FISH, or Fisuine Froa. Akind 
of fish resembling a frog in the tadpole 
state, that puts forth its slender horns and 
entices the little fish to itself, in order to 
seize them. 

FRONT. The principal face or side of 
a building. 

FRONTIER. The boundary of a king- 
dom, which separates it from another king- 
dom en the land side, 

FRONTISPIECE. The ornament or 
picture which fates the title pone in a 
book, 

FRONTLET. A band worn on the 
forehead. 

FRUCTIFICATION (in Botany). The 
temporary part of vegstables, appropriated 
totheir propagation, consisting of the flow- 
er and the fruit. 

FRUIT (in Botany). That which suc- 
geeds the flower; it may either be seed 


cay or it Api an "Gacilgat pulpy } 
stance, as the apple or the pear ; or it may mies 





be hard, like the nut, pea, &c. 


FRUITERER. One whodealsin fruit 
The company of fruiterers in London, waa — 


incorporated in 1604. 

FRUSH. The tender part of a horse’s 
heel, next the hoof. 

FRUSTUM (in Mathematics), A part 
of some solid body separated from the rest. 

FRUSTUM OF A CONE. The part of 
acone that remains when the top is cut 
off by a plane parallel to the base; it is 
otherwise called a truncated cone. 

FRUSTUM of a GLOBE or SPHERE. 
Any part of it cut off by a plane. 

F.8. A. Anabbreviation for Fellow of 
the Society of Arts. 

FUCI. A genusof plants in the Linne- 
an system, comprehending most of those 
which are commenly called seaweed, 
from which, when burnt, an impure alkalt 
ie procured called kelp. 





FUCUS. The name giver by the an 
cients to a sea plant, from which a dye 
was procured, for dyeing woollen and lin- 
en cloths of that colour. 

FUGITIVE PIECES ~— Little pieces of 
composition of temporary interest. 

FUGITIVE’S GOODS (in Law). The 
goods of one who flies upon felony. 

FUGUE (in Music). A species of com- 
position, in which the different parts follow 


each other, each repeating in order what — 


the first had performed. 
FULORUM (in Mechanics). The prog 
or support by which a lever is sustained. 
FULLER. One who cleans and sceurs 
cloth. 
FULLER’S EARTH. A species of ctay 


remarkable fer the property of abecrbimg — iM) 








weed 






‘ait, wherefore it tad by Betis ta take 
grease out of cloth. 


FULLING. Theart of cleansing, scour- 


: img, and pressing cloths, to make them 


ger, closer, and firmer, which is done 
by means of a water mill, called a fulling 
er scouring mill. These mills are nearly 
the same as corn mills, except in the mill- 
stones and the hopper. In France, corn 
is ground and cloth is fulled by the motion 
ef the same wheel: cloths and weollen 
stuffs are sometimes fulled by means of 
soap, in the following manner ; the cloth is 
laid in the trough of the fulling mill, and 
then the soap dissolved in pails of river 
or spring water is to be poured upon ft 
by little and little, The cloth, after lying 
two hours in the soap, is taken out, stretch- 
ed, and then returned ta the trough. Up- 
on being taken out a second time, the 
grease and filth is then wrung out. This 
process is afterwards repeated, and when 
the cloth has thus been brought to the 
quality and thickness required, it is scour- 
ed in hot water until it is quite clean. 

FULMINATION, The noise which 
some minerals or metals make when heat- 
ed in a crucible ; as fulminating powder, 
which is made of nitre, potash, and the 
flowers ef sulphur, triturated ina warm 
mortar. If this powder be fused in a ladle, 
and then seton fire, it will explode with a 
neise like thunder. If asolution of gold 
be precipitated by ammonia, the product 
will be fulminating gold, a grain of which, 
if held overa flame, will explode wita a 
sharp loud noise. 

FUMIGATION. A process by means of 
which the nitrous and other mineral acids, 
in a state of vapour, are dispersed through 
any place. 

FUNCTION The performance of any 
duty. 


FUNCTION (in Physiology). The ex- 


ercise of any faculty or power, as the vital 


functions, or these which are necessary to 
life. 
FUNCTION (in Algebra). An algebra- 
seal expression of a certain letter or quan- 
FUND (in Commerce). The capital er 
stock of a public company. 
FUNDAMENTAL NOTE (in Music). 
The lowest note of the chord, to which all 
the rest sre in some measure adapted, and 
by which they are regulated ; it is other- 
wise called the key to the song. 
FUNDS, PUBLIC FUNDS, or 
STOCKS. The national debt formed into 


@ifferent capitals, upon which interest is 


payable. 
PUNGI. The fourth order of the slass 


FUS 
Cryptogamia in the Linnwan system, eon 


sisting of funguses, mushrooms, truffies, 


&6. A fangus of this order 1s represented 
underneath. 








FURLONG, A measure of length, con: 
sisting of forty poles. 

FURLOUGH. Leave of absence given 
to asoldier, or noncommissioned officer. 

FURNACE. A fire place for melting, 
distilling, and other chemical processes, ss 
built as to cause the fire to burn vehe- 
mently. 





FUR. The coat or cevering of some 
animals,’ as sables, beavers, martens, 
squirrels, &e. which is used in various ar- 
ticles of dress, either for ornament or 
warmth. 

FURS. Tinctures in coats of arms, 
which are supposed to represent the furs 
of animals. 

FURRIER. One who deals in furs, and 
prepares them for the manufacturer. 

FURRING (in Carpentry). The fixing 
thin scantlings or laths on the edges of 
timbers, to bring them to the even surface 
they were intended to form 

FURRINGS (in Carpentry) The pis- 
ces of timber employed in making an even 
surface. 

FURROW. A small trench cast up by 
the plough between the leads. t 

FUSEE (in Clockwork). A motbanical 


contrivance for equalicing te power cf 








the main spring ofa watch. The fusee on 
which the chain or catgut ts wound, is 
made somewhat conical, so that its radius 
atevery point may correspond with the 
strength of the spring, being greater and 
greater as the action of the spring becomes 
more and more weakened by unbending. 

FUSEE (in Gunnery). The tube fixed 
into a bomb or grenade shell, which is 
filled with combustible materials, and fur- 
nished with a quick match on the top of 
it. When it is used it is drivex into the 
bomb, being cut to a length proportioned 
to the distance that the bomb is to be 
thrown, that it may be spent andthe bomb 
broak when it falls 





PUSIL. A small ight musket. 
FUSIL (in Heraldry). An_ artificial — 
charge, representing a spindle. It is of — 
the same shape as the lozenge, but it is 
longer. 

FUSION. > The art of reducing bodies to 
a fluid state by the artificial application of 
heat ; as in the case of metals, glass, and 
similar bodies. Those substances which 
admit of being fused are termed fusible, 
but those which resist the action of fire os 
heat are termed refractory. 

FUST., The shaft of a column. 

FUSTIAN. A sort of nappy cotton. 

FUSTIC.° A dyeing wood brought fron 
the West Indies 


G. 


G, the seventh letter tm the alphabet, as a 
numeral, formerly stoed for 400 ; asa sign, 
it stands for the treble eliff, or the highest 
of the three cliff’; as an abbreviation, for 
grand, as G. C. B. Knight Grand Cross of 
the Bath. 

GABEL. Fermerly an excise in France 
on salt; in old English records, a rent, cus- 
tem, or duty due to the lord. 

GABIONS. Baskets of willow filled with 
earth to make a parapet or cover. 





GABLE END The triangular end of a 
house, from the cornice or eaves to the 
top 

GADFILY. An insect which has a face 
resembling that of an ape. It deposits its 
eggs on the backs of horses and other 
cnitle. 





in the barometer, or for measuring the 
force of the winds, &c. 

GAL. An abbreviation for gallon or 
Galatians, 

GALAXY, or Mirxy War. A long 
white luminous tract which seems to en- 
compass the heavens like a girdle, formed 
by innumerable stars. 


GALBANUM A resinous substance 


like frankincense, 


GALE (among Mariners). A storm og 


violent wind. 
GALL Another name for the bile 
GALL BLADDER. An oblong mem- 
braneous receptacle for the bile. 
GALLERY A passage leading te sev- 
érad apartments. 


| 





Eaeke 


antannt iT 








GALLERY (among Miners). A long 
narrow passage under ground ‘ 


GALLERY (in Fortification). A covered 


walk across a ditch in a besieged town, 
made of strong planks and covered with 


earth. It was formerly used for earrying - 


a mine to the foot of the ramparts. It 


GAGE, or GAUGE. An instrument for} ought to be eignt feet high and tem og 
ascertaining measures of different kinds, as | twelve feet wide. The beams ought'to be 


for measuring the state of rarefaction in| half a foot thick.and planks nated bia! 
Wwe er pump, or determining the variations | aia i 


















in ‘Primting). A Gani inte 
gency the com pesitor empties his tick as 


often as ite Alled. 


GALLEY (in_ Shipbuilding). A low 
built vessel, much used in the Mediterra- 
mean. 





GALLEY-SLAVE. One condemned 
by way of punishment to work at the oar, 


to which he is chained, on board of a gal- 


ley. 

GALL-FLY. An insect which produces 
the galls or excrescences on the branches 
and leaves of trees. * 

GALLICISM. A form of expression 
peculiar to the French. 

GALL NUTS, or GALLS. Excrescen- 
ces on trees, which are occasioned by the 
gall-flies. ‘Those which come on the oak, 
vulgarly called oak apples, are used in 
making ink, dyeing, and dressing leather. 
They are represented underneath. 





GALLOWAY. A kind of Scotch horse 
mot mere than fourteen hands high. 
GALVANIC BATTERY. An appara- 


tus which is employed in accumulating the. 


electricity of galvanisin by the mutual 
agencies of certain metallic and carbona- 
ceous substances and peculiar fluids. See 
Gatvanism. This battery, as represented 





ternately, to the number of twenty or thiz. 


ty triplicates, as may be thought proper. 
 GALVANISM. A branch of the ectones 
of electricity, first discovered accidentally 
by Galvani, a professor of Bologna, from 
whom it derives its name. This science 
treats of the effects of applying metals te 
the nerves and museles of dead animals, 
which has been found to produce strong 
contractions and convulsions. The first 
observation on this extraordinary effect of 
electricity was made in the laboratory of 
M. Galvani, when one of his assistants 
happened to bring the point of his scatpel 
to the crural nerves ofa skinned frog lying 
near the conductor, upon which the mus- 
cles of the limb were agitated with strong 
convulsions. Madame GajJvani, who was 
present at the time, was struck with the 
circuinstance, and communicated it in- 
stantly to M. Galvani, who repeated the 
experiment, and found that the convulsion 
only took place when a spark was drawn 
from the conductor at the time the scalpel 
was in contact with the nerve. After this, 
Galvani continued his experiments in vari- 
ous ways, and ascertained that the mere 
agency of metallic substances, provided 
they were dissimilar metals, would produce 
such convulsions. This subject engaged 
the attention of experimentalists both be- 
fore and after the death of M. Galvani, 
which happened in 1798; but none added 
any thing materially to his discovery ex- 
cept M. Voita, who repeated the experl- 
ments of the former, and found that when 
two pieces of metal of different kinds were 
placed in different parts of an animal, and 
were either brought into contact or inte 
connexion by meana of a metallic arc, con- 
vulsions ensued every time, and that this 
effect was strongest when the metals were 
zine and silver, particularly when several 
pairs of metals were employed, having 


pieces of moist cloth betweenthem. This. 


led him to the idea of constructing a batte- 
ry, forthe purpose of accumulating elec- 
tricity, which has since been called the 
galvanic battery, or Voltaic pile 

The apparatus first made by Volta, in 
1800, consisted of a certain number of pairs 
of zinc and silver plates, separated from 
each other by pieces of wet cloth, in the 
order of zinc, silver, wet cloth, zinc, sil- 
ver, wet cloth, in regular succession. The 
silver plates were chiefly pieces of coins, 


the plates of zine and the pieces of wet. 


cloth being of the same size. He found 
this much more powerful when the pieces 
of cloth were moisened witha solution o 
common salt instead of pure water, and 


an apperatus thus prepared was found & 





















porsags the power of giving @ vary emari 


shock, stmilar to that of a emall electric | fret beginning. 


jar ; and this effect took place we often as 


. & Communication was made between each 


end of the pile, and as long as the pieces 
of cloth remained moist: an improvement 
Was made on this apparatus by Mr. Cruick- 
shank, of Woolwich, which was denomi- 
nated a galvanic trough, and consists of a 
box of baked wood, in which plates of 
copper, or of silver and zinc, soldered to- 
gether at their edges, are cemented in such 
a@ manner as to leave a number of water- 
tight cells, corresponding to the number of 
the series ; this serves to remedy the defect 
of the Voltaic pile, which, on account of 
the loss of moisture, loses its electrical 
action in a few days; but by Mr. Cruick- 
shank’s contrivance its activity may be 


renewed by filling the eslis with the proper 


saline quid. 

GAMBOGE. A yellow resinous sub- 
stance used by painters. It is the produce 
of a tree native of Cambogia or Cambaja, 
in the East Indies. 

GAME. All sorts of birds and beasts 
that are objects of the chase. 
which in England particularly protect this 
sort of property, are known by the name 
of the Game Laws By these laws certain 
qualifications of property are required, to 
give a person the privilege of being allowed 
to kill game ; and penalties are imposed on 


all persons who kill game, either without 
such qualification or at improper seasons ; 
likewise the sale of game is prohibited un- 


der every circumstance. Attempts have 


been repeatedly made in parliament to 


procure a repeal, either wholly or in part, 
of these laws, which are thought to be 
oppressive in their operation. 

GAME. Any sport or amusement which 
affords a subject of contest, and a display 
of skill or superierity. 

GAMECOCK. A cock bred to fight. 

GAMESTER. One who is viciously 
addicted to playing at games. 

GAMING. The wanton and extravagant 
playing at games for purposes of gain. 

GAMUT (in Music). The table or scale 
ef notes laid down by Guido, and marked 
wy the monosy!lables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la ; 
alo the first note in the scale. 

GANG (among Mariners). A select num- 
eer of a ship’s crew, appointed on any 
particular service. 

GANG A number of persons who go or 
herd together for wicked purposes. 

GANGLIONS. Small, hard, knotty tu- 
mours, formed om the nervous and tendi- 


The laws 


GANGRENE. A “mortifieation ta a | 


GANGWAY (emong Mariners). Tho 
name of several ways or passages fremome 
part of a ship to another. Pia 

GANNET. A large water bird, commen 
on the coasts of Scotland. 

GANTLOPE, or GANTLET (in Mili- — 
tary Affairs). An old punishment im whick 
the criminal, running between the ranke, 
receives a lash from every man. 


GANNET. The solan goose,.a northern 


sea-fowl, allied to the pelican, and be- 
longing to the same genus with the 
booby 


GANOIDIANS. An order of fishes 


having angular scales, coyered with 
bright enamel, as the sturgeon. 


GANGUE. The mineral substance 
which encloses any metallic ore in the 


vein; protogene granite. 


GARAGAY. A rapacious bird of Mexico. 
GARANCINE. An extract of madder 


by means of sulphuric acid, 


GARDEN. A plot of ground enclosed 
and cultivated with extraordinary care, 
and furnished with the fine kinds ef 
plants and flowers, for pleasure and use. 

GARDENING. The process of tilling 
a garden and keeping it in order. 

GARDENING, History or. Gardening 
is one of those domestic arts so essentiaily 
connected with the refined enjoyments of 
mankind, that with a garden has ever been 
associated every idea of cultivation and 
pure pleasure. From Holy Writ we learn 
that our first parents, before their fall, 
passed their lives in a garden, and their 
posterity, although, according tothe denun- 
ciation of their Maker, doomed to till the 
ground with the sweat of their brow, never- 
theless have at all times endeavoured to 
sweeten their labour by bringing home to 
themselves the enjoyments of cultivation 
within the narrow circle of their own 
habitation. The accounts of gardens among 
the ancients are confined to those of princes 
or great men, as the garden of Solomon 
and the garden ef Alcinous the Pheacian 
king, which is minutely described by 
Homer in his Odyssey. The hanging gar- 
dens of Babylon, particularly spoken of 
by Diodorus and Strabo, may be reckoned 
among the wonders of art. Each side ex- 
tended four hundred feet, so that the area 
of the base was-nearly an acre. They rose 
with rerraces, comstructed ene above ane- 
ther, and supported with pillars to the 
height of four hundred feet. These ter- 
races were formed of stone, covered with 
reeds, and cemented with bitumen, ever 
which was laid a double rew ef bricks, 





m a layer of ea 
cat . depth fot plants to grow in it. The Per 


~ held dear. 


yea’ of sufficient 


tlan kinge also. displayed thety magnifi- 


“cence in their gardens, which they took 


Care should contain all that was useful as 
wellas beautiful. Their trees were ranged 
in straight lines and regular figures, and 
the margins of the walks were lined with 
s.fta of roses, violets, and other odoriferous 
Bowers. Firs and planes were their fa- 
vourite trees. 


The Greeks appear to have derived their. 


ideas of gardening from the Persians, if 
we may judge trom the allusions of writers 
to this subject. Xenophon particularly 
admires the garden of Cyrus at Sardia. 
The narcissus, the violet, the rose, the ivy, 
the pines, and other plants chosen by the 
Persians, either for their beauty or their 
fragrance, were the theme of praise among 
the Grecian poets and philosophers. They 


. also consulted shade, fresh breezes, and the 


beauties of verdant scenery, as we learn 
from the vale of Tempe described by 
4Blian, and the shady groves of Athens 
described by Plutarch. With the beauties 
_ of nature they also associated those of art, 
particularly such as derived an interest 
from their religious or social attachments. 
Hence we find that their gardens were 
decorated with temples or altars dedicated 
to theizs gods, or the tombs of their ances- 
tors or of great men whose memory they 
Their favourite fruits were the 
vine, the fig, the eh inate and the 
melon. 

The first garden mentioned among the 
Romans is that of Tarquinius Superbus, 
wich abounded with flowers, chiefly roses 
and poppies. As the Roman people exten- 
ded their conquests, and their intercourse 
with other nations became more frequent, 
they increased in luxurious and expensive 
indulgences, which they displayed in the 
decorations of their gardens. Lucitsius, the 
conqueror of Mithridates, who introduced 
from Asia the cherry, the peach, and the 
apricot, first gave the Romans a specimen 
ef Asiatic grandeur, in his garden near 
Baie, in Naples, which was remarkable 
for prodigious works of art, as artificial 
mountains, immense pieces of water, and 
humerous costiy embellisuments. This 
gave that tone of artificiality to the Roman 
gardens which was for so many centuries 
after retained in Europe. Slopes, terraces, 
a wilderness, shrubs methodicaliy trimmed 
or cut inte certain shapes, a marble basin, 
artificia! fountains, or a cascade falling into 
the sasin, bay trees alternately planted 


‘with planes, a straight walk, from which 
warned others, ieee aff by hedges of box, 








and apple trees, with obelisks parva te 
tween every two ; these were the ingredi- 
ents of a Roman garden, as described bv 
Pliny the younger, in which was wanted 
nothing but the decoration of a parterre to 
make a garden in the reign of Trajan to — 
serve for a description of one in the seven- 
teenth century. A more correct taste in 
the art of gardening has obtained within 
the last century. Nature now derives 
every possible assistance from art, without 
loging any thing of her simplicity 

GARLAND. An ornament of flowem 
made for the head or other purposes. 

GARLAND (among Mariners). A collar 
of rope wound up About the head of a 
main mast, to ki +p the shrouds from 
galling. 

GARLIC. A bulbous root, consisting of 
many smal) tubercles included in its eoats 
It has a strong smell and an acrid taste, 
but is much used for food. 

GARNET. A sort of carbuncle, so called 
from its red colour, resembling the seed of 
&@ pomegranate. 

. GARNISHMENT (in Law). A warning 
given to any one for his appearance in 
court. 

GARRET. The uppermost floor in a 
house. 

GARRISON. A place of defence occu- 
pied by troops ; also the troops themsetves 

GARTER. A bandage for the leg. 

GARTER (in Heraldry). The principal 
badge of the highest order of knighthood 
in England called the most Neble 
Order of the Garter. 

GARTER KING AT ARMS. The chief 
of the three kings at arms. 

GARTER, Orgpegn or tHe, In England, 
an order of knights instituted by Edward 
IIl. which consists of twenty-six knights 
companions. The habit and ensigns of 
this order are the garter, mantle, cap, and 
collar. The badge of the order is the im- 
age of Saint George, called the George. 

GAS. A chemical term derived from 
the German geist, spirit, denoting an elas- 
tic aerial fluid, of which there are different 
kinds, some being acid, as carbonic acid ; 
some alkalies, as ammonia, é&c, 

GAS LIGHT. Light produced by gas 
burning in lamps, &c. This gas, which is 
a combination of oxygen and hydrogen, is 
carried away by pipes and burnt at the 
orifice of escape. It is produced either 
from pit coai or whale oil. The precess 
for producing coal gas is as follows. The 
coal, being broken to a convenient size, ie 
placed in oblong cast irom retorts, ranged 
in furnaces to keep them at a red heat, 


aud all the volatile products are conveyed 








‘by a common tube into a decsdeniina , 


vessel, which is kept cool by being im- 
merged in water. In the condenser are 
retained the water, tar, and other con- 
densible vapours, while the gaseous pro- 
ducts, namely, the carburetted hydrogen, 
the suiphuretted hydrogen,and the carbonic 
oxy4e and acid are passed through strata 
of slaked lime, by which the sulphuretted 
hydrogen and carbonic gases are absorbed, 
and the carburetted hydrogen and hydro- 
gen gases in their purified state are trans- 
mitted into the gasometers, from which the 
several pipes are supplied that convey the 
gas to the lamps. The best kind of coal 
for distillation is that which contains most 
bitumen and feast sulphur. 

After the discovery of obtaining gas from 
coal, attempts were made to extract it 
from other substances. he method of pro- 
curing it from oil is said to have originated 
in an attempt made in 1814 to convert coal 
tar into gas. Since that period, numerous 
works have been constructed for the mar- 
ufacture of oil gas, which, in the opinion 
ef many, is preferable to the coal gas. 

GASOMETER, or GAZOMETER. A 
reservoir for holding a considerable quan- 
tity of gas. It is made of thin tinned iron 
plate, and mostly provided with some 
eontrivance for measuring the quantity of 
gas it contains. 





SOP AG ELEM APS 


MUM 


GASTRIC ioe. A fluid separated 
py the eapillary vessels of the stomach, 
and serving as the principal solvent of the 
food. This juice in a healthy subject is 
inodorous, of a saltish taste, and limpid 
like water. 

GATE. A moveable part of a fence, 
baade of wood or iron. Gates with five 
ox six Bars, large enough to admit of carts 





passing through, are most commonly em- 
whaved in fences for porting off fields. 












Kent in ‘England, whereby the la 
the father were divided equally, 
death among his sons. ben 

GAUGING, The art of measuring the | 
capacities of all kinds of vessela. , 

GAUNTLET. An iron glove for the © 
hand, which was formerly used in aingle — 
combat, It is borne in coat armour, as ig 
the annexed figure. 









GAUZE. A very thin sort of silk 

GAZELLE. A beautiful species of the 
Antelope frequently alluded to, in Persian 
poetry. 

GAZETTE. A newspaper; particularly 
that published by authority. The firs 
Gazette in England was published in 1665 
at Oxford, where the court then was 

GAZETTEER. A writer or publishe 
of a Gazette; also the title of a geographi 
cal dictionary, 

GELATINE, or Jetty. Ananimal sub 
stance, soluble in water, and capable of 
assuming an elastic or tremulous consist- 
ence when cooled, and Jiquifying again 
by the application af heat. 

GEM. A precious stone; or a sort of 
siliceous earth, consisting of silica and 
alumina, with a small portion of lime and 
oxyde of iron. The gem is remarkable ~ 
for ita hardness and internal lustre. Under 
this name is comprehended the diamond, 
ruby, sapphire, hyacinth, beryl, garnet, 
chrysolite, &c. To these have been added 
rock crystals, the finer flints of pebbles, the 
cat’s eye, the oculus mundi, the chaleedo- 
ny, the moon stones, the onyx, the corme- 
lian, the sardonyx, agate, &c. 

The imitation of antique gems, by taking 
the impressions and figures upon them, in é 
glass of the colour of the original gem, or 
on sealing wax or brimstone, has been 
practised at different times by persons who, 
in respect to the first method of taking 
them on glass, have kept the art to them- 
selves, and suffered it to die with then, ee 
But the provess adopted by Mr. Homberg, tt 
which has also been communieated by hir- 
to the world, is highly esteemed for the 
perfection to which he has brought the art — 
From the engraved gems of the king’ 
cabinet, he took such exact resemblances 
of the originals as sometimes to deceive 








‘ 


~ 












fi the: 
true Marlgue’ aton m 
in taking the ‘impression of the gem ina 
_ very fine earth, and then conveying the 


0 mistook them forthe 
~ His method consists 








impression from the earth & a piece of 
half melted glass. 

GEMINI, the - Twins. A constellation, 
and sign in the zodiac, marked thus I]. 

GEN. An abbreviation for Genera) and 
Geresia. : 

GENDARMES, or GENS D’ARMES. 
A select body of soldiers in’ the French 
army, Who are new much employed by 
rhe police. 


GENDER (in Grammar). A distinction 


' Im neuns to’ mark the sexes; genders are 


either masculine, for the male sex; femi- 
nine, for the female sex; or neuter, for 
those which are of neither sex. 

GENEALOGY. A series or succession 
of ancestors; also an account of the rela- 
tions and alliances of any person or family. 

GENERAL (in Military Affairs). An 
officer in chief, to whom the command of 
troops is intrusted; also a particular beat 
of drum in the morning, to give notice te 
the foot to march. 

GENERALISSIMO. The supreme gene- 
ral or commander in chief of an army. 

GENERAL ISSUE (in Law). That plea 
which traverses or denies at once the whole 
declaration or indictment. 

GENERAL OFFICERS. © All officers 
above the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the 
line. 

GENERATING (in Geometry). A term 
for a line or figure, which by its motion 
produces any other figure. 

GENERIC CHARACTER (in Natural 
History). The character which distin- 
guishes the genera or general kinds of 
plants, animals, &c. from each other. 
This character belongs to all the species 
of the same genus or kind. 

GENERIC NAME (in Natural History). 
The name of any genus or kind of animal, 
plant, or mineral. This name can be de- 
scribed only by describing the generic 
ebaricter. 

GENET An animal of the weasel kind, 
resembling the civet cat in ita musk amell. 

GENEVA. See Gin. 

GENITIVE CASE. The second case in 
Latin and Greek nouns, which denote pos- 

seasion. It is marked in English by s with 


af apostrophe, thus (’s). 


GENIL. 
thought of in the eastern nations. 


Good er evil spirits, much 
The 


ts Tales of the Geni! profees to give an ac- 
geunt of their proceedings and dealings 
with mankind. 


‘Israel; among Christians, it is the name of 
all heathens who did not embrace the 





te al whe were not of fey twelve tribes ot 


Chrisfan faith. 

GENTLEMAN, Anciently, ene above 
the state of a yeoman. 

GENTRY (in Law). The order and rank 
of gentiemen,descended from ancient fami 
lies, that had always borne coat armear. 

GENTOO, A native of Hindogtan. 

GEMUS (in Natural History). A eub 

ivizwen of a class or order of natural ob 
jecta. animal, vegetable, or mineral, ang 
having under it different species or variety 

GENUS (among Logicians). That which 
is common to a number of individuals; the 
summurm genus, or highest genus, is iat 
which appertains to the greatest number 
ofindividuals, as substance, which belongs 
to all material. 

GEOCENTRIC. Being concentric wits 
the earth, er having the earth for its centre 
@ term applied to a planet in its orbit. 

GEOGRAPHICAL MILE. The 60th 
part of a degree. 

GEOGRAPHY. The science which 
treats of the earth as an habitable werld, 
comprehending a description of the whole 
globe, together with an account of all its 
parta, limits, inhabitants, é&c. Geography 
is either genera] or particular. General 
geography comprehends the knowledge of. 
the earth in general, and the affections 
common to the whole globe, as its figure, 
magnitude, motions, circles, winds, tides, 
meteors, divisions into land and water 
&ec. Particular geography has respect te 
particular countries, showing their boua- 
daries, figure, climate seasons, inhabitants, 
arts, customs, language, history, &c. When 
it respects regions, districts, or parts of 
countries, it is called chorography, and 
when particular cities, towns, or villages, 
&c. it is called topography. Particulaa 
geography is also distinguished intoancient 
geography, when it treats of the countrice 
and places existing among the ancients; 
modern geography, when it treats of mo 
dern places; the geography of the middle 
ages, which treats of places that flourished 
in the middie ages; and lastly, sacred 
geography, which treats of places men- 
tioned in the Bible. 

The earth, considered as a planet, is 
supposed to be marked by circles corres- 
ponding to those which the sun apparently 
describes in the heavens, as the horisem, 
which divides the sphere into two parts 
or hemispheres, the one upper and visible 
the other lower and invisible; tae equator 


, which is equidistant from both the pales, 
 GENTHLES A name given by the Jews | and divides the globe into nerthern and 


tical cireles, which intersect each other at 
the zenith and nadir; the meridian, which 
crosses the equator at right angles, and 
from which the distance of places east and 
west is reckoned ; the parallels of latitude, 
small cireles supposed to be parallel to 
the equator, which show the latitude of 
places, or their distance north and south 
from the equator ; the arctic and antarctic 
Cireles, two circles at the distance of twen- 
ty three degrees and a half from the north 
amd eouth poles; the two tropics, namely, 
the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of 
Capricorn, the first north and the second 
south, twenty-three degrees and a half dis- 
tant from the equator; to these might be 
added the hour circles, or the twenty-four 
gircles passing through the equator, and 
torresponding to the twenty-four hours of 
the day 

From the diversity in the length of the 
days and nights, geographers divide the 
globe into certain districts, called climates, 
measured either by hours or half hours; 
and from the effects of light and heat upon 


: vabutert hetaiuphsren: the actmuths or ver- Asia, and the 
water is distinguished inte. ecoans, which 






are vast collections which separate the 
continents from each other, as the Pacific 


and Atlantic Oceans; seas, or smaller cel- 


lections of water, as the [Indian Sea, Black 
Sea, é&c.; guifs, parts of any sea surrounded 
nearly with land, as the Gulf of Venise, 
if they have a wide entrance they are bays, 
as the Bay of Biscay; straits, narrow pas- 
wages joining two seas, as the Strait of 
Gibraltar; lakes, la: ge collections entirely 
surrounded by lana, asthe Lake of Geneva, 
rivers, streams of water which have theis 
source in some spring, and empty them- 
eelves into some other river or piece of 
water. The principal rivers, as to thelw 
magnitudes, are the Amazon Senegal, 
Nile, St. Lawrence, La Plata, Mississippi — 
Volga, Oronooke, Ganges, Euphrates, Da- 
nube, Don, Indus, Dnieper, and Dwina, 
but if estimated according to the length of 
course which they run, their order will be 
rather different, but the Amazon is the 
largest in every respect. 

The earth is politically divided inte 


the earth in different parts, it is distin- | countries,which, according to their govern- 


guished into five zones, namely, one torrid 


ment, are distinguished into empires, if 


or burning zone, between the tropics; two | they are of great extent, as the Russian 


temperate, between the polar circles and 
the tropics; two frigid or frozen zones, 
between the polar circles and the poles. 
The inhabitants of the earth, as te their 
relative situation in regard to each other, 


and Austrian empires; or kingdoms, as 


the kingdoms of Great Britain, Spain, 
&c., or Republics as the United States, 
Mexico, France, &c., or States as 
Holland, Netherlands, &e., under 


are distinguished into the antipodes, who | this head geography treats of the subdi- 


tive directly opposite to each other; the 
antoeci, who live under the same meridian, 


visions of each country into provinces 
cities, towns, &e.; also of the number of 


but opposite parallels of latitude; the pe-;| inhabitants, the nature and produce of the 


rioeci, who live under the same parallels 
of latitude, h*t opposite meridians. 

The earth is naturally divided into land 
and water, and according to some compu- 
tations about three-fourths of it is occupied 
by water, and the remaining fourth by 


soil, the animals peculiar to each place, 
the state of the arts, manufactures, com 

meree, &c. which constitute the wealth of 
each country, and is comprehended under 
the name of statistics. To all this may be 
added an account of curiosities, natural 


Jand. The land is distinguished into con- | and artificial, as volcanoes,caverns, canals, 


tinents, or large portions not separated by 
any sea, as the four great continents, Eu- 
rope, Asia, Africa, end America, which 
are the four quarters of the world; islands, 
smaller portions, entirely surrounded by 
water, as Great Britain, Lxsland, &c.; 


springs, fountains, and the like. Besides 
geography treats not only of the earth’s 
surface, but also of the affections which it 
is exposed to from the waters of the ocean 
which produce the flux and reflux of the 
tide, and the currents belonging to par- 


peninsulas, or tracts of land almost sur- | ticular seas, as in the Mediterranean and 


rounded by water, as the Morea, in Greece; 
iathmuses, or necks of land joining two 
continents, as the isthmus of Suez, joining 
Africa to Asia; promontories, or capes, 
high portions of land stretching out into 
the eea, es the Cape of Good Hope; moun- 
tains, or elevations of the earth’s surface, 
euch as the Alps and Pyrenees n Europe, 


pe Causnqas and Urejian Mountains in | 


Euxine seas; likewise of the winds whick 
blow in particular manners and directions, 
such as the mons6ons,or trade winds, whieh 
blow for some months in the year one 
way and the rest another; and, lastly, the 
meteorological peculiarities of each coun- 
try, such as regarda the degree of heat ang 
cold, the quantity of rain whieh falls ig 
perticn|ar places, within a given perie'§ 






















| the surrounding objects. 


y and bpher warteutseat 1 ofa jeatiea 4 eastion with alittle pl pentie: eal 


‘ paaphacina the climate, and its effects upon 


Geegraphical descriptions are moreover 


{Mustrated by engraved delineations, which 
wher they represent an ocean, sea, or any 


piece of water, is called a chart, but when 
they represent any parts of the earth gene- 
rally are termed maps. In all maps the 
morth is at the top and the south at the 
bottom, the east on the right and the west 
on the left. Maps are always laid down 
according to a certain scale, taken from 
the degrees of latitude which are marked 
on the east and west side of the map, 
those of longitude being marked on the 
north and south side. As the earth isa 
globe, a map of the whole earth must 
necessarily consist of two parts, both sides 
of the globe not being visible at once; 
accordingly in a universal map the right 
hand eircle shows the old world, that is, 
Europe, Asia, and Africa, and the left 
hand circle the new world, or America. 
Upon the general map are marked the 
circles correspondent to those of the sphere, 
as the equator, &c. Particular maps, be- 
ing parts of this globe, retain the meridians 
and parallels belonging to the particular 
part, which are made-smaller or larger 
according to the size of the map, and the 
distance of the places mentioned are pro- 
portioned to the breadth of the parallels as 
Nearly as they can be. 

In maps the sea is denoted by an open 
space, the thick shadowing denotes the sea- 
coast, rivers are marked by shadowed ser- 
pentine lines, if large by double and treble 
lines made strong and black, roads by 
double lines,divisionsof countries by dotted 
lines, and sometimes distinct colours, those 
for kingdoms and provinces being larger 
than the rest; forests are represented by 
trees, mountains by rising shadows, sands 
by dotted beds, lakes by shadowed coasts, 
rocks by pointed things sticking up sharp 
im the sea, the course of the winds by 
arrows. The namesofvillagesare written 
im a running hand, those of towns in a 
Roman character, those of cities in small 
capitals, and those of provinces in large 
capitals. Cities or great towns are made 


_ like small houses, with a little circle in the 


middie of them, but smaller towns or 
villages are marked only with little circles; 


bridges by a double lims across the river. 


In peme maps, particularly old maps, cities, 
as the sees of bishops, were marked with 
@ Grees er mitre, and those of archbishops 


with a double cross, universities with a 
‘gar or a eaducens, abbeys with a crook or 


Pestoru: staf ‘fortresses with an angie, as 
| SRST Geta re 


men’s seaia with a single house only, &o 
The apparatus called the terrestrial globe, 
has a complete map of the earth drawn on 
its surface, with the several imaginary 
cireles, and is moreover fitted to iliustrate 
the movements of the earth as a planet, 
the latitudes, longitudes, and distances of 
places, the hours of day and night in 
different part, with a number of other 1m- 
teresting problems. 

GEOGRAPHY, History or, The study 
of geography, as far aa it waa connected 
with or depended upon astronomy, in all 
probability began and kept pace with it. 
Thales, the Grecian astronomer, construct- 
ed a globe, repsesenting the land and sea 
upon 2a table, which art he derived from 
the Egyptians, among whom maps were 
in use even as early as the days of Sesostris 
This conqueror ia said to have represented 
in this manner the conquests he made and 
the countries he marched through. Thatthe 
Israelites practised the art of geography at 
an early period is clear from the account 
we have in Scripture of Joshua having 
sent men to walk through the land of 
Canaan, which they described in seven 
parts, in a book. The first map among 
the Greeks on record is that of Anaxi- 


mander, which is probably referred to by 


Hipparchus, under the designation of “ne 
ancient map. Geographical descrirzions 
were, however, prior to this, for the works 
of Homer abound with the names of places 
and an account of severel particulars re- 
specting them. The first professed writer 
on the subject of geography was Scylax, if 
the author of the Periplus now extant be 
the same as the philosopher of that name 
mentioned by Herodotus. Herodotus the 
historian has interspersed his work witha 
minute geographical description of the 
places which occur in the course of his 
narrative; and geographical notices are alse 
to be found scattered in the writings of 
Thucydides and Xenophon. The conquests 
of Alexander doubtless increased the de- 
sire to know more of the habitable world, 
which that prince encouraged by sending 
Nearchus on a voyage of discovery in the 
Red Sea, a description of which is still 
extant. About the same time flourished 
the geographer Dicearehus, of whese 
works some fragments remain. 
Eratosthenes is said to have been the first 
whoattempted to reduce the science of geo- 
graphy to a system, by the application of 
astronomical principles. He introduceda 
reguiar parallel of latitedé, which began 
at the Straits of Gibraltar, and procooded 
through the isle of Rhedes to the mote 





passed through. He drew this parallel not 
by the sameness of the latitude, but by 
observing where the longest day was four- 
teen hours and a half, which Hipparchus 
afterwards found to be thirty-six. Eratos- 
Ahenes also drew maps of the countries 
then known, with as much accuracy as 
his scanty information would enable him, 
gut they contained little more than an 
imperfec, representation of the states of 
Greece and the dominions of Alexander’s 
muccesso‘. He was ignorant, as Strabo 
informs us,of Gaul, Spain, Germany, 
Britain, Italy, and the coast ofthe Adriatic, 


- and had only a faint ldea of the western 


_ parts of Europe. Hipparchus improved 
upon the labours of Eratosthenesa, and de- 
termined both the latitudes and longitudes 
from celestial observations. 

Under the Roman emperors geography 
‘ acquired an increasing interest, from the 
perpetual accessions which were made by 
conquest to the empire. Accordingly, we 
find the number of geographical writers 


fo be greatly increased, and their writings | 


so be more correct and particular. Besides 
Pomponius Mela, who, in his Cosmogra- 
phia, has given a neat and comprehensive 
account of the known world, and Diony- 
gius Perigetes, who has written a system 
ef geography in verse, Strabo has left a 
work on this subject which, in point of 
methodical arrangement and extent of in- 
formation, exceeded any thing that had 
keen hitherto published. This was fol- 
fowed, after the-interval of more than a 
century, by the great work of Ptolemy on 
this subject, in the execution of which he 
took astronomy to his aid for determining 
the situation of places. He fixed the lati- 
tudes and longitudes of all the principal 
placea in the known world, and expressed 
them in degrees, after the manner of Hip- 
parchus, making his calculations from the 
proportions of the gnomon to its shadow, 
as observed by different astronomers at the 
time of the equinoxes and solstices, and 
deduced from these the length of the long- 
estdays. He also measured and computed 
the distances of the principal roads men- 
tioned In the different surveyg and itine- 
raries which had been made at different 
times by order of the emperors, and com- 
pared them witb such reports ag he could 
gather from travellers. inthis manner did 
Ptolemy execute his system of geography, 
which, asa work of. science, has deserved- 
ly held the first rank among the works of 
the ancients, and, considered as the labour 
of one man, was never suipessed and 


searcely ever equailed 


nes of India, Loan at the paces: q 






tered geographical notices intermpersed 


the works of the Byzantize historians,the A 
subject of geography was neglected until — 


the thirteenth century, when loin Sacre 
de Bosco published his treatise en the 


sphere, which contained an account of the 


earth as far ag it was connected with the 
doctrine of the sphere. Nothing farther 
was done towards the advancement of this 
science until the diacovery of the New 
World, when geographical knowledge re- 
ceived continual accessions by new dis- 
coveries, and the spirit of investigation and 
researeh which they awakened. 
During the last twenty-five years, 
many discoveries havé been made and 
knowledge accumulated. D’ Urville, Ross, 
i Kane, Hayes, and others have made 
strenuous efforts to penetrate the polar 
continent, and added largely to our 
knowledge of the arctic regions. The 
travels and explorations ot Burton, 
|Speke, Livingston and Stanley, in Africa, 
have left little to be known regarding 
this vast Continent. 
GEOCORISA. A family of Hymenop- 
terous insects with very long antenns 
inserted between the eyes. 
GEOCRONITE. A lead-grey ore of an- 
timony and lead. 
GEOCYCLIC. 
periodically. 
GEOLE. In mineralogy, a rounded 
nodule of stone containing a small cay- 
ity, lined usually with crystals. 
GEODESY. That part of practical ge- 
ometry which has for its object the 
determination of the magnitude and 
fizure either of ihe whole earth or of 
any given portion ofits surface. 
GEOGNOSY. ‘hat partof natural 
history which treats of the structure of 
the earth. The same with geology. 
GEOGONY. The doctrine of the for- 
mation of the earth. 
GEOMANCY. Akind of pretended div- 
ination by means of figures or hnes. 
GEOLOGY 
osophy which‘treats.of the formation 
and structure of the earth beneath its 
surface, and thechanges it has under- 
gone. 
primeval conditions of our planet, as 





Encircling the earth 


the fifth and nixth, centurios, and he cat. 










. That part of natural phil- . 


Geology 1s the history of the — 


illustrated in the monuments ofchange — 


which exhibit themselves on and be- 
neath the surface of the earth, Itis,in 
fact, the great history of Nature, which 
classifies, by means of existing monu- 
ments, the various rocks and strata of 
the earth’s crust, according to their 
comparative ages, and treats of the dif- 


ferent races of animals and plants which © 


characterise the mundane formations — 


or systems deposited by water during 
the lapse of countless ages. 


The eh 
study of geolog y having been ners i 






















oiieca: designated by the name 
of orychthiology. Mountains have been 
found by geologists to consist, at a consid- 
erable depth, of strata regularly disposed, 
which have been classed under the heads 
of granite, gneiss, mica slate, ciay slate, 
primitive limestone, primitive trap, serpen- 
tine porphyry, syenite topaz, quartz rock, 
primitive flinty slate, primitive gypsum. 
These are altogether denominated primi- 
tive rocks, which have no organic remains, 
and appear to have been undisturbed. But 
in the strata above these there are evident 
signs of violent fractures caused by the 
action of waters. In this manner valleys 
fave been excavated, and a separation 
thus occasioned in strata that once evi- 
dently formed one continuous range. Such 
water-worn fragments have, from the cause 
of their existence, beeu denominated dilu- 
vium, to distinguish them from other de- 
bris produced by causes still in operation, 
such as the alluvium or the accession to 
lands by inundations, torrents, and the like, 
as aiso the volcanic rocks formed by the 
eruptions of mountains. Besides the rocky 
fragments and insulated hills above men- 
tioned, the strata above these primitive 
rocks contain also organic remains. In 
those iminediately above, called transition 
rocks, fossil remains of corals and shells 
are found in small quahtities, as also in 
the carboniferous limestone that lies next 
to these rocks. The coal strata, which 
follow, abound with vegetable remains of 
ferns, flags, reeds of unknown species, and 
large trunks of succulent plants, which are 
altogether unknown either in description 
or in nature. Above the coals are beds 
containing corals and shells, which, like 
those in the strata below, are characterized 
by this peculiarity, that in some places 
they are to be found in families, and that 


‘in other places there will be found beds of 


marine shells in one layer, and those pe- 
culiar to fresh water in another layer, 
resting one over the other in alternate 
succession. Inthe highest of the regular 
strata, called the crag, will be found the 


- shells at present existing in the same coast, 


and, lastly, over all these strata is a cover- 
ing of gravel, which is remarkable for 
sontsining the remains of numerous quad- 
rupeds, as the bones, horns, teeth, shells, 
seales,&c. These animals are for the most 
past either foreign td the climates where 
their remains are found, or they are of a 
_karger size than any now known, or they 


pre altogether different from any species 
? of animal hitherto krowaz ox mentioned 


been found tn coustries far dixtant from 


| Among those animals whose remains have 
the places which they inhabit are the ele- 
phant and the rhinoceros, numerous re- 
mains of which have been found in Eng- 
land, France, Germany, Italy, and other 
parts of Europe, but still more in Siberia, 
where, throughout the whole extent of that 
country, there is scarcely a river or a shore 
in which have not been found the bones of 
elephants and other animals. Néar the 
river Willioni, in the eastern part of Sibe- 
ria, has been dug up a rhinoceros still pos- 
sessing the skin, fat, and muscles; and 
fossil ivory has been procured in immense 
quantities in the countries nearest to the 
arctic circle. So numerousare the remains 
that have already been dug up, as to form 
immense collections in the cabinets of the 
great, particularly in that of the Prince of 
Hesse Darmstadt and the Elector of Man- 
heim. Naturalists have also been enabled, 
in part, to ascertain the species of these 
animals, at least as far as regards the rhi- 
noceros, which is of the double horned 
kind ; but in regard to the elephantine re- 


-mains, although very numerous, it is not 


s0 certain whether they are of any known 
Species or otherwise. 
differing in size from those of their own 
species at present, Ireland furnishes speci- 
mens of deer that have been dug up of an 
extraordinary magnitude ; and in Scotland, 
a kind of oxen has been found bigger than 
the largest species existing at present. Of 
animals altogether unknown, both North 
and South America, and other parts, fur- 
nish several examples, as the mammoth, 
the mastodon, and other nameless animals 
of a prodigious size. 

This remarkable fact, of the fossil re- 
maina of animals, did not escape the notice 
of the ancients, for Xenophanes, above fou 
hundred years before the Christian era, 
is said to have discovered the remains of 
some marine animals imbedded in rockg, 
from which he absurdly inferred ths 
eternity of the world. Herodotus ala 
ascertained the existence of fossil shells, 
from which, with much greater reason, he 
was led to conclude that the sea had once 
occupied those parts. Also in the pyra- 
mids, the stones were found to contain the 
remains of animals, of which there existed 
in his time no corresponding species. 
Strabo, who saw these fragments of stone 
lying about the pyramids, took them to be 
petrified lentils, that had been used by the 
workmen ; at the same time this writer, as 
well as Pliny and others, attest the exist 
ence of such animal remains, and ia a high 


state of perfectien. Ia the Netuxal Histe- 


As to the animals © 








FF of Piiny many ede Naneins are a tpaken 
ef, as the bucardia, resembling an ox’s 
heart ; the glossopetra, having the form of 
a tongue ; the horns of ammon, resembling 
a ram’s horn ; the lepidotes, ‘ike the scales 
of fishes, &c. 

GEOMETRY. That branch ef mathe- 
inatics which treats of the properties of 
extension and figure. Geometry is distin- 
guished into the theoretical and the practi- 
tal. Theoretical or speculative geometry 
treats of the various properties and rela- 
tions in magnitudes, &e, Practical geom- 
etry comprehends the construction of fig- 
ures, the draw ng of lines in certain posi- 
tions, as paral el or perpendicular to each 
other, &c. Speculative geometry is again 
distinguished into elementary geometry, 
that treats cf the properties and proportions 
of right lines and right lined figures, as also 
of the circle and its several parts ; and the 
sublime or transcendental geometry, that 
treats of the higher order of curves, é&c. 

The simple principles of geometry are 
explained in definitions and axioms. The 
following are the most important defi- 
hitions. A point is that which has neither 
length, breadth, nor thickness ; a line has 
length without breadth or thickness; a 
superficies, or surface, has length and 
breadth only, the boundaries of which are 
lines; a solid has length, breadth, and 
thickness, the boundaries of a solid are 
surfaces. A straight line lies evenly be- 
tween the parts, parallel lines keep at the 
same distance from each other when ex- 
tended indefinitely. A perpendicular line 
is perpendicular to another line. An angle 
is formed by the meeting of two lines in a 
point; itis a right angie when formed by 
one line falling perpendicularly on another 
line; an obtuse angle, when it is greater 
than a right angle ; and an acute angle 
when it is less. A figure is a space in- 
cluded within one or mere boundaries, 
called sides; it is rectilinear when contain- 
ed by right lines, and curvilinear when 
contained by curved lines; a rectilinear 
figure contained by three right lines is a 
triangle; if by four, quadrilateral; if by 
five, a pentagon ; if by gix, a hexagon, &e. ; 

. by more than twelve, a polygon. 

Triangles are distinguished according to 
the length of their sides, imto equilateral, 
having al} the sides equal ; isoceles, having 
two sides equal ; and scalene, having all 
the sides unequal; or accerding to their 
angles, inte right angled, if they have one 
right angle, obtuse angled, if they have one 
Obtuss angie; and acute angied, if they 
have all acute angles. Every qwirilateral 


@ farted igure is calied a parallelespam 





wheat has ides parallel, 
when all ite angles are right angles. 
sided figures are moreover distinguished © 


according to their sides and angles, intog 
square, which has all its sides equal and ite yt 


angles right ones ; an oblong square, which 
has its opposite sides equal and its angles — 

right ones ; a rhombus, having ail the sides — 
equal, but the angles not right ones; and a 
rhomboid, having the opposite sides equal 
and the angles not right ones. When a 
quadrilateral has none of its sides parallel © 
it is a trapezium, and when only two of ita 
sides parallel a trapezoid. The diagonal 
is the right line which divides a parallelo-~ 
gram into two equal parts. The base of a 
figure is the side on which it is supposed 
to stand. The vertex is the extreme point 
opposite to the base; the altitude is the 
perpendicular distance from the vertex to 
the base. The-area of a figure is the quaa- 
tity of space contained within its bounda- 
ries. 

Of curvilinear figures in common geo- 
metry is the circle, which is a plane figure 
bounded by a curve line called the circum- 
ference, which is equally distant from a 
point called the centre. The diameter of 
a circle is a straight line drawn from one 
side of the circumference to the ether, 
through the centre, so as to divide tt into 
two equal parts. The radius of a circle is 
a straight line drawn from the centre to 
the circumference : the segment of a eircle 
is @ part cut off by a line called the chord, 
The circumference of every circle ts sup- 
posed to be divided into 360 equal parts, 
called degrees, every degree into 60 parts 
called m‘nutes, and every minute into 6C 
parts called seconds. 

Solids are distinguished into a prism, 
the sides of which are parallelograms, and 
the two ends or bases are similar; poly- 
gons, parallel to each other ; the cube, con- 
sisting of six equal square sides or faces; the 
pyramid, having any plane figure for its 
base and triangles for its sides, all termi- 
nating in one common point or vertex, 
the cylinder, which is generated by tke 
rotation of a rectangle about one of its sides 
supposed to be at rest; the cone, a solid 
having a circular base, and its other ex- 
tremity terminated in a single point or 
vertex. Those curves which are formed 
by the intersection of a plane with a ¢one 
form the subject of conic sections, which 
is a branch of sublime geometry. 

Ratio ts the mutual relation of two mag 
nitudes cf the same kind to one another, 
in respect to quantity, as 2to 1, which ie 
double ; the former of theese is called the = 
anteoodent and the letter the eonecquerté 



















An axiom is a silts truth that wants ne 
* demonstration, as that the whole ts greater 
_ than a part. A postulate is that which 


requires to be granted as true before ano- 


_ ther thing can be demonstrated. A propo- 


sition is that which proposes something to 
be done or demonstrated ; it is a problem 
when it proposes any thing to be done, as 
to divide a given line into twoequal parts, 
or {o raise a perpendicular, &e.; and a 
theorem when it proposes something to be 
snown, as that triangles of the same base 
and altitude are equal to each other, or 
that all the angles in the same segment of 
an arch are equal, &e. Y 
GEOMETRY, Historyor The origin 
of geometry is ascribed by Herodotus to 
the Egyptians, who, in consequence of the 
mmundations of the Nile, which carried 
away all their landmarks, were under the 
necessity of distinguishing and laying olit 
their lands by the consideration of their 
figure and quantity; whence the word geo- 
metry in the Greek signifies literally land- 
measuring, The Greeks, who cultivated 
this science more than any other people, 
doutiiess learned the rudiments from the 
Egyptians ; for Thales, who travelled inte 
Egypt and acquired a sufficient knowledge 
of astronomy to calculate, must also have 
first become acquainted with the principles 
of geometry to assist him in his astro- 
nomical inquiries. Pythagoras, the pupil 
and friend of Thales, distinguished himself 
by his discoveries in arithmetic, as well 
as geometry. He invented the multiplica- 
tion table, called after him the Abacus 
Pythagoricus, and in geometry he disco- 
vered the thirty-second and forty-seventh 


propositions in the first book of Euclid’s 


Elements. Soon after this flourished Anax- 
imander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, Cle- 
estratus, ASnopides, and Zenodorus, all 
celebrated geometricians, of whose works 
nothing remains except of the last. They 
were succeeded by Hipparchus, who ren- 
dered himself celebrated by the quadrature 
of the lines called after him, as also by his 
attempt at the quadrature of the cube, 
which was a matter of great interest among 
the ancient mathematicians, and is said to 


ave taken its rise in an answer of the eracle 


at Deiphi, which, when consulted on the 


 oecasion of seme public calamity, answered 
_ *Doubie the altar,’ 


which was an exact 


cabe. Notwithstanding the failure of Hip- 


| *parehus, others renewed the attempt, which 
although it proved unsucoseaful as to that 


as have lod to the Glavoveries ef other geo. 


metrical properties, as the conchoid of 
Nicomedes, the eissotd of Diecles, and the 
quadratrix of Dincstratus. Thie latter ge- 
ometrician was the follower and friend of © 
Plato, whose devotion te the science of 
geometry was such that he caused it to be 
inscriked over the door of his school, 
‘ Let no one enter here who is ignorant of 
geometry.’ To Plato we are indehted for 
that branch of geometry known by ike 
name of conic sections, of which his scholar 
Aristeus is said to have composed Sve 
books that are highly spoken of by the 
ancients, but are not now extant. Eudoxrus 
and Menechemus were aiso disciples of 
Plato, and distinguished themselves, the 
former in geometry as well as astronomy, 
the latter by his application of conic 
sections to many problems. After an in- 
terval of ninety years from their time, 
that is, about three hundred years pefore 
Christ, flourished Euclid,who, by collecting 
and methodizing all the principles of geo- 
metry then known into a regular system, 
cajled his Elements of Geometry, secured 
to himself a celebrity which, im point of 
extent, has never been surpassed, and per. 
haps scarcely ever equalled, his work 
having ever since been considered es the 
standard of all geometrical knowledge. 
Euclid was quickly followed by Archi- 
medes, a mathematical genius, who added 
many discoveries to the sciences of geome- 
try, mechanics, optics, and hydrodynamics, 
In geometry he discovered the ratio be- 
tween the sphere and the circumscribing 
cylinder, found the quadrature of the pare- 
bola, and the selidity of its conoid; he 
invented the spiral which bears his name, 
and discovered its rectification, besides a 
variety of other important geometrical 
propositions, many of which are extant 
and attest the skili and ingenuity of the 
author. 

Apollonius of Perga, who, from his 
writings, acquired the name of the Great 
Geometrician, flourished about thirty years 
after Archimedes. His work on the Conie 
Sections, which is the principal piece of 
his extant, was in all probability the best 
of its kind in that day, and has since been 
the groundwork of all works published on 
that subject.” Of those who after Apollo- 
nius distinguished themselves in their time 
in the cultivation of the geometrical science, 
there are but few who added any thing 
worthy of particular notice. Eratosthenes 
attempted to measure the circumference 
of the earth; Ctesibius invented water 
pumps; Here of Alexandria, clepsydra, 
Theodoatus, whe lived in Uae fret contesy 




















f the Christian Sa Wrote Ghats en 
the sphere, which was ene of the first en 
spherical trigonemetry. 

After an interval of three er four cen- 
turies from the time of Theodosius, we 
meet with the names of Pappus the com- 
mentator of Apollonius, Theon, the com- 
mentator of Ptolemy, and of Proclus ano- 
ther commentator on the ancient mathe- 
maticians. The destruction of the library 
ef Alexandria by the Saracens was very 
fatal to the cultivation of geometry, which 
fad flourished there more than any where 
else: all the geometricians from. every 
part had assembled there, and when driven 
away they were deprived both of their 
books and instruments. [tis net surprising, 
therefore, that the study of geometry was 
for many centuries almost entirely for- 
gotten amidst the troubles which desolated 
all Europe on the irruption of the northera 
ribes. The Arabs, who by the ravages 
hey committed at Alexandna had done 
he most injury to the science of geometry, 
' were, after the lapse of two centuries, the 
cultivators of that which they had nearly 
nnihilated. They studied the works ofthe 
Greeks, and showed their proficiency in 
he correctness of their comments on these 
writings. 

Whilst the Arabs were thus promoting 
he cause of science generally, Europe 
emained in a state of comparative barba- 
rigm, nor was the study of geometry re- 
vived among the Europeans before the 
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when by 
the translations of the ancient writings, the 
taste for geometry became very general 
among the thinking part of the community. 
In the following century there arose mathe- 
msticians who added very materially to 
the stock of geometrical knowledge. Car- 
‘dan applied algebra to the resolution of 
geometrical problems; and Descartes, who 
followed at the distance of nearly a cen- 
tury, pursued this application of algebra to 
geometry still farther. At the same period 
with Descartes flourished Cavelerius who, 
in his work on ‘Indivisibles,’ struck out 
anew path to himself, in which he was 
followed by many writers of great celebrity, 
as Wallis, Pasca., Fermat, Roberval, Leib- 
nitz, Newton, and many others, who set 
forth geometry im a new light, and formed 
& new system of the science. Among the 
treatises in which are embodied the geo- 
metrical principles of the moderns and 
ancients mary be reckoned the Elements 
ef Euclid by Simson and Flayfair, the 
treatises of Czanam, Clz vius, Bonnycastle, 
Purce, Davies, Mulcahy, &c. 

GKHORGE 8. The patron saint of 






warrier Rarerw des and a martyr fe ay 


the Christian cause: 


GEORGICS. Books treating of husban 
dry, after the manner of Virgil’s poems om 
rural subjects, which are so called. 

GERANIUM. A genus of plante, the - 
numerous species of which are remarkable 
for the beauty either of their leaves or 
their flowers, or both. The seeds of the 
flower are contained in a husk, whieh 
resembles a stork’s beak, whence it has 
acquired the English name of crane’s bill. 

GERMAN (in Law). Whele or entire 
as respects genealogy or descent, as bro- 
thers german, those who are so on both 
father and mother’s side. 

GERMEN (in Botany). The germ, 
ovary, or seed bud, which is the lower 
part or base of the pistil. 

GERMINATION, The act of sprouting 
forth, as applied to the seeds of vegeta- 
bles; also the time when they vegetate, 

GIANTS CAUSEWAY. A vast collee- 
tion of a black kind of marle, called ba 
saltes, in the county of Antrim in Ireland 
The masses of rock are there disposed in | 
such regular order, and to such an extent . 
as to make this causeway one of the great . 
est curiosities in nature, 

GIBBOUS (in Astronomy). A term ap- .. 
plied to the enlightened part of the moon, . 
during her ceurse from full to new, when + 
the dark part appears faleated or horned, . 
and the light part convex or gibbous. 

GIFT (in Law). A conveyance which: 
passeth either lands or goods; 8 transfor: 
of any thing without a valuable conside-- 
ration. 

GIG. A very light kind of two-wheeled! 
chaise 

GILD. See Guin. 

GILDING. The art of covering the sur- 
face of bodies with gold. 

GILLIFLOWER, or Jury Frower. A 
stnaller kind of carnation that flowers in 
July. 

GIMLET. A carpenter’s tool for boring 
hotles, 

GIN, or Geneva. A hot fiery spirit, for- 
merly ‘drawn from the berries of the 
genevre or juniper tree, but now made 
by the distillers of the oil ef turpentine 
and malt spirits. The Hollands Geneva 
is manufactured chiefly at a village near 
Rotterdam, and is drawn from wheat 
and the juniper berries The English gim 
is a destructive drink among the lower — 
orders. ; 

GIN (among Spertsmen). A machine 
which serves aa a trap er snare biti 
ing bonsen 











er mane giasa windows 


GIN (among Mechanics) A mschine 
driving piles, 

GINGER. An Indian root of a biting 
hot taste; the flower consists of five petals, 
shaped something like those of the iris. 

GIPSLES. A wandering tribe, who are 
to be found in different countries of Eu- 
rope, and are supposed to be of Egyptian 
origin. They are altogether a distinct 
class of people, both in their habits, which 
are predatory and uncivilized ; and in their 
complexion, which is sallow and brownish. 
But they are now beginning to follow the 
occupations of civilized life, and in winter 
to reside in towns, where they occasion- 
ally send their children to school 

GIRAFFE. See Camerorarp. 

GIRDERS (in Architecture). Some of 
the largest pieces of timber in a floor. 

GIRT. The circumference of a tree. 

GLACIERS. A name in Switzerland 
for the extensive tracts of ice and snow 
which occur in the Alps. 

GLACIS (in Fortification). A mass of 
earth serving as a parapet to the covered 
way. 

GLADIATORS. Persons who fought in 
she arena at Rome for the amusement of 
the people. These were usually slaves, 
who fought until one was killed. This 
cruel custom was abolished by reacreuiepe da 


- the Great. 


_ GLANDS. A sort of kernels in the ani- 
mal body, which serve to secrete the fluids. 
They are composed of blood vessels, nerves. 
and absorbents. 

GLANDERS. A virulent disease in 
horses, which shows itself by a discharge 
of mucus from the nostrils. 

GLASIER. See Grazier. 

GLASS. An artificial substance formed 
by the action of fire on sand, or siliceous 
earth with saits and metallic oxides. It is 
remarkable for its brittleness and transpa- 
rency, which latter quality renders it avail- 
able for many purposes of domestic use. 
There are five kinds of glass, namely, flint 
glass, or glass of lead; plate glass, or glass 
of pure soda; crown glass, the best window 
giass; broad glass, a coarse window glass; 
and bottle glass, a coarse green glass. 

GLASS (among Mariners). Sometimes 
the telescope, and sometimes Any hourglass 


- or sand ginas. 


GLASSBLOWER. One who blows 
giass in a glasshouse. 
GLASSHOUSE. A house where giass 


is manufactured. 


_GLAUBERS SALTS. The sulphate of 


, gee, & purgative. 


GLAZIER, One whe works with glass 
The compeny 


Os) tysipcve 


of ifasieis in Pswdou were kckpeketod 


| inthe reign of Elizabeth. * 


GLAZING. The crusting over earthen. 
ware with a vitreous substance; aleo the 


putting glass into windows, or making 


glass lights for windows. 

GLEANING. Picking up the scattered 
ears of wheat after the wheat is cut and 
carried. It was once thought in England, 
that, by the common law, the poor might 


claim this liberty as their right; but it hag . 


been adjudged by a solemn judgment of the 
Court of Common Pleas, that no such 
right exists by the common law of the land. 

GLEBE LAND. In England, a portion of 
land belonging to a parsonage or vicarage. 

GLEE (in Music). A composition of 
three or more parts; originally used for 
convivial purposes. 


GLIRES. The fourth order of the class 


mammialia in the Linnean system, includ- 
ing such animals as have two fore teeth, a 
cutting one in each jaw, no tusks, and feet 
with claws formed for running, as the 
beave:, the hare, &¢ 

GLOBE (in Geometry). A round spheri 
cal body, more commonly called a sphere 
as the armillary sphere 

GLOBE (in Astronomy). An artificia 
sphere, or a round solid body, on which 
is drawn a representation of the earth, as 
on the.terrestria! globe; or of the heavens, 
as on the celestial globe. 

GLOBULES. Little globes or round 
bodies observable in fluids. 

GLOSSARY. A vocabulary or smal! 
dictionary, 

GLUCIC ACID, An acid obtained from 
the solution of grape-sugar, saturated 
with baryta or lime. 

GLUCINA, or GLUCINE. The oxide of 
glucinium, a white powder, so named 
trom the sweetness of its salts, 


GLUCINIUM. A metalin the form of 


a greyish-black powder, which acquires 
a dark metallic lustre by burnishing. 

GLUCOSE. <A sugar obtained from 
grapes, honey, and most acid fruits; a 
potato-starch, used instead of gum- ara- 
bic, for dressing, in the process of 
weaving and printing woollens, silks, 
or cottons; also used for the glazing oj 
paper, stiffening gauzes, &c, 

GLUE. An inspissated jelly, made from 
the parings of hides and other cffals, by 
boiling them in water, then straining cof 
the impurities, and boiling them again. 

GLUME (in Botany), The calyx ez 
corolla of grasses. 

GLUTEN. An adhesive, tenacious, and 
elastic substance, similar to glue, which is 
procured by the decomposition of wheef 
flour, or other vegetable sebstances, © 
which it forms a part 


























mal, larger than a badger, which inhabits 
' Europe, Asia, and America, and preys on 
the cartasses of hares, mice, &c 

GNAT. An active little insect, which 
lives by sucking the blood of other ani- 
trals 

GNEISS. A sort of rock that ue imme- 
diately over granite. 

GNOMON (in Dialling). The stile or 
pin of a dial, the shadow of which points 
out the hours. 

GNOMON (in Astronemy). An instra- 
men‘ or apparatus for measuring altitudes. 

GNOMON (in Geometry). A figure 
formed by the two complements with 
either of the paratlelograms about the 
diameter. 

GNU. A particular kind of antelope, 
having horns bent forward at the base and 
backward in the middle. 

GOAD. A staff pointed with a sharp 
tron for driving cattle. 

GOAT. A quadruped fond of dry, rocky 
situations, and feeding on aromatic vege- 
tables. The varieties of tie goat are distin- 
guished principally by their horns. 

GOAT-SUCKER. An American bird, 
so called because it was supposed to suck 
the teats of the goats. 

GODFATHER. One who stands sponsor 
for a child in baptism. 

GODWIT. A bird resembling the Plo- 
ver, that feeda on worms on the sea shore. 

GOLD. The richest and heaviest metal 
except platina, being the most solid and 
the least porous. The ductility and malle- 
ability of goid is such, that one grain of it 
will cover upwards of fifty square inches, 
and an ounce is capable of being extended 
im the form of wire many hundred miles. 
Gold is found in beds of quartz, sand 
stone, &c. and also in many rivers, par- 
ticularly in Peru, in minute and irregular 
grains, which are known by the name of 
gold dust. 

GOLDBEATERS SKIN. The skin or 
membrane of any animal, which is used 
hy the goldbeaters in preparing gold leaf. 

GOLDEN NUMBER. A number be- 
ginning with one and increasing one every 
year till it comes to nineteen, when it 
begins with one again, and is used to show 
what year in the lunar cycle any given 

. year is. 

GOLDEN ROD. A plant which Is for 
the moet part a mative of North America. 
Two gpecies only are found in Europe. 

GOLDEN RULE. A name given te the 
Bale of Three. 

GOLDFINCH. A beautiful European 
pind with a fine yellow mark im its black 


GLUTTON. A cunning voracious ani- 


: es 
end fs very ‘doelte: See YeLtow Biap. 





GOLD FISH. An elegant fish ofa gold 
colour, originally brought from China, and 


now kept by way of ornament. 

GOLD LEAF, or Lear Gorp Gold 
that is hammered by the beaters, until it 
becomes as thin and extended as a leaf. 

GOLDSMITH. A worker or seller of 
gold or silver vessels. The company of 
goldsmiths in London, were ineorporatec 
in the reign of Richard II, , 

GONDOLA. A sort of Venetian plea. 
sure barge. 

GONG (in Music). A Chinese instru 
ment, the form of which is a shallew circu. 
lar concave. j 

GOODS (in Law). The valuables of 
which a man is possessed. 


GOOSANDER. A water bird, the size . 


of a goose. 





GOOSE. A well knewn domestic fowi, 
which exists in a wild as well as a tame 
state. The gray lay goose, or common 
wild goose, is easily tamed : from this sort 
has sprung the domestic breed. 

GOOSEBERRY (in Botany). A plan. 
that is set with prickles, and yields a fruit 
of an oval and globular figure, containing 
many small seeds in a pulpy substance 
It is a bush much cultivated in gardens. 


GORGE (in Fortification). The entrance © 


of a bastion, ravelin, or other outwork. 

GORGET. A piece of armour round 
the neck ; something similar is now worn 
by officers on duty by way of ornament. 

GOSHAWK. That species of hawk 
which was formerly much used in falconry. 

GOSPEL. The four books in the New 
Testament written by the Evangelists, 
St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke, and St 
John. 

GOSSAMER. A fine filmy substance 
like a cobweb, which is seen in clear day@ 
in autamn in stubble fields, and is proka- 
bly worked by spiders for catching flies. 

GOTHIC STYLE. A style of architee 
ture im which peinted arches of greater 


height than breadth, and a profusion ef — 
ornaments, im imisation of leevea ang 



















_ GOTHIC ARCH. An areh called by the 
_,talians arche de 
_ m@. ofthe third and fourth point, consisting 
_ ef two ares of a circle meoting in an angle 


the principal characteristics. 


rze et di quarie acuto, 


wt the tap. 





GOVERNMENT. The power in a state 
oy which the whole is governed; if this 
power be in the hands of one it is a Mo- 
narchy ; if in the hands of the nobility, an 
Aristocracy ; and if in the hands of the 
people, or those chosen by them, a De- 
mecracy. The executive government is 
the power of administering public affairs, 
the Legislative Government that of making 
the laws. 

GOULARD, In pharmacy, an extract 
of sugar of lead, used for inflammations. 

GOVERNOR. In mechanical science, 
acontrivance for maintaining uniform 
velocity with varying resistance. 
ca In geology,decomposed gra- 

e. 

GOWT, or GOOUT. In engineering, a 
sluice used in embankments for letting 
out water, 

GRACE NOTE. In music, any note 
added as an ornamental flourish. 

GRADDO. In music, a word applied 
ne the notes moving by conjoint inter- 
vais. 

GRADIENT. The proportionate ascent 
or descent of the several planes on a 


railroad; thus, an inclined plane 2 miles} 


in length, with a total fall of 18 feet, is 
described as having a gradient of 9 feet 
per mile, 

GRADUATE. In literature and the 
arts, one who has received a degree in 


- acollege or university, or from some 


professional incorporated society. 

GRADUATION. Regular progression; 
act of graduating. 

GRADUATOR. In physics, a contri- 
vance for accelerating spontaneous 
evaporation; also aninstrument for di- 
viding any right line or curve into equal 


- portions, 


GRAB. A vessel used on the Malabar 


- coast, having two or three masts. 


GRACES. In mythology, three beau- 


_ tiful goddesses, Aglaia, Thalia. and 
_ Euphrosyne, whoattended upon Venus. 
_ In music, ornamental notes attached to 


principal ones, 


* 


hy 
nitty 


into equal parts er degrees, 


» 


GRAFTING (in Horticulture). The pre- 
cess of inserting a branch of one tree, inte | 


the stock of another, so that it may reeeive 
nourishment from it, while at the same 
time it produces a new tree, like the od 
ene whence the graft was taken. 

GRAFTING-TOOL. A kind of curved 
spade fit for cutting trenches. 


' GRAIN A general name for a. kinds 


of seed corn. 

GRAIN (in Commerce) A small weight 
the twentieth part of a scruple in Apothe- 
caries weight, and twenty-fourth in Troy 
weight. 

GRAIN (in Mineralogy). The veins of 
wood, or the component particles of stone 
and metals as they are disposed im the 
mass, &c. i 

GRAINS OF PARADISE. The seeds 


of the ammonium, which have a pungent - 


taste like pepper. 

GRAIN TREE. The cochineal tree. 

GRAKLE. A bird not inhabiting Eu 
rope, having a thick bill and sharp hooked 
claws 

GRALLAS. An order of birds in the 
Linnean system, with obtuse bills and long 
legs, as the crane, snipe, stork, and estrich. 


GRAMINA. Grasses; the fifth family - 


in the Linnean system, comprehending 
among the species the ray grass, clover, 
trefoll,sanfoin, lucern, &c. which are called 
artificial grasses, as distinguished from the 
meadow grass. 

GRAMMAR. The art of speaking and 
Writing truly, according to the rules estab- 
lished by custom and the authority of 
good writers. Universal Grammar is that 
which treats of the first principles or ele- 
ments of language, which are founded on 
logic ; Particular Grammar is the grammar 
of each language, containing not enly the 
general principles of grammar, but also 
the peculiarities in the structure of each 
language. 

Grammar is divided into four parts, 
namely,,1. Orthography, or the right mode 
of writing and spelling, which treats of 
letters, their powers, different offices, and 
divisions into vowels, consonants, diph- 
thongs, mutes, liquids, syllables, words,4cc 
together with punctuation, or the right 
mode of distinguishing werds, &e. by points 
oraccents, &e. 2. Etymology, which treats 
of the formation or derivation of words 
from one another, and their distribution 
into ene several parts of apeech, according 
to their severa) offices, Into nouns, adjec 
tives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepeal 
tions, conjunctions and interjections Fay 


Die ia: 
| GRADUATION, Dividing any thing _ 













mology ales treats of the several inflections 
to expreas number, gender, case, mood, 
tense, person, &c. Sometimes etymology 
treats of the derivation of words of one 
language from those of another, which is 
ealled remote etymology. 3. Syntax treats 
of words as they are connected with or 
dependant on each other, giving rulea for 
the right construction and disposition of 
words inasentence. 4. Prosody treats of 
the quantities and accents of syllables as 
parts of a verse, and the right rules of 
versification. 

GRAMMAR, History or. Grammar, 
@8 @ practical art, must have existed long 
before it was considered as a science, and 
the rules of grammar must have been 
formed after language had assumed a settled 
shape by the practice of good writers. 
The works of Homer contained a practical 
illustration of all the rules of the Greek 
grainmar long before the subject of gram- 
mar excited any attention. It 1s likewise 
clear that as there is a close connexion 
between correctness of thinking and cor- 
rectness of speaking, the study of logic 
preceded that of grammar; herice we tind 
that Aristotle makes a logical distinction 
between words denoting time and words 
hot denoting time, the former of which 
he denominates by a word answering to 
the verb in grammar, and the latter by a 
word answering tothenoun. Butalthough 
the Greeks, particularly the Athenjans, cul- 
tivated their language for purposes of ora- 
tory, yet there appears to have been no 
particular advances made towards bring- 
ing it under grammatical rules. They 
geem to have studied their language by 
¢he ear, which was so universally nice 
that a herb woman at Athens is said to 
have distinguished Theophrastus to be a 
stranger from the affectation of a single 
word in expressing himself; and for the 
same reason the orators were careful not 
to let a single injudicious expression escape 
them which might offend the audience. 
We are likewise informed that it was a 
common thing for the young people to get 
the tragedies of their favourite authors by 
heart, which they would recite on various 
occasions. When the Athenians, after their 
defeat at Syracuse, were made slaves, they 
softened their slavery by reciting the 
works of Euripides to their masters, who 
treated them the betteron that account. | 
In this manner the Grecian youth were 
taught their language at school, where a 
Homer was looked upon as indispensable. 
To a light minded people, like the Athe- 
nians, this mode of learning a language 


‘ 











would be far more nereianle than te 


method of studying grammar; “but as the 


former course was not s0 practicable ae 
the acquiring a foreign language, this ia 


probably the reason why grammar seems 
first to have been cultivated among the 
Romans, who, being studious of the Greek. 
were naturally led to a cofnparison of lap 


guages, and to a logical and abstract con » 


sideration of language in general. Certain 
it is, that the study of grammar com 
meneed with the Romans, and that the 


names of all the parts of speech are Latin, 


and to be found in the writings of authors 
subsequent to the age of Varro and Cicero, 
as ALlius Dionysius, Julius Pollux, Vale- 
rius Probus, Herodian, Suetonius, Chari- 
sius, Macrobins, Diomedes, Augustin, Pris- 
clan, @lius Donatus, &c. 

GRAMMARIAN. One who is skilled 
In grammar learning. 

GRAMMAR SCHOOL. A school in 
which the learmed languages are gram- 
matically taught. 

GRAMME. A small Freneh weight 

GRANARY. A storehouse for thresked 
corn. 

GRAND JURY (in Law). The jury 
which find bills of indictment against 
offenders, who are afterwards tried before 
a petty jury, in case the former find a true 
bill against the party accused. 

GRAND SELGNIOR. The title of the 
Turkish suitan. 

GRANITE. A compound rock, consist- 
ing of quartz, felspar, and mica, crystal- 
lized and cohering without cement. Granite 
is hard, and admits of an elegant polish. 

GRANT (in Law). A gift in writing, 
of such things as cannot conveniently be 
passed, or conveyed by word of mouth. 

GRANULATION (in Chemistry), Pour- 
ing melted metals into cold water, that 
they may divide themselves into grains. 


GRAPE. The fruit of the vine, growing’ 


in clusters, from which wine is expressed. 
Grapes are found by a chemical analysis 
to contain supertartrate of potash, tartaric 
acid, citric and malic acids, abundance of 
sugar, a portion of mucilage jelly, some 
albumen, and also, as is said, some 
fvuten,. 

GRAPESHOT (in Artillery). 


cylinder. 4 
GRASSES. See Gramma. 


FRABSHOPPER. An insect that hope 


in the summer grass: It is allied te the 


locust Im its sake, but is very hanniess. — i 


GRAVEL. A kind ef leamy sand mixed 


A in 
nation ofsmall shot, put intoathick canvass — 
bag, and corded so es to form a kind of 


aan 


Se 


eae tes 














GRAVE SOUND A low deep note, 
GRAVIMETER. An instrument for 
measuring the specific gravities of bodies. 

GRAVITATION. The pressure that a 
boty, by the force of its gravity, exerts on 
aacéher body under it. 

GRAVITY. The force by which bodiss 
are carried or tend towards the centre of 
the earth. 

GREEK FIRE. An artificial fire in- 
vented by the Greexs in the middle ages, 
during their wars with the Arabs and 
Turks. It consists of naphtha, bitumen, 
sulphur, gum, &c, - 

GREENBACK. The popular name 
given to the notes issued by the U.S. 
Government, first issued in 1862. They 


” 
id 
roa 


derived their name from the green color 


predominating in them. 


GREENSAND. In geology, arenaceous 
fbeds of the tertiary formation of the 
-eretaceous system, so termed from its 
-abounding with small grains of chlorite. 

GREENSTONE. In mineralogy, a va- 
“riety of trap; ; an igneous rock in which 
‘felspar is combined with augite or horn- 









e De anuctebeu: A boautifa stm 
| common in America. 





GREYWACKE. A monantain forme 


tion, consisting mostly of a sort of siate. 


GRIDIRON. A utensil for broiling 


meat. 
GRINDERS. The large teeth which 


serve best for grinding the food. 


GRIST. Corn ground 
GRIT. The sinallest particles of sand, 


also the coarser parts of meal. 


GROAT. In England, a silver coin, first 


struck in the reign of Edward I. It has 
since been used as a money of account 
equal to four pence or 8 censt. 


GROCER. One who sells tea, sugar 
plums, spices, &c. ‘The company of gro 


cers in London, were incorporated in 1344. 


GROOM. A servant who looks after 


blende. Itsometimes occurs of great} horses. 


,extent and thickness. 
GREENSHANK. A sort of snipe. 
GREGORIAN STYLE, or the New 
/S8rycve (in Chronology). A new account of 
‘time, according to the improved Calendar 
‘made by order of Pope Gregory XIII. 
GRENADE. A hollow globe of iron, 
‘filled with combustibles, and thrown out 
of a mortar. 
GRENADIERS. Foot soldiers, selected 
for their stature, being the tallest and 
stoutest men in the army. 
+= GREYHOUND. A alender dog, fitted 





GROOM OF THE STOLE. In Eng- 
land an officer of the court, who has the 
charge of the king’s, wardrobe. 

GROOVE. A hollow channel cut with 
a tool 

GROSS-BEAK. A bird with a stout 
bill, and of a fiery red colour, except round 
the bill and on the throat, which is black 
It is to be met with in North America, 
and is called the Virginia nightingale, on 
aceount of the fineness of its song. 





GROSS WEIGHT. The weight ef 
goods together with the cask or vessel. 

GROT, or GROTTO. A hollow undef 
ground; also aa artificial hollow mede is 


a garden. 
GROTESQUE (in Patating and Seulp 















GUA. 


tare). A work or composition in the gre- 


teaque or wild taste. 





GROVE. A small wood or place set 


with trees 

GROUND (in Husbandry). Any piece 
ef land in cultivation, or set apart for cul- 
tivation. 

GROUND (in Architecture). The ground 
plot, or piece of ground selected for a 
building. 

GROUND (in Military Tactics) The 
field or place for action. 

GROUND (in Painting). The surface on 
which the figures and objects are raised 
and represented. 

GROUND (in Music). The plain song 
er tune in which the descents are raised. 

GROUND (among Mariners). The place 
where the anchor is fixed. 

GROUNDASH. A sapling of ash taken 
from the ground, in distinction from ‘a 
branch cut from a tree. 

GROUNDIVY. A herb, the shoots of 
which trail upon the ground, and take root 
at their different joints. 

GROUNDLING. A fish, so called be- 
eause it keeps under stones in small brooks. 

GROUND-PINE. A plant, the smell of 
which resembles resin. It grows on dry 
and barren hills, andon the ditchbax ks by 
the roadside. 

GROUNDSILL. The lowest horizew al 
timber on which the exterior wall is 
erected. 

GROUND-SQUIRREL, 
SQuinsen. i 

GROUP (in Painting). An assemblage 
of figures, appearing to have a connexior 
with each other. 

GROUPING (among Painters). 
figures together in groups. 

GROUSE. A bird larger than a partridge, 

iving in the mountainous parts of Europe 
and Asia. The American partridge is pro- 
perly the ruffed Grouse. 

GRUB. The worm or maggot produced 
from the beetle, which afterwards becomes 
a winged insect. ; 

GRUINALES. One of Linneus’s natu- 
ral orders of plants, containing the gera- 
niums, flax, lignum vit@, ce. 

GRUS, One of Bayer’s eonstellations, 

GUIACUM. A resinous substance pro- 
cured from a tree of the samo name in the 
West Indies. 

GUARANTEE (in Diplomacy), A 
prince or power appointed by the stipu- 
lating powers, to see that the articles ef 
any treaty or agreement are performed on 
each side. 

GUARD. The inty of guarding or de- 
fending amy post or person from an attack 


See Cure 


Putting 


ON AF SR 

GUARD ae venting A posture oc 
action properto defend the body. 

GUARDBOAT (in Naval Tacties), A 
boat appointed to row among ships-of war, 
to see that the officers keep a good look 
out, 

GUARDIAN. One who has the charge 
of a person committed to him; as the 
guardian of an infant, who sees to hw” 
education and manages his affairs, &c. 

GUARDSHIP. A vessel appointed to 
superintend the marine affairs in a harbour 
or river. 

GUDGEON. A fresh water fish, of the 
carp kind, the flesh of which is very deli- 
cate, 

GUIDE (among Travellers), One who 
accompanies another in order to show him 
the way. » ; 

GUIDE (in Music). The leading note — 
in a figure. 

GUILD (in England). 
incorporated society. 

GUILDHALL (in London). The com. 
mon hall of the guilds or companies, which 
was built in 1411, by Thomas Knolls, then , 
mayor. 

GUILLOTINE. A machine forbehead — 
ing, first invented»by a Scotchman and 
now used in France. It was introduced 
during the revotution. 

GUINEA HEN or PINTANO. An Afri 


A company of 





ean bird domesticated in Eurcpe, whiek 
makes a barsh unpleasant ery. 
GUINBA PIG. Am animal bstwizt s 





rabbit and a mouse, an ago ea of 
Brazil. 
GUINEA, An English a coin in 






- Jately current for ls. 


It was so called 
because it was made from the gold that 
was brought from Guinea, on the coast of 
Africa. ; . 

GUITAR. A musical stringed instru- 
ment, rather larger than a violin, and 
played with the fingers. 

GULES. A tincture in heraldry, marked 
wa engraving by straight lines. 
«998 ||) 

Ta 
i 
TA 
ih 


' | 


] 

GUL?. A part of the sea running in 
sand, aa the Gulf of Mexico. 

GULL. A species of sea bird, of which 
there are many varieties. © 

GUM. A concreted vegetable juice, 


which exudes through the bark of trees. | 


A gum, properly speaking, is that only 
among chemists which is soluble in water, 
that which is insoluble in water is a gum 
resin. The gum arabic flows from the 
acacia, in Africa and Arabia; gum lac is the 
juice of the croton lacifera; gum ammoni- 
ac waa first drawn from ammonia, 

GUMS. The vascular and elastic sub- 
stance that covers the arches of the upper 
and under jaws, embracing the roots of 
the teeth. 

GUM-TREE. The popular name of the 
black gum, of the genus nyssa, one of 
the largest trees of the Southern States 
of America. } 

GUMLAC. The resinous produce of an 
insect, which deposits its eggs on the 
branches of a tree called bihar. 

GUNNY. A coarse sackcloth manufac- 
tured in Bengal, of which bags are made 
for containing salt and other articles. 

GUN. In military science, a general 
term for all species of fire-arms, as 
muskets, rifles, carbines, ordnances, &c. 
the principal of which are the Muzzle- 
loading and Breech-loading guns, the 
latter comprehending the Needle-Gun 
(which see). Gunpowder is a mixture 
of 5 parts of nitre, 1 of sulphur, and 5 of 
charcoal, finely powdered and very ac- 
‘curately blended. Gun-cotton is a prep- 
aration of cotton by steeping it in nitric 
or nitro-sulphuric acid, and afterwards 
washingit, by which it acquires the ex- 
plosive properties of gunpowder. Gun! 


_ barrel, the metallic tube of a gun. Gun- 
_ boat, a boat for carrying cannon. Gun- 






lock, the lock of a gun. Gup-metal, an| Consisting of sulphate of lime. 
alloy of coppe* and tin, 


_GUNPOWDER-PLOT (in England.) 

The pot or conspiracy in whick Guy Faux 
was the principal agent, to blow up the 
parliament house, by means of gunpowder 
placed underneath, which was to have 
been set fire to when King James I was 
assembled with his parliament; also-the 
anniversary of that day, namely, the fifth of 
November, when this plot was discovered. 

GUNSHOT. The reach or range of a gun. 

GUNSTOCK. The wood to whick tae 
barre! of a gun is fixed. 

GUNTER’S CHAIN. The chain com- 
monly used in measuring or surveying 
land, so called from Mr. Gunter, the 'n- 
ventor. The chain is 66 feet in length, 
and is divided into 100 links of 7.92 inches 
each, consequently an acre of land is equal 
to 10 square chains. ; 

GUNTER’S LINE. A logarithmic line, 
usually graduated upon scales, sectors, &c. 

GUNWALEorGUNNEL. The upper- 
most wale of a ship. 

GUST (among Mariners), Asudden and 
violent squall of wind. 


GUTTA SERENA. A disease in the eye, 


which deprives the patient of his sight. 

GUTTURAL LETTERS. Letters which 
are pronounced with the throat. 

GYMNASIUM. A place among the 
ancients where the youth were trained in 
gymnastic exercises; also a public school 
of learning, in which latter sense, it is now 
frequently employed. 

GYMNASTICS. Athletic exercises, such 
as wrestling, leaping, running, and throw- 
ing the dart or quoit, which were much in 
use among the Greeks, from whom the 
word is derived. 

GYMNOSOPHISTS. A sect of Indian 
philosophers, who always went naked, 
and lived a solitary life. 

GYNANDRIA. One of the classes in 
the Linnzan system, consisting of planta 
with hermaphrodite flowers, in whieh the 
stamina are placed on the style 


GYPSUM. A sort of calearsous 
Whea 
highly burnt it falls inte powder, frem 
which plaster of Paris is made 


ee, — eee 





Sah > ag ee 


“Et es 








fA, the eighth letter of the alphabet, for- 
merly stood as a numeral for 200, with a 
dash over it for 20,000; in Heraldry, it 
standg for the middle base, a point in the 
escutcheon ; as an abbreviation, for hour. 

HAARTE BESTE. A variety of the Af- 
pean Antelope. 

HABEAS CORPUS. In England, a 
wrt which may be made use of by the 
sevurts at Westminster for removing pris- 
oners te answer any cause, as a Habeas 
Corpus ad respondendum, ad satisfacien- 
dum, &c.; but the most celebrated writ of 
this kind is that of Habeas Corpus ad sub- 
jiciendum, which a man who is, or sup- 
poses himself to be aggrieved by an unlaw- 
ful imprisonment, may have out of the 
King’s Bench, directed to the person de- 
taining him, and commanding him to pro- 
duce the body of the prisoner, to submit to 
or receive whatever the court shall consider 
in that behalf. This writ was founded on 
the common law, and secured by many 
statutes, particularly that of the 31 Chas. 
Il. which is by distinction called the Habeas 
Corpus Act. The writ of Habeas Corpus 
tm the United States is that, by which a 
man in prison may claim an immediate 
trial, or examination. 

HABERDASHER. A dealer in small 
wares, as tape, thread, pins, needles, &c. 
The company of haberdashers in London 
Was incorporated in 1447. 

HADDOCK. A fish of the cod kind, 
which inhabits the northern coast. 

HADLEY’S QUADRANT. A quadrant 
that is particularly used for taking altitudes 
at sea 

HAMORRHAGE. A flux of blood from 
any part of the body 

FAIL. A meteor. which consists of frozen 
. rain, or drops of rain agglutinated together 
by the frost, so as to form little pieces of 
ice, called hailstones 

HAILING (among Mariners). Saluting 
or accosting a ship at a distance 

HAIR. Small filaments issuing out of 
the pores of the skin of animals, and serv- 
ing for the most part as a covering. The 
principal constituent parts of hair are ani- 
mal matter, oil, silex, sulphur, carbonate of 
Mme, &c. 

HAIR (in Botany). The down, or hair- 
fike threads on the surface of piants 

HAIR GRASS. A plant, some species 


ne ef which are perennials and zome annuais |the borseman’s hand, as the spur band, 


HAIR’S BREADTH. A measure ot 
length, equal to the forty-eighth part of az 
inch. 

HALBERT. A weapon something like 
a spear, formerly carried by the serjeants 
of foot and artillery. 

HALCYON. A name for the kingfisher 

HALF-BLOOD (in Law). Relationship 
by the father’s or the mother’s side only. 

HALF-MOON (in Fortification), An 
outwork having two faces. ~ 

HALFPENNY. An English copper coin. 
of the value of one cent. : Ni 

HALL. A public edifice, a court of jus- 
tice. 

HALL (in Architecture). A large room 
at the entrance of a fine house 


HALLELUJAH. A part of chureh music. 


in which these words are repeated. 

HALLIARDS Ropes for rns up 
the yards. 

HALLOO. A hunter’s cry after the dogs. 

HALLUCINATION. An affection either 
in the senses or the imagination, which 
causes a person to feel, see, or hear what 
does not exist. 

HALM. In England, the stalk ofc corn 
which is left on the ground when it is cut. 

HALO. A meteor, ‘in the form of a humai- 
nous ring or circle, appearing round the 
bodies of the sun, moon, or stars. 

HAMMOCK (among Mariners). A piece 
of hempen cloth, six feet long and three 
feet wide. 

HAMSTER. An animal of the mouse 
tribe, entirely black, except at the tip of 
the nose, edges of the ears, feet, and some-. 
times the tail, which are white. 





HANAPER OFFICE. In England, an 
office in the Court of Chancery, out of 
which issue all original writs. 

HAND (inthe Manege). The fist clenched 


or a measure of three inches, by which the 


height of a horse is computed ; also the 
parts of a herse, as the forehand, for the 
head, neck, and fore quarters; the hind © 
hand, eiicn includes the rest; and alse 



















‘which is hi right hand ; og ‘the brie famande the Audie: Ths pli is niet 
hand, which is his left ent i aple for its dry and parching character. 
HAND. An important member of the HARMONICA. A musical instrament _ 
pody, which consists of the carpus, or wrist; | Constructed with drinking glasses. eae 
the metacarpus, or the four bones within] HARMONICS. That branch of munis 


, the palm and the fingers. _ | which considers the differences and pro- : ‘l 
< | portions of sounds. Bs 
: HARMONY (in Music). The agreeable = 


result or union of several musica) sounds 4. 
keard at one and the same tims. Melody 
is produced by a succession of musical 
sounds, as harmony is produced by their 
combination. 

HARMONY OF THE SPHERES. A 
kind of music, supposed by the ancients to 
be produced by the accordant motions of 





HAND (among Watchmakers). The in- | the stars and planets. a 
dex of a clock or watch. HARP. A musical stringed instruamend ays 
HAND- BARROW. A barrow without | of great antiquity, of a triangular form 
wheels. and played with the fingers. 


HANDCUFFS. Two circular pieces of 
iron locked over the wrists of a prisoner 
to prevent him using his hands. 
 HANDSPIKES. Wooden levers used 
at sea. 

‘ HANGINGS Tapestry hung or fastened 
against the wall. 

HANSE TOWNS. Port towns of Ger- 
many, which were incorporated for the 
purpose of protecting their trade. The 
three principal of these towns were Hlam- 
burgh, Bremen, and Lubec, which still 
retain the name. 

HARBOUR. A place where ships may 
ride in safety. 

HARDNESS (in Physiology). The re-| HARPER. One who plays upon the aarp 
sistance opposed by a body to the Pace HARPINS (among Mariners). The 
tion of its parts. breadth of a ship at the bow. 

HARE. A timid animal of setudedte HARPOONS, or Harptne Ixons. [rons 
sight and hearing, with a short tail. It is | formed at one end like a barbed arrow, 
in Europe a beast of chase, and is some-| and having a rope at the other, for the 
times’ pursued by greyhounds in open | purpose of spearing the whale. 
grouud, which is called coursing; and HARPSICHORD. A stringed and keyed 
sometimes by harriers, or hare hounds, | instrument in a mahogany case. 
which is cajled hare hunting. Shooting HARROW, A drag with iron teeth, te 
of hares is not lawful in England. A spe- | break the clods after ploughing. 

Pa éies of hare common in America, passes ; 
under the name of rabbit. 















RARELIP A lip eloven or parted like ; SS 

that of a hare HARPY A fabulous monster, with the 
fe. HARMATTUN. A wind which blows | head of a woman, the wings of a bird, ane 
periodically from the interior parts of Africa ' the tail of a beast 























aH dnt AMCs HAW GREK 
eA pene 

HARPALIDZ. In entomology, an ex: 
tensive family of coleopterous insects, 
of which the Harpalus is the type. 

HARTALL. Orpiment, an oxide of ar- 
senic, used as a yellow paint, 

HARTSHORN, In pharmacy, the horn 
of the common stag, which obtains a 
place in the pharmacopeeia because it 
containsless earthy matter and more 
gelatine than other bones. 

HATCHETINE, A bituminous mineral 
or mountain-tallow, found at Merthyr 
Tydvil, in 8, Wales, 

HARUSPICE. In Roman history, a 
person who pretended to foretell future 
events by the entrails of beasts. 

HATCHING. The act of maturing fecun- 


dated eggs, so that they should produce 
young birds. This is commonly done by 
the incubation of the mother; but some- 
times by means of artificial heat in ovens, 
as is practised in Egypt. 

HATCHMENT. See AcHizvEMENT. 

HATCHWAY (among Mariners). An 
opening in the deck, to serve as a passage 
from one deck to another. 

HATTER. A manufacturer and eciler 
of hats. The company of hatters, or hat- 
raakers in London, is very ancient. 

HAVERSACK. A kind of bag of strong 
coarse linen, to carry bread and provisions 
on a march. 

HAUL, or YAUL (among Ropemakera). 
A yarn of four hundred threads. 

HAUNCH. The hind part of a atag, or 
ef a horse, &e. : 

HAUNT. The walk of a deer. 

HAUTBOY. A musical wind instru- 
ment, shaped much like the flute, only 
that it spreads and widé 2# at the bottom, 
and is sounded through a reed at one 
end. 

HAWFINCH, A sort of finch, so called 
because it feeds on haws and cherries. 

HAWK. A bird of prey of the eagle and 
falcon tribe, the two principal epecies of 
which are the sparrowhawk and the gos- 
hawk, both used formerly in falconry. 

HAWKERS. In England, itinerant petty 
ehapmen, who go with their goods from 
town to town and from house to house. 
They are obliged by law to have a license. 

HAWKING. The ancient sport of forrl- 
fag with hawks. : 

HAWKING (in Trade) The going about 
with commodities to sell, after the manner 
of a hawker. , ' 

HAWK’S BELL. The bell put about 
the feet of a hawk. 

HAWKWEED. A plant which bears a 
flower in the form of a marigold. The 
whole plant has a milky juice. 

HAWSE, A sea term, for the situation 
of the cables before the ship’s stern, wken 





she .s moored with two anchors out my 
the bows, as ‘a clear or open hawse,’‘a 
foul hawee,’ &e im gn 

HAWSER. A small cable. | ay 

HAZARD. A game of chance, played 
much by gamesters and gamblers. 

HAZLE NUT. A shrub having male — 
flowers growing at remote distances from 
the fruit on the same tree. The nuts 
grow in clusters, and are of three kinds, 
the common hazel nut, the cob nut, and 
the filbert, which latter are the most es- . 
teemed. e 

HEAD (in Anatomy). The superior pan 
of the body, placed on the neck, and com 
sisting externally of the face and the hairy 
scalp; internally, of the brain and the 
medulla oblongata. 

HEAD (among Mechanics). The upper 
and more solid part of inanimate bodies, 
as the head of a nail, the head of a gate, 
the head of a hammer. 

HEAD (in Painting). The representation. 
of the head of a person. 

HEAD (in Architecture). An ornament 
of sculpture or carved work. 

HEAD (in Gunnery). The fore part of 
the cheeks of a gun. 

HEAD (in Printing). In England, the 
top of a page. 

HEADBOROUGH. Formerly the chief 
of 2 borough, or frankpledge; now a sort of 
petty constable. 

HEADER (in Masonry). A name for 
the bricks which are inserted lengthwise 
in the thicknegs of a wall. 

HEADLAND. A point of land lying 
farther out at sea than the rest. 

HEADSTALL. That part of a bridle 
that goes about the head; also a kinda 
halter. : 

HEALING (in Surgery). Curing a 
wound, 

HEALING (among Bricklayers). The 
covering a reef with any thing, as lead, 
Slates, é&e. 

HEARING. One ef the five senses, of 
which the ear is the organ, with the help 
of the auditory nerves and membrane. 

HEARSE. A close earriage for convey 
ing dead bodies. 

HEART. The seat of life in the animal 
body, is situated in the thorax, and divided 
externally into the base, which is the broad 
part; the superior and inferior surface 
and the anterior and posterior margin 
Internally, it is divided inte two ventri- 
cles, right and left. 

HEARTBURN. A burning pain ia the 
stomach, ant 



















Be sin physi 

caused by 26 body, or the cause of 

that sensation. In chemistry, the 

supposed matter or cause of heat, 

termed caloric, which, if material, is 
an imponderable subtile fluid, the 
particles of which repel each other, 
and are attracted by all other sub- 
stances, either by direct. contact or 

radiation. Animal heat, is the heat 
consequent on respiration and diges- 
tion in the bodies of animals, pro- 
duced in the system of each by the 
oxygen of the atmosphere combining 
with the earbon of the blood, and 
forming carbonic acid gas. In me- 
chanies, the term is applied to that 
degree of heat which is required for 
iron-work, namely, the blood-red 
heat, the smallest degree: the flame, 
or white heat, the second degree: 
and the sparkling, or welding heat, 
which is the strongest degree. 


HEBE, the name of one of the 
newly-discovered planets, first ob- 
served by Hencke ‘in 1847. Its mean 
‘distance from the sun is 231,350,000 
miles: and the time of its periodical 
revolution is 3 years and 284 days. 
In natural history, the word hebe 
frequently occurs in the definition of 
species, and signifies pubescence; as, 
hebeanthus, having pubescent or 
downy flowers: hebecarpus, having 
downy seeds: hebecladus, having 
downy branches: hebegynus, having 
the ovary pubescent: hebepetalus, 
having downy petals. 


- HECTARE, a French measure con- 


sisting of 10,000 square metres, or 
11960°33 English square yards. 


HECTIC, a form of fever arising 
from local irritation in a feeble con- 
stitution. 

HECTOGRAMME, a French weight 
of 100 grammes = 3*2 ounces troy. 


HECTOLITRE, a French measure 
of capacity, containing 00 litres = 22 
English imperial gallons. 


HECTOMETRE, a French _ linear 
eee of 100 metres = 828 English 
eet. 


HEDENBERGITE, a species of 
mineral, of a greenish-black color, 
with a shining lustre. Its constitu- 
ents are silica, lime, magnesia, and 
protoxide of iron. 





[32 SS 


HEDGEHOG, a small quadruped, 
covered on the upper part with 
_ prickles or spines. 

_ HEDYPHANE, a white or greyish 
mineral, consisting of oxide of lead 
 andlime, _ : 






— | 


ysiology, the sensation 


relating to the sun‘s centre. 


tron. a star is said to rise heliacally 
when, after being in conjunction 
with the sun, it rises so as to be 
visible. : 
HELICOID, in geometry, a para- 
bolie spiral or curve line. 
HELICOMETRY. In geometry the 
an of measuring spiral lines on a 
plane. 
HELIOCENTRIC.’ In astronomy, 
Helio- 
centric longitude is the angle formed 
at the sun’s centre by the projection 
of the radius vector of a planet on 
the ecliptic, with a line drawn from 
the sun’s centre to the first point of 


Aries. 

HELIOCHROMY. The process by 
which photographie pictures in their 
natural colours are obtained. 

HELIOGRAPHY. <A description 
of the sun. ; 

HELIOMETER. A micrometer for 
measuring the diameters of the sun, 
moon, and planets. 

HELIOSCOPE. A telescope for 
making observations of the sun with- 
out dazzling the eyes. 

HELIOSTAT. Aninstrument used 
to fix the positon of the solar rays. 


HELIOTROPE. In mineralogy, a 
deep green, siliceous mineral, with 
red spots.—In astronomy, an instru- 
ment to reflect light.—In botany, a 
plant that turns toward the sun; the 
Turnsole. 

HELISPHERIC. Winding spirally 
round the pole of the sphere; noting 
the rhumb line in navigation. . 

HELIX. A spiraliine; the smaller 
scroll of volute in a Corinthian capi- 


tal. 
HEMATHERMS. A name given 
to animals possessed of warm blood. 
HEMATINE. The colouring prin- 
ciple of logwood. 


HEMATITE. The blood-stone; a 
kind of ironstone; a native of oxide 
of iron. 
ree oruee Rn Science of the 


ood. 

HEMERALOPIA. A disease which 
p ae distinct vision in broad day- 
ight. , 

TEMERAPATHIA, Certain states 
of disease or affections which are ob- 
served only by day, or which last 
only one day. 

HEMI. A Greek prefix signifying 
half, equivalent to demi and semi; 
frequently used as a prefix in com- 
position. j 

HEMICRANTA. A painin one side 
of the forehead. 

HEMICYCLE. In architecture,.a 
semicircle used to denote vaults of 
the cradle form, and arches or 
sweeps of yaults constituting a semi- 


circle. 

HEMIHEDRAL. In mineralogy, a 
term applied to a crystal with half of 
the similar edges or angles similarly 
replaced, — iu 


TOR OT RRR 
which serves to direct the rudder; and the 
wheel round which the tiller rope is wound 
in large vessels. 

HELMET. A headpiece, or armour for 
the head, which was formerly the noblest 
piece of coat armour. 

HELMINTHOLOGY. The science of 
worms. 

HELVE. Tae handle of an axe 

HEM. The edge part of cloth. 

HEMIPTERA. The second order of in- 
sects in the Linnean system, including 
those which have their upper wings semi- 
erustaceous, as the cock-roach, mantis or 
walking leaf, locust, cricket, grasshopper, 
Janthorn-fly, boat-fly, water scorpion, 
aphis or plant louse, and the coccus or 
cochineal. 

HEMISPHERE. One half of the mun- 
dane sphere. 

HEMLOCK. A narcotic plant, the leaves 
of which are cut into many minute seg- 
ments, like parsley. It is doubtful wheth- 
er this be the true hemlock of the ancients. 

HEMP. A fibrous plant, of which linen 
and ropes are made. 

HEN. A female bird of any species, par- 
ticularly the domestic fowl. 

HENBANE. A poisonous plant that 
grows in hedges. 

HENDECAGON. A figure of eleven 
sides. — 

HEPTAGON. A figure of seven sides 
aad seven angles. 


e 


HEPTANDRIA. One of the Linnean 
classes, including those plants which have 
geven stamens to the flower, as the horse- 
ehestnut, chickweed, lizard’s tail, &e 





rs Pr f 


HEPTARCHY. The seven kingdoms 
formed by the Saxons on their first settle- 
ment in England. They were all united 
into one kingdom by Egbert. 


HERALD (in England). An officer 


os 





whose business it is to proclaim m 
peace, to marshal processions,and regulate _ 
The heralds are six 

in number, and are distinguished by the 





armorial ensigns, &c. 


names of Richmond, Lancaster, Chester, 
Windsor, Somerset, and York. They are 
all equal in degree, and have precedence 
only according to the seniority ef their 
creation. 

HERALDRY. An ancient art whieh 
professed to teach the true use of arms; ag 
how to blazon or describe them in proper 
terms, and how to marshal or dispose the 
different arms in an escutcheon or shield. 

HERALDRY, History or. Although 
the science of heraldry, as far as regards 
the distinctions of families by means of 
coat armour, is comparatively of modern 
date, yet the Romans were not without 
their marks of honour, which, being here- 
ditary, served asa proof of nobility, and 
a title toacertainrank. This was known 
among them by the name of jus imaginum, 






which was the right of having the statues © 


or images of their ancestors; that belonged 
to those only who were either of patrician 
rank or had risen to distinction in the state. 
He who had the privilege of using tha 
statues or images of his ancestors was 
termed ‘ nobilis;? he who could only use 
his own was a ‘ novus homo,’ or an upstart, 
like one who first procures a coat of arms; 
and he who had neither his own statues 
nor those of his ancestors was termed ‘ig- 
nobilis.’ These images or statues were 
made of wood, brass, marble, and some- 
times in waxwork, and were painted, ae- 
cording to the life, with the several em- 
blems of military honour which belonged 
to the individual. Thus the collar or 
chain on the statue of Torquatus, and the 


tuft of hair on that of Cincinnatus, were - 


the trophies of which these brave warriors 
had despoiled their enemies. 
These statues commonly stood in theiz 


courts in a cabinet of wood, whencepro- 


bably originated our cabinets of arms, 
where the helmet, crest, gauntlet, spurs, 
banner, &c. were kept; and as, upon par- 


ticular occasions, these cabinets were set — 


open, and the statues were exposed to 
public view before the porch or gate of 
their houses, so our nobility and gentry 
have their coats of arms cut in stone, and 
painted in escutcheons over their gates. 
At their funerals those statues were borne 
before such as had the jus imaginum, 
whence in after times it became the prac- 
tice, at‘the funerals of great men, to earry 
their ensigns of nobility, and the arms of 
those from whom they were descended, 


which, being all painted, are placed undes 





















it appears that the law of arms among the 
Europeans in the middle ages was regu- 
lated by the civil law. 

The introduction of armorial bearings, 
in place of the images and statues of the 
Romans is to be ascribed to the northern 
tribes whe overran Europe on the decline 
and fall of the empire. The Goths, Van- 
dais, and other such people, were in the 
practice, like their ancestors the Celts and 
Scythians, of painting on their shields the 
Agures of animals, either for the purpose of 
rendering themselves formidable, or more 
probably by way of distinction; and al- 
though, from their martial character, their 
ensigns of honour were at first purely mili- 


~ tary, yet, by being transmitted to their 


posterity, they became badges of civil rank 
and honour; and, in process of time, other 
circumstances gave rise to bearings which 
were not purely military. Thus, on the 
establishment of the feudal system, the 
tenants of the king, or the great lords, re- 
presented on their shields the services they 
owed to their superiors by way of an ac- 
knowledgement of their fidelity, whence 
originated roses, cinque-foils, spurrowels, 
bowsand arrows, hunting-horns, ships, &c. 
which are to be found so frequently in 
coats of arms. So, in like manner, the 
crusades gave rise to the figures of the 
cross, which is borne in a diversity of 
forms; and tournaments, which were intro- 
duced by Henry the Fowler in the tenth 
century, are supposed to have given rise to 
the fesse, pale, bend, and other ordinaries 
which represented the fillets or lista of 
different kinds which were worn by the 
eombatants and those whoattended. From 
the practice and ceremony of the herald’s 
recording the names, arms, and proofs of 
the nobility of the knights at tournaments, 
the science of heraldry took its name; and 
as this ceremony was preceded by the blow- 
ing of a horn, blazon, which comes from 
the German ‘ blason,’ to blow, is now used 
for ascientific description of coats of arms. 
HERB (in Botany). That part of the 
vegetable which rises from the root, and 
eomprehends the stem and leaves, &c. 
HERB. Herbs; the fourth tribe into 
which Linneus divided the vegetable 
kingdom. 
HERBAL. A book giving an account 
of the names, natures, and uses of plants. 
HERCULANEUM. An ancient city of 
Naples, overwhelmed by an eruption of 
Mormt Vesuvius in the reign of ‘Titus: it 


was discovered in the year 1689, since 
of the person deceased. Asa farther proof 
that our heraldic distinctions take their 
_ ¥ise from the jus imaginum of the Romans, 


which time many manuscripts, paintings, 
statues, and other relics of antiquity, have 
been discovered by digging. 


HERCULES. A celebrated hero of an-: 


tiquity, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, 
who travelled as far zs the Straits of Gib- 
raltar, and is said to have erected twa 
pillars, one at Cadiz in Spain, and the 
other at Ceuta in Africa. His exploits are 


celebrated by the poets and historiang of — 


antiquity 





HEREDITAMENTS (im raw Tm 
moveables, which a man may have to him 
and his heirs. 

HERESY. An error in some fundamen- 
tal doctrine of the Christian faith, or a 
private opinion different from that of the 
orthodox church. 

HERETIC. One tainted with heresy. 

HERIOT (in England.) The best beast 
that the tenant died possessed of, which 
was due to the lord of the manor. 

HERON. A bird similar in form to the 
crane and stork, but much larger, being 
seven feet in standing. 





“yp eEO aN Ms 

HERISON. A barrier made of beams 
stuck with spikes, to block up a passage. 

HERMETICAL SEAL (among Chem- 
ists). A method of stopping glass vessels 
so closely that the subtlest spirit cannot 
escape. 

HERNIA Every kind of rupture, va 
ried according to the part sffected. 










HEROIC FORM. A poem setting forth om 
ehe exploits of some hero. from 100to 126 acres. = tt” 
HEROIC VERSE. Hexameter verse, HIDE (among Tisaorsy, The ek 
8 called because it is used by poets in j beasts after they are taken off. Sete GLY 
their heroic poems. HIDEBOUND (in Farriery). A disease 
HERRING. A small seafish of a green | in horses and cattle whee the skim noe 
colour, which inhabits the North seas, and | to the sides, 
migrates southerly in immense shoals, par-| HIDEBOUND (in Botany). A Sinsaos 
ticularly in the month of June. Their | in trees when the bark cleaves to the 
pregress is marked by the number of birds | wood. 
which follow them to prey upon them. HIERARCHY. Church government, or 
Those which flock to the British coasts | the subordination of rank among the dif- 
are to be found in the greatest number | ferent orders of clergy. 


off Yarmouth, the mart for herrings. HIEROGLYPHICS. Certain charac- 
HERSE (in Fertification). An engine | ters, figures, or signs, made use of by the 
ike a harrow, stuck full of spikes Egyptians instead of letters, to express the 


HESPERID (in Botany). A natural | conceptions of men, particularly the mys- 
order of plants, including the myrtle tribe. | teriesoftheir religion. In ageneral sense 
HETEROSCII (in Geography). Those | an hieroglyphic is any symbol or figure 
inhabitants of the earth which have their | which may serve to represent an object, 
shadows falling but one way, as those liv- | thus the astronomical characters are many 
ing between the tropic and polar circles. | of them of this nature, as the character 
HEXAEDRON (in Geometry). A solid | for Mercury, % , which is the figure of his 


figure of six equal sides. caduceus; that of Mars, @ , which is sup- 

HEXAGON (in Geometry) A ga ey of | posed to represent his shield and spear; 

ax sides and six angles. that of Saturn, hk, which represents his 
sickle, &c. 


HIGHNESS. In Europe, a title of hon- 
our given to a prince. 
HIGH-WATER. When the tide iz at 
its highest point. 
HIGHWAY (in Law). A publie or free 
passage for the people. 
HIGHWAYMEN. Robbers en the high- 
ways. 
HIGLER In England one whe buys 
HEXAGYNIA (in sotany). An orser of | poultry in the country, and carries them 
wants, which have six styles in the flowers. | Up to town. 
HEXAMETER (in Poetry). A verse; HIND. The female of the stag. 
consisting of six feet. HINGE. The iron work on which a 
HEXANDRIA (in Botany). One of the | door is made to turn. 
‘Lin wan classes, comgrehending those| H!P. The upper part of the thigh. 
plants which Xave six stam ne in each| HIPPOPOTAMUS, or Tur Riva 
flower, as the pmeayp'v, »mboo, spider- | Honsz. An amphibious creature foun ** 
weet, lily ef the vatley, crrow-grase, é&c. | the rivers ef Africa. 





HHD. An abbreviation for hgshead. 
HIATUS. A gap or chasm im verses;}| HIP-ROOF (in Architecture). A pesti- 
also any deficiency in a mantseript which | cular kind of roof, which has neither gable 


destroys the connexion. heads, shred heads, nor jerkin heads. 
HICCOUGE, or HICCUF A convul-| HIPS (in Botany). The ripe fruit of 


give metion of the stomach the dog-roze, which is principally made 
into a sweetmeat. 













8 
an account or + description of events and 
things in an orderly series, ‘comprehending 


Civil or Political History, Sacred History, 
Ecclesiastical History, and Natural Histo- 
ry; in a particular sense, a narrative of 
political events in the order of time. 

HISTORY (in Painting). A _ picture 
¢omposed of diverse figures or persons, 
representing some transaction. 

HITCH (among Mariners). A sort of 
knot or noose for fastening a rope to any 
thing. 

HIVE. A basket or box, which serves 
as a recepissle for bees. 

H. M.S. In Ensiand, an abbreviation 


_ for Her Majesty’s Ship. 


HOBSON’S CHOICE. A by-word, sig- 
nifying that or none, taken from one Hob- 
son, a livery-stable Keeper at Cambridge 
England, who obliged his customers eith- 
er to take the horse that stood next the 
stable door, or to go without. 

HODMAN. A bricklayer’s labourer. ' 

HOE. A husbandman’s tool for cutting 
ap weeds. 

HOEING (in Husbandry). The process 
ef clearing the weeds with a hoe, and 
breaking ip the earth on planted ground. 

HOG. A domestic quadruped, very vo- 
racious and very prolific. 

HOGSHREAD (in Commerce). A mea- 
sure of canacity, containing 63 gallons. 

HOLD. The whole interior cavity or 
belly of the ship, where, in merchantmen, 
the goods ere commonly stewed. 

HOLLFAST. An iron hook for fixing 
any thirg to a wall. 

' HOU .ERACEA. One of Lirnezus’s na- 
tural orders of plants, including shrubs 
and perennials, as rhubarb, &c. 

HOLLOW (in Architecture). A con- 
eave moulding. 

HOLLY. A prickly shrub which forms 
an impenstrabie hedge. The variegated 
Rollies are remarkable for their beauty ; 
some bear yellow berries, and others white 

HOLM-OAK. The evergreen oak. 

HOLY GHOST. The third person of 
the Holy Trinity. 

HOMAGE. In England, the oath of sub- 
mission and loyalty, which the tenant, 
under the feudal system, used to take to 
his lord when first admitted to his land. 

HCME. A sea phrase for the situation 
which belongs properly to the tackling or 
parts of the vessel, as the anchor comes 
aome when it is drawn out of the ground. 

HOMICIDE (in Law). The causing the 


_ death of a human creature, which is justi- 
fable, ifjustified by unavoidable necessity; 


ay 


qesusable if i it Mae ee (Giondwantarer ; 
and felonious if done without excuse. 

HOMILY. A plain discourse made to 
the people, instructing them in matters of 
religion 

HOMOGENEAL (in Physiology) Of 
the same nature and properties as home 
geneal particles. 

HONE. A fine kind of whetstone used 
for setting razors. 

HONEY. A thick, viscid fluid substance, 
collected py the bees from vegetables and — 
flowers. It is distinguished Into three 
kinds, namely, first, the virgin honey, 
which is the first produce of the swarm, 
obtained by draining from the combs 
without pressing; the second sort is thicker 
than the first, and is procured by pressure ; 
the third is the worst sort, which is extracted 
by heating the combs over the fire, and 
then pressing them. Inthe flowers of plants, 
near the basis of the petals, are certain 
glands containing a sweet juice, which the 
bees suck up by means of their proboscis 
or trunk, and, flying with it to their hives, 
discharge it again from the stomach through 
the: mouth into some of the cells of the 
comb. This honey is destined for the food 
of the young, but, in hard seasons, the bees 
are sometimes reduced to the necessity of 
feeding on it themselves, and die of hunger 
after they have eaten itallup. In France, 
a good swarm of bees will yield, in twe 
years, nearly thirty pounds of honey ; but 
honey is most abundant in the islands of 
the Archipelago, and other countries which 
abound with flowers throughout the year. 
From honey is made the strong liquor 
called mead. 

HONEY-BAG. The stomach of the bee, 
which is the reservoir of the honey. 

HONEY-COMB (in Husbandry). The 
repository which the bees make in the hive 
for saving their honey in. 

HONEY-COMB (in Gunnery). A flaw 
in the metal of a piece of ordnance, when 
it is badly cast. 

HONEY-DEW. A sort of mildew of a 
sweet taste, found early in the morning on 
plants, flowers, &c. 

HONEY-FLOWER (in Botany). A 
plant having the appearance of a shrub, 
and bearing spikes of chocolate-coloured 
flowers in May, in each of which a quar 
tity of black sweet liquor is found 

HONEY-SUCKLE (in Botany). A shrub 
with a climbing stalk, the flowers of whick 
form a tube inthe shape of a huntsman’s 
horn, They are produced in clusters, and 
are very sweet. i 


HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENBS 








In Bngland, the motto of the order of the 
Garter, signifying, Evil be to him that 
evil thinks. 

HONOUR. In England, the most noble 
part of seignories. 

HONOUR (in Military Affairs). External 
marks of honour paid to superior officers. 

HONOUR COURTS. In Engtand, courts 
held within the bounds of an honour. 

HONOUR, Matips or (in Court Eti- 
quette). In England, ladies in the queen’s 
household, who attend the queen when 
she goes out. 


HONOURS OF WAR. Honourable | 


terms granted to a vanquished enemy, 
when he is permitted to march out of a 
town with all the insignia of military 
etiquette. 

HOOD. An upper covering for the Hee 
ef a woman. 

HOOD (at the University). In Enslaia! 
an ornamental fold that hangs down the 
back of a graduate, to mark his degree. 

HOOF. The horny part of the foot of a 
horse or other cattle. 

HOOK. A bended iron to Dang things 
upon ; also a bent piece of iren or wire 
attached to a fishing-rod for catching fish. 

HOOP, or HOOPOE. A bird inhabit- 
ing Europe, Asia, and Africa, waich is 
solitary and migratory 





HOP. A plant with a creeping ivoi, 
the stalks of which climb and twist about 
whatever is near them ; wherefore, in hop 
grounds, poles are fixed near to the plant 
for them to rise upon. Hops are said to 
have been introduced into England from 
the Netherlands in the sixteenth century: 
they are principally used to boil up with 
beer, in order to prevent it from turning 
gour, and to give it a strengthening quality. 
Hops require to be planted in open situa- 
tians, and in a rich strong ground. The 
wo beat sorts are the white and the gray 
find. ‘These should be planted in hills 
about eight or nine feet asunder. About 
‘Re beginning of July hops begin to biow, 





ana are ‘teady to 
end of August, when, by their strong : acen 


their hardness, and the brown colour of the 
The 


seed, they may be known to be fit. 
best methed of dryimg hops is on a kiln 
over a charcoal fire; when the stalks are 
brittle, and the top leaves easily fall off, 
they are properly dried. When taken from 
the kiln, they should be laid to cool for 
three weeks or a month before they are 
gged. 

HORIZON (in Astronomy). A great 
eircle of the sphere, which divides it inte 
i>ver and iower hemispheres. The appa- 
yen: or sensible horizon is that circle of 
the heavens whicn bounds the view of the 
observer, in distincticn from the ratienal 
or real horizon, .wi.ich is a circle encom. 
passing the earth exactly in the middle. 
It is represented in the globes by the 
wooden frame which contains the giobe. 

HORN (in Natural History). The hard 
pointed bodies which grow on the heaus 
of some granivorous animals, and serve 
either for defence or ornament; also the 
slender bodies on the heads of insects, &e 

HORN (in Chemistry). Is mostly com 
posed of albumen, gelatin, and phosphate 
of lime, but the horns of the buck ena 
stag are ofan intermediate nature between 
horn and bone. 

HORN (in Music). A wind instrument, 
chiefiy used in hunting and in the chase. 

RORNBEAM. A tree that has leaves 
like the elm or beech tree ; it was formerly 
used in hedgerows. The timber is very 
tough and inflexible. 

BORNBLENDE (in Mineralogy). 
aort of slaty stone, of a green and blackish 
green colour. It isa very abundant min- 
eral. 

SORN-BOOK. The first book for ehil- 
dren, containing the alphabet, which was 
‘6smerty covered with transparent horn. 

HOKNET. A large, strong, and stinging 
insect, of the wasp kind. 

HORN-ORE (in Mineralogy). 
the species of silver ore. 

HORNPIPE. An animated sort of 
dance. 

HORN-STONE. A species of flint. 

HORNWORK (in Fortification). An 
outwork which advances towards the field. 

HOROLOGY. The science which treats 
on the measuring of portions of time. The 
principal instruments used in the measur- 
ing of time are dials, clepsydre or water- 
clocks, clocks, watches, and in some cases 
also hour-glasses. 

The dial was doubtless one of the first 
instruments contrived for the meazuring of 


"e 


One of 


time bv means of the sun. The frst os ii: 


a” 






! 







- 





> 


% 








parallel to the equator. 


years of the building »f Rome. | ‘The Shal- 
dee historian Berosus is said to have con- 
structed a dial on a reclining plane almost 
Aristarchus the 
Samean, Thales, and others are also men- 
tioned as the makers of dials. ‘The first 
gun-dial at Rome was set up by Papirius 
Cursor in the 460th year of the building 
of the city. The subject of dialling, or of 
making dials, has particularly occupied 
the attention of mathematicians within 
the last three centuries. Clavius is the first 
professed writeronthesubject. Deschales 


-and Ozanam in their Courses, and Wolfius 


in his Elements,havesimplified the science. 
M. Picard gave a new method of making 
large dials by calculating the hour lines, 
and De Ja Hire, in his Dialling, gave a 
geometrical method of drawing hour lines 
from certain points determined by obser- 
vation. The method of drawing primary 
dials on easy principles is to be found in 
the Dialling of Everhard Walper, and the 
Rudimenta Mathematica of Sebastian Mun- 
ster. Among the more modern treatises on 
this subject may be reckoned that of Wells 
in his Art of Shadows, Ferguson in his 
Lectures on Mechanics, Emerson in hia 
Dialling, Leadbetter in his Mechanic Dial- 
.ing, Mr. W. Jones in his Instrumental 
Dialling, and Bishop Horsley in his Mathe- 
matical] Tracts. 

Scipio Nasica was the first who con- 
structed the clepsydra, although it is sup- 
posed to have been invented by the Egyp- 
tians under the Ptolemies about 150 years 
before the Christian era. They serve for 
measuring time in the winter, as the sun- 
dials do in the summer; but they had two 
great defects: the one, that the water ran 
out with greater or less facility, as the air 
was more or Jess dense; and the other, 
that the water ran more readily at the 


‘beginning than towards the conclusion. 


Vhe Egyptians, by this machine, measured 
the course of the sun; and Tycho Brahe, 
in modern times, made use of it to mea- 
sure the motion of the stars, &c. Dudley 
also used the same contrivance in making 
all his maritime observations. 

The invention of clocks has been ascribed 
to different authors ; namely, to Boetius in 
the sixth century, to Paciticus, Archdeacon 
ef Verona, and te Silvester in the tenth 
-eentury. 

HOROMETRY The art of measuring 
heurs 

HOBOPTER (in Opties). A right line 


_ @ews through the poini where the two 





al MJ . eptic axes meet, parallel to that which 
: Asan. “This. king began to reign 480, 
d ‘years before Alexander, and within 12 


joins the two puyils. 

HOROSCOPE (in the exploded Scienca 
of Astrology). The degree or point of che 
horizon rising abuve the eastern point of — 
the horizon at any given time, when a 
prediction was to be made of a future 
event; also a scheme or figure of the 

twelve houses. 

HORSE. A domestic animal, that excela 
all others in beauty and usefulness. The . 
most esteemed breeds of horses are, the 
Barbary or Arabian horses, remarkable 
for their fleetness ; the English racehorse’ 
and hunter, which combines beauty with 
swiftness; and the English draught-horses 
which are distinguished for their size and 
strength, &c. ‘There is no creature so 
valuable as the horse, and none that often- 
times fares worse. The age of a horse 
under eight years old is mostly fo be known 
by his teeth. The horse has twenty-four 
grinders ; four tushes, or single teeth ; and 
twelve front teeth, or gatherers. Maresin 
general have notushes. The black mark 


‘or cavities denoting the age, are to be 


found in the corner front teeth, adjoining 
the tushes. At four years and a half old, 
the mark teeth are just visible above the 
gum, and the cavity is distinctly to be seen. 
At five, the remaining colt’s teeth are shed, 
and the tushes appear. At six, the tushes 
are up, and appear white, small, and sharp, 
with a small circle of flesh growing near 
them; the horse’s mouth is then completed 

the corner teeth being filled up At sight 

the black marks disappear. 





tk Ho) oi es os 
— ——— Se ——— = F < —— Fs 
Sy asee sr Se 


HORSE (in. Militery Affairs). A bedy 
of horsemen. 

HORSE (among Carpenters). A frame 
or trestle on which boards or planks are 
laid to be cut and otherwise worked. 

HORSE (among Printers). A stage on 
which pressmen net their heaps of paper 
for printing. 

HORSE. A sea term for a repe maar 


fast to one of the shrouds, having a dead 
man’s eyeattheend — 

HORSE-BEAN, A small bean usually 
given to horses. , 

HORSE-BREAKER. One who breaks 
in young horses, and fits them for use. 

HORSE-CHESTNUT. A tree, which 
yields a prickly nut. 

HORSEDEALER. One who buys horses 
to sell them again. 

HORSE-DOCTOR. One who undertakes 
to cure the diseases of horses. 

HORSE-LEECH. A large sort of leech 
that fastens on horses. 

HORSEMAN. One skilled in riding 

HORSEMANSHIP. The art of riding 
and managing horses. 

HORSERACE. A match of horses in 
running, 

HORSESHOE (in Smithery) A circu- 
lar piece of iron fitted to the foot ofa horse. 
This shoe is sometimes turned up jin the 
winter season, to prevent the horse from 
slipping: this is called rough-shoeing.. As 
an improvement upon this sort of shoeing, 
the clips have been made removeable at 
pleasure by means of a screw 





HORSESHOE (in Fortification). A 
work, sometimes of an oval figure, raised 
in marshy grounds. 

HORSESHOEING. The fitting and 
nailing a shoe to a horse’s foot. 

HORTICULTURE. The art of culti- 
vating a garden, and rearing the finest 
kinds of plants. 

HORTUS SICCUS. Literally, a dry 
garden ; an appeilation given toacollection 
of specimens of plants carefully dried and 
preserved. Various methods have been 
adopted by botanists for obtaining a hortus 
siccus ; but that of pressing the plants, that 
are to be dried, in a box of sand or with 
@ hot smoothing iron, has been recom- 
mended. If pressure be employed, that is 
beet effected by means of a botanical press 
made for the purpose, in which the plants 
are out, with sheets of dry paper between. 
At first they ought to be pressed gently, 
and occasionaly taken out in order to see 
that nore of the leaves are rumpled or 
folded. As they continue to dry, the pres- 
gave may be increased. When they are 
gafficiently dried, thay may be taken out 


aad laid on “dry: ‘paper. 
succulent require a longer and harder prea 





Plants. 





sure, buf for the moat part. three oye 
pressure is sufficient. 

HOSANNA. A solemn acclamation used 
by the Jews in the Feast of Tabernacles. © 

HOSE (among Mariners). A leathera 
tube for conveying water from the main 
decks into the casks. 

HOSIERY. Stockings, and other nat 
in a shop that are spun or wove. 

HOSPITAL. A house, erected out of 
charity, for the support and relief of the 
sick and poor 

HOSPITALLERS. An order of knights 
who built an hospital at Jerusalem for the 
entertainment of pilgrims. 

HOST. The consecrated wafers in the 
Roman Catholic communion 

HOSTAGE. A person left as a surety for 
the performance of the articles of a treaty 

HOTBED. A bed made ina wooden 
frame with horse-dung, and covered with 
glasses, for raising early plants. 

HOTCH-POT. Properly, flesh cut into 
sinall pieces, and stewed with herbs and 
~oot2; in Law, in England, the putting 
lands together, that belong to coparcuners, 
for the purpose of distributing them equally 

HOTHOUSE. A building, constructed 
in a garden, for the rearing of exotics and 
tender plants that require heat. 

HOUND. A kind of sporting dog, having 
pendulous ears, and very strong scent. 





ss CN nee ae 
HOUND’S TONGUE. A plant eultt 
vated in gardens, bearing a pink flower. 
HOUR, The twenty-fourth part of a 
natural day; the space of sixty minutes 
HOUR-GLASS. A glass for measuring © 
the hours by the running of the sand from 
one part of the vessel to another. 4 
HOUSE, A building, constructed with 
all conveniences for habitation. 
HOUSE (among Genealogists). A noble 
family, or an illustrious race descended 
from the same stock. 


ae saat 


HOUSE (in Astrology). The twelfth 


part of the heavens. ee 
HOUSEHOLD The whole of a family 














am _. HOUR C 

term applied to any great circle that 
_- passes through the two poles; the hour 

_ pfthe day being known when thatcircle 

js ascertained upon which the sun is for 
the time being. Hour-circles are drawn 
on the globe at 15° distant from each 
other on the equator. 


¥ 


HOWITZER. A kind ot mortar, mount- 
ed upon a carriage like a gun. 

HOY. A small vessel for carrying pas- 
sengers from one place to another. 

HUE AND CRY (in Law). The com- 
monk law process of pursuing a felon. 

HUGUENOTS. The Protestants of 
France, so called by way of contempt in 
the sixteenth century. 

BULK. Any old vessel that is laid by, 
unfit for further service 

HULKS. Old vessels, stationed in the 
river Thames, in England, wherein con- 
victs are kept to hard labour. 

HULL. The main body of a ship. 

HUMMING-BIRD, The smallest of all 

‘ . birds, which extracts’the nectar from the 

flowers with a humming noise like that of 





HUMOURS OF THE EYE. Are three; 
hamely, the aqueous or watery humour, 
which lies in the fore part of the globe; 
the crystalline, or icy, next to the aqueous ; 
and the vitreous or glassy humour, which 
is larger than the rest, and fills the back- 
ward cavity of the eye 

HUNDRED. A number consisting of 
ten multiplied by ten. © 
ee HUNDRED (in Law). A part of ashire 

or county, which formerly consisted of ten 

tithings, or ten times ten households. 
HUREALITE, A crystallized mineral, 
with a vitreous lustre, whose constitu- 
ents are phosphoric acid, protoxide of 
-iron,protoxide of manganese, and water. 

HURONITE. The name ofa yellowish- 
green mineral which occursin boulder 
stones in the neighborhood of Lake 
_ Huron; its constituents are silica, al- 
- wUmina, protoxide of iron, iime, mag 
_ Resia, and water: sp. gr. 2°86; H = 2°25. 
HURRICANE. A storm of wind, fre- 
quent in the East and West Indies, which 

_ arises from the conflict of opposite winds. 


















Ne eae ae A: @ |e 
Bry as uf A 
RCLE, In cosmography, aj HUSBANDRY The practical part of 










agriculture 

HUSH-MONEY (in Law) A bribe) 
given to a person not to reveal something 
to which he is privy 

HUSSARS. Hungarian horsemen, saia 
to be so called from the huzza or show 
which they gave at the onset in battle 

HYACINTH (in Botany). A bulbous - 
plant, the leaves of which are long and nar- 
row, the stalk upright and naked, and the 
flower growing on the upper part of aspike. 

HYACINTH (in Mineralogy). A sor 
of pellucid gem of ared colour with a 
mixture of yellow. 

HYADES. A cluster of five stars in the 
face of the constellation Taurus. } 

HYAINA. A ferocious beast, nearly al- 
lied tothe wolf anddog. It infests burying 
groands, and seizes whatever comes in its 
way. 

HYBRID. An epithet for any animal 
whose sire is of one kind, and dam of 
another kind. 

HYDATID. An animal substance, in 


Shape like a bladder, and distended with 


an aqueous fluid, which grows in the vis- 
cera of the human body. 

HYDRA. A fabulous monster with many 
heads, that is said to have infested the lake 
Leonwa 

HYDRA (in Astronomy). A southern 
constellation. 

HYDRANGEA» A greenhouse plant; 
bearing a flower with a large head. 

HYDRATE (in Modern Chemistry). 
The combination of water with othey 
bodies ina zsolid state, as slacked lime, 
whica, being a combination cf lime and 
water, is a hydrate of lime. 

HYDRAULICON, or Warter-Ornaan (in 
Music) An instrument acted upon by wa. 
ter. 

HYDRAULICS. That part of statics 
which treats of the motions of fluids, par 
ticularly of water issuing from orifices in 
reservoirs, or moving pipes, tubes, canals, 
rivers, &c. Among the machines which 
serve for the display of the phenomena of 
hydraulics, are the syphon, the pump, and 
the fire-engine. Among the moderns, the 
terms Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics are 
employed indifferently to denote this sci- 
ence See Hrproprnamics. 

HYDRODYNAMICS. Is properly that 
science which treats of the power or force 
of water, whether it acts by impulse or 
pressure ; but in an extended sense, it ig 
that branch of mechanics which treats of 
the motion of liquids or nonelastic fluids, . 
and the forces with which they act om 
other bodes 








. HYD 


HYDRODYNAMICS, Htstoay ov. Al- 


though the dectrine of fluids and their 
motion is but partially treated by the an- 
cients, yet, as respeets the action of water 
in rivers, fountains, and aqueducts, it is 
certain that they must have had a consi- 
derable portion of practical knowledge. 
Aristotle treats on the nature of subterra- 
neous waters, as also of those which are 
above. Ilero of Alexandria made an arti- 
ficial fountain, which bears his name. The 
Romanus displayed their acquaintance with 
the art of carrying waters, in their famous 
agueducts; and Frontinus, an engineer, 
who wrote on this subject, has given some 
few rules and hints on the motion of fluids. 
{t is, however, only within the three last 
centuries, that this subject has attracted 
any particular notice. Benedict Castelli 
was the firat who, in his treatise Dell? 
Amesura dell’ Acque Currenti,investigated 
the measure of the flux of waters, which 
he found to depend upon the aren of the 
section and the velocity of the water con- 
jointly. Since his time, many discoveries 
and theorems have been made on the mo- 
tions of fluids by Sir Isaac Newton in his 
Principia; Daniel Bernouilli, in his Hy- 
drodynainique; D’ Alembert, in his Traité 
des Fluides; M. Bossut, in his Hydrody- 
namique; M. Buat, in his Principes d’Hy- 
draulique; and M, Eytelwein, in his Hand- 
tuch der Mechanik und der Hydraulik. 

HYDROGEN GAS. A constituent of 
water and the lightest species of ponder- 
able matter hitherto known, which was 
discovered by Mr. Cavendish in 1766. It 
is an inflammable air, or an invisible aeri- 
form fluid, which burns rapid)y when Kin- 
dled, in contact with atmospheric air, and 
forms what are now termed gas-lights. 
When combined with oxygen, it produces 
water. Itis unfit for respiration, so that 
animals, when obliged to breathe it, die 
aJmost immediately. 

HYDROGRAPHY. A _ description of 
rivers, bays, lakes, and other pieces of 
water. 

HYDROLOGY. That part of natural 
history which treats of and explains the 
nature and properties of waters in general 

HYDROMETER. An instrument for 
measuring the density and gravity, &c. of 
water and other liquids. That which is 
designed simply for ascertaining the specif- 
© gravity of different waters is more com- 
monly cailed an aerometer or waterpoise, 
the term hydrometer being more commonly 
ased to denote an instrument for measuring 
» thé specific gravity ofspirits though some- 
times used indifferently for either. Dr. 
Desaguiiers contrived an hydrometer for 





determining the specitic gravities of differ ha 
ent waters to such a nicety, shat it would — 
» 


skow when one kind of water was butthe 
40,000th part heavier than another. 


HY DROMETRY. The mensuration on 
fluids, as to their density, gravity, &e 

HYDROPHOBIA, i. e. A Dazapd oF 
Water. A distemper arising from the bite 
ofa mad dog, which is al ways accompanied 
with a horror of water and other liquids. 

HYDROSCOPE. An instrument an- 
ciently used for the measuring of time 

HYDROSTATICAL BALANCE. A 
kind of balance contrived for the finding 
the specific gravities of bodies solid as 
wellag fluid. 


sth 
ines ne 


al 


HYDROSTATICAL BELLOWS. 4 
machine for showing the upward pressure 
of fluids, and the hydrostatical paradox 








HYDROSTATICAL PARADOX A 


principle in hydrostatics, socalled because = 


it has a paradoxical appearance at first 


view; it is this, that any quantity of water ~ 


or othéP fluid, how small soever, may be 


made to balance and support any quantity — 


or any weight, however great it may be 


HYDROSTATICS. The science which — ib ¥ 

















treats of the laws regulating the motion, = 
pressure, gravitation, and equilibrium of 














ee Pe 


therein. 
 pelence i divided into three branches, 

namely, hydrostatics, properly so called, 
which treats of fluids in an equilibrium, 
their density, gravity, &c.; hydraulics, 
which treats of fluids in a state of motion; 
and pneumatics, which treats of elastic 


| et vaite olen: This 


fluids These two last branches will be 
found explained in their respective places. 

The first branch of hydrostatics engaged 
the attention of Archimedes, who appears 
to have first attempted to determine the 
epecific gravity of bodies, in consequence 
ef the following circumstance. Hiero, 
king of Syracuse, having reason to suspect 
that a goldsmith, whom he employed to 
make him a crown of gold, had adulterated 
i with a quantity of silver, he requested 
Archimedes to detect the cheat. 
ingly this philosopher procured two masses 
of gold and silver of equal weight with 
the crown, which he immersed in a veasel 
full of water, at the same time carefully 
noticing the quantity of water which each 
displaced; after which he immersed the 
crown of gold also in the same vessel, and 
by comparing the quantity of water which 
flowed over each time, he was enabled to 
ascertain the proportions of gold and silver 
in the crown. He issaid to have been 
led to this idea by observing on one occa- 
sion, whilst he was bathing, that as he 
immerged his body, the water ran over 
the bath, whence he concluded that the 
water which ran out when his whole body 
was immerged was equal in bulk to his 
body; and on the same principle he con- 
sidered that if the crown were altogether 
ef gold, the ball of goid, being of the 
same bulk as the crown, would, when 
immersed, raise the water just as high as 
the crown iminersed, but if it were wholly 
of silver, the ball of silver being immersed 
would raise the water no higher than the 
crown immersed; and if the crown was of 
gold and silver mixed in a certain propor- 
tion, this proportion would be discovered 


, the ninth letter of the alphabet, used as 
a numeral signifies one, and stands for 
any numbers of units as often as it is re- 
peatad, aa [I, two, [Il, three, &c. When 
placed before a higher numeral, it dimi- 
nishes it by one, as [V, four, [X, nine; 
aad when after, it increases it by one, az 
Xl. e even, XII, twelve, XIII, thirteen, 
“ke. 


Accord- 





ICH 199 


by the height to which the erown, weala 
reise the water higher then the gold and 


lower than the silver. The authors who 
have treated further on thiseubject may be 
found under the article Hypropynamics 
HYGROMETER, An instrument for 
measuring the degree of moisture and dry 
ness of the atmosphere 
HYMEN. The god of marriage. 
HYMENOPTERA. An order of insects - 
in the Linnean system, having membres 
naceous wings, as the gall-fly, the saw-fly, 
the bee, the wasp, the ichneumon, &c 
HYPERBOLA. One of the curves 
formed by cutting a cone obliquely to its 
axis; and ifthe plane be produced se as 
to cut the opposite cone, another hyper 
bola will be formed, which is called the 
opposite hyperbola to the former 


~~ 





' 


HYPERBOLE. An exaggerated repre. 
sentation of any thing. 

HYPOCHONDRIAC. One 
with the spleen or melancholy. 

HYPOTHENUSE. The longest side of 
a right-angled triangle. 

HYPOTHESIS. A principle taken for 
granted, in order to draw conclusions 
therefrom for the proof of a point in 
question 

HYSSOP. A plant with long narrow 
leaves, bearing a crest of flowers. It ie 
doubtful whether this be the hyssop men- 
tioned in Scripture. 

HYSTERICS. Spasmodic, convulsive 
affections of the nerves, to which women 
are particularly subject 


troubled 


fambic feet, that is, a shert and a long foot 
alternately. 

IBIS. A bird ikea stork, which was 
worshipped in Egypt. 

ICEHOUSE. A house in whieh ice is 
deposited against the warm months. 

ICH DIEN, i. e. I serve. The mette om 
the arms ef the Prince of Waites in Eng 
land, first takem by Edward the Blac 


"glen VERSE. Verses compored of | Prince. 


ICH 
IB. IBID. or IBIDEM, The came 


IBEX. An European variety ef the 
daag with very red kerns 








ICHNEUMON. An Egyptian animal 
of the weasel kind that feeds upon the eggs 
ef the crocodile. 






{CHNEUMON (in Entomology). A 
sort of fly, which deposits its eggs in the 
bodies of other insects. 

ICHNOGRAPHY (in Architecture). 
The ground plan of a building. 

ICHNOGRAPHY (in Fortification). A 
draught of the length and breadth of the 
works raised about a place. 

ICHTHYOLOGY. That branch of gene- 
ral zoology which treats of fishes. These 
animals are divided into five orders, name- 
ly, into apodal, or those which hava no 
ventral fins; jugular, which have the ven- 
tral fins placed more forward than the 
pectoral; abdominal, or those which have 
the ventra! fins situated behind; thoracic, 
or those which have their ventral fins situ- 
ated immediately under the pectoral; and 
tne cartilaginous fishes, which have a car- 
tilaginous instead of a bony skeleton. 

ICHTHYOLOGY, Hisrory or. The 
subject of fishes has engaged the attention 
ef naturalists from the time of Aristotle to 
the present period Aristotle, probably the 
first writer on the subject, divided fishes 
into cetaceous, spinose, and cartilaginous; 
ae was, after a long interval, followed by 
several others, who treated of the fishes of 


particular places, as Ovid, who treats of 


pomegranate, plum, &c. 


|which are those of Spitzbergen. 


the fishes of the mee ‘Apnian of tebe f Ai: 


of the Adriatic, and Ausonius of those of 
the Moselle, é&c.; among the moderns there 
are also some who have treated this subject 
partially, as Paul Jovius, who described 
the fishes of the Mediterranean, Schwenk- 
felt those of Silesia, Schonefelt those of 
Hamburgh, Marcgrave the fishes of Brazil, 
Russell and Francis Valentine those of 
Amboyna. Pliny was a general writer 


on the subject and pursued no method; 


4Glian and Athenwus have only scattered 
notices of some few fishes. Among the 
moderns, Bellonius, Rondeletius, Gesner, 
Willughby, Ray, Artedi, and Linneus 
have done most towards reducing this 
science to a systematic order. 
ICOSANDRIA (in Botany). The twelfth 
class in the Linnean system, including 
plants with twenty stamens or more te 
their flowers, as the melon, Indian fig 


IC. In chemisiry,a termination affixed 
to those acids which contain in combin- 
ation the highest known quantity of 
the acidifying principle. 

ICH. Water or other liquid solidified 
by cold; water becoming solid at 32° 
Fahrenheit. Icebergs are vast bodies of | 
ice, among the most remarkable of | 
Some 
of these icebergs are the creation of 
ages, and receive annuaily additional 
bulk by the falling of snow and of rain, 
which often instantly freezes, and more 
than repairs the loss occasioned by the 
influence of the sun. Icefloe is an ag- 
gregated mass of floating ice, frequent 
in the northern seas, and very danger- 
ous to navigation. 

ICELAND SPAR. In mineralogy, a 
pure variety of calcareous spar or car- 
bonate of lime, remarkable for its clear- 
ness, and the beautirmul double refrac- 
tion which it exhibits. 

ICK SPAR. A mineral of a whitish- 
grey color, consisting of silica, alumina, 
potash, 
water: sp. er. 4°32; H =3. 

ICHNEUMONES. A tribe of emit 
cal hymenopterous insects, 


ICHNITES. In geology, fossil foot- — 


prints of animals. Ichnoliteis a stone 
retaining the impression of fossil foots 
marks, . 

i. H.S. An abbreviation for Jesus He — 


Mankind, 


minum Salvater, i. e. Jesus the aariem a h I ' 


lime, peroxide of iron, and ~ 


“ 

















wiew of anything cut off by a plane par- 
allel to the horizon. In architecture, a 
transverse or horizontal section of a 
building, exhibiting the plot of the 
“whole edifice, and of the several apart- 
mentsin any story. Among painters 
the word is used to describe images or 
ancient statues of marbles and copper, 
of busts and semibusts, of paintings in 
fresco, or mosaic works. 

ICHNOLOGY. The science of fossil 


. footprints. 


ICHOR. A thin and sanious fluid, 
which escapes from wounds or sores, 
and irritates or inflames the parts ore 
which it flows. 

ICHTHYOCOLLA. The scientific reine 
ofisinglass,a very pure form of gela- 
tine, prepared from certain parts of the 
entrails of several fish. Good isinglass 
is free from smell or taste, and perfectly 
soluble in boiling water. 

ICHTHYOLITE. A stone containing 


_the petrifaction ofa fish or any of its 


parts. 

ICHTHYOLOGY. The science or 
knowledge of fishes; that department of 
natural history which treats of the 
structure, habits, and classification of 
fishes. Ichthyotomy, the anatomy of 
fishes. 

ICHTHYOPHTHALMITE. A mineral 
of pearly lustre; the fish-eye stone. 

ICHTHYOSIS. In pathology, a rough- 
ness and thickening of the skin, por- 
tions of which become scaly, an occa- 
sionally corneous, with a tendency to 
excrescences. 

IDM, or IDES. A Greek termination, 
employed in natural history to denote a 
certain order or class of animals to 
which the termination ide or idesis af- 
fixed. 

IDE. In chemistry, a termination for 
certain compounds which are not acid; 
as oxides, chlorides, &c. 

IDEALISM. In metaphysical science, 
the theory or system which makes 
everything consist in ideas, and denies 
the existence of material bodies. Ideo- 
logy is a treatise on ideas, or the science 
of mind. 

IDIOLECTRIC. Having the property 
of manifesting electricity on friction. 

IDIOPATHY. In pathology, a primary 
disease, not consequent on other mor- 
bid affections. 

IDIOSYNCRASY. In physiology, a pe- 
culiarity of temperament or constitu- 
tion, which predisposes persons to the 


attacks of certain disorders from which 


others are exempt. 
IDEOLOGY. A treatise on ideas, or the 
doctrine of ideas; the science of mind. 
IDES. In the ancient Roman Calendar, 
the 15th day of March, May, July, and 
October, and.the 18th day of the other 
months. 


_  IDOCRASE. A mineral of various 
_ PAades of brown and green, with a vit- 


reous lustre, consisting of silica, alu- 
minia, protoxide of iron, lime, and TASES 


f ICHNOGRAPHY. In a uivel the 


nesia;: sp. gr. 3:34; H =6, 


IDRIALINE. A mineral substance, 
composed of 18 parts of carbon and 1 of 
hydrogen. 

IGNIS FATUUS. A luminous meteor 
seen in summer nights in marshy 
places; Jack -a-lantern; Will-with-the- 
wisp 

IGUANIDE. A family of Saurian rep- 
tiles, of which Iguana is the type and 


‘genus. 


IGUANODON. In geology, an extinct 
Saurian reptile of enormous size. The 
remains of one discovered in Tilgate 
Forest measured 70 feet from the snout 
to the tip of the tail; the head was 434 
feet in length; the tail, 13 feet; height 
of the body, 9 feet; its circumterence, 
1414 feet; length of the thigh and leg, 8 
feet two inches. (Dr. Mantel). The 
Wealden formation, which contains the 
remains ofthese more than gigantic ten- 
ants of a former world, is overlaid by the 
chalk rocks of England, and is a fresh- 
water deposit. 

. ILLUMINATI. A sect of heretics, who 
sprung up in Spainabout the year 1575; 


the name given to certain associations - 


in modern Europe, who were said to 
have combined to overthrow the exist- 
ing religious institutions. 

ILMENITi. In mineralogy, a variety 
of iron ore, ofa dark brown color, con- 
sisting of titanic acid, peroxide ofiron, 
protoxide of iron, protoxide of mangane 
ese, and magnesia: sp. gr, 4°76; H=6-°75. 

IMMERSION. In astronomy, the dis- 
appearance of any cellestial object be- 
hind another, orits shadow. Thus, in 


the eclipse of one of Jupiter’s satellites, — 


the immersion take place when the sa- 
tellite disappears behind the body of the 
planet, or entersinto the planet’s shad- 
ow; andin an occultation of a planet or 
fixed star by the moon, the immersion 
is the disappearance of the star or planet 
behind the body of the moon, andits 
reappearance is calledits emersion. 


INALINE, A vegetable product, re- 
sembling starch, obtained from the 
roots of Inula hellenium by boiling them 
in water. 

INCIDENCE. In dynamics and optics, 
the angle of incidence is the angle made 
by a ray of light falling on an object 
with a line drawn perpendicularly to 
the surface struck. 

IMPACT, In mechanical science, the 
action of one body upon another, to put 
the latter, ifat rest,in motion, or if in 
motion, to increase, retard, or alter its 
direction, The point against which the 
impelling body actsis called the point 
of impact, 

IMPASTATION, In sculpture, the mix- 
ture of different matters bound together 


by means of cements, capable of resist 


ing the action of fire or alr, 











INCOGNITO, or INCOG (in Europe). 
Literally, unknown, not to be recognised; 
‘a mode of travelling without any mark of 
distinction, which is sometimes adopted 
by princes and great people who do not 
wish to be recognised. 

INCLINED PLANE (in Mechanics). 
A plane inclined to the horizon, or making 
an angle with it, which is one of the me- 
chanical power. 





INCOMBUSTIBLE. A body that ts 
incapable of undergoing combustion 

INCOMBUSTIBLE CLOTH. A sort of 
cloth made from a stone in the form of a 
talc; which stone is called lapis amianthus, 
and asbestos. 

INCOMMENSURABLE (in Geometry). 
A term applied to two lines or quantities 
which have no common measure by which 
they can be divided. 

INCORPORATION (in Law). 
formation of a body politic. 

INCORPORATION (in Chemistry). 
The mingling the particles of different 
bodies together into one mass, in such 
‘manner that the different ingredients can- 
not be distinguished. 

INCREMENT (in Fluxions). The small 
increase’ of a variable body. Dr. Brook 
Taylor, to whom we are indebted for the 
doctrine of increments or finite differences, 
denoted his increments by a dot under the 
variable quantity, thus the increment of x 
was denoted by z; others have employed a 
- gmail accent, thus x’, or thus -z. M. Nicole 
uses another letter to denote the increment 
ef 7, or any variable, as by n; but Euler 
employs the character /\, thus he the in- 
crement of z,and /\y the increment of y. 
Dr. Brook Taylor first published his Me- 
thodus Incrementorum in 1715, which was 
afterwards illustrated by M. Nicole in the 
Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences 
for the years 1717, 1723, and 1724. In 
1723, Ewersun published his method of 
Increments; but the writer who contri- 
buted most to the elucidation of this sub- 
ject was Euler, who, in his Institutiones 
Caleuli Differentialis, gave a new and ex- 
tended form to this branch of analysis. 
Various other writers have since treated 
en this subject, among whem Lacroix, in 
nis Traités des Différences, &c. is theught 
w have been the most happy. 

INCUBATION. The process of a bird 


ettimg ou eggs and hatching ms young, 


The 


‘ne tins entree re thie eae eee Ae 
ent birds, domestic fowls eit three weeka = 


ducks, geese, and turkeysa month, ances 
eighteen davs, &c. 

INCUBUS, or Nicut Maze. A discal 
which consists in an obstructed respira- 
tion, that produces the sensation in sleep 
of a weight pressing on the breast. 

INCUMBENT. One in present posses 
sion of a benefice 

INDECLINABLE. Not varied by ter- 
minations, as an indeclinable noun. 

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. Words 
that are loose and undetermined in their 
meaning, as whatsoever, any, every, é&c 

INDEMNITY (in Law). The saving 
harmless; or a writing to secure one from 
all damage and danger that may ensue 
from any act. 


INDEHISCENT. In botany, applied te | 
pares which do not split open, as tha 

ple 

INDENTED. In fortification, indented 
line is a serrated line forming several 
angles, so that one side defends another. 

INDENTURE. A writing containing a 
contract, originally so called from the 
two copies being indented to show their 
connecting correspondence with each 
other. 

INDETERMINATE. In algebra, inde- 
terminate analysis is a branch which 
has for its object the investigation of 
problems that admit of an infinite num- 
ber of different solutions. Indetermi- 
nate coefficient is a method of analysis 
of very extensive application in the 
higher mathematics. 

INDEX pl. INDEXES, and in mathe- 
matics, INDICES, in music, a character 
or director at the end of a stave to direct 
to the first note of the next stave. In 
arithmetic and algebraitis used as an 
exponent. In optics, it expresses the 
constant ratio which exists between the 
sines of the angles of incidence and re- 
fraction. Index ofa globe is a little style 
fitted on to the north pole, and turning 
round with it, pointing to certain divi- 
sions in the hour circle. 

INDIANITE. A greyish shining min- 
eral found in the Indian Carnatic, in 
masses of a foliated structure, 

INDIAN RUBBER CAOUTCHOUC, An 
elastic gum which exudes from a tree in 
South America. 

INDICATOR. Applied to the»muscle 
which extends the forefinger: 

INDICOLITE. An indigo-colored min- 
eral, a variety of tourmaline or schorl, 
found in Sweden. 

INDIGOTIC. In chemistry, noting an 
acid obtained from indigo when it is’ 
gradually added to boiling nitric acid, 
previously diluted with 12 or 15 parts 
of watea. It forms fine colorless or wate 
lowish-white needles. 


INDITED, In law, that is awused 


Sey 













» Ay 


, Of seme offence sf bin Defoied to jarark: | 


INDICTION, or Cycux oF InpicTION 
(in Chronology). A mode of computing 
time by the space of fifteen years, instituted 
by Constantine the Great. The popes, since 
the time of Charlemagne, have dated their 


_ acts by the year of the indiction, which 


was fixed on the first of January. At the 
time of the reformation of the calendar the 
year 1582 was reckoned the tenth year of 
the indiction. Now this date when divided 
by fifteen eaves a remainder seven, that is 
three less than the indiction, and the same 
aust necessarily be the case in all subse- 
quent cases, so that in order to find the 
tadiction for any year divide the date by 
fifteen and add three to the remainder. 

INDICTMENT. A bill or accusation 
drawn up in form of law, and exhibiting 
some offence, which is preferred to a 
grand jury preparatory to the trial in 
open court. 

INDIGENOUS. Native, as applied to 
animals and plants. 

INDIGO. A beautiful blue colour or 
dye procured from a plant called by the 
Americans, anil; in the Linnean system, 
Indigofera. The indigo used by the diers 
is a fecula procured from the leaves of 
the plant, which are laid in vats ful of 
water, and left to ferment The liquor is 
then drawn off into another vat, and after 
having been well stirred up, it is drawn 
off, and what remains at the bottom is ex- 
posed to the air until it is thoroughly dry, 
when it is fit for use. The principal con- 
stituent parts of indigo are mucilaginous, 
resinous, and earthy matter, with some 
oxide of iron. 

INDORSING. See Enpoxsina. 

INDUCTION (in England). Putting a 
elerk in possession of his living. 

INDUCTION (in Logic). A mode of 
argumentation or reasoning, when the 
species is gathered out of the individuals, 
and the genus out of the species, &c.: as, 
if it be true that all planets borrow their 
light from the sun, then, by induction, it 
is true that Jupiter, Mars, and each indi- 
vidual planet does the same. 

INDULGENCES (in the Romish 
Church). Pardons for sin, granted by the 
pope to such as profess to be penitents. 

INERTIA, or Vis [nextia (in Physi- 
elogy). A passive principle, supposed by 
Sir Isaae Newton to reside in bodies, by 
which they persist in their motion or reat, 
and receive motion weording to the foree 
impreased upon them, and resist as much 
“8& they are resisted 

INFANT (in Law). 
the age of twenty-one. 


Any persom under 








WP ; ae ; 


INFANTA. Thetitle giventothecldest _ 


daughter of the king of Spain or Portugal 

INFANTE. The title given to the eldest 
son of the king of Spain and Portugal 

INFANTRY. The body of foot soldiers 

INFECTION. The communication of 
a disease by certain effluvia which fly off 
from distempered bodies, or from good 
that are infected. 

INFINITESIMALS. Indefinitely small 
parts. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. The mood of a 
verb, so named because it is not limited 
by number or person. 

INFIRMARY. A place where the sick 
poor are received, or can get advice and 
medicines gratis. 

INFLECTION (in Opties). A multiplex 
refraction of the rays of light, caused by 
the unequal thickness of any medium. 

INFLECTION (in Grammar). The 
change which a word undergoes in its 
ending, to express caze, number, gender, 
mood, tense, &c. 

INFLECTION, Point or (in Geome: 
try), A point where a curve begins to 
bend a contrary way. 

INFLORESCENCE. The manner in. 
which plants flower, or in which flowers 
are fastened to the stem by means of the 
peduncle. 

INFLUENZA. A sort of catarrh or 
diseaze from cold, zo called, because it was 
supposed to be produced by the peculiar 
influence of the stars. 

IN FORMA PAUPERIS. See Forma. 

INFORMATION (in Law) An accu- 
sation or complaint exhibited against a 
person, for some criminal offence. An 
information differs from an indictment, 
inasmuch as the latter is exhibited on the 
oath of twelve men, but the information 
is only the allegation of the officer or in 
dividual who exhibits it. 

INFORMER (in Law.) One whe gives 
information, particularly private inferma- 
tion, to a magistrate. 

INFUSIBLE. Not to be fused, or made 
fluid. i 

INFUSION. A method of obtaining the 
virtues of plants, roots, &c. by stecping 
them in a hot or cold liquid. 

INFUSORIA. One of the Linneaa 
orders of animals, of the class vormesa, in- 
cluding such os are simple, microssepic 
animalcule found in stagnant waster. 

INGOT. A wedge or bar of gold. 

INGREDIENT. Any simple that enters | 
into the composition of a compound med: 
cine. 


INGRESS (in Astronomy). The s»* 


i entering tnto the first scrmphe of Aries, <.: 














204 


Laila wal WL ai pitts 
INGROEBS. See Exaross — ire 
INHERITANCE (in Law). An estate 
to a man and his heirs. 

INJECTION (in Anatomy). The filling 
the vessels of a dead subject with any 
eoloured matter to show their ramifications. 

INJECTION (in Surgery). The forcing 
any liquid into the body by means of a 
elyster. 

INITIALS. Letters placed at the be- 
ginnings of words or sentences. 

INJUNCTION. A kind of prohibition 
granted by courts of equity, principally 
with a view of preserving property pend- 
img a suit. 

INK. A black liquor for writing; it is 
emetimes red, when it is called red ‘ak. 
wack ink is of three kinds: namely, [n- 
dian ink, made tn China of lamp-black 
and size; printer’s ink, composed of oW 
and lamp-biack tor the black ink, or of 
vermilion for the red ink; writing ink, 
compneed of an infusion of nutgalls, sul- 

phate of iron or copper dissolved in water, 
logwood, and gum arabic. The red ink is 
composed of Brazil wood, gum, and alum. 

INK, SymratHetic SeeSympatHeEtTic 
lnk, 

INLAND. That place which is situated 
ip the interior of a country, far from the 
seacoast. 

INLAND BILLS (in Commerce). Bills 
payable in the country where they are 
drawn. 

INLAND TRADE. ‘Trade carried on 
within the country; home trade, as oppo- 
sed to foreign commerce. 

INLAYING (among Mechanics). Work- 
ing in-wood or metal with several pieces 
of different colouns, curiously put together. 

IN LIMINE,. In the outset; before 
any thing is said or done. 

INN. A house of entertainment for 
travellers. 

INNS OF COURT (in London). Houses 
or col’sges for the entertainment of stu- | 
dents in the Jaw; the principal of these 
societies at present are Lincoln’s Inn, the 
Inner Temple, and the Middie Temple. 

INNUENDO (in Law). A hint, a doubt- 
ful or obscure expression. 

INOCULATION (in Surgery). 
operation of giving the smali-pox to per- 
sons by incision. When a person is inocu- 
lated with the cow-pox, it is called vacci- 
pation. _ 

INOCULATION (in Gardening). A kind 
of grafting in the bud; as when the bud of 
the fruit tree is set in the stock or branch 
ef another, so as to make several sorts of 
Salt grow on the sqme-trep 








_ INQUIRY. The act of inquiring, 
examination into facts or principles, in 
terrogation, scrutiny, 


rected to the sheriff, commanding him 
to summon ajury, and to inquire into 
the amount of damages due from the 
defendant to the plaintiff in a given 
action. Inmilitary matters, a Board of 
Inquiry, is a term used in contradis- 
tinction to a court-martial. It consists 
of acertain number of officers, who as- 
semble to make inquity on certain mat- 
ters, but not on oath, as a court-martial. 

INOSCULATION. In anatomy, union 
by junction of the extremities, as in 
arteries or veins. 

INSALIVATION. In physiology, the 
admixture of saliva with the aliment 
during the act of mastication. 

INSCONCED. In military science, a 
term used when any part of an army - 
has fortified itself with a sconce, or 
small work, in order to defend a pass. 

INSECT. A small winged or creeping 
animal; anything small or contempt- 
ible. In zoology, one of the third class 
of articulated animals, with a body com- 
posed of three distinct parts—the head, 
the thorax, and the abdomen; they have 
six legs and usually two or four wings 
attached to the thorax, two antenns 
and a distinct head, and respire by 
means of spiracles or minute punctures 
along the sides of the abdomen. Insects 
undergo what is termed metamorpho- 
sis; the first of which is that of the 
larva; the second, pupa, or chrysalis; 
and the third, the imago, or perfect 
insect. The aptera, or wingless insects, 
however, issue from the oyum with the 
form they always possess. 

INSECTIVORA. A family of vertebrate 
quadrupeds living on insects, including 
the shrew, hedgehog, and mole; an or- 
der of birds that feed on insects. 

INSECT. A numerous class of inver- 
tebrate animals, whose bodies are com- 
posed of three distinct parts joined to-— 
gether, with three pairs of feet, and gen- 
erally wings. 

INSERTION. In pathology, the same 
as inoculation, In anatomy and botany, 
the intimate attachment of one part or 
organ to another, asthe insertion of a 
ligament, muscle, orits tendon into a 
bone; or, in botany, that of a corolla, 


! stamen, pistil, leaf, or ovary into any 
The | determinate point of a plant. 


INSESSORHES. In ornithology, an or 
der of birds which perch on trees. 

INSIST. In geometry, an angle is said 
to insist upon the are of the circle in- 
tercepted between the two lines which 
contain the angle. 

IN SITU. In mineralogy, a term fre- 
quently applied te minerals when found 
in their original bed or stratum. { 

INSPIRATION. In anatomy, the 


for truth, information, or knowledge; _ 


investigation. = 
In law, a Writ of Inquiry is a writ di- — 


* 







































a: rs y ] 
ast of breathing o 
_ the alternate contraction and dilatation of . 
_ the chest. ; 

_ INSPIRATION (in Theology). The con- 
veying certain extraordinary notices or mo- 
tions into the mind; or, in general, any su- 
pernatural influence on the human mind. 

INSTALLATION (in England). The 
ceremony of installing, or putting into any 
office or dignity, as placing a dean or pre- 
bendary in his stall or seat, ora knight 
into his order 

, INSTALMENT. The payment of a 

} certain portion of a gross sum, which is to 

+8 be paid at different times, or, as the phrase 

i is, by instalments. 

_INSTANCE (in Civil Law). 

ie secution of a suit. 

7 INSTANT. The smallest perceptible 
portion of time; that wherein we perceive 
WA no succession. 

x INSTANTER. Instantly. 

INSTATU QUO (in Diplomacy). A 
term signifying that condition in which 
things were left at a certain period, as 
when belligerent parties agree that their 
mutual relations should be in statu quo, or 
as they were before the commencement 
of a war, and the like. 

INSTINCT. The sagacity or natural 
aptitude of brutes, which supplies the 
place of reason. 

INSTITUTE. Any society instituted or 
established according to certain laws, or 
regulation for the furtherance of some 

\ particular object, such as colleges, or aca- 
demies, as they are sometimes called, Lite- 
rary Institutes, Mechanics’ Institutes, and 
the like. 

INSTITUTES. A book go entitled, con- 
taining the elements of the Roman or Civil 
Law The Institutes are divided into four 
books, and contain an abridgement of the 
whole body of the Civil Law. 

INSTELLON. The region of stars, or 
that space beyond thesolar system. 

INSTEP. The fore-part of the upper 
side of the foot, nearits junction with 
the leg. The instep of a horse is that 
part of the hind leg which reaches from 
the ham to the pastern-joint. 

INSPEXIUS. The first word of an- 
cient charters, confirming a former 
royal grant or charter, 
‘INSTRUMENT. A too to-do any 

; thing with. 

“f INSTRUMENT (in Law). A deed or 
writing drawn up between two parties, 
and containing several covenants agreed 

‘between them. 

2% INSTRUMENT (in Music). Any frame, 

structure, or contrivance, by which har- 

‘Renlous sounds peyine produced, 


The pro- 





4 


r taking n the aly, by | 


INSTRUMENTAL (in Musie). An epi 
thet for the music of instruments, as dis 
tinguished from the vocal music, or thai 
of the human voice. . 

- INSULATE. Properly, standing alone; 
az, in Architecture, an insulate column, 
that which stands alone 

INSULATED (in Chemistry). <A term 
for bodies that are supported by electrics 
or nonconductors, so that their communi- 
cation with the earth, by conducting sub- ~ 
stances, is interrupted 

INSURANCE, or ASSURANCE (in 
Law). A contract or agreement by whick 
one or more persons, called insurers or 
agsurers, engage, for a certain premium 
paid, to make good the loss of any house, 
ship, or goods, by fire, shipwreck, or other- 
wise, ' 

INSURANCE COMPANIES. Com- 
panies of persons who form a fund or 
capital, which they dispose of, in insuring 
the property of others against casualties 
by fire, &c. 

INSURANCE OFFICE. The place 
where insurance companies conduct their 
business, of which there are many in Lon- 
don and in.all the capitals of Europe, and 
America. 

INTAGLIOS. Precious stones, having 
the heads of great men or inscriptions, 
&c. engraven on them, such as are to be 
seen on encient rings, seals, &c. 

INTEGER (in Arithmetic). A whole 
number, as distinguished from a fraction; 
as one pound, one yard, &e. 

INTEGRAL PARTS. 
make up a whole. 

INTEGUMENTS (in Anatomy). The 
coverings of any part of the body, as the 
cuticle, cutis, &e. The common integu- 
ments are the skin, with the fat and cellu- 
lar membrane adhering to it, also partieu 
lar membranes, which invest certain parte 
of the body, are called integuments, as the 
tunics or coats of the eye. 

INTENDANT. A military officer, who 
has the inspection and management of 
certain affairs. 

INTENSITY. The state of being affected 
to ahigh degree; the power or energy of 
any quality raised to its highest pitch 

INTERCALATION (in Chrenelogy) 
An inserting or putting in a day in the 
month of February every fourth year 

INTERDICT. A papal censure pront 
biting divine offices to be performed within 
any parish or town, &c.; which was put 
in force in England in the reign ot King 
John, and in Germany several times at 
different periods. 

INTBREST (iy Commerce). Mone’ 


Parts which 





paid for the use or loan of meney. 
sum lent is called the principal ; the sum 
paid by the borrower, the interest; and 
when the two are incorporated, the interest 
paid upon that is called compound interest, 
er interest upon interest. 

INTEREST (in Arithmetic). A rule by 
which the in%srest of money is computed, 
which is either simple or compound. 

INTERJECTE£ON. An indeclinable part 
ef speech, serving to express the emotions 
ef the mind. 

INTERLOCUTORY ORDER (in Law). 
An order which does not decide the cause 
itself,only some intervening matter relating 
to t. 

INTERLOPERS (in Law). Those who, 
without legal authority, intercept or hinder 
| the trade ofa company, lawfully established 
to trade in a particular way or part. 

INTERLUDE. An entertainment be- 
tween the acts of a play, for the purpose 
of allowing the performers time to rest, &c. 

INTERPOLATING (among Critics). In- 
serting a spurious passage, into the writings 
of some ancient author. 

INTERREGNUM. In Europe, the va- 
cancy ofa throne, by the death or deposition 
ef a king. 

INTERREX. He who governs while 
there is no King. 

INTERROGATION. A question put. 

INTERROGATION, or Note ov In- 
feRROGATION (in Grammar). A mark thus 
@) put at the end of a question 

INTERROGATIVES. Words used in 

aking a question, as why, wherefore, 
&e. 

INTERROGATIVESYSTEM. A mode 
of teaching by means of question and an- 
ower. 

INTERROGATORIES (in Law). Ques- 
tions in writing demanded of witnesses in 
a cause, particularly in the Court of Chan- 
cery. 

IN TERROREM. By way of frighten- 
ing or deterring. 

INTERSECTION (in Mathematics). 
The cutting of one line er plane by another. 

INTERVAL (in Music). The difference 
between two sounds, a3 respects acute and 

ve. 

INTESTATE. One dying without a will. 

INTESTINA (in Zoology). An order 
im the Linnean system, of the class vermes, 
izeluding earthworms and leeches. 

INTESTINE MOTION (in Physiology). 
That motion which takes place in the cor- 
pascles or smallest particles of a body. 

INTESTINES. The convoluted mer- 
brameous tube in the body of animals. in 
the human subject, the imtesiines are divi- 





The 





dou inte Taree and ema 1, 
consists of three distinct portions. — 


INTOLERANCE. The not iaratiag’ 
or allowing of every man’s private judg- — 


ment, in matters of doctrine or discipline. 

INTONATION (in Music). The act of 
sounding the notes in the scale with the 
voice, or any other given order of musical 
tones. 

INTRANSITIVE VERBS. Verbs that 
express actions, that do not pass over te 
an object, as go, come, &c. 

IN TRANSITU. During the passage 
from one place to another. ‘ 

INTRUSION (in Law). A violent or 
unlawful seizing upon lands or tenements, 

INTUITION. The mental view of a 
matter,or the instantaneous act of the mind, 
in perceiving the agreement or disagree- 
ment of ideas. 

IN VACUO, i. e. In empty space, or 
in space comparatively empty. 

INVALID (in Military or Naval Affairs). 
A soldier or sailor, wounded or disabled 
in war, and unfit for service. 

INVENTION. Any new mechanica 
contrivance for assisting human labour. 

INVENTORY. A catalogue or list of 
goods. 

INVERSION (in Geometry). The chang- 
ing antecedents into consequents in the 
terms of proportion, and the contrary. 

INUNDATZ (in Botany). One of the 
Linnean natural orders, consisting of aqua- 
tic plants 

INVOCATION (among Poets), An ad- 
dress to their favourite poet. 

INVOICE. A bill or account of gooda 
gent by a merchant to his correspondent 
in a foreign country. 

INVOLUNTARY HOMICIDE (fin 
Law). The killing a man by accident, 
which differs from excusable homicide by 
misadventure in this, that the latter hap- 


pens in the performance of a lawful aet, — 


but the former may be an indifferent or 
a positively unlawful act, which is murder 
or manslaughter according to the nature 
of the case. 

INVOLUTION. The raising any quan- 
tity to a given power by multiplying it 
into itself the required number of times; 
thus, the cube of 3 is got by multiplying 3, 
the root, into itself twice, as 33X37. 

IODINE. A deadly potaen: of a black 
colour and metallic lustre, procured from 
kelp, which resembles chlorine in its odour. 
and power of destroying vegetable colours. 
Iodine is incombustible, but with azote it — 
forms a curious detonating powder, 

fONiC ORDER (in Arehitecture). Am 


order so called from Ionia in Lasser Asia. tsi 








rn 










‘188 


and several pleces TaRy be united inte one 
mass, by & process called welding. Iron is 
the only metal thet ia susceptible ef mag- 
netic attraction. Pure iron is very rarely 







or furrowed with twenty-four gutters, and 
¥ “its length, with the capital and base, is 
_ twenty-nine modules, the chapiter being 


ee 8 ne 





a “Sa eee. ae ae 
nam nies 2 


__ ¢hiefty composed of volutes or scrolls. 





IPECACUANHA. A medicinal root, 


which comes from South America, and was 


introduced into Europe in the seventeenth 
century, when it was much esteemed for 
the cure of dysenteries, but afterwards fell 
into disuse. 

{PSE DIXIT. Literally, he himself 
said it; aterm signifying an opinion that 
rests on the word er authority of an indi- 
vidual only. 

IPSO FACTO. The very fact. 

IRIDIUM. A metallic substance procured 


to be found ; the principal varieties of iron 
are the cast or pig iron, or that which is im- 
mediately extracted from the ore ; wrought 
iron, that which has gone through the pro- 
cess of melting in a furnace; and steel, 
that which has been heated in charcoal, 
and hardened by its combination with 
carbon. 

IRON. The name of several tools made 
of iron, particularly that which servea, 
when heated, to smooth linen after it has 
been washed. 

IRONMONGER. A dealer in iron 
The company of ironmongers in London, 
were incorporated in 1462. 

JRONMOULDS. Spots in linen, left 
after ironing from stains of ink 

IRONMOULDS (among Miners). Yel. 
low lumps of iron or stone foand in ehalk- 
pits. 

IRRATIONAL (in Mathematies), An 
epithet applied to surd. quantities. 

ISINGLASS. A gelatinous matter. 
formed of the dried sounds of ced and 
other fish. It is the principal ingredient 
in the blancmanger of the eooks, and is 
also used inedicinally 

ISIS (in the Mythology of the Egyptians) 
The wife and sister of Osiris. 

ISLAND. A country surrounded on all 
sides with water, as Great Britain, Ire- 
land, &c 

ISLAND CRYSTAL. A transparent 
stone of the nature of spar, a piece of 
which laid upon a book, every letter seen 
through it will appear double. Jt was 
originally found in Iceland, whence it was 
called Iceland or Island Crystal, and is to 
be met with in France and other parts of 
Europe. 

MNSOCHRONAL or ISOCHRONOUS 


from platina. 
IRIS (in Anatomy). A striped, varie- |; VIBRATIONS. Vibrations of a pendulum 
gated circle, next to the pupil of the eye. | performed in the same space of time. 
Ppt IRIS (in Botany). The flower de luce ISOPEREMETRICAL FIGURES. Fi- 
ps wr flag-flower, &c.; a plant with a bulbous | gures having equal perimeters or circam- 
i root, which bears a beautiful blue flower. | ferences. 
: here are many species of it, as the com-| ISOSCELES TRIANGLE. A triangk 









_ Bible except 
TH, 


mon yellow or water iris, the flag iris, the 
iwart iris, é&e. 
IRIS (among Opticians). The change- 


: __ #ble colours which appear in the glasses 
of telescopes, &c. 


TRON. One of the most useful and 


_ abnndant metals, which was one of the 
first metals that was known and worked. 
This metal is easily oxidized, but is infu- |} the other. 
an intense heat ; it is, how- | of fact, er matters of law. 


Mt a leas degrees of heat, 





having two sides or legs equal to eack 
other. 

ISSUE (in Law). 1. The children be- 
gotten between a man and his wife. 2. The 
profits arising from lands, tenements, fines, 
&c. 3. The point of matter at issue between 
contending parties in a enit, when a thing 
is affirmed on the one side, and denied on 
Issnes my be either on matters 


ISSUE (in Medicine) An onttficiay 


JAC 


aperture, giving vent te nexieus bumeurs: 


B the body. 

ISSUES (in Military Affairs) Certain 
sums of money given into the hands of 
agents, for the payment of the army. | 

ISSUES (i1 Fortification). Outlets in a 
town. 

ISTHMIAN GAMES. Games formerly 
eslebrated by the Greeks at the Isthmus 
of Corinth every three, four, or five years. 

ISTHMUS. A little neck of land joining 
2 peninsula to a continent, ag the Isthmus 
ef Corinth, &c. : 

ITALIC. A kind of letter used in print- 
ing, by way of distinction frem the Roman, 
as in this word, Jtaly. 

ITCH. A cutaneous disease, supposed to 
be caused by an insect of the acarus tribe 
called the itchmite. This smal! insect, 
which is white, with reddish legs, is found 


J, the tenth letter of the alphabet. 

JACK (in Mechanics). An instrument 
fm common use for raising very great 
weights of any kind. 

JACK (among Mariners). The flag which 
ts hung out in the bowsprit end. 

JACK (in Natural History). A kind of 
pike that is very destructive in fishponds. 

JACK, Smwoxz. An engine placed in 

chimacys, and turned by means of the 





aseonding smoke, which answers the pur- 
pose of the kitchen jack. 
JACKAL A beast of prey nearly allied 





<A 
Se 


a 


Tenge 





to the deg. It follows the lien and feeds 
ween tho remeins of animals he hee killed 








in the small peliuetd vesicles of the hand, 
and joints infected with the itch. __ Lage ee 
_ITTNERITE. A bluish mineral, con- Day), 
sisting of silica, alumina, lime, soda, AN} 


peroxide of iron, and water: sp. gr .2°38; 
fs By es 88 


ITTRIA, YTTRIA. A non-acid com- © 
pound of the metal ittrium or yttrium i” 
with oxygen. : ge 

IXODES, The name ofa genus of par- % 
asitical Acari found on the skins of do- ‘ 


jmestic quadrupeds. ; 
IXOLITE. A mineral ofa greasy lustre, 
found in bituminous coal. 

IVORY. A finer sort of bone, or an 
intermediate substance between bone and 
horn, prepared from the tusk of the male 
elephant. 

IVY. A parasitic or twining plant, that 
runs about trees, walls, &c. by means of 
roots and fibres from its branches. 


J. 


JACKDAW. A bird of the crew kina © 
having a white collar about its neck. 

JACKS. Small bits of wood fixed te 
the keys of virginals, harpsichords, and 
spinnets. 

JAC K-WITH-THE-LANTERN, or 
Wiu..-o’-rHx-Wisr. Vulgar names for the 
ignis fatuus or meteor, which hovers in the 
night about marshy places, and seems to 
be mostly occasioned, by the extrication of 
phosphorus from rotten leaves, and other 
vegetable matters. It appearslike acandle | 
in a lantern, and has sometimes caused 
travellers to lose their way. 

JACOBIN. A partisan of the French 
revolution. 

JACOBITES. A name given to the ad- 
herents of James II. at and after the reve- 
lution in England a 

JACOB’S STAFF. A mathematical in. = 
strument for taking heights and distances \ 

JACOBUS. A gold coin in the reign of 
James [. current at 208. 238. and 25s. Papas 

JACTITATION OF MARRIAGE. In ie 
England, a suit in the ecclesiastical court, 
when one of the parties boasts or gives 
out that he or she is married, which the 
other party denying, and no adequate 
proof of the marriage being brought, the 
offending party 1s enjoined silence on that 
h i 









JADE. See Nurunite rt, 
JAG (in Botany). A division er cleft iz 
a leaf, We a 
JALAP The roct cf a West Indian 
plant, of the conveivulus tribe, of a black — 





















cat eee et ge eee 


resinous fi It was not known im 
ngland until after the diecavery of Ame- 


 Fica, and received its name from Xalapa,a 
_ town in New Spain. 
- stituent parts of jalap are resin and starch. 


The principal con- 


JAGUAR. An animal of the cat kind, 


resembling the panther; it is found in the 


Rosthern part of South America, and in 
Moxice 





JAMB (among Carpen‘ers). Any sup 
porter on either side, as the posts of a 
door. 

JAMB (among Miners). A thick bed of 
stone that obstructs the miners in their 
pursuing the veins of ores. 

JANIZARIES. The grand seignior’s 


_ guard, or the soldiers of the Turkish in- 


fantry, which have lately been abolished, 
and their places supplied by ereope trained 
after the European manner. 

JANUARY. The first month in the year, 
supposed to take its name from Janus; an 
ancient king of Italy. 

JAPANNING. The art of varnishing 
and painting figures on wood, metal, &c. 
as is practised by the inhabitants of Ja- 
pan, &c. 

JAPONICA. The Japan rose. 

JAR. A measure of capacity, as a jar of 
il, containing from 18 to 26 gallons 

JASMIN. See Jessamine. 

JASPER. A precious stone of a green 
transparent colour, with red veins. Itiga 
eort of silicious earth, consisting mostly c’ 
Silica, with a small portion of alumina 
oxide of iron, magnesia, and potash. 

JAVELIN. A sort of half pike or spear. 

JAUNDICE. A disease proceedis.g from 
obstructions in the glands of the liver,which 
causes the bile to overflow, and turns the 
complexion yellow. 

JAW. A bone of the mouth, in which 


es the teeth are fixed. 









JAWS. The two pieces in the cock of 


' _& gun between which the flint is Axed. 


JEHOVAH. The proper name of the 


"Mest High im the Hebrew. 
oa eat. "et coe ea the juice of 


yest nae tie Noy SOA 


gy EW 
fruits, pail into a tremuleus, poft seb- 
stance: when long boiled it loses the pro- 
perty of gelatinizing, and becomes anala- — 
gous to mucilage. 

JERBOA. A lively little animal shaped 
like the Opossum of the size of a rat, and © 
found in Egypt, and the adjacent countries, 

JAY. A bird with particoloured plumage, 
gome varieties of which may be taught to 
speak. The blue jay of America is remark 
able for ita brilliant PIDEee 












Lip ee 

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE A sert 
ef sunflower, which resembles the artichoke 
in taste. 

JESSAMINE, or JASMIN A plant 
bearing fragrant flowers, which is com- 
monly trained to the walls of houses. 

JESUITS, or the Orper or Jesus. A 
religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola 
in 1538, and abolished in 1773, on account 
of their intrigues, but partially restored 
since. 

JESUITS BARK. The Cimchona oz 
Peruvian Bark, so called because it was 
first used by the Jesuit missionaries in 
Peru. 

JET (in Mineralogy). A deep black sort 
of bitumen. 

JET D’EAU. The pipe of a fountain 
which throws up the water in the air. 

JETSAM (in Law). Any thing thrown 
out of a ship which is in danger of a wreck 

JEU D’ESPRIT. A _ lively, — pretty 
thought. 

JEWEL The name of the precious 
stones which ere worn as ornaments. 

JEWELLER. One who works or deala 
in jewels and all kinds of precious stones, 

JEWEL OFFICE. In England, an of- 
fice where the king’s plate is fashioned, 
weighed, and delivered out by the war- 
rant of the lord chamberlain 

JEWS. The descendants of the twelve 
tribes of Israel, who were so called after 
their return from the captivity of Babylon, 
from Judah, one of the sons of Jacob, 
whose tribe formed the most censiderable 
part of those that remained of tke Israelites 
Although the Jews have lost the distinction 


of their tribes, ama are dispersed throughont 





me 08©60- OU” 


eat natiens, yet they remein a porfactly 
@istinct people, and adhere to the religion 
ef their forefathers. Their eondition has 
beer considerably ameliorated in all Chris- 
tian countries where they now reside. 

JEW’S-EAR. A kind of mushroom. 

JEW’S-HARP. A musical instrument 
which is played between the teeth. 

JEW’S-MALLOW. A plant whose 
leavee are produced alternately at the 
stalks. The mower expands in the form of 
2 rose. 

SIB. The foremost sai} of a ship. 

JOBBER. One who buys and sells 

for another. 

JOCKEY. A man who rides horses at 
yaces, 

JOHN DOREE. A species of fish. 

JOINER. A worker in wood, who fits 
together the several pieces which have been 
prepared for each other, He differs from 
the carpenter, inasmuch as he does the finer 
work, that requires more skill. The com- 
pany of joiners in London, was incorpora- 
ted in 1570. 

JOINT (in Anatomy). The place where 
any bone is articulated, or joined with 
another. 

JOINT (in Masonry). The separation 
between the stones, which is filled with 
mortar. 

JOINT (in Joinery). The parts where 
2wo pieces of woed join. 

JOINT (in Botany). The knot in the 
stalk of a plant. 

JOINT (among Butchers). The limb 
that is cut from the carcass of an animal. 

JOINT STOCK (in Commerce). A 
stock or fund, formed by the union of 
several shares from different persons. 

JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. Com- 
mercial associations, having a stock con- 
sisting of many shares: in such associations 
the shareholders gain or lose, according to 
the number of shares which tlvey hold. 

JOINTURE (in Law). A settlement of 
lands and tenements made over by the 
husband to the wife, to be enjoyed after 
his decease. 

JOISTS. Timbers framed into the girders, 
or sommers of a building. 

JONQUIL. A plant of the Narcissus 
Kind, the flowers of which are either single 
er double, and are much esteemed for their 
sweet scent. 

JOURNAL Any book in which is kept 
an account of what passes jn the day. 

JOURNAL (in Merchants’ Accounts). 
A book wherein every thing ta posted out 
a the waste-heok. 


4QURNAL (ameng Publishers and 


Beokeellers) A periodiea) werk. otthen ie 


daily, weekly, or monthiy,&0. 

JOURNAL (among Mariners) A beok 
wherein is kept an account of the ship’s 
way at sea. % 

JOVE. The name ot the suprem 
deity among the Romans: Jupiter; the 
planet Jupiter; the air or atmosphere, 
or the god of the air. In alchemy, tin. 

JOURNEYMAN. One wio works by 
the day, the week, or the year, &c. for 
another. 

JUBILEE. Every fiftieth year, cele 
brated as a festival among the Jews, in 
commemoration of their deliverance out 
of Egypt. At this festival, which was a 
season of joy, bondservants were set free. 

JUBILEE (in the Romish Church). A 
solemnity instituted a. p. 1300, by Pope 
Boniface, to be observed every hundredth 
year, or every twenty-fifth year, as en- 
joined by Pope Sixtus IV. for the per 
formance of several ceremonies in order to 
obtain pardons, remissions from sins, in- 
dulgences, &c. The jubilee lasts a whole 
year, and as i brings in great stores of 
wealth to the popes, it has been called the 
Golden Year. 

JUDAISM. The rites, customs, and 
doctrines of the Jews. 


"JDGE (in Law). A chief magiscrate 


appointed to administer justice in civil 
and criminal causes. _ 
JUGATE. In botany, a term applied 
to the leaflet pairs in compound leaves. 
JUGULAR. Pertaining to the throat 
orneck,. Jugular veins are the veins 
which bring the blood from the head 
down the sides of the neck, By theit 
union with the subclavian vein, they 
form the superior vena cava, which 
terminates in the superior part of the 
right auricle of the heart. Jugulars,ir 
ichthyology, comprehend that class of 
fishes which are distinguished by having 
ventral fins anterior to the pectorals. 
JUDGE MARTIAL, or Jupez Apvo- 
catz, or Apvocatz Grnznat. The su- 
preme judge in courts martial. 
JUDGMENT (in Law). The sentenes 
of the court, pronounced by the judge en 
the matter in the record, either in cages of 
default, where the defendant puts in no 
pies ; or of confession, when the defendant 
acknowledges the action; or upon demur 
rer, where the defendant pleads a bad plea 
in bar; or upon @ ponsuit or retraxit, where 
the plaintiff withdraws or abandons the 
prosecution. Judgments are either inter- 
locutory, that is, given in the middle of a 
cause on some intermediate point, er final, 
so a3 to put an end to the action. 


JUDICIAL (in Law). Am epithet fy 



















4 ape tty. f 
id 3 Ue 
ny y 4 
: Why 
ig UP 
eth 
y 


what appertains to a court, as judicial 


decisions, &c. 


_ JUJUBES. In the materia medica, a 
fruit of the pulpy kind, produced on a 
tree which Linnzeus considers as a 
species of Rhamnus. 

JULEP. In medicine, 
mixture. 

JULUS. In botany, a catkin: an in- 
florescence of the Willow, Hazel, &c. 

JULIAN PERIOD (in Chronology). 
A period of 7980 eonsecutive years, pro- 
duced by the multiplication of the three 
eycles of the sun, moon, and indiction into 
one another. It was so called because it 


mucilaginous 


consists of Julian years 


JULIAN YEAR. A space of time eon- 
sisting of 365 days and 6 hours, so called 
from Julius Cesar, by whom it was esta- 
blished. The calendar, which contained 
an account of Julian time, was called the 
Julian Calendar; and the time when it 
was first instituted, namely, 46 a. c., the 
Julian Epocha. 

JULY. The seventh month in the year, 
so called in honour of Julius Cesar. 


JUNIPER TREE. A sort of tree or} 


shrub, having long, narrow, and prickly 
leaves, and bearing a soft pulpy berry. 
This shrub is common on heaths and bar- 
ren hilis, but the berries which are nsed 
medicinally are brought from Germany. 
From the berries is made, in Holland, the 
gin called Hollands gin. i 

JUNO (in the Heathen Mythology). The 


_ wife of Jupiter, whoze emblem was the 


peacock. 





JUNO (im Astronomy). One of the 
eewly discovered planets. 

JUNTA. A Spanish term for a meeting 
ef men sitting in council. 

JUPITER (in Astronomy). One of the 
largest of all the planets, being, according 
te some, upwards of two thousand times 


bigger than eur earth. It is the most bril- 


liant star after Venus, revolves on its own 
axis im 9 hours and 56 minutes, and per- 
ferms its revolution round the sun in 4322 


ss Mays 14 hours 18 minutes and 41 seconds. 








ee SOME Uae 


_ JUPITER (in the He then Mythology) 
The son of Saturn and Ops, and’ chief of 
the gods, was the most honoured among 
men. His most usual attributes are the 
eagie, and thunder, and sometimes a figure 
of victory, and a spear, &c. 


«a 

JURISDICTION. The power or authe- 
rity invested in any individual or court, of 
doing justice in the causes brought before 
them. 

JURISPRUDENCE. Properly, a know 
ledge of the laws, or skill in interpreting . 
and applying them; also the laws them 
selves, together with all that relates to 
their administration. English juriepru- 
dence comprehends the common and stat- 
ute law, together with such parts of the 
civil and canon law as have been admitted 
into their courts. 

JORY (in Law). A certain number of 
persons swern to inquire of, and to declare 
the truth upon the evidence offered to them 
relating to the matter of fact. Juries are 
of different kinds, as the grand jury, petty 
jury, special jury, common jury, coroner’s 
jury, &c. The grand jury, consisting of 
twenty-four persons, is chosen to consider 
all bills of indictment preferred to the court, 
which they return as true, by writing upon 
them, ‘billa vera,’ true bill, or throw out 
by indorsing the word ‘ignoramus.’? The 
petty jury, consisting of twelve men, is 
chosen to try all causes civil and criminal : 
in the latter canses they give a verdiet of 
Guilty, or Not Guilty ; in civil causes, they 
bring a verdict either for the plaintiff or 
the defendant; and in real actions, either 
for the demandant or tenant. A jury is 
called special, when it is returned fora 
particular cause, and common wklen it ig 
returned by the sheriff in the same parel, 
to try every cause at the same court. 

JURYMAN. One whe ts awern on a jury 

JURY-MAST. A great yard used ia 
the piace of the foremast er mainmest, 
when it is breken dow by @ stesm. oe 


4 


AN 


aun 


owen ie 






natural order of Acrogens, consisting of thorn leo Maurorum), which fur- 






rf: K 


A UG ; ANT ae Ag drrerees 
JUNGERMANNIACER, In botany, a, JUWANZA. The nam 


i ft 
eof the camel’ 


nishes the manna of the desert, and is _ 


creeping moss-like plants, of which , 
Pe PB used for making screens, &. = 


Jungermannia is the genus and type. eR 
JUNKERITR. A avpatdiined mineral} JUXTAPOSITED. Placed near; adja- 
of a yellow-grey color, consisting of| Cent or contiguous. AR 
protoxide ofiron, carbonic acid, silica,| JUXTAPOSITION. The state of being 
and manganese: sp. gr. 3°8; H=3'81. placed in nearness or contiguity. ~ . 
JUSSI. A textile fibre produced in| JUZAIL. A heavy rifle used by the ~ 
Manilla, of which dresses, &c., are made.|Affghans. ‘ x 

JUTE. An annual plant common in|, JURASSIC. In geology, atermapplied _ | 
Bengal, from which a coarse kind of to the oolitic system, and so calledfrom ¢ — 
cloth is woven, and of whick the gunny- its occurrence in the Jura mountains 








bags are made. 


JUTES. An old Teutonic or Scandina- 
vian tribe from Jutland, who invaded 


Englaidin the fifth century. 


K, the eleventh letter in the alphabet, stood 
a8 a numeral! for 250, with a stroke over 
it thus, R, for 250,000 ; as an abbreviation, 
it stands for Knight, as K. G. Knight of 

e Garter, K. B. Knight of the Bath. 

KALE. A hardy kind of winter cab- 
+ age, with a curled leaf. 

KALEI DOSCOPE. An _ optical in- 
strument for exhibiting a diversity of 
beautiful figures, invented by Dr. Brews- 
ter. Itis chiefiy used by calico-printers, 
potters, and carpet manufacturers, who are 


thus supplied with an immense variety of 


patterns. 

KALI (called in Botany Sarsova Katt). 
A sort of marine plants, from which the 
alkali of commerce is procured by burning, 





KALMUCS. A nation of Tartars inha- 
biting parts of Russia in Asia. 
KAMSIN. A hot and dry southerly 


. wind, common in Egypt and the deserts 


ef Africa, which prevails more or less for 
fifty days. On the approach of this wind 
the sky becomes dark and heavy, the air 
gray and thick, and filled witha dust so 
subtie that it penetrates everywhere. It 
is not remarkably hot at first, but increases 
im heat the longer it continues, during 
whieh time it causes a difficulty ef breath- 


of Switzerland. 

JUREMA BARK, An astringent bark 
obtained from the Acacia jurema of 
Brazil, 


9 


ing, and when at ite highest pitch, will 
cause suffocation and sudden death. To 
prevent this, it ia necessary to stop the 
nose and mouth with handkerchiefs. 
KAN. A magistrate in Persia, answer- 
ing to a governor in Europe. 
KANGAROO. Ananimalin Austra- 
lia, which, when full grown, is as large . 
asasheep. It leaps and eata like a squir- 
rel. Itis furnished, like the opossum, with 
a pouch in the abdomen, which is a recep- 
tacle for its young during the time of 
breeding, and is resorted to after the birth 
for the sake of warmth and protection. It 
is said to leap thirty yards ata single bound. 





KAOLIN. A sort ef earth which is 
used as one of the two ingredients in paree- 
lain. 

KECKLING (among Mariners). Wind- 
ing or twining small ropes about a cable oy 
bolt-rope, te preserve them from galling. 4 

KEDGER. A small anchor, 

KEDGING (among Mariners). Setting 
up the sails, and letting a ship drive with 
the tide, when the wind is contrary to the 
tide. 

KEEL. The lowest piece of timber ie — 
a ship, running her whole length. Seme 
times a sevond Kee., or false keel, ast 












-KEXZLERS (among Mariners). Small 


ane : tubs use in calking ships. 









KEEL-HAULING (among Mariners). 
A punishment of offenders at sea by let- 


ting them down with ropes, and drawing 


them under the keel frem one side to the 
other. 
KEELSON (in Naval Architecture). A 


principal timber in a ship, laid withinside 


neroas ail the timbers. 

KEEP. A strong tower in old castles, 
where the besieged retreated in cases of 
extremity. 

KEEPER (in England). An officer of 
diiferent descriptions, as the Keeper of the 
(reat Seal, a lord by his office, and one 
of the Privy Council, through whose hands 
pass aJl charters, commissions, and grants 
of the king under the Great Seal ; Keeper 
of the Privy Seal, through whose aands 
parse all charters, &c. before they come to 
the Great Seal ; besides which there is the 
Keeper of the Forests, the Keeper of the 


_ Touch, an officer of the Mint, &c. 


KEEPING (among Painters). Thema 
nagement of lights and shades, so as to 
preserve the proper distances of objects 
according to the rules of perspective. 

KEG. A barrel for pickled fish. 

KELP. The ashes of the salsola soda 
and other marine plants, which, when 
burnt im pits, and stirred about for alength 
of time, ferm hard masses, that are used 
in making soap. In this manner the min- 
eral alkali called soda is procured. 

KENNEL (among Sportsmen). A place 
in which dogs are kept; also the hole in 
whicb a fox lies. ’ 

KERMES.. A round body of the size of 
a pea, and of a brownish-red colour, which 
contains a number of soft granules filled 
with a red colour. -[t is found in the 
southern parts of Europe adhering to the 
searlet oak, and waz till lately supposed 
to be a vegetable excrescence; but is now 
known to be the extended body of an 
animal filled with a numerous offspring, 
which are the little red granules. 

KERMES MINERALIS. A preparation 
sf antimeny, so called from its beautiful 
deep orange colour. 

KESTREL A small kind of hawk. 

KETCHUP? The liquor of mushrooms, 
which ts much used as a sauce. 

KETTLE-DRUM. Adrum, the vellum 
head of which is spread over a bedy of 


press 
KETTON STONE. An apuque compact 


KETCH. A stron ity built aie hay 


amain and a mizzen mast. 





KEY ahong Smiths). An instrument 
for opening a lock, having cavities te cor- 
respond to the wards of the lock. 

KEY (in Gunnery). The firelocks and 
Springiocks of gun-carriages. 

KEY (in Carpentry). The last board 
that is laid. 

KEY (in Music). Aname for the pieces 
of wood or ivory in an organ er harpsi 
chord, which are struck by the finger in 


playing en instrument ;alsothefundamen - 


tal note, otherwise called the cleff or cliff 

KEY (in Commerce). The sare as 
Quay. 

KEY, or Gorv Key (in Court Eti- 
quette). In England, the key which is 
worn by the Lords of the Bedchamber. 

KEYS (in Naked Flooring). Pieces of 
timber framed in between every two joists. 

KEYS (in Joinery). Pieces of timber let 
in transverse to the fibres, into the back of 
a board. 

KEYS (in England) ‘The twenty-four 
commoners in the [sle of Man, wno are the 
conservators of the liberties of the people 

KEY-STONE (among Architects). The 
name for those stones which form the 
sweep of an arch, particularly the last or 
middle stone placed on the top of the arch 
or vault, , 

KIDN APPING (in Law). The forcible 
taking away aman, woman, or child, in 
order to carry them abroad. Thie is an 
offence at common law, and punishable by 
fine, imprisonment, and pillory. 

KIDNEY-BEAN. A garden pulse hav- 
ing a papilionaceous flower, the pistil ef 
which becomes a long pod, that is eaten 
before the seeds are fully formed. 

KIDNEYS. Glands shaped lke a kid- 
ney-bean, which separate the urine from 
the blood. There are two pehoeedi one 38 
each Jumbar regien 


ee a ee aN Se ge 





bird that frequents oper grounds and con- 
stanthy cries Kildeer. . 

KILDERKIN. A liquid measure con- 
taining eighteen gailons. 

KILN. A furnace in which chatk fs 
burnt for making lime ; also a place where 
bricks, tiles, and malt are burnt or dried. 

KILN-DRYING. The process of drying 
wetted barley on a kiln for the purpose of 
making malt. 

KIN®D \ta Law). In their natural state, 
as tithe in kind, that is, in the commodi- 
tlea themselves as distinguished from their 
value in money; 80, in Military Affairs, 
ratios eupplied in kind. 

KINDRED (in Law) 
sarae blood or descent. 

KING. The sovereign ruler of a state. 
The law ascribes to the king of England, 
in his political capacity, immortality, for 
the King never dies; and on his decease, 
which is called his demise, his regal dignity 
is vested, without any interregaum or in- 
terval, at once in his heir 

KING AT ARMS (in Heraldry). An 
officer at arms, that has the preeminence 
over the rest, and is otherwise called Gar- 
ter King at Arms. 

KING BIRD. An American variety of 
the fly-eateher, eometimes called the ty- 
rant fiy-eatcher, from his constant attacks 
upon other birds. 

‘KINGDOM (in Law) 
governed by a king. 

KINGDOM (in Natural History). A 
general division of natural objects, as the 
animal, the mineral, and the vegetable 
kingdoms in the Linnean system. 

KING-FISH. A European fish of re- 
markably splendid colours. 

KING-FISHER. <A bird that feeds on 


Persons of the 


Any country 





fink, whose piurmage resembles the purple 
colour of the king’s robes. 

KING’S BENCH, Bancus Rearvs, or 
B R. The supreme court of common law 
tm England, consisting of the Lord Chief 
Jestion. and three puisne or inferior judges, 


KILDEER PLOVER. A well Cee 






all pleas which eoncern ‘the king’s crewK 
and dignity. vii 

KING-PIECE, or Kine-Post (in Cer 
pentry). ‘The chief beam under the roof. _ 

KING’S BENCH PRISON (in Engiand) 
A prison wherein debtors, and offenders — 
against the state, are confined. 

KING’S EVIL. A serofulous disease, in 
which the glands are ulcerated, the gift of 
curing which, was formerly attributed te 
the Kings and queens of England from the 
time of Edwardthe Confessor ‘The prae 
tice of teuching the king or queen for the 
evil, is now abolished. 

KING’S SILVERNin England). Money 
due to the King in the Court of Common 
Pieas, fora license there granted to any 
man for passing a fine. 

KIRK. The Scotch Presbyterian church. 

KITE.. A bird of prey, of the faleon 
kind, the tail of which is forked, and dis 
tinguishes it from all other birds of prey 





KITE. A plaything among schoolbeys, 
consisting of aslight wooden frame covered 
with paper, and constructed so as to rise 





in the air. By the help of a long string ff 
may be allowed to fly at the pleasure ef 
the person holding it. 


KNBES (in Naval Architecture) Pieces © i 











Vs oe beans and futtocks together. 


pelea Hike a babe, Wikies bind 





KNAPSACK. A leathern bag in which 
Viveiainis earry their provisions, &c. 

KNEE. ‘That part which joins the leg 
and thigh together. 

KNEE-PAN. A little round bone placed 
im the fore part of the knee. 

KNELL. A passing bell, anciently rung 
at the time when a@ person was about to 
expire. 

KNIGHT (in England). A title of hon- 
cur, originally bestowed on every man of 
rank or honour, that he might be qualified 
to give challenges, and to perform feats 
of arms. It is now an order of gentlemen 
next to baronets, or a mere honorary dis- 
tinction, which entitles the person on 
whom it is conferred to be styled Sir D. D., 
and his wife Lady D. D. Aknight is now 
made by the king touching him with a 
sword as he kneels, and saying, ‘ Rise up, 
Sir BD. D.’ 

KNIGHTS BACHELORS (in England), 
A description of knights inferior to the 
knights bannerets. 

KNIGHTS BANNERETS (in England). 
Knights so called, that were. created 
knights on the field for some valiant 
achievement. 

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE (in Eng- 
land) Two knights or gentlemen of es- 
tate, who are elected by the freeholders of 
every county, te represent them in Parlia- 
ment The qualification of a knight of 


L, the twelfth letter in the alphabet, de- 
noting, as a numeral, 50, and with a line 
ever it thus L, 50,000; as an abbreviation, 
t stands for libra, pound, and liber, book. 

LA (in Music). The sy! lable by which 
Guido denoted the last sound of each 
hexachord 

LABEL (among Mechanice). A thin 
brass ruler, with sights, commonly used 
with a circumferentor, to take heights. 

LABEL (in Heraldry). A figure sup- 
posed to represent ribanis, which in coats 
ef arms distinguished the eldest son of a 


fasaily 
LABEL (in Law). A slip fastened to 


deeds or writings, or any paper joined by 
way of eddition te a will, 





‘the shire ls to be possessed of 6001 per 


annum in a freehold estate. 

KNITTING. The process of weaving 
without a loom, by the help of a needle, 
also the act of tying together certain quan- 
tities of yarn, and then warping them inta 
hanks to be tarred. 

KNOT (among Mariners). Any large . 
knob formed on the extremity of a rope; 
also the division of the log line, answering 
to half a minute, as a mile does to an 
hour. 

KNOT (in Ornithology.) A fen-bird, the 
flesh of which is very delicious. 

KNOUT. A Russian punishment, which 
consists in barbarous scourging, slitting 
the nostrils, and maimings of different 
kinds. 

KORAN_ The book of the Mahometan 
doctrine, containing the revelations of 
their pretended prophet. 

KOUMISS. A fermented liquor made 
by the Tartars, of mare’s milk. Something 
similar is prepared in the Orkney and 
Shetland Isles. 

KREMLIN. The palace at Moscow, 
standing in a central and elevated part of 
the city, which suffered but little in the 
conflagration that followed the entry of 
the French in 1812. It was built in the 
fifteenth century. 

KT (in England). 
Knight. 

K. T (in England). An abbreviation 
for Knight of the Thistle. 


An abbreviation for 


L 


LABIAL LETTERS Letters requirn g 
the use of the lips in pronunciation. 

LABORATORY. A chemist’s work 
shop; also a workhouse where fireworkers 
and bombardiers prepare their stores. 

LABOURER. One who does day 
labour. 

LABYRINTH. A maze, o place ful 
of intricate windings. The} yrinth of 
Egypt, built by Psammiticus cn the banks 
of the river Nile, contained, within the 
compass of one continued wall, one thou- 
sand houses and twelve royal palaces, ali 
covered with marble; it had only one en- 
trance, but innumerable turnings and 
windings, so that those who were in could 
not find their way out without a guide. 
This labyrinth was reckoned one of the 
seven wonders of the werid. 

LAC, A substance well known ‘a Surepe 
under the different aamos of stick -ize sholl 

















- petural state; seed-lac is the stick-lac sepa- | gr 





rated from the twigs; shell-lac is that which 
has undergone the process of being purified. 
Lac was for some time supposed to be a 
gum, but improperly so, because it. is in- 
flammable, and not soluble in water. It 


is the product of the coccus lacca, which’ 


deposits its eggs on the branches of a tree 
in Thibet, and elsewhere in India, where 
lac is fashioned into rings, beads, and other 
trinkets. Sealing wax, varnishes, and lake 


for painters, are made from it, and it is | 


also much used as a dye. 

LACCIC ACID (in Chemistry). An acid 
procured from gumliac, the component 
parts of which are supposed to be carbon, 
hydrogen, and oxygen. 

LACE (in Commerce). A work com- 
“ posed of many threads of gold, silver, or 
silk interwoven, and worked by means of 
spindles on a pillow, according to the 
pattern designed. 

LACHRYMAL. An appellation given 
to several parts of the eye, from their 
serving to secrete or convey away the 
tears, as the lachrymal ducts, the lachrymal 
gland, the lachrymalia puncta, &c. 

LACING (among Mariners). ‘The rope 
er line used to confine the heads of sails 
to their yards. 

LACK (in Commerce), 
100,000 rupees in India. 

LACKER, or LACQUER. A sort of var- 
nish applied to tin, brass, or other metals. 
The basis of Jacker is a solution of the re- 
sinous substance of seed-lac in spirit of 
wine. In order to give a golden colour to 
the solution, two parts of gamboge are ad- 
ded to one of anotto. When silver leaf or 
tin is to be lackered a larger quantity of the 
colouring materials is requisite than when 
the lacker is intended to be laid on brass. 

LACTEAL VESSELS (in Anatomy). 
Tender transparent vessels which convey 
the ehyle from the mesentery to the tho- 
racic duct. 

LACTIC ACID. An acid procured from 
sour milk by precipitating it with lime- 
water and separating the lime with oxalic 
acid. It is supposed to consist of acetic 
acid and muriate of potash, with a small 
portion of iron and an animal matter. 

LADDER. A wooden fzame made with 
steps for mounting. 

LADDER, Scatine (in Fortifieation). 
A particular kind of ladder made of ropes 
or flat staves, with which the men scale 
the walls of s place that is to be taken by 
parprise. 

LADY-BIRD, 


nlaek spots 


The number of. 


A small red invect with 





thing in the shape of a shoe. 5 
LADY’S SMOCK. A plant that grow 





leaves succeeded by narrow pods, which, — 


when ripe, roll up and cast forth their A 


seeds. 

LAIR (inane Sportsmen). The place 
where deer harbour by day. 

LAIRD. The name of a lord of a manos 
in the highlands of Scotland. 

LAITY. The people, as distinguished 
from the clergy. 

LAKE (in Geography). A collection of 
waters in an inland place of great extent 
and depth, as the Lake of Geneva, &c. 

LAKE (in Painting). A fine crimson 
colour, between carmine and vermilion. 
It is formed by precipitation from the 
solution of the colouring matter with an 
earth or metallic oxide. Precipitates of 
different shades are obtained with alum, 
nitre, chalk, &c. 

LAMA (in Theology), or the Granp 
Lama or Turset. The prince and high- 
priest of the country, who is supposed te 
be immortal, and on the dissolution of his 
mortal frame his soul enters into the body 
of anew born child. He is worshipped - 
ag a supernatural belng by his subjects, 
and is never to be seen but in the secret 
recesses of his palace, where he sits croas- 
legged on a cushion. 

LAMB. The young of sheep while under 
a year old. 





LAMINA. A thin plate of any metal 

LAMINZE (in Anatomy). Are the twe 
thin plates or tables of the skull. : 

LAMMAS DAY. The first of August, 
formerly a day of thanksgiving. 

LAMP. A light made of oi] and a wick: 
also the vessel to receive the oil and the 
wick. 

LAMPBLACK. A eolour procured from 
the smoke of burning ofl mixed with gum 
water. 

LAMPERS. A disease in the palate of 

a horse’s mouth. 


LAMPREY. A sort of fish which ad 


heres firmly te rocks and ether bedies by . 





tho mouth. It is inshope likeameel,amé = 


wild, the flower of which consists of four i * 





e riarck, enh, ang May. 





"LANCE. An offensive weapon foriant? 


M used by sisi in their tilts and tourna- 
; ments. 


“LANCERS (in Military Affairs). A 
body of men in Poland armed with long 
lances and mounted on swift horses. 

LANCET (in Surgery). An instrument 
used in bleeding, opening tumours, &c. 

LAND (in Geography), One main di- 
vision of the earth, as distinguished from 


water; in Law, land includes not only 


arable land, meadow, pasture, &c. but also, 
messuages and houses, for in conveying 
the land the buildings pass with it. 

LAND FALL (among Mariners). 
first land discovered after a voyage. 

LAND FORCES (in Military Affairs). 
‘Yroops employed only on land. 

LANDGRAVE. The governor of a 
district in Germany. 

LANDING. Going on land out of a 
boat or vesesi, 

LANDING (in Architecture). The first 
part of a floor at the head of a flight of 
stairs. f 

LANDLOCKED., A sea term for a 
vessel when she is at anchor in a place 
mot open to the sea. 

LANDLORD (in Law). 
ands or tenements are held. 

LANDMAN. One on board a ship who 
has never been before to sea. 

LANDMARK (in Husbandry). A boun- 
dary set between the lands of different 
persons. 

LANDMARK (among Mariners). Any 
mountain or other object which may serve 
to make the land distinguishable at sea. 

LANDSCAPE (in Painting). A picture 
representing any part of a country, with 
the various objects of fields, trees, hedges, 
bouses, &c. 


LANDSTURM. In military affairs, 
a local militia of Prussia, which is never 


The 


He of whom 


_ called from its own district but in case 


of actual invasion. 

LANGUAGE. Human speech in gene- 
ral, or an assemblage of articulate sounds 
forming words and signs for the expression 
of the thoughts of the mind. 


LANGUAGE, Hisrory or. That all 


_men at first spoke one Janguage we know 


the authority of Scripture, and that 
t language must have been the Hebrew, 
the Holy Language, as it Is called by the 
Jews, in which God was pleased to reveal 
his word to man, is clearly deducible from 
Beripture In giving the names of Adam 


and many of his eras the inspired 


Hebrew origin, forof Adam he says that 





‘expressly declares them to be of _ 





he wea expressly so called from the He-- 
brew Adam, earth, because he was ibys 
out of the dust of the earth, and in 


‘| similar manner he explains the names of 


Cain, Abel, Abram, Isaac, Jacob, and 
others. When God thought properto con 
found the tongues of men, he reserved the — 
Hebrew tongue for his chosen people, who, 
in that tongue, were to keep and hard 
down his oracles to future ages. ; 
Judging from the deviations whica the 
earliest languages underwent, it does not 
appear that any new language was formed 
in the confusion of tongues at the tower of 
Babel, nor in fact that any other change 
took place than what was needful! to an- 
swer the divine purpose of causing the 
dispersion of mankind. The Chaldeans 
or Babylonians being one of the first people 
formed after the flood, we find that their 
language, which has been handed downto 
us unchanged, differs the least of any from 
the Hebrew. The Syriac, which was 
spoken by the Canaanites, was /n its 
primitive state so nearly allied to the 
Hebrew that Abraham understooc their 
speech ; and although the Syriac which is 
now extant, and which was spoken by the 
inhabitants of ancient Syria, underwent 
many changes by the intercourse of differ- 
ent people, yet it still retains many vestiges 
of its origin. In the time of Joseph, the 
language of the Egyptians, which is still 
extant under the name of Coptic, was so 
different that the Israelites required an 
interpreter in order to be understood, but 
notwithstanding they retained in their 
letters and in many of their words marks 
of their affinity tothe Hebrew. This great 
diversity in the language of the Egyptians, 
the descendants of Ham, within so shorta 
period after the flood, is not surprising 
when we consider the peculiar character 
of this people for invention and device 
The Arabian is another language whick 
from the antiquity of the people was 
probably formed at or very soon afte: the 
confusion of tongues. It ia also very dif- 
ferent from all the other tongues tier 
existing, and surpassed them all i: the 
number of its letters and the harmony and 
richness ofits expression, but still it carries 
with it innumerable marks of its affinity 
to the Hebrew. The Athiopian was in 
all probability a dialeet of the Egyptian, 
at least in the names of its Jetters it is 
very similar to that language; but Ludolf 
observes that it bears a great affinity to the 
Hebrew and the Syriac, and a stil] areater 
to the Arabic, from which de sugposes # 








to be derived, tn fact, he maintains that , 


competent Knowledge of the Hebrew, or 
any other of the oriental languages, will 
enable a person to understand very much 
ef the isthiopic, there being several Hebrew 
roots and significations of Hebrew words 
i% this language which are not to be found 
ch any other. 

Ag tne Phenicians, the descendants of 
the Uanaanires, tnhabited the maritime 
parts of the land of Canaan it is not sur- 
pris ag that their language should be sup- 
posed to have been nearly tne same as the 
Het.ew. Some vestiges of shia affinity 
aye ic be found in the proper names of the 
Carthaginians, their descendants, who 
spok. a dialect of the Phenician called the 
Punic language: this latter language is 
alsc said to have had a tincture of the 
Chaldee and Syriac, which may be easily 
acesunted for by the intercourse which 
thes; two trading nations held with all 
ether peopie. A writer in modern times 
Ras 2.80 shown that the Maltese contains 


GePRLIW AND 


ah SYRIAC. COPTIC. 
en AUOEE. 
a Olaf Al: Phi 
Se Beth Bida er Chi 
Gomal Bila Vv 
Dhath Delath Gamma Shel 
He He Dalda Fei 
Vau Waw Ei Kher 
hain Zain Se Hert 
Cheth Hhetk Zide Jauja 
Teth Teth Hida Shima 
Chap Cott Faude, 0 pa 
y au 
Lamed Lomad& Ka 
Mem Mim Lauda 
Nua Nor Mi 
Samech Samecth Ri 
Gaain E Exi 
Phe Pe Oo 
Taadi Borde Pi 
Kopk Kof Ro 
Resh Rish Sima 
Schin Shin Tain 
Tkau Tau Upsilen 


As the abovementioned languages were 
dpoken by the most ancient people, it is 
not surprising to find that they retained so 
Many marks of their origin, but it is 
warthy of observation that those languages 
which sprung out of them underwent 
gieater changes in their external form, so 
as ic give them an air of originality which 
wots not in reality belong to them. Thus 
w. 18 that the Greek, from the inventive 
gem.us of the people, acquired a peculiar 
structure and a richness of expression 
which mede it pass for a primitive tongue, 
when in truth it is as much a derivative 
language as those which have since Feen 
formed. That it was indebted to the 
Egyp.ian for the names of ita letters will 


be obvious to any one who should corm-/the countries of Europe, except Greece, 
pare tiie Greek alphabet with the Coptic,i were afterwards called by the Greeks 


justly inferred that Malta was’ once im the : 


possession of the Carthaginians. — 


The Persian, as it is now handed caw Rallis 
to us, is confessedly posterior to the Arabic, 


to which it is nearly allied both in its 
primitive letters and whole construction, 
but it has been shown by writers that the 
Parthians or Persians were Scythians whe 
mingled with the Elemites or original in 
habitants of Persia, and gave to the Persian 
language that Celtic tincture which brings 
it nearer in accordance with the northern 
language of Europe. In the language of 
India and Armenia there are strong marks 
of resemblance to the Persian; but as te 
the Chinese it was probably one of the 
earliest tongues formed after the flood, az 
it bears few or no marks of affinity to any 
but the Hebrew. 

In proof of what has been advanced on 
the oriental languages the following alpha- 
bets are given :-— 


BTHIOPIC. ARABIC ARMEDIAR. 
 paetanpigNeoaia 
AM Rie Ail Ue 
Bet Be Bien Techs 
Gem! Gala Gim Pe 
Dant Dal Da Dache 
Haut Dsal Jetach Rra 
Waw He Ra Be 
Zai Waw E Wiev 
Hharm Jot Tuim 
Tall Hhka Thue Re 
Jamen Te Je Tsue 
Caf Ye J Hium _ 
Lawi Caf . Luim gd 
Mai Lam Chhe 
Nahas Mem Dea Fr 
Seat Nee Kien € 
Ain Sad Hue 
Af Ain Dea 
Tradal Fe Ghat 
Kof Ref Tee 
Rees Ke 
Saut Sin Hi 
Tawi Shin Nue 
Te Sche 


given above ; and antiquarians heve made 


it clear that the-roots of the Greek are to — 


be traced either to the Egyptian. the 
Pheenician, or the Pelasgian, which was 
spoken by the Pelasgi, a Celtic people, 
who first took possession of Greece, or the 
Isles of Elisha as it is called in Seripture. 
It has also been clearly shown that this 
Pelasgian had a common original with 
the Irish and Welsh, the primitive lan- 
guages of Ireland and Britain, which were 
peopled by two kindred tribes, the de- 
scendants of Magog and Gomer, the sons 
of Japhet, who at a very early period pro 
ceeded from Scythia to Europe, and laid 
the foundation of all the modern European 
languages. Those people which inhabited 














“ 


siti or Gal 


l, Celts or Gasaia: . 
‘The Lati 


n was not formed until a 





my eolony of the Pelasgi or Greeks intruded 


themselves upon the Umbri or Gomerii, 
the aborigines of [taly, and so far prevailed 
ever their language that they modelled the 
mixture of the two upon the plan of the 
Greek in the formation of cases, moods, 


and tenses, to which were afierwards added 







ginians, and Egyptians. 


many words of Egyptian or Phenician 
extraction, from the intercourse which 
took place between the Romans, Cartha- 
As to the Ger- 
man, Danish, Swedish, and other northern 
languages, they all bear evident marks of 
their affinity not only to each other, but to 
that of the Latin, with which they had a 
common Celtic original. Atthesametime 
their ancestors before their second irrup- 


‘tion into Eunspe under the name of Goths, 


Vandals, Huns, &c. had introduced such 
changes in the pronunciation and letters 
of their several languages as gave them an 
appearance of originality and peculiarity. 
Besides, it appears that the Hungarian, 
Sclavonic,Daimatian,and Russian assumed 
a Greek character by a mixture of the 
Greek and its several dialects. 

The French retains many vestiges of its 
Celtic original, but in consequence of the 
Roman conquest the additions of the Latin 
prevailed, to all which the people gave it 
a peculiarity both in its pronunciation, 
orthography, and structure. The same 
remnark applies to the Spanish, which also 
underwent some additional changes from 
the incursions of the Moors, who ingrafted 
upon it many words of Arabian and Phe- 
nician origin. The Italian is obviously a 
dialect of the Latin, modified by and 
assimilated to the French and Spanish, 
doubtless during the period when Franeée, 


in a} Spain, and Italy were governed } y the 


emperors of the west. _ 

The English, the Jast formed feninae 
in the world, is also remarkable for being 
compounded of a greater diversity of Jan- 
guages than any other. The groundwork 
of the English is the Saxon, but there is 
not a language in Europe which has not 
contributed more or less to its formation. 
Many words were retained or borrowed 


by the Saxons from the language of the » 


original natives, namely, the Welsh,which, 
as before observed, was one of the ancient 
Celtic dialects, of the same origin as the 
Saxon itself, but éxisted long prior to it 
On the invasion and settlement of the 
Danes some changes 23 well as additions 
were made in the language, whieh under- 
went still greater changes at the Norman 
conquest, by the admission of Nerman as 
well as French words, and the modelling 
of the language itself into a form more 
nearly allied to the French. From this 
source are derived a vast number of the 
Latin words and sme few words of Greek 
origin, but the most numerous additions 
from these resources have since been made 
by the English themselves, who have also 
gradually given it a distinct form and pre- 
nunciation that entitle it as much to the 
name of original as any of the other Euro- 
pean languages that are of more ancient 
date. To this diversity in the origin of the 
English, and its aptitude to naturalize 
every foreign term, it is indebted for a 
variety and richness of expression which 
is not equalled by any other language in 
the world. 

The following ‘ist of the nameo .¢ the 
ten first numbers among the European 
nations, taken from Parson’s Remains of 
Japhet, will suffice to show the affinity ef 
the languages abovementioned 


IRISH, WELSH. GREEK LATIN ITALIAN SPANISH FRENCH 
1. Aon Un Els Unus Uno Uno Un 

2. Do Duy Avo Duo Due Dos Deux 

3. Tri Tri Teses Tres Tre Tres Trois 

4. Ceathalr. Pedwar Tiooages Quatuor Quatro Quatro Quatre 

5. Cuig Pymp Tievte Quinque Cinque Cineo Cing 

6 She Chuech ’KE Sex Sei Seys Six 

7 Sheagd Saith ?Enta Septem _ Sette Siete Sept 

8. Ocht Uith "Oxto Octo Otto Ocho Huit 
@Nyi $$$ Naw Evvéa Novem Nove Nueve Neuf 
10. Deie Deg Mixa Decem Dieri Diez Dix 

German. Dutch. Swedish. Danisir. Sazon. Englisé, Polish. Ruesian Hongarte 
1, Ein Fen En Een fEne,an One Jeden Yedna Eg 

2. Zwei Twee Twa Toa Twa,twy Two Dwa Twa Kot 
3. Drei Dru! Tre “Tre Drie Three Trizi Trea Harum 
4, Vier Vier Fyra Fire Feower Four Czterztt 


& Fiinf 


Vyf Feem Fem Fite 


Shatirs Negy 
Five Diecx Pet a 











German  Wuteh. Mwedish. Danish. 
6. Seehs Zea Bex 








9. Neun Neghen Nio Nie Ne 
0. Zenen Tien Tio Tie: 


LANNER. A sort of hawk, formerly 
yauch esteemed in falconry. It is next to 
the buzzard in size. 

LANTERN FLY. A remarkable in- 
sect of South America, that emits an 
extraordinary light from the hollow of ita 
head. 


EANYARDS (among Mariners). Short. 


yieces of rope fastened to several parta of 
a ship. 

LAPIDARY (in Commerce). One who 
polishes and engraves stones. 

LAPIS INFERNALIS. 
caustic composition. 

LAPIS LAZULI (in Painting). A 
stone of an azure or blue colour, of which 
the paint called ultramarine is made. It 
is @ copper ore, very compact and hard, 
and is found ia lumps of a beautiful blue 
colour, richly variegated with clouds of 
white and veins of shining gold colour. 

LAPSE (in Law). An omission on the 
part of the patron to present to a benefice 
within six months after it is vacant, upon 
which default the ordinary has a right to 
collate to the said benefice. 

LAPSED LEGACY. Fallen or lost by 
a lapse, as where the legates dies before 
the testator, &e. 

LAPWING. See Perwir. 

LARBOARD. A sea term for the left 
hand side of a ship, when looking towards 
the stem or head. 

LARCENY. The felonious and fraudu- 
lent taking away the personal goods of 
another, which in England, is petty larceny 
if the thing be of the value of twelve pence 
or under, and grand larceny if above that 
value. 

LARCH. A lofty tree of the pine kind, 
bearing leaves like those of the pine, and 
a sort of mushroom for the fruit. The gum 
ef this tree is called Venice turpentine. 
The leaves full off in winter. The timber, 
which is remarkably durable, is used in 
building ships. 

LARDER. The room where meat is 
Rept and salted. 

LARES. Ths domestic er household 
gods among the Romans, placed in some 
private part of ths house, which the family 
aonoured as their protector. 

LARGE (in Music). ‘The greatest mea- 
sure of musical quantities ; ere large con- 
taining twe longs. 


A sort of 





Sex Six 

7. Bieber Zeven Sju Syv Seofen 
8. Acht Acht  Aetta Otte Eaht 
gen Nine Dziewree Devit 
Tyn,tien Ten Dzesziec Disset Tix 











Six Szesez Chest Hat ‘ 
Seven Bieden Set Het 
Bight Ism Woasim Niclez 

Kilenez 


LARGE. A sea phrase for the wind, 
when it crosses the he of a ship’s coursa 
in a favourable direction. 

LARGESS (in Husbandry). A gift ie 
the labourers in the harvest season. 

LARGO (in Music). A slow move- 
ment. 

LARK. A well known singing bird, the 
most remarkable species of which is the 
skylark, that sings so beautifully as it ig 
soaring in the air. This bird is not found 
in America. Our meadow lark bears some 
resemblance to it, but is nearly twice os 
large. 

LARKSPUR. A plant cultivated in 
gardens, the flower of which consists of 
many dissimilar petals or leaves, some of 
which end in a tail or spur. 

LARVA. The grub or caterpillar state 
of some insects so called by Linneus, but 
by others the eruca or caterpillar. 

LARUM. A sort of clock that makes a 
noise or alarm at a certain hour. 

LARYNX (in Anatomy). The top ot 
the windpipe, below the root of the tongue 

LASSO. A rope with a noose, used 1m 
South America for catching wild cattle 





LAST. A measure or weight, as a last 
of corn, &e. equal t, ten quarters, and a 
last of cod fish, &e. equal to from twelve 
to twenty-four barrels 

LATH (in Carpentry). A long, thin 
piece of wood, nailed to the rafters of a 
wall or roof to receive the plaster or 
covering. Lathes are distinguished accord- 
ing to the wood of which they ere made, 
into hearts of oak, sap Ieths, and deal 
laths. 

LATHE (in Turnery). The engine used 
in turning wood, &e. 

LATIN. The language spokem bythe 
ancient Romans, or the inhabitants of 
Latium, from which it derives its name. 

LATITAT (in England). A writ used 

F ; fy" 



















LATITUDE (in Geography). The dis- 
tance of a place from the equator, which 


_ ig either nerthern or southern, according 


as the place is north or south. The lati- 
tude cannot exceed 90 degrees, the distance 
of the equator from the north or south 
pele. 

LATTEN. Irom plates tinned over, of 
whick tea canisters are made. 

' LAVA. The mineral substance whieh 
flows from Mount Etna, Vesuvius, and 
other volcanoes, is of a grayish colour, 
ght, mederately hard, and brittle, and 
easily frangible: it generally attracts the 
magnetic needle, and is easily fusible into 
compact glass. 
+ LAUDANUM. A soporific tincture, con- 
taining the finer and purer parts of opium, 
drawn in water and spirits of wine, and 
then reduced to its due consistence. 
uAVENDER. A plant with a shrubby 
stem, much branched with mumerous 
heary leaves. The flowers are produced 
in terminating spikes from the young shoots 
om long peduncles. The jeaves, stalk, and 
Slower yield a fragrant perfume, and from 
the latter are prepared an exasential oil, a 
simple spirit, and a compound tincture 

LAUNCE-FISH, or Saxrn Launcz. A 
sea fish which buries itself on the recess 
of the tide a foot deep in the sand. It is 
generally used for baits. 

LAUNCH. A particular kind of boat, 
uged in underrunning the cables of differ- 
ent ships, that are fastened across each 
other. 

LAUNCHING. Putting a ship out of 
dock, and conveying her into the water. 

LAUNDRESS. One whose business it 
is to wash and get up linen. 

LAUREATE, or Poset Launeate (in 
England). A title given to the king’s poet. 

LAUREL. An evergreen tree, having 
brord, thick, shining leaves. The flower 
consists of five petals or leaves, which ex- 
pend in the form of a rose. 

LAURISTINUS. The wild bay tree. 

LAW. In its most extensive sense, the 
rule ef conduct prescribed by the supreme 
power of a stats. The laws of England 
temyrehend the Common Law and the 
Statute Law, together with certain por- 


tions of the Civil Law and the Canon Law. 


LAWN. A plain or level space covered 
with grass, in a pleasure ground. 


LAY (in Ecclesiastical Law). An epi- 


thet or whatever belongs to the people at 
__ karge, im distinction from thease who are in 
belly orders 


19* 


ta personal: ns, where the patty fa le | 
e" We tested in any ether county thas Mid- 
_* dewex. 


‘LE fy, 
LAY (with Poets), A kina of ancien 
poetry, consisting of short verses. 

LAY (in Husbandry). Ground thet Hes 
fallow or untilied. 

LAY BROTHERS. Im the Romush 
church, such as performed the seeular and . 
servile offices in a convent. 

LAY CORPORATION (in Engtamd). 
A lay investiture of bishops, &e. ; 

LAYER (in Horticulture). A young: 
sprout bent down and covered with meuld 
for raizing fresh plants 

' LAYER (among Fishermen) A ehan 
nel or bed in a creek. where small eysters 
are thrown for breeding. 

LAY FRE (in England). Landa held 
in fee of a lay lord, as distinguished from 
those lands which belong to the church. 

LAY [MPROPRIATION (in England). 
The impropriating or employing the reve- 
nues of the church to the uge of a layman. 

LAYMAN (in Ecclesiastical Law). One 
who has not taken holy orders. 

LAYMAN (in Painting). A statue of 
weod, whose joints are so made tkat it 
may be put into any posture. 

LAZARETTO. An hospital for lazars 
or leprous persona. 

LAZULI. See Lapis. 

LAZULITE. A mineral ef the silicious 
order, of which lapis lazuli is the principal 
apecies. Its principal constituents are 
silica, alumines, carbonate ef lime, sul- 
phate of lime, oxide of iron, &e. 





LEACH (among Miners). A term signi 
fying hard work. 
LEAD (ijn Mineralogy). A bluish white 


metal, very soft and flexible, and easily 
beaten into thin plates by the hammer 
In a strong heat jt boils and emits flames, 
and if during that time it is exposed to the 
air, its oxidation proceeds very rapidly. 
It is very brittle at the time of congelation. 
Most of the acids attack lead, but it unites 
with most of the metals, particularly tin, 
which in union with lead forms the solder 
used by plumbers. The carbonate of lead, 
which is a powder, is better known by the 
name of white lead ; the red oxide of lead 
is otherwise called red lead. 

LEAD, or Sounxnine Laan. Aseaterm 
for an inatrument which is used te discev- 
er the depth of water at zea. 

LEAF (in Botany). A membraracecus 
and sometimes succulent part ef a plant, 
which arises from the stem. Leaves ap- 
pear to assist the process of vegetation by 
communicating the air to the whole of the 
plant, which on that account is found te 
be exceedingly tender of its leaves, and 
te suffer much from any reugh treatment 


which they may receive. 











LEAF. A term applied to other objects” 


resembling a leaf in shape or make, as the 
leaf of a book; also leaf gold or silver, 
gold or silver beaten into plates of Exveris 
ing thinness. 

uEAGUE (in Geography). A measure 
of length, containing @ certain number of 
geographical paces, accurding to the usage 
er computation of different countries. A 
league at sea, where it is mostly used by 
us, is equal to three miles, or three thou- 
sand geometrical paces: the league in 
France contains three thousand five hun- 
dred paces. The Dutch or German league 
four geographical miles. Seventeen Spa- 
nish leagues are equal toa degree. or sixty- 
mine and a half statute miles. 

LEACUE (in Politics). A treaty of 
alliance between different states or parties 

LEAK. Any hole or chink in a vessel 
which atimits the water, particularly ap- 
plied to a ship at sea. 

LEAKAGE (in Commerce). An allow- 
ance made to merchants for the leaking or 
tunning of vessels. 

LEAP (in Commerce). A measure equal 
to half a bushel. 

LEAP YEAR (in Chronology) Any 
year in which a day is added more than 
ordinary. 

‘LEASE (in Law). A conveyance of 
lands, generally in consideration of rent 
er other annual recompense, for term of 
years, for life, or at will, provided it be 
for a shorter term than the lessor has in 
the premises. 

LEASH (among Sportsmen). The num. 
ber of three applied to partridges or other 
game which are killed. 

LEASING. The same as gieaning, or 
picking up the ears of corn after the field 
is cleared. 

LEATHER. The skin or hide of a beast 
tanned and dressed. 

LEA THER- DRESSER. 
dresses leather. 

LEATHER-SELLER. One whe deals 
nleather. The company ofleather-sellers 
fn London, was incorporated in 1382. 

LEAVEN. A piece of sour dough put to 
ferment a mass of bread. 

LECTURER (in Ecclesiastical Law). In 
England, a minister who preaches in the af- 
ternoon, and is usually paid by the people. 

LEDGE (in Geography). A long ridge 
of rocks near the surface of the sea. 

LEDGER. The chief book used in mer- 
caants accounts, wherein every man’s par- 
ticular account is kept; and also all the 
goods hought and sold are distinctly placed 


One who 


ea) vy inemseives, as debtor on the left! rat kind; the Lapland lemming migrates — 
UL ch 


LEE. A sea term for that es waten: 
the wind blows upon, or that is opposite 
to the wind, as the lee shore. 

LEECH..A well known insect that lives 
in the water, and is commonly used in 
bleeding. The two principal species are 


the medicinal leech, which is employed to | 


draw blood where the lancet is less safe ; 
and the horse leech, which is larger, and 
applied to horges for the same purpose. 

LEECHES. A sea term for the edges 
of a sail. 

LEEK. A potherb having long cylindri- 
cal and coated roots, It has something of 
the flavour of the onion. 

LEES. The dregs of wine. 

LEET..In England, a little court within 
a manor, having a criminal jurisdiction. 

LEG (in Anatomy). A limb, and that 
part of the animal body which serves for 
walking. 

LEG (among Artificers) Whatever 
serves for the support of a thing, as the 
leg of a stool, &c. 

LEG (in Mathematics). The two sides 
of a triangle are called the legs. 


LEG. A sea term for ropes put through 


the bolt ropes of the main and foresail. 

LEGACY (in Law). A bequest or gift 
by testament of any personal effects ; the 
person beqxeathing is called the testator, 
and he to whom it is ueathed the 
legatee. 

LEGATE. A cardinal or bishop sent by 
the pope as nis ambassador to sovereign 
princes. 

LEGEND. A book used in the ancient 
Roman churches, containing the lessons 


that were to be read; also @ chronicle or 


register of the lives of saints. 
LEGEND (among Antiquarians). The 


inscription on the edge of a medal or 


coin. 

LEGERDEMAIN, or Stient or Hanp 
Tricks which, from the dexterity of the 
performer, are made to deceive the ob- 
server. 

LEGION (in the Roman army) A 
body of 6000 foot and 306 horse, or less - 

LEGUMEN. All manner of pulse. 

LEGUMEN (in Botany). That species 
of seed vessel vulgarly termed a pod, as 


the seed vessel of the pea, vetch lupine, — 


&e 
LEMMA. A proposition in Mathematics, 


which serves to prepare the way for a 2 


demonstration of some theorem. 
LEMMING. A species of animals of the 











the wichineus, ‘Wehlab is concave on one | 
side and convex on the other, as B. 





oe eet tea in attempting to surmount obstacles 
aa Ae wage lie in his way. 
LEMONADE. A drink made of water, 
“Temons, and sugar 
“Ge LEMON. An acid fruit of the lemon 
ae: tree, belonging to the genus citrus. It 
‘s growsin Florida and Louisiana, and also 
im the south of Europe. 





aN) 
LEMUR. A genus of quadrupeds come- 
what resembling the monkey in the form 
of the feet, but widely different from that 
animal in its manners and temper. Two 
of these animals brought from India lately, 
and exhibited in Boston, would walk back- 


ward and forward on a small tight cord, 
asing their tails for balance poles. 









LENS. A piece of glass or other trans- 
‘parent substance of the figure of a lentil, 
which either collects the rays of light into 
& point, in their passage through it, or dis- 
perses them according to their form and 
the laws of refraction. The convex lens 
_ comverges the rays of light, and the con- 
- cave disperses the rays. if only one side 
is convex and the other plans, it is called 
a plano-convex jens, such as A in the fol- 
Sewing figure ; if convex on both sides, it 
_ ig a doubie convex lens, as B. The con- 
Le cave lenses are also divided inso the plano- 

_ @oneave, as C, concavo concave, as D. and 





LENT. A time of fasting and abstinence 
for forty days before Easter, 

LENTILS. A sort of pulze. 

LEO (in Astronomy). A constellation 
and one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. 
marked thus 

LEOPARD. An African animal of the 
eat kind covered with biack spots upon a 
yellow ground, so disposed, as to rezemble 
the print of its foot. It is one of the mos 
beautiful of all quadrupeds.. 





LEPIDOPTERA. An order of insects 
in the Linnean system, which have their 
wings imbricated with scales, as the but- 
terfly, moth, &c. 

LEPROSY (in Medicine). A foul cuta- 
neous disease, appearing in dry, white, 
thin, acurfy scabs. 

LEPUS (in Astronomy). The Hare, a 
constellation in the southern hemisphere. 

LE ROY LE VEUT,i. e. The king wills 
it. In England the form of words by which 
the king signifies his assent to the bills 
that have passed the two houses, after 
which they acquire the force of laws. 

LE ROY S’AVISERA, i. e. The king 
will consider of it. The form of words by 
which he refuses his assent to any bills 
that are presented to him. 

LETHARGY. A disease arising from 
cold, phlegmatic humours which oppress 
the brain, and cause an incessant drowsi- 
ness. 

LETHE. A river in hell, which, aecord- 
ing to the poets, caused all whe drank of 
it to forget the past. 

LETTER (in Grammar). A eharacter 
in the alphabet, used to expreas the simple 
sounds of the voice which in every lan 
guage are collecte’ mto aseries called ths 











alphabet. Letters are composed of vowels | gut 





and consonants, and form words. _ 
LETTER (in Printing). The type or 
@haracter which is used im eomposing. 

LETTER (in Commeree). Any writing 
sent from one person to another. ‘ 

LETTER OF ADVICE. A letter written 
by & merchant to his correspondent, ad- 
vising or giving him notice of what bills 
he has drawn upon him. 

LETTER OF ATTORNEY (in Law). 
A writing whereby a person constitutes 
another to do a lawful act in his stead, as 
to receive debts, &¢ 

LETTER OF CREDIT (among Mer- 
chants). A writing by one merchant to 
another, desiring him to credit the bearer 
with a certain sum of money. 

LETTER OF MARQUE. A commis: 
sion given.to private ships, by a govern- 
ment, to make reprisals on the ships of 
another state. 

LEUCHTENBERGITE. <A mineral 
of a yellow color and pearly lustre. Its 
constituents are silica, alumina, mag- 
nesia, peroxide of iron, lime, and water. 

LEUCITE. A stone of the garnet kind. 

LEVEL. An instrument used to make 
a line paralle! to the horizon. The plumb 
level ie that which shows the horizontal 
line by means of another line perpendicu- 
lar to that described by a plummet or 
pendulum, which instrument consists of 
two legs or branches, joined together at 
right angles, whereof that which carries 
the thread and plummet is about a foo 
and a half long, the thread is hung towards 
the top of the branch. A telescope is 
placed on the horizonta] branch of the in- 
strument, having a hair placed horizontally 
across the focus of the object glass, which 
determines the point of the level. The 





telescope is fastened by a@ ball and socket. 





LEVER Ia Eugiand, a company of the 
nobfilty, gentry, &c. whe assemble to pay 
their respects to the king. It consists of 
gentlemen enly, by which it is distin- 





as well as gentlemen attend. The term 

is also applied to the evening assemblies 

at the president’s house in Washington, 
LEVELLING. The art of finding a line ; 

parallel to the horizon at ene or mare a 

stations, in order to determine the height 

of one place in respect to another. The 

subjoined figure shows the manner of find- 

ing the difference of the level of a place 

where there is a level line and two sights 

level with each other, whereby the per- 

pendicular distance bet ween the surface of 

the ground and any point in the level line 

may be discovered. The art of levelling 

is particularly applied to the laying out ‘ 

grounds even, regulating descents, drain- 

ing morasses, conducting water, &e. 











LEVELLING (in Fortification). The 
reducing an uneven surface te that of a 
plane, so that the works may be of a cor 
responding height and figure. 

LEVER. One of the six powers, which 
may consist of any instrument, asa straight 
bar of iron or wood, as A B, supported 
upon a fulcrum or prop, C, having 
weight, W, at one end, a power, P, at the 
other. Then AC and B C are the arms 
of the lever. Of this kind are balances, 
scales, pincers, é&c, 


A 6 B 












LEVERET. A young hare. 


LEVIGATION. The mechanical pre 
cess of grinding the parts of bodies toe & 
fine paste, by rubbing the flat face of a 
stone called a muller, upon another stone 
called the table or slab. 

LEVITE. One of the tribe of Levi, ot 
belonging te ‘the priestly office. 

LEXICOGRAPHY. The art of writing 
dictionaries, 

LEYDEN PHIAL, or Larpsn Jon 













- eoated with tin foil, and a brass wire, the 


’ 3 
fr inklelgn, @f Ley 
first observed its properties. A glass 
having the outside and the inside 


upper part of which terminates in a ball 
of the same metal, and the lower part 
in a chain that communicates with the in- 
sids. This jar admits of being charged so 
as te produce the electrical shock and 
various other experiments illustrative of 
the power of electricity. 





LIBATION. A sacrifice among the 
Greeks and Romans, which consisted in 
offering up eome liquid to the gods. 

LIBEL (in Law). An injurious reproach 
or accusation written or published against 
the government, a magistrate, or a private 
person. 

LIBEL (in the Civil Law). The decla- 


~yation or charge drawn up in writing, as 


ia used in the ecclesiastical courts. 

LIBERAL ARTS. Such as are fit for 
gentiemen and scholars. 

LIBERTY (in Law). A privilege by 
which men enjoy some favour or benefit, 
beyond the ordinary subject. — 

LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE. The 
Aberty of following any profession of reli- 
gioa, which ove pleases, without any ¢on- 
troi from government. 

LIBERTY (in the Manege) A void 
space in the middle of a bitt of a bridle, to 
give place to the tongue of a horse. 

LIBRA (in Astronomy). A constellation, 


- and one of the twelve signa of the zodiac, 


marked thug (4). 

LIBRARIAN. One who has charge of 
a library 

LIBRARY. A large eollection of beoks, 
alse the place which contains them. The 
first library spoken of in history was that 
formed by Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. 


yden, | 


af 


3 fis 
It was begun 
in the middle of the 14th Century with 
ten volumes, but has been augmented, 
till it now contains 1,200,000 printed 
volumes and 84,000 manuscript volumes. 

LIBRATION. In astronomy, an ap- 
parent irregularity of the moon’s mo- 
tion, by which she appears to librate 
about her axis, 

LIBRETTO, A little book containing 
the words of an opera. 

LICHEN. In botany, an order of 
plants of very low organization, which 
grow on the bark of trees, on rocks, and 
on the ground. In pathology, an erup- 
tion of the skin; acutaneous distemper. 

LICTOR. A Roman officer, who bore 
an axe and fasces or rods, a8 ensigns of 
his office. 

LIEBERKUMON. A metallic mirror at- 
tached tothe object-glass end of a mi- 
croscupe for the purpose of throwing 
down light on opaque objects; areflector 

LIEUTENANT. In the army or nayy, 
one who supplies the place and dis- 
charges the duty of his immediate su- 
perior in his absence. 

LIEUTENANT GENERAL. In the 
United States, an officer next in rank 
below the Governor of a State and du- 
ring the absence of the Governor per- 
forms his duties. 


LIEN. A legal claim; the right by 


whic s the possessor of property holds 
it against the owner in Satisfaction of a 
demand. 

LIEVRITE, A brownish-black miner- 
al, occurring in long, vertically striated, 
prismatic crystals. 

LIGAN. In law, goods sunk in the 
sea, but tied to a cork or buoy, in order 
to be found again. 

LIGAMENT. In anatomy, a strong 
elastic membrane or substauce connec- 
ting the extremities of the movable 
bones. In conchology, an external sub- 
stance, generally of a compact fibrous 


texture, by which the two valves ot 


bivaivular shells are united. 

LIGNINE. The proximate chemical 
principle of wood; the fibre of wood, 
forming about 95 per cent. of barked 
wood, and the chief ingredient of cot- 
ton, linen, and paper, : 

LIGNITE. Fossil wood carbonized, 
and converted into a kind of coal. 

LIGNUM VITZ. A very bard and 
close-grained wood, of the plant Guaiac- 
uni officinale, remarkable for the direc- 
tion of its fibres, each layer of which 
crosses the preceding diagonally. A 
native of S. America and the W. Indies, 

LIGULA. In botany, a membranous 
appendage at the apex ofthe sheathing 
petiole of grasses. In Entomology, the 
lower lip of insects; also, the name ofa 


Eumenes, king of Pergamus, also formed | genus of Entozoa, forming the family 


brary of Alexandria, .ormed by Ptolemy 


' Philadelpaus, contained 700,000. Among 


she libraries of the mederns, that of the 


_ a library of 200,000 vslumes; but the li- | Cestoidea, Ligulated flowers, in botany, 


are such as have a monopetalous slit on 
one side, and open flat, as in the Dan- 
: delion, 










of bandages for closing wounds 

LIGATURE (among Printers). Type 
eonsisting of two letters in one piece, as 
ff, &e. 

LIGHT (in Opties) The sensation 
which arises from beholding any object, or 
the cause of that sensation. The nature and 
properties of light, and the changes which 
tt undergoes in passing throagh bodies, 
form a principal part of the science of op- 


LIGHT (in Painting). That part of a 
piece which is illumined. ; 
- LIGHT (in Architecture). Lightsare the 
apertures in a house 
LIGHT (in Military Affairs). An epithet 
for soldiers lightly armed, as lighthorse, or 
lightinfantry. 
LIGHTER. A large veszel for carrying 
goods. 
LIGHTERAGE. Money paid for the 


earrying goods in a lighter. 

LIGHTERMAN,. One who conducts 2 
lighter. 

LIGHTHOUSE. A tower or lofty build- 
Ing on the seacoast, having a light in it, 
for the guidance of mariners at night. 

LIGHTNING. In physics, the flash 
that precedes thunder; an electric 
phenomenon produced by the passage 
of electricity between one cloud and 
another, or between acloud and the 
earth. 

LILASINE. A chemical principle dis- 
covered in lilac. ; 

LILIACE. A natural order of Endo- 
gens, containing many of the most 
beautiful floral plants of that class of 
the vegetable kingdom, of which the 
Lilium, or Lily, is the type. 

LILY ENCRINITE. In geology, the 
fossil zoophyte, one of the most beauti- 
fulof the Crinoidean family, found in 
the Muschelkalk; so termed from the 
resemblance it bears to the head ofa 
lily when the arms are folded. ; 

LIMACIANS. A name comprehending 
the genera of Slugs. 

LIMB. In astronomy, aterm applied 
to the edge of a planet. 

LIMBERS. In the artillery service, 
two-wheel carriages having boxes for 
ammunition, 

LIMBAT. A name in the island of 
Cyprus applied to a cooling wind, blow- 
ing from 8 A.M. till mid-day or jater; 
the local sea-breeze. 

i LIMBO, or LIMBUS. A region border- 
ing on hell; purgatory. Ariosto makes 
ae Re cA on lost things; Milton 

e paradise of fools; and Shaksp 
hell itself, ete 

LIME (in Mineralogy). An earthy sub- 
stance, which is found purest in limestone, 
marble, and chalk, and # procured by 
purning in? white heat [tis of a white 


_ LIGATURE (im Surgery). The disposing , eol : 
-If water be poured o 






colour, and easily redu 














it swells and falls to a powder, in which 
state it iscalled sicked ime. 

LIME (in Botany). Atreeoftheorangs 
Kind, that grows in warmclimates, 








LIME KILNS. Furnaces in which lime 
stone is converted into lime by burning. 

LIMESTONE. The native carbonate 
of lime, which is generally rather blue, 
from the presence ofiron  . 

LIMIT; (in Mathematics). A determi- 
nate quantity, to which a variable one 
continually approaches 

LIMITATION (in Law). A certain time 
prescribed by statute, within which an 
action must be brought 

LIMNING The art of painting in wa- 
ter colours. 

LINCHPIN, or LINSPIN. An iron pin 
that keeps the wheel on the axle-tree. 

LINE (in Geometry). A quantity ex a 
tended in length only Lines are either 
curves or right lines. 

_LINE (in Fortification). Whatever is 
drawn on the ground of the field, as a 
trench, ora row of gabions, &c. ~ : 

LINE (in Military Affairs). Regular © 
troops, in distinction from the militia, ‘ 
volunteers, &c. 

LINE, or a Surv oF tHE Line (in Navai 
Affairs). Is any vessel of war large 
enough to be drawn up in the line of battle. 

LINE (in Geography). Another name 
for the equator, or equinoctial line. 

LINE OF BATTLE. The disposition 
of an army for battle. 

LINEN. A kind of cloth made of flax sae. 

LING. A sort of cod fish. ey 

LINNASAN SYSTEM. A system of = 
natural history, so called from Linneus, ; 
the Swedish naturalist. It comprehends a 
scientific arrangement of all natural ob- 
jects, as animals, plants,and mineralsinte 
three kingdoms, subdivided into classes, 
orders, genera, species, and varieties, with 











~ —-— 











ndge of cloth. 


LINNET. A small a au bird, of the 


“finch kind. The bird in America called 
indigo bird is a variety of the linnet. 





LINSEED. The seed of hemp or flax, 
from which an oil is extracted. 

LINT. Linen scraped into a soft, wool- 
ly substance, fit for applying to wounds. 

LINTEL. The upper part of a door or 
window frame. 

LION. The fiercest and noblest of all 
wild beasts, which is made to be the em- 
blem of strength and valour, end is on that 
account the most frequently borne in coats 
of arms. It is a native of Africa and In- 

dia, and being nearly alifed to the cat 
tribe, is claseed by Linnsus under the 
same genus 





LIQUIDS (in Chemistry). Fluids whieh 
are not elastic, nor diminish sensibly in 


bulk, in distinction from gases or elastic | © 


fluids. 

- LIQUIDS (in Grammar). The letters 
l,m, n, r, g0 called from their soft and 
melting sound. 

LIQUOR. Any thing liquid that may 
be drank, particularly what is of a spiritu- 
ous nature 

LIQUORICE. A shah the root of 
which is full of a sickly sweet juice. 

LIST. A roll or catalogue of names. 

LIST, Civm (in England). The whole 
of the king’s revenue. 

_ LIST (among Mariners). Aninclination 


one side, applied to a ship. 


LIST (among Clothiers). A border or 


eeu dae ed BN 
. LIST, or LISTELL (in Architecture). 
A small ‘paid or square moulding, serving 
to crown larger moujdings. 

LISTS. <A place enclosed with rails, 
within which tournaivents or feats of arms 
were exhibited. 

LITANY. A general supplication or 
prayer sung or said in churches, especially 
that in the Book of Common Prayer. . 

LITERARY PROPERTY. The right 
which suthors have in their works. 

LITHARGE. The scura or dross the 
arises in purifying silver with lead. It iz 
an oxide of lead. 

LITHIC ACID Anacid extracted from 
the urinary calculi. 

LITHOGRAPHIC. An epithet for what 





pertains to engraving on stone, as litho-— 


graphic impressions, those which are taken 
on paper from engravings on stone. 

LITHOGRAPHY. The art of cutting 
or engraving on stone, from which impres- 
sions are taken on paper. 

LITHOMARGE. An earth of the clay 
kind, which is known by the name of 
fuller’s earth and potter’s clay 

LITHOTOMY (in Surgery). 
ration of removing a calculus or stone from 
the bladder. 

LITMUS (in Chemistry). A substance 
from which is formed a tincture that serves 
ag a test of the presence of an acid or an 
alkali. All. acids and salts change the 
natural violet of the litmus into red, and 
all alkalies restore it to its natural colour 
the violet. 

LITURGY. A set form ef prxyer, ora 
formulary of public devotion. 

LITTORAL. In geology, applied to 
operations and Ceposits, which take 
place near the shore,in contradistinction 
to those of a deep-water character; 1n 
botany, growing on the sea-shore or on 
the banks ofa river; Littoral Zone, that 
zone of marine life which lies between 
high and low water mark, varying in 
extent according to the rise and fall oi 
che tide, and shallowness of the shore. 

LITURGY. The established formulas 
for public worship. 

LIVER. In anatomy, a large abdom- 
inal organ, of a deep red color, lying 
under the false ribs on the right side: 
its principal use is to secrete the bile. 

LIVERYMEN (of London). A certain 
number of persy.”e chosen from amor.g the 
.sreemen of each e.ampany in the city. Out 
of this body are chosen the common coun- 
cil, sheriff, and cther superior officers of 
the city, and they alone have the privilege 
of voting at the election of members ef 
parliament. 

LIVERY STABLES. Public rabies. 
where horses are let eut to hire, 


* 


The ope- 















LOA 
' LOASACER, In. Bataan the Chak fae 
LIVRE. A money of aczount formerty nettle family, an order of pianEnnG 


used in France, equal to twenty sous, Or/anoe Cactales. The Loasacem are all o 
twenty cents. natives of North and South America. 
LIXIVIUM. Alye made of ashes. - LOAF (among Sugar-bakers). A lump 


LIZARD. An extensive tribe of ani- | of sugar of a conical form. 
mals, classed by Linneus under the genus LOAM, or LOME, A partieular kind 
lacesta, comprehending the crocodile, bas- | of fat, unctuous, and tenacious earth, thas 
ilisk, chameleon, and salamander. ‘The | is used much by gardeners in making com- 
lizard, properly so called, is a little reptile | post. 
of a green colour, and is frequently to be LOAN. In general, any thing intrusted 
met with in gardens or under dunghills, &c. | to another to be raurned again; particu- 
larly money. 

LOAN (in Political Economy). Sums 
ef money borrowed from individuals or 
public bodies for the service of the state. 
This practice of borrowing money to defray 
the extraordinary expenses in time of war 
which has been adopted in Great Britain 
during several of her late wars, has given 

LLAMA (im Natural History). Am ant- | rise to the national debt. All loans on the 
mal ef the came! kind in Peru and Chili, | part of government in England, are con 
whieh has a bunch on the breast, long, | tracted for by the Chancellor of the Exche- 
soft hair, and defends itself by ejecting its | quer, and afterwards confirmed by parlia- 
ealiva ment. Loans used formerly to be granted — 
by public bodies to the king in considera- 
tion of certain privileges that were secured 
to them, but now money is commonly 
advanced by individuals, in consideration 
of receiving interest. OMe ae 

LOBBY (in Architecture). A kind of 
passage, room, or gallery, as the lobby in’ 

a theatre 

LOBBY (in Naval Architecture). A 
small room near the bread-room in a 
vessel of war, appropriated to the use of 
the surgeon. 

LOBE (in Anatomy) A division in any 
body, as the lungs or liver 4 

LOBE (in Botany) A division in seeds, Mis 
such as beans, peas, &c. 5 

LOBSTER. A small crustaceous fish, 








LLANDELLO FORMATION. In geol- 


ogy, the lowest series of the silurian : ; ey 
system. having a cylix trical body, with a long tail y 
LLANOS. A term applied to extensive] and long anten, #, Lobsters are found on ; 
treeless plains which extend along the| most of the recky coasts of England, and ae 
F 


banks of theriver Orinoco,in S. America. 

LLOYD'S, (A wart iof the Raval Excl en e 
change in London, appropriated to the 
use of underwriters and insurance 
brokers; so called from Lloyd’s coffee- 
house having been the original place of 
meeting. 

LOADSTONE. A sort of ore dug out 
ef iron mines, on which the needle of the 
mariner’s compass ts touched, to give ita 
direction north orsouth i ‘s a peculiarly 
rich ore of iron, found im large masses in 
England, and most other places where| LOCAL (in Law). Tied or joined tea 
there are mines of tha: metal. It is of a| place; thus real actions are local, because 
deep tren gray, and wher fresh broken, it | they must be brought in the country where 
is often tinged with a brownish or reddish | the lands, &e. lie. 
colour. . LOCAL COLOURS (in Painting). Sute 

LOAF. A lump of bread of a certain!) as are natural and proper for each oe 
Weight, worked by the baker into a par-! ticular ebject in a picture — 


~ 














i Loc. f 


LOCAL PROBLEM (in Mathematics). 
That which admits of innumerable solu- 






tions 

LOCK (ameng Smiths) A piece of iron 
work, which is looked upon as a master- 
piece in smithery, as much art and nicety 
is required in contriving and varying the 
Springs, bolts, and different parts to the 
uses for vw hich they are intended. Locks 
intended fcr outer doors are called stock- 
locks, those on chamber doors spring-locks, 
besides which there are padlocks, trunk- 
locks, &c. The principie on which all 
*ocks depend is the application of a lever, 
thet is the key, to an interior bolt, by 
means of a communication from without; 
and the security of locks depends upon 
‘the impediments which may be interposed 
between this lever and the bolt. These 
impediments have commonly been pro- 
duced by meana of the wardsof the key 
80 “artfully contrived as to preclude the 
access of all othe: instruments besides the 
key to the bolt. As these contrivances 
have not, however, been always an effec- 
tual bar, Mr. Bramah has constructed a 
lock on such a principle that the office 
which in other locks is performed by the 
extreme point of the key is here assigned 
to a lever, which cannot approach the bolt 
until every part of the lock has undergone 
a change of position. 

LOCK, or Weise (in Inland Navigation) 
A name for all works of wood or stone 
which are made to confire or raise the 
wever of a river or canal. In artificial 
navigations the lock consists of two gates, 
the upper one called the sluice gate, and 


_ the ander ene the flood gate. 


LOCK (among Gunsmiths). That part 
of a musket by which fire is produced for 
the discharge of the piece. 

LOCKED JAW. A spasmodic affec- 
tion which prevents the motion of the 
jaws. y 
LOCKER (among Mariners). A box or 
chest in which things are stowed. 


LOCHABER-AXE. A formidable weap- 
on of war, formerly used by the High- 
landers of Scotland, consisting of -a 
short pole with a sharp axe at one end. 

LOCHIA. In medicine, the discharge 
that flows from the uterus and vagina 
after child-birth while the mucous 
membrane is returning to its former 
condition. 

LOCULAMENT. In botany, the cell 
in the pericarp of a plant, in which the 
seed is lodged. 

LOCUS. In geometery, a line or sur- 
face over which a point may travel.so 
as always to bein a position which sat- 
isfies some given condition; the line 


_ generated by a point, moying according 


ke a fixed law. 


aa as LOG 229 
LOCUST. A voracious insect, iike the 
grasshopper, which in some parts, particu- 
larly in Africa and Asia Minor, fall likea 
cloud upon the country, and lay waste all 
before them. They are no Jess terrible 
dead than alive, for their putrified carcas- 


ses cause a pestilence where the) bappea 
to alight 4 











LODE. In mining, a metallic vein, or 
any regular vein or course; 4 cut or 
reach'of water. 

LODGMENT. The act of lodging, or 
the state of being lodged; accumulation 
or collection of something deposited or 
remaining atrest. In military affairs, 
an encampment made by an army; 2 
work cast up by besiegers during their 
approaches, in some dangerous post. ; 

LOGAN, In geology, a large rock so 
balanced as to be easily moved; a large 
rocking stone. 

LOGANIACE. In botany, a natural 
order of dichlamydeous Exogens, of 
which Logania is the type. 

LOG (among Mariners). A flat piece o 
wood, with lead at one end and a line at 
the other, for measuring the rate of a ship’s 
sailing. 

LOGARI1'HMS. Numbers so contrived 
and adapted to other numbers, that the 
sums and differences of the former shall 
correspond to and show the products and 
quotients of the latter; or more properly a 
series of numbers in arithmetical progres- 
sion answering to another series in gee 
metrical progression, thus, 

0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, &c. Indices or Logarithms. 
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, &c. Geomet. Progression 
Or, 

0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, &c. Indices or Logs, 
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, &c. Geomet. Prog. 

Or, 

6, 1, 2, 3, 4, &e. Indices or Log 
1, 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, &c. Geom. Prog. 
Where it is evident that the same numbers 
in arithmetica) progression, wliich are the 
logarithms or indices, serve equally for any 
geometrical series, consequently there may 
be an endless variety of eystems of loga- 
rithms to the same common numbers, by 
only changing the second term, 2, 3, 10, 
é&c. of the geometrical series. Ifany twe 
indices be added together their sum wik 
be equal to the product of the twe terma ig 
















‘geometrical progression with which 








those indices correspend, thus, 2 and 
3 added together are equal to 5, 
and the numbers 4 and 8 correspond- 
ing with those indices being multi- 
plied together are equal to 32, which 
is the number answering to the 
index 5. So if any index be sub- 
stracted from another, the difference 
will be the index of that number, 
which is equal to the quotient of the 
two terms to which those indices be- 
long, thus the index 6—4=2, then 64 
divided by 16, the terms correspond- 
ing to these two indices leaves the 
quotient 4, which answers to the in- 
dex 2. Logarithms being the expo- 
dents of ratios are on that account 
ealled indices, thus the logarithm 2 
is the exponent or index of the 
several numbers in the geometrical 
series over which it stands, as 22 , or 
the square of 2 equal to 4 in the first 
series, 32 or square of 3, that is 9 in 
the second series, and 102 or the 
square of 10, that is 102 in the third 
series; so likewise 3 is the index or 
exponent for the cube numbers 8, 27, 
1000, &c. over which it stands. 

LOG-BOARD. <A table or board 
containing an account ofa ship’s way 
measured by the log.—Log-book is a 
register into which are transcribed 
the contents of the log-board, &e.— 
Log-glass is a half-minute sand-glass 
used for timing the speed of sailing. 
—Log-line, a line of about 150 fa- 
thoms, fastened to the log. 

LOGOMETER. A. scale for mea- 
suring chemical equivalents. 

LOKE: In the Scandinavian mytho- 
logy, the name of an eyil deity, des- 
cribed in the Edda as a great serpent 
encircling the earth. 

OTYPE. In typography, two 
or more letters cast in one piece, as 
fi, ff, &c. 

LOHOCH. A medicine of a con- 
sistence between a soft electuary and 
a@ syrup. 

LONGI. In compound words, a 
prefix signifying length. 

LONGICORNS. A family of tetra- 
metrous Coleoptera, remarkable for 
the length of their antennez. 

LONGIMETRY. In surveying, the 
art of measuring distances. 

LONGIPALPI. <A family of short- 
winged Beetles, in which the maxil- 
lary palpi are nearly as long as the 


head. 

LONGIPENNES. A term applied 
to a family of oceanic birds remark- 
able for their long wings, as the Al- 
batross, Petrel, &c. 

LONGIROSTERS. <A family of 
Wading birds, distinguished, as in 


the Snipes, for the extreme length of 


the bill. 

LONGISSIMUS DORSI. A muscle 
of the back which assists in keeping 
the spinal column’erect. 

LONGITUDE. In geopraphy, the 
circumference of the earth, measur- 
ed east and west, the distance of any 


part of the earth, to the east or west, 


* ry ‘ ns 
PPS yy > FY Oba the (ey yee Ae Ae epee Mey 






ean M3 . 4 it 2 es Pac wh ney 

from a meridian, or from any place, 
estimated in degrees.—In astronomy, 
the distance of a heavenly body from 
the first degree of Aries,reckoned 
on the ecleptic.—Heliocentric longi- = = 
tude is the longitude of a planet as 
seen trom the sun.—Geocentriclongi- = 
tude is the longitude of a pane seen 
from the earth; that is, the point of 
the ecliptic to which it perpendicu- 
larly corresponds, as seen from the 
centre of the earth. 

LONG PRIMER. In typography, 
a sort of type intermediate between 
small pica and bourgeois. , 


LONGUS COLL]. <A pair of mus- | 
cles in the neck. When one con- - 
tracts it moves the neck to one side, 
and when they both act the neck is 
bent forward. 


LOOPERS. The larve of certain 
species of moths, which form a loop 
when crawling. 

LOCUST. A voracious insect, like 
the grasshopper, which in some 
parts. particularly in Africa and 
Asia Minor, fall like a cloud upon the 
country, and lay waste all before 
them. They are noless terrible dead 
than alive, for their putrified carcas- 
ses cause a pestilence where they 
happen to alight.. 

LOPHIODON. A Mammalian ani- 
mal, known only by fossil remains; ‘ 
somewhat resembles the rhinoceros. 


LOPHIOMYS. A small animal 
belonging to Rodentia, found in 
Africa. i 

LOPHIUS. <A fish belonging to 
Acanthopteri. 

LOPHOBRANCHIATE. A term 
applied to an order of fishes with 
gills arranged in tufts. 

LORANTHACEA, A nat. order o 
parasitical exogenous shrubs. He 

LORIAN. A sub-family of the 
Psittacide, or Parrots, the Lories, of 
which the Lorius is the type. 








LORICARINA. A sub-family of 
the Silures, or Cat-fish, whose bodies hie 
are mailed with large osseous plates. ‘ef 

LUCERN. A valuable species of 
Trefoil belonging to the genus Medi- RAT? 
care which is excellent food for ig 
cattle. hg 

LUCIMETER. An apparatus for ¢ 
measuring theintensity of light; a | Pe) 
photometer, poe 


LUCULLITE. A variety of black — 
limestone, often polished for orna- 
mental purposes. is 

LORIS. The 
lazy Monkey; a 
lemur-like ani- . 
mal, found in 


Hindostan. Slow W 
Loris the Bengal Sf 










Sloth, Also aS 
New Zealand (key 
bird. cane 


LOOPHOLES (in Fortifi a 
tion). Little holes made in the 
walls of a castle or ortif 


(aa 





fee | LOD 

3 don, through which arrows were dis. 

oe): LORD In Engiend, any peer of the 

a realm; aleo a title of honour sometimes 

f given to persons by virtue of their office, 

% asthe Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief 

’ ustice, the Lord Mayor. 

; LORD OF A MANOR (in England). A 
person that had a fee, and consequently 
the homage of the tenants within hia ma- 
nor, and also the privilege of holding a 
court baron. Lords of the manor still re- 
tain some of the old manorial rights. 

LORY. A bird of the parrot kind. 
LOTE TREE. A kind of tree which 
from its jagged leaves was called the nettle 

_ tree. 

LOTION ‘The washing or cleansing of 
any medicine with water; also a wash for 

R the skin 


LORCHA, Alighi coasting vessel used. 


PP ad ets Cok Oe Me 


“% 


2 ea ee 


—. 


“ the hull built on a Kuropean model, put 
<t rigged like a Chinese junk. 
i LOTE-TREE. The Atrican shrub Zizy- 
‘Sang phus lotus, the lotus of the Lotophagi, 
¥ or Lotus- eaters. The fruit is used as 
e food for cattle, and converted into bread 
f by the natives. 
ee LOTUS. A genus of leguminous 
a plants, thename of which was applied 
toan Egyptian plant (the Water- -lily of 
the Nile), and to the several species of 
*the genus lotus, 

LOW PRESSURE. A term applied to 
a steam-engine, the motive torece of 
which is produced by forming a vacu- 
um within the cylinder by drawing off 
the steam into another vessel called the 
condenser, and there condensing it, 


LOZENGE (in Heraldry). A figure 
4 which is used to contain the coats of arms 
ef all maidens and widows. 


—. > 


a = oe we 
‘ 


2 


} 
,* 
b 













LOZENGE (in Geometry). A quadri- 
lateral figure, having two angles acute and 
the two opposite ones obtuse. 

LOZENGE (in Pharmacy). A medicine 
made to be held in the mouth, which was 
originally in the form of a lozenge. 

L. 8. An abbreviation for locus sigilli, 
the place of the seal. 


LOU, 87., Onverx or. An order of 
nigh thood instituted 1683, by Louis XIV 
GS aie WAN Biss) 6 “i re ys 


in China, and the Hastern seas, having}. 


fication perfermed by the ancient Roman 


A 


LUS 
LOXA BARK, In botany, a pale Peru. 
vian. bark, the product of Cinchonacon- 
daminea. 
LOXODROMICS. The art of obliqua 
Bailing by the rhomb, which always 


makes an equal eee with every meri: 
dian. 


LUGGER. A small vessel carrying either 
two or three masts, with a running bow- 
sprit, upon which “sgsails are set, and 
sometimes topsails adapted to them 






‘i \ 
i at 





he epee A aN affection of 


the muscles about the loins. 

LUNACY. A kind of madnegs, so called 
because supposed to be influenced by the 
moon. 

LUNAR. Belonging to the moon, asa 
lunar eclipse, month, year, &e. 

LUNATICS. Are properly such as have 
diseased imaginations, which deprivethem 
of the use of their reasoning faculty, some 
times altogether and sometimes only oz 
particular subjects. 

LUNATION, otherwise called the Sy. 
wopicaL MontH. A revolution of the 
moon, or the time between one new moor 
and another. 

LUNE (in Mathematics). A geometrica 
figure in form of a crescent. 

LUNGS (in Anatomy). A viscus in the 
animal body, compozed of two lobes o 
divisions, which are spongy bodies, situ 
ated in the chest, and serving the puEpow 
of respiration. 

LUPINE. A sort of pulse, which bean 
& papilionaceous flower. There are severa) 
species of lupines cultivated in gardens, as 
the white lupine, the small blue lupine 
and the great blue lupine, &c. which are 
all annuals except one species, called by 
distinction the perennial Jupine. 

LUPUS. The Wolf in Astronomy, 3 
constellation in the southern hemisphere 

LURID (in Botany). A natura) orde: 
of plants in the Linnewan system, whict 
are poisonous, as the nightshade, digitalis 
&6. 

LUSTRATION. The ceremony of puri 


98 


Rise teas 








every five years; whenee that space wast 
Calied a lustrum. 

LUSTRE (in Minerslogy). One ekarac- 
ter of mineral! bodies, which in that respect 
are distinguished into splendent, shining, 
glistening, glimmering, and dull. 

LUTE. Astringed instrument, contain- 
ing at first only five rows of strings, to 
which were afterwards added six more. 
It was formerly much used. 

LUTE (in Chemistry). A compound 
paste made of potter’s clay, sand, and 
other materials, for the purpose of closing 
up the necks of retorts, receivers, &c. in 
different chemical experiments. 

LUTHERANISM. The doctrines of 
Martin Luther, the German reformer, 
which form the creed of allthe protestants 
in Germany who are not Calvinists. 

LYCOPODIUM, or Civs Moss. A 
sort of moss, the seeds of which when 
ignited burn off like a flash of lightning. 
It is used In the London theatres. 

LYDIAN STONE A stone of a gray- 
ish black colour, which ia found in Bohe- 
mia and other parts of Germany, and also 
in Scotland. V/hen polished, it isused as 
& test stone for determining the purity of 
gold and silver. It was used for that pur- 
pose among the ancients, by whom it 
received this name, because it was found 
only in the Tmolus, a river ef Lydia 


LYE. A composition ef schon and wa 


ter for vweashing or ssourtng. 

LYMPH (in Anatomy). Acieariympi¢d 
humour, secreted from the bloed, which 
is carried by the lymphatic vessels into the 
thoracie duct) where it mixes with the 
chyle. 

LYMPHATICS. The lymphatic ves 
sels. 

LYNX. Awild beast, ofatawny brewn 
colour, with black spots, end very quick 
sighted, which in its habits resembies the 
wild cat. 





LYRA. The lyre, a constellation in th 
northern hemisphere, 

LYRE. A musical stringed instrument, 
much used by the ancients. 

LYRIC. Pertaining to the harp, as lyri¢ 
verse, poetry made fer or set to the harp 


BS. 


M, the thirteenth letter of the alphabet, 
whick as a numeral stands for mille, a 
thousand, and with a stroke over it, thus 
M, it stood for 1,000,000. As an abbre- 
Viation M. A. stands for Master of Arts, 
M. D. Doctor of Medicine, D. Mus. Doctor 
of Music, MS. Manuscript, MSS. Manu- 
acripta. 

MACADAMIZING. A method of mak- 
ing roads, introduced by Mr. Mae Adam, 
which consists in breaking the stones so 
gemall that they may bind with the earth 
into a solid smooth mass. 

MACARONIC POEM. A aart of bur- 
lesque poetry. 

-MACAROON'’ A sweetment made of 
almonds. 

MACCAW. A kind of parrot, 

MACE (in Botany). A sort of spice, the 
second eoat of the kernel of the nutmeg, 
@ thin membranaceous substance, of an 
eleaginvus ameture, a yellow colour, an 
extremely fragrant aromatic perfume, and 
& pleasant bat acrid and oleaginous taste. 

MACE (ia State Btiquette). In England, 


ig) 








an ornamented staff, borne as an ensign 
of honour before a magistrate. 

MACERATION (in Pharmacy). An 
infusion of ingredienta in any liquid, im 
order to soften them. 

MACHINE. An engine composed of 
several parts, put together by mechanical 
art and contrivance, for the purpose of 
raising bodies, assisting, regulating, or 
stopping their motions, &e, 
chines comprehend the w#ix mechanical 
powers, Compound machines are com- 
posed of the simple. Machines are like- 


Simple ma- : 


wise distinguished according to the pur- — 


pose for which they are used into the 
architectural machine, electrical machine, 
hydraulic machine, &c. 

MACHINE INFERNAL A machine 
used in modern warfare, for the purpose 
of blowing up bridges, &e 

MACKEREL. A well known fioh, that 
visits the shores of the ocean in the sum- 
mer season in vast shoals 


-MACKEREL-GALE. A strong breeze 


that is very favourable for mackeroi Ash: 











anbuus tte Astronomy) 
Hci on the .uminows surfaces of the 
oun and moon, aad ever seme of the 
planets. 

MACULA: (in Medicine). 
tions on the surface of the body. 

MADDER. A substance used in dying, 


Diseolora- 


which is extracted from the root of a 


plant botanically distinguished by the 
name of rubia. The madder root grows 
im France and other countries of Europe, 
that of Zealand is the best of European 
growth, but that which comes from the 
Levant ia still more esteemed. 

MADEIRA Arich wine made in the 
island of Madeira. 

MADRIGAL. A short amorous poem 

MAGAZINE (in Commerce). A ware- 
house for al) sorta of merchandise. 

MAGAZINE (im Military Affairs). A 
storehouse for arms, &c. 

MAGAZINE (in Literature). A periodi- 
cal work containing miscellaneous matter. 

MAGGOT. The larva of flies, bees, &«. 

MAGI. Astrologers and priests among 
the Persians and Asiatics. 

MAGIC. The black art, or the pre- 
tended art of producing supernatural ef- 
fects, derived from the Persian magi. 

MAGIC SQUARE (in Arithmetic). Fi- 
gures #0 disposed inte parallel and equal 


419 | 2 
1815 |7 
eG 


ranks as that the sums of each row, as well 
diagonally as laterally, shall be equal. 
MAGIC LANTERN. An optical ma- 
chine, by means of which are represented 
on an opposite wall in a dark reom, mon- 
estrous figures, magnified te any size at 





Hark apats 


the suhtotnoa dikis: te which is added a 


tube, and @ lews that throwe the light on 
the object, and another lens which magni 
fies the image on the wall. Then by con 
tracting the tube, and bringing the giags 
nearer to the oninesy the image will be 
enlarged. 

MAGNA CHARTA (fa England). Or 
the great charter of liberties first granted 
by King John in the seventeenth year of 
his reign, a. p. 1215. This wasafterwards 
renewed, with some alterations, by hie 
son and successor Henry III. and repeated- 
ly confirmed both by, this king and King 
Edward [. The Magna Charta which is 
the first statute given in the statute books, 
is the same as that granted by Henry III 
in the ninth year of his reign. 

MAGNESIA. A white, soft powder, and 
one of the primitive earths, having a me- 
tallic basis called magnesium. Itis mostly 
extracted from talc, asbestos, boracite, and 
other stones. 

MAGNESIUM. See Manoaness 

MAGNET. See Loapstonn. 

MAGNETIC or MAGNETICAL. Per- — 
taining to the magnet or loadstone, as 
magnetic attraction, magnetie needle, &e. 

MAGNETICAL MERIDIAN. A great 
circle in the heavens, which intersects the 
horizon in the points to which the mag. 
netical needle, when at rest, directs itaslf 

MAGNETIC NEEDLE. See Nexoixe 

MAGNETISM. The preperty of attract- 
ing and repeiling iron, as the loadstone 
does, which waa partially known to the 
ancients, but it does not appear that they 
Knew any thing of itz directive power, 
which has been se usefully employed by 
the moderns. The natural magnet has the 
pewer of communicating its properties to 
tron er steel, which then becomes a magnet 
itself, and is employed as such en most 
occasions, 

MAGNETISM, Animar. A pretended 
science, which professed to cure diseases, 
particularly nervous disorders, by commu 
nicating a sortof magnetical fluid or virtue 
from one body to ancther. 

MAGNIFYING (in Philogephy). The 
making objects appear larger by te means 
of glasses than they do to the maked eye; 
convex giasses, which have this power, 
are called magnifying glasses, of whick 
microscopes are made. 

MAGNITUDE. The extension ef any 
thing, whether it be in one direetion, as a 
Hne; in two directions, as asurface of 
im three directions, as a selid. 

MAGNOLIA. A plant, ef which the 


magnolia grandiflora, er the. greet mag- — : 


nolig, is the principal epecion, Hee . 











mative of Florida, and bears a beautiful 
milkwhite flower. “as 

MAGPIE. A cunning, variegated tird 
eommon in Europe and found in the wes- 
’ term regions of the United States. 

MAHOGANY (in Botany). A beautiful 
wood, belonging to a tree that grows in 
America and the West Indies, known by 
the botanical name of the swetenea ma- 

egani, or the mahogany tree. 

MAHOMETANS. Believers in the doc- 
trines and divine mission of the imposter 
Mahomet 

MAIDEN-HAIR. A plant, native of the 
south of France. 

MAJESTY. A title given commonly to 
kings. It was first used in England im 
the reign of Henry VIII. instead of high- 
ness. 

MAIHEM, or MAYHEM. A corporal 
wound or hurt, by which a man loses the 
use of any member. It originally applied 

.to such corporal injuries as rendered a 
man less fit for war. 

MAIL, or Mar Bac. A leathern bag 
for the conveyance of letters. 

MAIL-COACH. A coach of a particular 
construction for expeditious travelling, 
several of which are employed by govern- 
ment for the conveyance of letters to all 
parts of England. Mail coaches were first 
brought into use in 1784. In the United 
States the coaches belong to proprietors 
with whom the government contracts to 
carry the mail. - 

MAINPRIZE (in Law). Receiving a 
person into friendly custody who might 


a M 
MAJUSCULA, Capital letters,in « 


tury, were written, 


- MALTHA. A term applied to slaggy 


mineral pitch, as distinct from fluid 
petroleum, and from solid asphalt. 

MALTHUSIAN. Pertaining to Mal- 
thus, who taught that population in- 
creased more rapidly than the means of 
subsistence could be made to increase, 
and consequently the undue increase 
of population should be checked, and 
early marriages discouraged. 

MAMALUKE, A term applied to a 
military force. in Egypt, which was 
destroyed by Mehemet Aliin 1811. 

MAMMEA. The Mammee apple, the 
produce ofa fruit-tree of tropical Am- 
erica. 

MALLEOLI. In military science, 
bundles of wood, made of combustible 
materials, for setting on fire at night, to 
discover the position of an enemy. 

MALTHA. In mineralogy, a soft glut- 
inous substance which smells like 
pitch; mineral pitch. 

MALVACEA, In botany, a natural 
order of exogenous plants, of which the 
Malva, or Mallow tree, is the genus. 

MAMMALIA, In zoology, the first 
grand division of vertebrated animals 
which suckle their young. Mammalogy 
is the science of mammiferous animals, 

MAMMOTH. A fossil elephant of im- 
mense size, the bones of one of which 


were discovered buried in ice in the 


north of Russia. 

MAN. In zoology and natural history, 
the great epitome of all science and art; 
the sole specific example of the only 
genus Homo,as contained in Cuvier’s 
order Bimana. The great naturalist, 
Blumenbach, divides this species into 


ptherwise be committed to prison, on secu- five varieties. 1. The Caucasian va- 


rity given for his forthcoming on a day 
appointed ; a sort of bail. 


riety, which includes all the ancient 
and modern Europeans, except the 
Fins; the former and present inhabi- 


MAINTENANCE (in Law). The wrong-!tants of Western Asia, as far as the 


ful upholding another in a cause. 


River Oby, the Caspian Sea, and the 


MAJOR (in Military Affairs). An officer |Ganges (that is, the Assyrians, Meres, 


above a captain. 

MAJOR-GENERAL. He who receives 
the general’e order. 

MAJOR OF A BRIGADE. The officer 
who receives the orders from the major- 
general. 

MAJOR OF A REGIMENT. The offi- 
ofr next the lieutenant-colonel. 


MAJOR, Town. The third officer of a Egypt 


garrison. 

- MALACHITE. A mineral, the green 
carbonate of copper, found frequently 
crystallized in long slender needles. It 
_ consists of ¢ pper, carbonic acid, oxygen, 


- aad water. 


MALACOLITE. A mineral found in the 
silver mines in Sweden, and also in Nor- 


and Chaldeans; the Sarmatians, Scyth- 


fians, and Parthians;, the Philistines, 


Pheenicians, Jews, and the inhabitants 
of Syria, generally; the Vartars, prop- 
erly so called; the tribes actually occu- 
pying the chain of the Caucasus; the 
Georgians, Circassians, Mingrelians, and 
Armenians; the Turks, Persians, Ara- 
bians, Afghauns, and Hindoos of high 
castes), and the Northern Africans, the 
ians, Abyssinians, and Guanches. 
2. The Mongolian variety which in- 
chides the tribes of Central and North- 
ern Asia; as the Mongolians, Calmucks, 
and Buriats; the Mantchoos, Da-urians, 
Tungooses, and Coreans; the Samoides, 
Yukagers, Koriacs, Tschuktschi, and 
Kamtschadales, the Chinese and Japan- 
ese, the inhabitants of Tibet and Bootan, 
of Tonquin, Cochin-China, Ava, Pegu, 


way, consisting of silica, lime, magnesia, | Cambodia, Laes, and Siam; the Finnish 


_ ghumina, oxide of iron, &c. 





» 


races of Northern Europe, as the Lap: 


h ¥ 
Latin manuscripts, before the sixth cen- 




















ind. t ri) 

3. The Ethiopian variety, comprehend- 
_ ing all the nations of Africa not included 
io the first variety. 4. The American 
variety, including all the native Ameri- 
. cans except the Esquimaux. 5. The 
Malay variety, which includes the in- 
habitants of Malacca, Sumatra, Java, 
Borneo, Celebes, and the adjacent 
Asiatic Islands; of the Molucca, La- 
drone, Philippine, Marian, and Caroline 
groups; of New Holland, Van Diemen’s 
and, New Guinea, New Zealand, and 
of all the islands of the South Sea. 
Cuvier’s arrangement, however, differs 
from that ot Blumenbach; he distin- 
guishes only three principal divisions— 
the Caucasian, the Mongolian, and the 
Ethiopian; leaving the Malay and Am- 


Pia erican varieties as doubtful. 

bet, MANCHOO, or MANTCHOO. The lan- 
Rats He guage spoken in Manchooria, and at the 
ie court of China. 
Deri? MANITOU... The name given by the 
i American Indians to their spirits or gods, 


MANDAMUS (in Law). A writ original- 
ly granted by the king, so called from the 
c first word, Mandamus, we command, com- 
eS manding corporations and inferior courts, 
orether persons, to do some particular 
thing, as to admit any one to an office and 
the like. 

re MANDARIN. A Chinese magistrate. 
is MANDATE. A judicial command of 

i the king. 

MANDIBLE The jaw of brutes; in 
Ornithology, the bill of birds 

MANDRAKE. A plant, whose divided 
root bears some resemblance to the legs 
and thighs of a man. 

MANDRIL, or MANDERIL. A wooden 
pulley, part of a turner’s lathe. 

MANEGE. A riding school; also the 

art of horsemanship, or the management 
ae of both the horse and the rider. 
. MANEQUIN (in the Fine Arts). A 
little statue or model, usually made of 
wood or wax, and so contrived as to be 
put into posture at pleasure. 

MANGANESE. A mineral which, when 
pure, is of a grayish white colour, and 
considerable brilliancy; it has neither 
saste nor smell, is of the hardness of iron, 
and very brittle, when reduced to powder 
it is attracted by the magnet. The ore of 
manganese is remarkable for its sponta- 
neous inflammation with oil. [t is much 
used by glassmakers and potters, and is 
gometimes called soap of giass. 

MANGE. A eutaneous disease incident 
te horses, dogs, and other domestic ani- 
mals; it is attended with eruptions and 
ess of air 


























es of Esquimaux.} 


MANGEL WURZEL. A soy of turnip 
that is nearly in the shape of a carrot, but 
much larger ; it is reckoned a good winter 
fodder for cows, and has been sometimes 
used in Germany as the food of man in 
times of scarcity, whence it derives ita 
name, signifying literally root of scarcity. 
MANGER. A trough out of which 
horses eat thelr corn or dry food. 
MANGER (among Mariners). A place 
on the deck of a vessel for receiving the 
sea water. 


MANGROVE TREE. A tree of Suri- 


nam, which, like the banium tree, sends 
forth namerous branches, that take root in 
the earth and form fresh trees, so as tc 
make a wood out of one main stock. 

MANICHEES. The followers of a Per- 
sian impostor in the third century, whe 
taught that there weré two independent 
principles or gods, one good and one evil. 

MANIFEST (in Commerce). The 
draught of the cargo of a ship. 

MANIFESTO. A public declaration 
made by a prince, explaining his reasons 
for going to war or adopting any hostile 
measure towards another country. 

MANILLE. A large brass ring, like a 
bracelet, which was given by the Euro- 
peans in their traffic for slaves oa the 
African coast. ; 

MANIS. An Indian animal having ne 
teeth, a body covered above with seales, 
and a round extensile tongue, with whick 
it catches insects 





’ MANNA. The food sent from heavea 
for the support of the Israelites im the 
wilderness. 

MANNA (in Botany). A sweet juice or 
gum which flows from many trees and 
plants in Syria, and also in Calabria, 
where it exudes from two species of the 
ash. Its smell is strong, ite taste rather 
nauseously sweet, if exposed in hot coals 
it swells up, takes fire, and leaves a light 
coal, which affords’a fixed alkali. It is. 
dissolved by water, and affords by distilla- 
tion water, acid, oil, and ammonia. 

MANOMETER, or Maroscorn. AR 
imstrument for showing the alterations ta 
the rarity and density of the air. It differs 
from the barometer, in as much az the lattes 
ugly serves to measure the weight of the 

















the air in which it is found. 

MANOR (in Law). In England, a noble 
eort of fee anciently granted by the king to 
some baron to dwell upon, and to exercise 
& jurisdiction greater or less within that cir- 
euit: this was in part let out to the lord’s 
tenants, and part was reserved for the use 
of his family, which iatter was called terra 
dominicalis, or demesne. Some part was 
left uncultivated, which was called the 
lord’s Waste. 

MANSION (in Law) The lord of the 
manor’s chief dwelling house within his 
fee 

MANSLAUGHTER (in Law). The 
killing a man by misadventure without 
malice prepense. 

MANTELETS (in Fortification). A 
kind of moveable parapets ised in a siege. 

MANTIS. Asort of insects, of which 
there are numerous species, distinguished 
by the difference and singularity of their 
shape. The chief species in Europe is the 
camel cricket, or praying mantis, ao called 
because when sitting it holds up its two 
fore legs as if in the attitude of prayer. 
This is a rapacious insect, that attacks 
other insects with great herceness. 

MANUAL. Pertaining to the hand, as 
raanual operation, an operation performed 
by the hand. 

MANUAL, Siren (in Law). The signing 
of a deed or writing, under band and seal. 

MANUAL (in Literature). Any book 
small enough to be carried in the hand, 
which contains a compendium of science. 

MANUFACTURE. Any commodity 
made by the hand, or any thing formed 
from the raw materials or natural pro- 
ductions of a country, as cloths from wool, 
and cotton or silk goods from the cotton 
and silk, &c. 

MANUFACTURER One who employa 
his capita! in manufacturing goods 

MANUMISSION (in Law). The act of 
enfranchising, o: setting a slave or bond- 
‘man free. 

MANURE. Whatever servesg to enrich 
the ground and fit it for husbandry pur. 
poses, as dung, loam, soap ashes, &c 

MANUSCRIPT, abbreviated MS. or in 
the plural MSS. A book or copy written 
with the hand, in opposition to a printed 
COpy- 

MAP. A plane figure representing the 
surface of the earth, or any part thereof, 
together with the several divisions of land 
and water, and the several. countries, 
towns, and the like. It ig called auniver- 
gal map when it represents the whole sur- 
Gace of the cnrth, or the two hemispheres 


Aor ariqpuphers: but the former ths density of 








anda paftickiad map when it en 
sents particular regions or countries A 
map is properly a representation of land — 
as distinguished from a chart, whieh only 
represents the sea or seacoast. ; 

MAPLE (in Botany). A tree of while: 
there are numerous species, classed by 
Linnwus under the scientific name acer 
The acer sacharinum, or sugar maple, in 
North America, is one of the most remark 
able species, from which, by tapping the 
trees early in the spring is procured a vast 
quantity of sugar, a tree of an ordinary 
size yielding in a good season from Bic 
to thirty gallons of sap 


MARABUTS, or MARABOOTS. Among 
the North Africans, a kind of saints ot 
sorcerers held in high estimation; mar- 
aboot feathers, or marabou, fine delicate 
feathers, the white kind being very val- 
uable, much used in the dress of ladies, 
obtained from a large crane of Asia and 
Africa. 

MARACAN, A species of parrot in 
Brazil. 

MARAT. In the Pacific Islands, a sacred 
enclosure or temple. 

MARAJAH, or MAHARAJAH, A Hin: 
doo sovereign prince. 

MARASCHINO. A spirit or liquor 
made from the marasca cherry of Dal- 
matia. 

MARBLE, A calcareous stone or miny 
eral, of compact texture, and suscepti 
ble of a beautiful polish; a little ball cf 
marble. There are many varieties of 
marble, the finest of which are the Car- 
rara and Parian, as used by the ancient 
Greeks. 

MARC. The refuse matter of grapes 
or other fruit from which the juice has 
been expressed. 

MARCASITE. Iron pyrites, occurring 
crystallised in modified rhombic prisms, 
in stalactite crusts, &c., nearly tin- 
white, and more strongly metallic in 
lustre than ordinary pyrites, used in 
the manufacture of sulphur and sul- 
phuric acid, also for ornamental pur- 
poses. 

MAREMME. An Italian term for those 
unwholesome sea-marshes which dif- 
fuse with more or less virulence pestil- 
ential exhalations along the whole west 
coast of Italy. 

MARCELINE, A mineral ofa greens 
ish-black color and vitreous lustre, cone 
sisting of silica, oxide of manganese, 
oxide ofiron, and alumina. 

MARGARAMIDE. A substance obe 
tained from ammonial soap. 

MARGARATE, A salt formed of mat 
garic acid and a base. 

MARGARIC, MARGARITIO. In chems 
istry. noting a fatty acid prepared frame . 
hog’s lerd pee votash, 









. 





eh 


US Cain SS 
ee Fae 












ey 
4 
; 


marginated on the outside, and sur- 
- rounds the surface with anarrow border 


ustomed to a sen) 


“MARINES. Soldiers who serve on board 


 eship, and trained to fight either by sea 
or on land. : 


MARITIME. Bounded by the sea, asa 
Maritime province or county, that is, one 
bounded by the sea; so likewise maritime 
countries. such as England or Holland. 

MARGARITE. In mineralogy, pearl 
mica, a thinly-laminated mineral of a 
greyish, reddish, or yellowish-white 
color; sp. gr.'3:0; H—3-5—4:5, 

MARGARON. In chemistry, a solid 
fatty matter, obtained by distilling 
margaric acid with excess of lime. 

MARGINATE, MARGINATED. In 
conchology, denoting a prominent mar- 
gin or border. In entomology, an 
epithet used when the sharp edge is 


MARL. A sort of tat earth, consisting 
of clay and the carbonate of lime, in which 
the latter prevails. Marles are particularly 


_ useful as manures in barren lands. 


MARLINS. A sea term for lines of 
Untwisted hemp well tarred, to keep the 
ends of the ropes, &c. from unravelling. 

MARMOTTE. An animal between a 


rabbit and a mouse, which abounds in the 


Alps. The animal common in the United 
States called woodchuck, is a species of 


- Marmotte; the prairie dog, found in the 


plains ef Missouri is another species of 





MARQUIS (in England). A title of 
honour next to a duke, first given to those 
who governed the Marches of Wales, who 
were called Lords Marchers. The title of 
Marquis was first given in the reign of 
Richard II. The coronet of o marquis has 
flowers and pyramids with pearls on them 
balermixed. 


= -~ els UR A oe 





“AX 





MARQUE. See Larruns ov Manquz. 
MARQUETRY. A curious kind of in- 


mid work, composed of several fine, hard 






| Mesesof wood, of variouscolours fastened 


in thin slices on the ground and scme- 
times enriched with silver, vory ané 
other matters. 

MARROW A fat and oleaginous sub 
stance in the bones of animals. 

MARS (in Astronomy ). One of the seven 
primary planets, distinguished by tne red 
colour of his light, and usually marked by 
this character g. He performs his rere- 
lution in his orbit in 686 days 23 hours 
30 minutes and 39 seconds, and his reve. 
lution on his axis in 24 hours 40 minutes 

MARS (in the Heathen Mythology) 
The son of Jupiter and Juno, and the god 
of war, whose common attributes are his 
helmet, spear, and sword 





buildea under the eaves of houses, but not 
in chimneys. 

MARTEN, or Mantuer. A large kind: 
of weasel found in Northern countries — 
It has a smali head, an agile body, and 
lively eyes. The fur of the marten is val- 
usable There are two kinds in America, 
the Pine marten, and Pennants marten 
called Fisher 









MARSHAL (in England) The chiei 
officer of arms,asthe Earl Marshal 4 grea 
officer of the crown, who takes cognizance 
of all matters of the law of arms; the nam 
also of other officers,as the Knight Marsha 
or Marshal of the King’s House, Marsna! 
of the King’s Bench, who has the custody 
of the King’s Bench prison, and Marsha\ 
of the Exchequer, to whom the king’s 
debtors are committed. In this country, 
the term is applied to the executive officer, 
attendant upon the United Stases Courts, 


- 






MARSHAL, or Fiecp Maasnat (in 
Military Affairs). In England, the highest 
officer in the army. 

MARSHALLING (in Heraldry). The 
disposing of the several coats of arms be- 
onging’to distinct families in one and the 
game escutcheon, together with their orna- 
ments; one branch of the science of heral- 

dry. 
- MARSHALSEA (in England). A court 
originally instituted to hear and determine 
causes between the servants of the King’s 
household and others within the verge of 
the court, that is within twelve miles 
round Whiteha\, in London. 

MARTIAL LAW (in England). The 
law that has to do only with soldiers and 
seamen where the kixg’s army is on foot. 
This law differs from .he common law, in 
as much as it depenus upon the pleasure 
of the king. In cases of riots and rebel- 
lions, Martial Law is sometimes proclaimed 
when the civil power is not strong enough 
to preserve the peace. 

MARTINGALE (in the Manege). A 
thong of leather fastened at one end of the 
girts under the belly of the horse. 

MARTINGALE. Aseaterm forarope, 
extending from the jib boom to the end 
of the bumkin. 

MASCULINE GENDER. The gender 
of nouns that denote the male sex. 

MASH. Bran scalded in hot water and 
given to a horse or cow, &¢ 

MASHES OF A NET. 
by the strings of a net. 

MASHING. The mixing the malt and 
hot water together in brewing. 

MASK. A covering forthe face. 

MASONRY. The art of hewing, cutting, 
oy squaring stones, and fitting them for the 
use of buildings; also of joining them to- 
gether with mortar. 

MASONS, or Worxens 1n Srone. 
Were incorporated in London about the 
year 1419. 

MASONS, Frex, or AccerTEep Masons. 
A fraternity of great antiquity, so called 
because the first founders of that society 
were persons of that profession They 
‘tre bound by an oath of secrecy not to 
reveal any thing that passes within the 
tlociety, and the members throughout the 
whole world are known to each other, by 
vertain secret signs. 

MASORITES. The rabbies who, under 
fisdras the scribe, are supposed to have 
purged the Hebrew Bible of the errors 
that crept into it during the Babylonish 
captivity. They divided the canonical 
books into twenty-two, and these twenty- 


Holes formed 


into verses. ee 
MASQUE (in Ayeuitoearee Cortaka 


pieces of sculpture representing hideous Wie te 
forms, wi#ch serve to fill upvacantspaces. 


MASQUERADE. An exhibition ia 
which persons, having masks or vizards, 
meet together and represent different cha- 
racters, 

MASS (in Ecclesiastical Affairs). The 
ritual or service of the Romish church; 
when the prayers are simply rehearsed, 
without singing, it is called Low Mass: 
but when the prayers are sung by ehoris- 
ters, and the service is performed by a 
deacon and subdeacon, it is called High 
or Grand Mass, 

MASSES (in Painting), The parta of a 
picture containing great lights and shad- 
ows. . 

MASSICOT. A yellow oxide of lead. 

MASS-PRIEST. The name for priests 
who are Kept in chantries or at particular 
altars, to say so many masses for thesouls 
of the deceased. 


MAST. The upright beam or post on 


the deck of a vessel, to which the yards 
sails, &c. are fixed. The mainmast is the 
largest mast in the ship; the foremast is 


the next in size, standing near the stem of - 


the ship; the mizenmast, the smallest of 
the three, stands between the mainmast 
and the stern. 

MASTER (in England). The name of 
several officers who preside in their severa. 
departments, as Master of the Assay 
Master of the Ceremonies, Master of the 
King’s Household, &c. 

MASTER OF THE FACULTIES (in 
England). An officer under the Archbish- 
op of Canterbury, who grants licenses and 
dispensations. 

MASTER OF THE HORSE (in Eng- 
land). A great officer of the crown, whe 
orders all matters relating tothe king’s 
stables. 


MASTER OF THE ORDNANCE (in 


England). A great officer who has charge 
of all the kings ordnance and storea. 

MASTER OF THE ROLLS (in Eng- 
land). The chief assistant of the lord 
chancellor and lord keeper. He has the 
keeping of all the rolls and grants, &c. 

MASTER OF A SHIP. An officer im 
a public ship who inspects the prov ietomey 
stores, &c. 


MASTER AT ARMS. Inashipof war, 
he who has charge of the small arms,and = 


exercises the petty officers, &c. 
MASTER OF ARTS. The second de- 













gree taken up at Cambridge and Oxfordig 











and, to Sorhfe candidates are not ae 
4 mitted until they are passed seven years 
standing. in the Scoteh, and other uni- 
versities, this is the first degree. 
MASTERS IN CHANCERY. In Eng- 
‘Assistants to the Lord Chancellor, of 
_ which there are twelve ordinary masters, 
__ who sit in court every day during term, ta- 
king affidavits and acknowledgments of 
_ deeds, &c. To them are referred all inter- 
 locutory orders and computing damages, 
_ &c. There are also Masters Extraordinary 
_ appointed to act in every county beyond 
ten miles distant from London. 
MASTICATORY. A. medicine that re- 
quires to be chewed, to promote the saliva. 
Ng MASTICK, or MASTIC. A resinous 
substance in the form of tears, of a very 
pale yellow colour, and farinaceous ap- 
pearance, having little smell and a bitter 
astringent taste. It exudes mostly from a 
~ tree of the turpentine kind, called in botany 
_ pistacia lentiscus, which grows in Turkey. 
MASTICOT (in Painting). A ae 
colour, prepared from tin. 
vie MASTIFF. A kind of dog with vendo: 
 feus lips and a robust body 


































. “MASTODON, or MAMMOTH. This 
ASS animal, which must have been many times 
wit " larger than the elephant, is now extinct, 
pe and all that remains to atteat its former 
existence, are the bones which are fo.nd 
deeply imbedded in the earth, These 
bones have been discovered in various parts 
of the United States, but as yet only one 
nearly entire skeleton has been obtained. 
This was dug up near Newburg, in the 
State of New York, and jis now in the 
- Inuseum at Philadelphia. 
It is impossible to determine to what race 
this kuge animal belonged, except that its 
formation and modes of living were analo- 
- gous to those of the elephant. That he 
was not of the same species, is probable ; 


bs 


and hippopotamus, is also probable 
ok bones of prodigiously large animals 


been found in various parts of Europe 


MAT 


The following striking observations on 
this subject, are by Dr. Godman. 

‘The emotions experienced, when for 
the first time we behold the giant relics of © 
this great animal, are those of unmingled 
awe. We cannot avoid reflecting on the 
time when this huge frame was clothed 
with its peculiar integumeats, and moved 
by appropriate muscles ; when the mighty 
heart dashed forth its torrents of blood 
through veasela of enormous caliber, and 
the niastodon strode along m supreme do- 
minion over every other tenant of the 
w‘iderness. 

‘However we examine what is left to 
us, we-cannot help feeling that this animal 
must have been endowed with a strength 
exceeding that of other quadrupeds, as 
much as it exceeded them in size; and, 
looking at its ponderous jawe, armed with 
teeth peculiarly formed for the most effec- 
tual crushing of the firmest substances, we 
are assured that its life could only be sup- 
ported by the destruction of vast quantities 
of food. 

‘Enormous 2s were these creatures dur- 
ing life, and endowed with faculties 
proportioned to the bulk of their frames, 
the whole race has been extinct for ages 
No tradition nor human record of their ex- 
istence has been saved, and but for the 
accidental preservation of a comparatively 
few bones, we should never have dreamed 
that a creature of such vast size and 
strength once existed, nor could we have 
believed that such a race had been extin- 
guished forever Such, however, is the 
fact; ages after ages have rolled away, 
empires and nations have arisen, flourish- 
ed, and sunk into irretrievable oblivion, 
while the bones of the mastoden, which 
perished long before the periods of their 
origin, have been discovered, scarcely 
changed in colour, and exhibiting all the 
marks of perfection and durability 

‘That a race of animals so large, and 
consisting.of so many species, should be- 
come entirely and universally extinct, is a 
circumstance of high interest ; for it is not 
with the mastodor as with the elephant, 
which still continues to be a living genus, 
although many of its species have become 
extinct; the entire race of the mastodoa 
has been utterly destroyed, leaving noth- 
ing but the *“‘ mighty wreck”? of their ske} 
etons, to testify that they once were among 
the living oceupants of this land.’ 

MATCH (in Gunnery). A rope slightly 
twisted and prepared with inflammabi« 
ingredients, which will burn for a length 
of time without going out, 











MATCHLOOK. A kind of harqecbucs, 
which was fired with @ match, 

MATE. An assimant officer en board a 
veswol 

MATER. See Atma Maren 

MATERIALIST One who maintains 
that the soul is“material 

MATERIA MEDICA. All that is used 
in the art of medicine for the prevention 
or cure of diseases, whether prepared from 
Vegetabies, minerals, or animals, 

MATHEMATICS. The science which 
teaches or treats of whatever is capable of 
being numbered or measured, and is di- 
vided into arithmetic, or that branch which 
has numbers for its object, and geometry, 
which treats of magnitude. It is also dis- 
tinguished into Pure Mathematies, which 
consider quantities abstractedly, and with- 
out any relation to matter, and Mixed 
Mathematics, which treat of the properties 
of quantity, as applied to material or sen- 
sible objects, and interwoven with physi- 
cal considerations, as astronomy, geogra- 
phy, navigation, mechanics, surveying, 
architecture, &c. 

The following list of the writers who 
have distinguished themselves tn the diffe- 
rent branches of the mathematical science 
will furnish the best historical view of 
mathematics in general. 


B Cc. 


722 Confucius, the Chinese philosopher 

660 Thales, a Greek astronomer. Anaxi- 
mander, an inventor of globes. 

500 Cleostratiis, an astronomer. Anaxa- 
goras, a philosopher Anaximines, a 
diallist. Pythagoras, an astronomer and 
geometrician. 

400 Plato, a geometrician. Euctemon 
astronomer. Meton, the inventor at ihe 
Metonic cycle Hippocrates, a geome- 
trician. Oenopides, a geometrician. Zen- 
odorus, a geometrician 

800 Aristotle, a philosopher. Calippus,an 
astronomer, and inventor of the Calyppic 
period. Dinocrates, an architect. Theo- 
phrastus, a philosopher. Xenocrates, a 
philosopher. Eudoxus, an astronomer 
and geometrician. Pytheas, an astrono- 
mer. Archytas,a philosopher. Aristeus, 
a geometrician. Denostratus, a geome- 
trician. Menechmus, a geometrician. 

200 Apollonius, a geometrician, author of 
the Conic Sections. Archimedes, a ge- 
ometrician, and inventor of machines. 
Aristarchus, an astronomer. Eratosthe- 
nea, a mathematician. Euclid, a geom- 
etrician, author ofthe Elements. Aratus, 
an astronomer and poet. Aristillus, an 
astronomer, Nicomedes, a geometri- 
eijan, the inventor of the conchoid 

100 Hippecchus, an astronomer, numbered 
the stars. Ctesibiua invented water 
pumps Here invented the clapsydra 
sad & fountain 





As BE 


Cleomedes, a Reman astresomer. Gem 
inus, an Bstronomer ef Rhedes. Manik 
fus, astronomer and poet. Manitus, ap 
astronomer. Vitruvius, an arehitect 
Julius Cesar, the reformer of the caien 
dar. Sosigenes, an Egyptian astronomer. 
Menelaus, a writer on spherical trigo- 
nometry. Possidonius, a mathematician 
Theodosius, a writer on spheres. Jam. 
blichus, a Syrian philosopher. 

100 N icomachus, a Greek mathematician. 
Sextus Frontinus, an engineer. Ptole- 
my, an Egyptian astronomer and geogra- 
pher, author of the Almagist. Hypsicles, 
a Greek mathematician. 

200 Diophantus, a Greek algebraist. 

300 Jamblichus, a Syrian philosopher. 
Pappua, a Greek commentator on Apol- 
loniua,&c. ‘Cheon, a Greek commenta 
tor on Ptolemy, &e 

400 Hypatia, daughter of Theon, a com- 
mentator on Diophantus. Proclus, a 
Greek commentator on Euclid. Diocles, 
a Greek geometrician, discoverer of the 


cissoid. Serenus, a Greek geometrician. — 


500 Marinus, a geometrician of Naples 
Arithemius, an architect. Eutocius, a 
Greek geometrician. I[sodorus, an ar- 
chitect. 

600 The Venerable Bede, am English monk 
and philosopher. 

700 Almansor the Victorious, an astrono- 
mer. Hero the Younger, a Greek geom- 
Ctrician. 

800 Al Maimon the Caliph, an astronomer 
Al Raschid, a Persian astronomer. Al 
fragan, an Arabian astronomer. Aba 
tegni, an Arabian astronomer. 

800 Pope Silvester, Il. 8 mathematician 

1000 Ibn Ionis, an Arabian astronomer. 
Geber Ben Alpha, an Arabian commen 
tator on Ptolemy’s Almagest. 

1100 Alhazen, an Arabian optician and 
astronoiner. 


1200 Leonard de Pisa, an Italian, and the 


first European algebraust. Nassir Eddin, 
a Persian astronomer. Alphonsus, kin 

of Castile,.an astronomer, and author of 
the Alphonsine tables. John Halifax, 
or Sacrobosco, an English mathematici- 


an. Jordanug Nemorariug, an arithme- 
tician Roger Bacon, an English philos- 
opher Campanug,anastronomer  Vi- 


tellio, an optician. 

1300 Aibano, an Italian mathematician 
Ascoli, an Italian mathematician. John 
of Saxony, an astronomer. 

1400 Bianchini, an Italian astronomer 
Mosehopulus, a modern Greek arithme- 
ticlan. Purbach, an astronomer. Regi- 
omontanus, or Muller, an astronomer of 
Vienna. Cardinaj Cusa, an astronomer 
Henry, son of John king of Portu 
inventor cf charts. Ulug Beg, a 
astronomer. Lucas de 
oli, a German algebraist. Bernard, an 
Italian astronomer; Dominie Nevere, 
an Italian astronomer. 

1500 Copernicus, a German 


ersian 


y the 4.2) 
urgo, er Pacci- — 


‘ 






and the reviver'of the solar system, Petes — Va 


Apian, or Appian, a German mapa Tk 
alesbratst. 


Cardan, an Italian 










oY ve" 


, 
a 


ss BO: Commandine, an Italian comme atator 








Al 
) 


~ oi 


















oa Ewelid and other ancient mathematict- 
ans. Ferreus, an italian mathematician 
Maurolycua, an Italian mathematician 
Nonius, a Portuguese mathematician. 
Sturmius, a German arithmatician. Tar- 
taglia, an Italian algebraist. Vieta, a 
French aigebraist Ferrari, an Itatian 
algebraist. Stevinus, a Flemish mathe- 
Matician. Mercator, a German geogra- 
her. Ramus,a French mathematician, 
orde, an English algebraist. Stifeli- 
us, a Germanalgebraist. Ubaldi Guido, 
an Italian mathematician. Tycho Bra- 
he, a Danish astronomer. Lord Bacon, 
an English philosopher. Galileo, an 
Italian philosopher. Bombelli, an Italiar 
algebraist. Castelli, an Italian mathe- 
Matician. Clavius, a German geometri- 
cian. Digges, an English philosopher. 


#600 Briggs, an English asithmetician, the 


inventor of logarithms. Des Cartes, a 
French L orang lindsl and algebraist, 
discovered the equation of curve lines. 
Kepler, a German astronomergexplained 
the laws of celestial motion. Napier, a 
Seotch arithmetician, improved the sys- 
tem of logarithms. Torricelli, an italian 
philosopher and discoverer of the barom- 
eter. Bayer a German = astronomer. 
Gassendi, a French astronomer. Longo- 
Mmontanus, a Danish mathematician. 
Marriot, an English algebraist. Horrox, 
an English astronomer. Kircher, a 
German philosopher. Oughtred, an En- 
lish geometrician and arithmetician. 
orta Baptista, the inventor of the cam- 
era obscura. Cavaierius, a Milanese al- 
gebraist. Brouncker, an [rish mathe- 
matician. .Fermat, a French arithmeti- 
cian, wrote on the theory of numbers. 
Pascal, a French philosopher, introduced 
the doctrine of chances. Wallis, an 
English mathematician, first treated on 
the arithmetic of infinite quantities. 
Bultaldus, a French astronomer. Des- 
chales, a French geometrician. Girard, 
a French algebraist.. J. and J. Gregory, 
a Scotch family of mathematicians, the 
first of whom invented a telescope, &c. 
the second edited Euclid. Hevelius, a 
Prussian astronomer. Horrebow, a Da- 
nish astronomer. Mersenne, a French 
geometrician. Riceioli, an Italian as- 
tronomer, geometrician and chronolo- 
ist. Roberval, a French geometrician. 
acquet,a French mathematician. Seth 
Ward, an English geometrician and ; 
arithmetician. John de Witt, a Dutch 
Mathematician James Bernoulli, a 
Swiss mathematician. ‘Barrow, an En- 
glish mathematician. Hooke, an En- 
glish philosupher, made many disc.ve- 


_ yieg in mechanics. Huygens, a geome- 
‘trician, diallist, and horologist, discover- 
ed the evolute of curves. Leibnitz, a 
German geometrician and = arithmeti- 
a cian, wrote »n the differential calculus. 


L’Hopiwtal, a French mathematician. 


 Flamstead, an English astronomer, Ol 
- denburgh, ax English mathematician 


’ 


Boyle, an English 








fan +) 


philosopher. Ozanam,a rnuch math 
ematiciaz, Pell, an English aigebraiet 
Schovten, a8 Dutch mathematician | 
Wren, an English architect. 

1700 Newton, author of a new system ef 
philosophy. Jobn Bernoulli, a Swiss 
Mathematician. Bradley, an English 
astronomer, discovered the aberration ot 
the atara. Cotes, an English geometri 
cian. ‘Taylor, an English arithmetician 
and optician. Cassini, D. and J., Frenck 
astronomers. Gravesande, a Duteh 
mathematician. Ke.ll, aScotch astron- 
omer. La Hire,a French geometrician 
and astronomer. Saundersun, an En- 
glish mathematician. Saurin, a Freneh 
Mathematician. Wolfine, a German 
Mathematician, Clairaut, a French 
mathematician. Maclaurin, a Scotch 
algebraist. De Moivre, a French arith- 
metician. Simpson, an English mathe- 
matician. Bellidor, a French engineer. 
Bernoulli, N. and D., Swiss philogo- 
pheys. La Caille, a French astronomer 
Collins, an English mathematician 
Dolland, an optician. Maupertius, a 
French astronomer and geometrician. | 
Meyer, a German astronomer, and 
author of some tables. Robins, an 
English mathematician apd engineer, 
Simson, a Scotch geometrician, trans 
lator and editor of Exclid’s Elements 
D’Alembert, a Fren a mathematician 
Euler, a German geometrician and alge- 
braist. Landen, an English algebraist, 
author of the Residual Analysis. La- 
lande. a French astronomer. Maske- 
lyne, an English astronomer. Waring, 
an English art metician. Bailly, the 
French historia of astronomy  Berke- 
ley, an English philosopher. Boscovitch 
an Italian m thematician and philoso- 
pher. Eme son, an English arithmeti- 
cian and algebraist. Montucla, a French 
mathematician, and the historian of 
mathematics. Horsley, an English 
mathem tician. 


1800. During the present Century, 
works on Mathematics, have been 
numerous. We can only mention a 
few of the writers. Chastles, Brus 
seles, 1837; Plucker, 1828-31: Ponceld, 
Paris, 1822; Steiner, Berlin, 1832; 
Benjamin Pierce, Boston, 1858; Charles 
Davis, New York, 1855; Mulcahy, 1864. 
MATERIA MEDICA. In medical 

science, that branch which treats of 

the articles employed in the practice of 
medicine, and explains the nature and 
mode of action ot those substances 
which are had recourse to for the res- 
toration of health. 

MATICO. The leaves of a Peruvian 
plant, used as a powerful styptic. 

MATRICH, or MATRIX. The womb; 
the cavity in which anything is formed, 
and which- gives it shape; the mould 
or form in which printers’ types are 
cast. In mineralogy, the place where 
auything is deposited or formed. In 
dyeing, a term apphed to the five simple 

colors, A 











MEA 


MAUVE. A purple dye obtained from! tain quantity assumed as One, OF waley, te ay 


aniline and benzol, two of the constitu-! which the ratio of other similar quaatisies 


ents of coal-tar, 


MATRON (in Law). A married woman 
& experience, who is in certain cases em- 
pannelled upon juries 

MATT. Rope yarn, junk, &c. beaten 
flat and interwoven to save the yards, &e. 
from galling. 

MATTE. Peruvian tea, mneich used in 
Bouth America. 

MATTER. That which is the object of 
our senses, and appears under the diverse 
forms of solids, fluids, and gases. 

MAUNDY ‘THURSDAY (in Eng- 
land). The Thursday before Good Friday, 
in which the king is accustomed to give 
alms to the poor. 

MAUSOLEUM. A stately sepulchre 
built by Artemisia, queen of Caria, for her 
husband Mausolus; also any pompous 
sepulchral monument. 

MAXIMUM (in Mathematics). The 
greatest quantity attainable in any case. 

MAY. ‘The fifth month in the year. 

MEAD. An agreeable drink, made of 
honey and water boiled and fermented. 

MEADOW, Ground covered with grass, 
which is commonly left for hay. 

MEADOW SWEET. A herb with 
crumpled leaves, something like those of 
the elm, growing in meadows. Its flower 
expands in the form of a rose 

MEAL. The edible part of corn, par- 
ticularly of barley. 

MEAN (in Mathematics). The middle 
between two extremes, asa mean motion, 
mean distance, arithmetical mean, geomet- 
rical mean, &c. 

MEAN ARITHMETICAL. Half the 
sum of the extremes. 

MEAN GEOMETRICAL, or A Mean 
Prorortionay. The square root of the 
product of the two extremes. 

MEAN HARMONICAL. Double a 
fourth proportional to the sum of the ex- 
tremes, 

MEAN TIME, or Equat Time. That 
which is measured by an equable motion, 
as a clock. 

MEASLES _ A disorder incident to chil- 
dren, consisting of a fever, attended with 
inflammation, cough, and difficulty of 
breathing 

MEASURE. Any given quantity by 
which the quantity, length, breadth, thick- 

Regs, and capacity of other things may be 
estimated. 

MEASURE (ia Geometry Any cer- 


is expressed, thus the measure of a line is 
the extension of aright line at pleasure, 
which is to be considered as unity, as an 
inch, a foot, or a yard. 

MBASURE (in Arithmetic). A certain 
number or quantity, which being repeated 
a certain number of times is equal te ano 
ther that is bigger, to which it has relation, 
as 6 is the measure of 36. 

MEASURE (in Music). That note, a 
the semibreve, by which all the other 
notes are measured or adjusted to its val- 
Ke. 

MEASURE (in Poetry). <A certain 
number of syllables metrically measurea 

MEASURE (in Commerce). Determi 
nate quantities, by which all things that 
are bought and sold are measured as te 
their quantity, and estimated as to thet: 
rate ;: these are various in different coun- 
tries. 

MECHANICAL Pertaining to me- 
chanics. 

MECHANICAL AFFECTIONS 
(among Philosophers). Such properties of 
matter or body as arise from its figure” 
bulk or motion. 

MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY. That 
which explains the ‘phenomena or dppes 
ances of nature from mechanical prine’ 
ples, viz. from the motion, rest, size, fig 
ure, &c. of the small particles of matter 
This is the same as the corpuscular philoe- 
ophy. 


MECHANICAL POWERS. The six 


simple machines to which all others, how © 


complex soever, may be reduced, and of 
the assemblage whereof they are all com- 
pounded ; these are the simple lever, the 
wheel and axis, the pulley, the inclined 
plane, the wedge, and the screw. These 
six might be reduced to two, for the pulley 
aud wheel are only assemblages of levers, 
and the wedge and screw are inclined 
planes. 

MECHANICAL SOLUTION Of A 
PROBLEM (with Mathematicians). Isa 
construction or proof not done in a strictly 
geometrical manner, but by the help of 
instruments. 

MECHANICS. The science of motion, 
or that branch of mixed mathermaties 
which treats of the effects of powers or 
moving forces, and applies them to ma- 
chines and engines. Newton divides this 
science into practical and rational ; the 
former of which relates to the mechanical 
powers, namely, the lever, balance, wheel 


and axis pulley, wedge, serew, inclined 


f 













ali pfane, | he (see Wecetulext rowEns) ; ; 
and the latter, that is, rational mechanics, 
_ relates to the theory of motion, showing 
_ when the forces and powers are given, 
___ how to determine the motion that will re- 
sult from them; and conversely, when the 
circumstances of the motion are given, 
how to trace the forces or powers from 
which they arise. 

Ags to the practical part of mechanics, 
__— this was doubtless one of the first branch- 
BK. es of knowledge which necessity would 
F lead men to acquire, it being impossible to 
in pursue any of the mechanic arts success- 
fully, without the aid of mechanical pow- 
ere in raising weights or exerting forces. 
That all the mechanical powers were well 
q Known to the ancients is certain from the 
number and perfection of the machines 
which they had in use. The theoretical 
o- part of mechanics appears, however, not 
to have engaged their attention before the 
time of Archimedes, who particularly ap- 
‘ plied himself to this subject ; and, in his 
book on Equiponderants, has given us the 
rm theory of the lever, the inclined plane, the 
; pulley, and the screw. From his time to 
; the sixteenth century, the theory of the 
by mechanical science remained, with little 

or no addition or change. Stevinus, a 
Flemish mathematician, revived the sub- 
ject by treating on the laws of equilibrium, 
of a'body placed on an inclined plane, 
&ce. ; and Galileo afterwards, in his trea- 
tise on statics, extended his researches on 
thetheory of the inclined plane, the screw, 
and all the mechanical powers, but more 
particularly on the theory of accelerated 
motion. Torricelli, a pupil of Galileo, 

-added several propositions concerning pro- 

jectiles ; Huygens treated of the motion of 
bodies along given curves ; and, in 1661, 
Huygens, Wallis, and Sir Christopher 
Wren all discovered the true laws of per- 
cussion, without any previous communi- 
tation with each other. Henceforth the 
study of mechanics, like every other 
branch of the mathematical science, was 
illustrated and enlarged by different wri- 
ters of great name. as by Newton, in his 
Principia; Leibnitz, in his Resistentia 
Solidorum ; Deschales, in his Treatise on 
Motion ; Parent, in his Elements of Me- 
chanics and Physics; Oughtred, in his 
Mechanical Institutions ; Keil, in his In- 
 goduction to True Philosophy ; De la Hire, 
ta his Méchanique ; Ditton, in his Laws 
oe 6f Motion ; Gravesande, in his Physics ; 
~ Euler, in his Tractatus de Motu; Mus- 
-chepb:ock, in hia Physics; Bessu, in his 































que Analytique , Atwood, in hie 'Treatisy 
and recently by Wood, Whewell, and 
Mosely. 

MEDAL. An ancient coin, or a piece 
of metal in the form of a coin, stamped to 
preserve the inemory of some ilustrious > 
person, or of some distinguished event 

MEDALLION. A very large medal, 
supposed to be anciently struck by the 
emperors. 

MEDICINE. The art of preserving 
health, curing diseases, and alleviating 
maladies. It is an art that assists nature 
in the preservation of health by the use of 
proper remedies. 

MEDIETAS LINGU (in England). 
A jury consisting of half natives and half 
foreigners, which is empannelled in cases 
where the party to be tried is a foreigner. 

MEDIMNO. A* corn measure in the 
Levant, equal to nearly four English 
quarters. 

MEDIUM (in Physica) That space or 
region through which a body in motion 
passes to any point ; thus, ether is suppo- 
sed to be the medium through-which the 
heavenly bodies move ; air is the medium 
through whic& bodies move near the earth , 
water the medium wherein fishes live and 
move. 

MEDIUM, AitHEeRIaL. A subtle medi- 
um supposed by Newton to occupy every 
part of space, in which the planetary mo- 
tions are performed without resistance 
and by means of whica light is reflected, 
inflected, and refracted, heat is propagated 
and increased, and, in short, all the great 
operations of nature are supposed to be 
carried on through the agency of this uni- 
versal medium. 

MEDLAR. The fruit of a tree called, 
in Botany, the Mrsriuus Guiuiniel 
which in its leaf resembles a laurel. The 
fruit, which in shape resembles an apple, 
is not eatable until it is in a state of rotten 
ripeness. 

MEDULLA CEREBRI The soft sub- 
stance of the brain, covered externally 
with a cortical substance of an ashy colour. 

MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The be- 
ginning of the spinal marrow, or an ex 
tended portion of the brain. 

MEDUSA (in Mythology). One of the 
three Gorgons, said to have been bora 
with snakes on her head instead of locks 
of hair. Perseus cut off the head of Me- 
dusa, and placed it in the shield of Miner. 
va. 

MEDUSA. A sort of worms which, 
causing when touched aslight tingling amd 


i- 1redneas, are denominated sea-zatties. 








MEERSHAUM. 
clay, of which pipes are made in Germany 
of variois forms. Lt assumes a beautiful 
brown colour after it has been used for 
smoking for some time 

MELLITE, or Hongy-Storg. A mine- 
ra! found first in Thuringia, which is of a 
honey-yellow colour, and is usually crys- 
tallized in small octaedrons. 

MELLITIC ACID A substance pro- 
cured from mellite. 

MELODY (in Music). The agreeable 
sensation produced by a regular succession 
of different sounds. 

MELOE. A sort of insects, of which 
the two principal species are the oi} beetle, 
go called because, on being handled, it ex- 
udes from its legs, drops of a clear, deep 
yellow oil or fluid, of a very peculiar and 
penetrating smell; and the meloe vesica- 
torius, or Spanish fiy, which is used in 
raising blisters 

MELO™ A ptant of the cucumber tribe, 
the flower of which consists of one bell- 
shaped leaf clu into several segments. The 
fruit is mastiy of an oval shape, and filled 
with seeds. 

MEMBRANSK (in Anatomy). A broad, 
nervous, and fibrous substance, which 
serves as a covering for different parts of 
the body, particularly the brain and the 

* viscera. 

MEMENTO A hint to awaken the 
memory. 

MEMOIRS. Histories written by those 
who have been witnesses of the transac- 
tions, and acquainted with the persons, 
which they describe. 

MEMORANDUM. A short note, for 
the better remembrance of a thing. 

MEMORIAL. A monument, or what- 
ever else serves to call a thing or paren 
to remembrance 


MEMORY, Artiricrat. A method of 
assisting the memory by some artificial 
eontnvance, as that of forming certain 
words, the Jetters of which shall signify 
the date or era to be remembered. Various 
devizes of this kind have been hit upon at 
different times. 

MENDICANTS. Monks go called, who 
go about begging alms. 

MENSTRUUM. A liquid whie» serves 
to extract the virtues of any substance, by 
infusion, decoction, &c, Water is the men- 
struum of all salts, ofls of resins, acids of 
alkalies and the like. 

-MENSURATION. The art of measur- 
ing lines, superficies, and solids, which, in 
consequence of its extensive application to 


the purposes of life, is considered as a0 the 


greatest importance. 





A fine sort of Turkish | | 


Buclid treats of mensuration, as 


the circle and the sphere. Archimedes 
carried thie subject to a much greater ex- 


i 


regards surfaces, only of the measuringof 
triangies; and in regard to curvilinear 
figures, he attempted the measurement of 





tent: he found the area of a parabola te ~ 


be two thirds of its circumscribing trangle ; 
which, with the exception of the lunules 
of Hippocrates, was the first instance of 
the quadrature of a curvilinear space He 
likewise determined the ratio of spheroide. 
and conoids to their circumscribing cylin- 
ders, and has left us his attempt at the 
quadrature of the circle, He demonstrated 
that the area of a circle is equal to the 
area of a right-angled triangle, of which 
one of its sides about the right angle is 
equal to the radius, and the other to the 
circumference ; and thus reduced the qua- 
drature of the circle to the determining the 
ratio of the circumference tothe diameter, 
a problem, in the solution of which he 
could only arrive at an approximation to 
the truth, showing that the ratio between 
the circumference amd the diameter was 
less than that of 7 to 22. What Archimedes 
failed to effect in this respect has continued 


to this day unattainable, notwithstanding — 


the efforts which have been made by sub- — 


sequent mathematicians, particularly with- 
in the last three centuries, to arrive ata 
greater approximation. As all hopes of ac- 
curately squaring the circle and some other 
curves were at length given up, mathema- 
ticians applied themselves to the finding 
the most convenient series for approxima- 
ting towards their true lengths and quadra- 
tures ; and the science of mensuration hag 
in consequence assumed 3 more consistent 
form. 

MERCAPTAN. A liquid composed of 
sulphur, carbon, aud hydrogen. 

MEPHITIC. Poisonous, like the Me- 
phitis, or Damp, as it is called by the 
miners; as Mephitic Air, another name for 
hitrogen gas, en account of its noxious 
quality ; and Mephitic Acid, carbonic acid, 
so called because it cannot be reaps 
without causing death 

MERCATOR’S CHART. A sea charts 
in which the parallels of latitude and the 
meridians are represented by straight 
lines. 

MERCER. One who deals in wrought 
silks. The mercers’ company In London 
was incorporated in 1393 

MERCHANT. In England, one that ex- 
ports and imports merchandise. In the 
U_ S8., the term is applied to large donlegy 
generally 


. 


ri, 
. 









_MEROURY, In mythology, the god of 
Log ome and trade, and the messenger 
of the gods. ea ee 





‘fa MERCURY. In astronomy, the planet 
a nearest the sun, from-which he is dis- 
tant about 36,000,000 miles. His mean 
ry sidereal revolution is performed in 
ve 78-969258 mean solar days. His diameter 
_ isabout 3,140 miles. He revolves on 
ig his axis in 24 hours, 5 min. 2@ sec. In 
ee mineralogy, a white metal which is 
_ fluid at common temperatures ; quick- 
silver. Its specific gravity is 13-5; its 
equivalent is 200. Formula, Hg. 

MERGANSER. An aquatic fowl, the 
goosander, 



































Shy sae = 


MERIDIAN. In astronomy and geog- 
_ raphy, an imaginary great circle of the 
- sphere, passing through the earth’s 
axis and the zenith of the spectator, 
} dividing the spere into two hemis 


_ ing the equinoctial atright angles. In 
+ geography, the meridians are as numer- 
- ous as the places on the earth, and the 
_ first meridian is that from which the 
reckoning commences. This is fixed 
_ differentlyby different nations, the cap- 
ital ofeacIf country being mostly chosen 
asthe first meridian for their respec- 
_ tive globes. Meridional distance is the 
_ difference of the longitude between the 
Meridian under which the ship is at 
present, and any other she was under 
before. 
_ MESMERISM. Another term for ani- 
mal magnetism; an agent (as taught by 
its advocates) by which one person can 
pommunicate certain influences at will 


4 


pheres, eastern and western, and cross- 








~ 


to the mind of the person mesmerized. 


or put intoa state of sleep,in which 


tion, is the act of producing the mes- 
meric state. 
MESOZOIC. In geology, an epithet 


applied to the middle period of the’ 


earth’s crust as relates to animal re- 
mains, y 

METAGENESIS. In zoology, the 
changes of form which the representa- 
tive of a species undergoes in passing 
from an imperfect to a more perfect 
state. 

METAL. An undecompounded body 
of peculiar lustre, insoluble in water, 
fusible by heat, and capable, in the 
state of an oxide, of uniting with acids, 
and forming with them metallic salts. 
Metals are distinguished, in different 
degrees, by malleability, ductility, fusi- 
bility, tenacity, elasticity, and crystal- 
line texture. Gold, silver, iron, copper, 
mercury, lead, and tin were known to 
the ancients from the earliest periods, 
Gold andsilver were called noble metals; 
the rest base metals. 

Metals are distinguished into dif- 
ferent classes, which have been thus 


arranged by Hoblyn:—1. Metallic bases. 


of the alkalies, viz., potassium, sodium, 
andlithium. The oxides are termed 
alkalies. and the metallic bases alkaline 
or alkaligenous metals. 2. Metallic 
bases of the alkaline earths, viz, bari- 
um, strontium, calcium, and magne- 
sium, and their oxides are termed al- 
kaline earths. 3. Metallic bases of the 
earths, viz., aluminium, zirconium, 
glucinium, silicium, yttrium, and 
&horium. 4. Metals yielding oxides, 
which are neutral salifiable bases, viz., 
gold, silver, mercury, copper, lead, iron, 
tin, platinum, palladium, nickel, cad- 
mium, zinc, kismuth, antimony, cobalt, 
and manganese. 5. Metals which are 
acidifiable by combination with oxygen, 
viz., tellurium, arsenic, chromium, 
molybdenum, tungsten, columbium, 
and selenium. 6. Metals magnetic, 
viz.,iron, nickel, anc cobalt. Metals 
are termed native when found in an 
uncombined form; mineralized, when 
combined with other bodies; com- 
pounds of two or more metals, except 
mercury, are called alloys, and possess 
the characteristic properties of pure 
metals; those of mercury with other 
metals are called amalgams. Metals 


rare the best reflectors of caloric, and 


the worst radiators. 


METAPHYSICS. The philosophy of — 


mind, as distinguished from that of 
matter; a speculative science, which 
soars beyond the bounds of actual ex- 
perience. Thescience has been divided 
into six parts—ontology, cosmology, 
anthropophosy, psychology, pneuma- 
tology, and metaphysical theology. 


METEOR. A general term for the phe« 
nomena of the atmosphere, but particu: 


questions are answered. Mesmeriza- _ 












farly for suck su iden and lamincais appear- 
ances as are occasicnally visible, such as 
fireballs or luminous bodies of considerable 
magnitude, that are frequently to be seen 
im the tropical climates ; shooting or falling 
stars, that are of common occurrence ; and 
the ignis fatuus, seen in marshes. 

METEORIC STONES. Heavy, stony 
bodies, that are supposed to fall from the 
fireballs after they have exploded. ‘These 
stones, which are looked upon by some as 
concretions formed in the atmosphere, are 
by a chymical! analysis found to contain 
silica, oxide of iron, magnesia, sulphur, 
lime and oxide of nickel, 

METEOROLOGY. The doctrine of me- 
teors in general, or the study of the vari- 
able phenomena of the atmosphere. The 
changes to which the atmosphere is most 
subject are such as respect its temperature, 
weight, moisture, and electricity, which 
are marked and measured by the barome- 
ter, thermometer, hygrometer, and electro- 
meter. The results of these changes are 
winds, rains, snow, heats, colds, dews, &c. 
The intensity of the winds is measured by 
the aerometer, and the quantity of rain is 
measured by the pluviometer or rain-gauge. 
METER, or Coat-Mrter. A measurer 
of coals 

METONIC CYCLE, OR METONIC 
YEAR. A period of nineteen yéars in 
which the lunations of the moon return 
to the same days of the month. 

METRIC SYSTEM. The system of 
weights and measures first adopted i in| 
France, the important pomts in which) 
are—1. that it is a decimal system ; 
2. that the units of length, superficies, | 
solidity. and weight are » correlated. 

METROGRAPH. An apparatus on| 
arailway-engine to indicate the speed at 
which the train is traveling, and time ot 
arrival and departure at each station. 

METROLOGY. Science of weights 
and measures, or a treatise on them. 

METONYMY (in Rhetoric). <A figure 
of speech, whereby one thing is put for 
another, as the cause for the effect, the 
part for the whole, and the like. 

METRE (in Poetry). A system of feet 
composing 2 verse ; as pentameter, a verse 
of five feet, hexameter, a verse of six 
feet, &e. 

METRE (in Commerce) <A French 
measure, equal to rather more than thirty- 
nine inches. 

METROPOLIS. The chief city of a 
xingdom or province. 

METROPOLITAN. A bishop of the 
mother church; an archbishop, who is 
bishop of the metropolis 

MEZZOTINYO. A particular kind of 
engraving, so called from its resemblance 


A 





to drawings ‘in. Enda tak abe 
formed by punching the ‘copper plates 


with tle grounding tool, scraping them os 


with the scraper, and then rubbing them 
with the burnisher or smooth piece of 
steel, to produce the effect desired 


MICROPHONE. An instrument for 
magnifying weak sounds. In its best 
form it consists of a stick of gas-carbon 
placed vertically and supported loosely 
Batya two small blocks of carbon 
fastened to a piece of thin board. When 
an electric current passes through the 
carbon, an ordinary telephone being in 
circuit, the slightest jar, and even ‘the 
vibrations of the voice, is sufficient to 
interrupt the contact on the surfaces. 


MICROSCOPE. An optical instrument 
which magnifies objects, so that the small-_ 
est may be distinctly seen and described. 
The invention of microscopes, like many 
other ingenious discoveries, has been 
claimed for different authors. Huygens 
informs us that Drebell, a Dutchman, con- 
structed the first microscope in 1621; but 
Borelli states, in a letter to his brother 
that when he was ambasgador in England 
in 1619, Cornelius Drebell showed hima 
microscope, which he said was given him 
by the archduke Albert, and had been. 
inade by Jansen, whom he considers to 
have been the real inventor, aithough F 
Fontana, a Neapolitan, claimed, in 1646, 
the honour of the invention to himself, 
and dated it from the year 1618. 

MIDRIFF, or DiarpHraam (in Anato- 
‘y). A membrane which divides the trunk 
of the body into the thorax and abdomen, 


| the upper and lower cavity. 


MIDSHIPMAN. An officer in the navy, 
who assists on all occasions, both in stow- 
ing and rummaging the pelt, sailing the 
ship, &e 

MIDSUMMER. The summer solstice. 
The 24th of June is the Midsummer Day, 
which is also quarter day 

MIDWIFERY. The art of assisting 
women in childbirth. 

MILE. A long measure, which, in Eng- | 
land, contains 8 furlongs, or 1760 yards, 
or 5280 feet. i 

MILIARY GLANDS The,small and 
infinitely numerous glands, wifich secrete 
the perspiration. 

MILITARY. A name for the whole 
body of soldiery, with their equipments, 
&e. 

MILITARY. An epithet for what belongs 


to soldiers, as Military Architecture, Mili- ey a 


tary Exercises, &c. 
MILITARY ARCHITECTURE Ps 
FOROS RAGE 































MILITARY E) 


TLE. ‘ION vagi 
a country that refuses to pay the contribu- 


tion levied upon it; also the punishmenti in- 


ficted by the sentence of a court-martial. 

“MILITARY ROAD or WAY. A road 
made for the passage of armies, like those 
tonstructed by the Romans in Britain 

MILITIA. A military force raised 

for the permanent defence of a 
country. 

MILK. A fluid which serves for the 
nourishment of young animals. It is se- 
sreted by particular glands in the female 
of all animale which suckle their young, 
which, on that account, are denominated 
mammalia. The constituent parts of cows’ 
milk, procured by chemical analysis, are, 
aroma, an odorous, volatile principle ; 
water, which forms a considerable part ; 
bland oil, from which the cream is formed ; 
eurd, or animal gluten ; sugar or the serum 
of milk ; and some neutral salts. Human 
milk is the thinnest of all, and next to 
that, asses’ milk, which is prescribed for 
zonsumptive persons. 

MILK-THISTLE. A biennial, the leaves 
of which are eaten as a salad. 

MILKY WAY, or Via Lacrea (in As- 
tronomy). A broad track or path encom- 
passing the whole heavens, which is easily 
discernible, from its milky-white appear- 
ance. 

MILL. A machine for grinding wheat,&c. 
of which there are different kinds, accord- 
ing to the different methods of putting them 
in motion, as watermills, windmills, horse- 
mills, handmills, and also steammills. 
They are also distinguished according to 
the uses they serve, as cornmills, cotton- 
mills, papermills, barkmills, &c. Corn is 
ground by two millstones placed one above 
the other without touching, the space be- 
tween them being made greater or less, ac- 
cording as the miller would have the flour 
finer or coarser. 

MILLENNIUM. A thousand years, 
generally taken for the thousand years of 


_ Christ’s reign here on earth. 


MILLET. A plant that bears an immense 
number of small grains. [In Central Afri- 
ea, it ia the common food of the inhabi- 
tants 

MILLING. “The same as fulling. 

MILLING. The stamping of coin by 
means of a miil. This is one part of the 
process in coining. 

MILLION The aumber of ten hundred 
thousand. 

MILLREA A Portuguese gold coin, 
equal to one dollar and five cents. 


MIMOSA, or Tue Sansitive Pient, 


‘its leaves, Itisa numerous tribe of plants, 


which are all natives of warm climatea, 
They have all the singular property thag 
their leaves recede from the touch, and 
run rapidly together; in some, the foot- 
stalks and af} are affected. The humble 
sensitives instantly fall downward, as & 
fastened by hinges. These plants have all 
winged leaves, each wing consisting of 
many small pinne. From the Mimosa 
Nilotica, represented underneath, is pro- 
cured the gum arabic. 





MINE. A deep hollow, running unde 
ground, whence various minerals, particu 
larly the metallic kind, are dug out 
These mines are mostly dug through vari- - 
ous strata or beds of substances, of which 
the interior of the earth is composed. In 
these strata are found innumerable fissures, 
called by the miners lodes, which contain 
the metal sought for. The passage or de 
scent to the mine ia by means of a pit 
called a shaft. The principal signs, by 
which metallic veins are discovered, are 
mineral waters, pieces of ore found on the 
surface of the ground, warm exhalations, 
metallie sands, &c. 

MINE (in Fortification) A subterrane 
ous passage dug under the wal) or rampart 
of a fortification, for the purpose of blow- 
ing itup by gunpowder. The place where 
the powder is lodged is called the chamber. 

MINER, One who digs mines or worka 
in mines. 

MINERALOGY That science which : 
treats of the solid and hard component 
parts of the earth Minerals have been 
variously classed by different writers. The 
system of Werner comprehends them unde 
the four classes of earths, salts, inflanima 
bles, and metals. To this Tinnitus haa 
added a fifth class of petrifactions. 

MINERAL WATERS. Springs tm 
pregnated with mineral! substances. 

MINERVA. The daughter of Jupiter 
and goddess of wisdom and the fine arts 


emblems of war, as the helmet, apear, an 


shield. 
MINERVALIA. Prossina among the 


ancients, made by the boys to their mas- | 


ters before the feast of Minerva. 

MINIATURE, A delicate kind of paint- 
ing, consisting of little points or dots in- 
stead of lines, commonly dune on ivory, 
and used in taking portraits ; also the por- 
trait itself. s 

MINIM (in Music) A measure of time 
marked thus, QO, equal to two crotchets. 

MINIMUM (in Mathematics) The least 
quantity attainable in a given case 

MINISTER OF STATE. in England, 
one who conducts the affairs of state by an 
authonty from the king 

MINISTER, Forg:an. A person sent 
into a foreign country, to manage the af- 
fairs of the state by which he is sent. 

MINIUM, or Rep Leap. An oxide of 
lead, procured by exposing this metal toa 
great heat and a free access of air. 

MINK. An animal of the weagel kind, 
common in North America, that frequents 
the banks of streams. 

MINOR (in Law). An heir, male or 
female, within the age of twenty-one 

MINORITY (in Law). A state of non- 
age; also the smaller number of persons 
who give their votes on any questiors. 

MINSTREL. A player on any musical 
Instrument; an itinerant performer 

MINT (in Botany). A pot-herb, which 
has a creeping root and a strong aromatic 
scent. 

MINT. The place where coin is made. 

MINUTE (in Geometry, marked thus(‘) 
The sixtieth part of the degree of a circle ; 
algo the sixtieth part of an hour. 

MIRACLES. Works effected in a man- 
ner different from the ordinary course of 
nature, by the immediate power of the 
Almighty, for some particular purpose. 

MIRROR. The surface of any opaque 
body polished, and adapted to reflect the 
rays of light which fall upon it, and to 
‘epresent objects. Mirrors are either flat, 
as loaking-giasses ; concave, for the pur- 
pose of converging the reys of light ; or con- 
vex, for the purpose of diverging the rays 
of light. 

MISADVENTURE (in Law). A sort 
ef homicide against the mind of the kill- 
er, partly by negligence and partly by 
chance 

MISCELLANEA. One of Linnzus’s 
natural orders of plaats, comprehending 
_ puch as were not included in the other 
orders 

MISCHIEF (ja faw) ~“amage or inju- 


Sein, DUC Ww? 
- MISDEMEANOUR, ~ 
than felony. 


to be an excrescence of the tree; but it 


has been found to be propagated by the — . 


seed or berry which is conveyed by the 
misletoe thrush from one tree to another: 
this bird being fond of these seeds, it 
sometimes happens that the viscous part 
of the berry sticks to his beak, and, in hig 
attempts to disengage himself from it by 
striking his beak against the bark of the 
tree, the berry sticks to the latter; and if 


it happen to light-on a smooth part, it will” 


take root, and sprout out the next winter 
This plant adheres most readily to the ash 
and other smooth-rinded trees, as the 
apple, &c, 

MISNAH The code or collection of 
the civil law of the Jews 

MISNOMER (in Law). 
person a wrong name. 

MISPRISLON. In general, a neglect, 
as misprision of treason, a neglect to reveal 


The giving a 


treason ; which was formerly high treason | 


in England. 


MISSAL. The book of the Romish cer. 


emonies. 

MISSILE. Any weapon thrown or dis- 
charged from a machine, as stones from a 
sling 

MISSIONARIES. Ministers sent inte 
any country to preach Christianity. 

MISTS. WVapoure hovering over the 


earth, which are either drawn upwarde by — 


the rays of the sun, or fall down by their 
own weight in the shape of dew, or, in 
cold weather, in that of hoar frost. 


MITE. One of the smallest insects, that 


is scarcely visible to the naked eye, except 
by its motion. As seen through a micro- 
scope, it is found to have eight legs, twe 
eyes, one on each side of the head, and 
two jointed tentacula. It mostly lives in 
cheeses — 





MITE (in Commerce). A small ccin 
formerly current, equal to about one third 
part of a farthing ; also a weight among 
the moneyers, equal to the twentieth part 
of a grain. 

MITRE (among Carpenters). 
just 45 degrees, or half @ right angie 


MISLETOE. A Hee which woe . 
grows on trees, and was thought,therefore. 


Anangls 





















hee a 
as 


¥ 
3 















MIZEN. See Mast 

MNEMONICS.: Precepts, rules, and 
esmmon-places, to help the memory 

MOAT (in Fortification). A deep trench 
dug round the ramparts of a fortified place. 

MOCKING-BIRD. A sort of American 
thrush, which has the faculty of imitating 
the notes of other birds. This bird is so 
perfect an imitator, that it will catch parts 
of tunes from a flute, and repeat them 
with gree’ =*eetness and accuracy. It 
seldom migrates farther north than Penn- 
sylvania 

MODE (in Music). A reguiar disposition 
of the tune in relation to certain principal 
sounds, which are called the essential 
chords of the bass. 

MODEL. An original pattern, or the 

shape or design of any thing tn miniature ; 
particularly applied to an artificial pattern 
made in wood, stone, plaster, or other 
Matter, with all its parts and proportions, 
‘mn order to give a full idea of the work 
that is to be executed. 
. MODERNS. A name given generally 
to those who have distinguished them- 
selves since the revival of learning, as 
compared with the ancients, and also with 
those of the middle ages 

MODULE (in Architecture). A certain 
measure by which the proportions of col- 
uwmne are regulated. 

MODUS DECIMANDI. In England, 
Something paid as a compensation for 
tites, on the principle of a moderate 
equivalent. 

MOHAIR. The hair of a kind of goat 
at Angora in Turkey, of which the natives 
make camblets 

MOLDORE. A Portuguese coin, equal 
to $6,50 

MOLASSES The gross fluid matter 
that remains of sugar after boiling; the 
scum of the sugar-cane. 

MOLE ‘among Mariners). A long pier 


or artificial bulwark of masonry, extending 


ebliquely across a harbour 


-| ground, and, on accourt of the smallness 
of its eyes, was formerly supposed to be 
blind 





MOLLUSCA An order of animals an 
der the clasa vermes in the Linngwan sys- 
tem, comprehending naked simple animals 
not included in a shell, but furnished with 
limbs, as the snail, star-fish, cuttle-fish, 
gea-urchin, &e 

MOLTING The changing of feathers. 
hair, or horns, in birds and beasts. 

MOLYBDATES Salts formed from 
molybdic acid in combination with earths, 
alkalies, &c. 

MOLYBDENUM, A metal which ex- 
ists, mineralized by sulphur, in the ore 
called the ore of Molybdena Molybdenum 
has hitherto been obtained only in small 
globules, 

MOMENTUM § The quantity of motion 
in a moving body. 

MONADELPHIA (in Botany). One of 
the Linnewan classes, consisting of plants 
in which al] the stamens are united below 
into one cylindrical body 





MONANDRIA (in Botany) Ome of 
the Linnzan classes, consisting of plants 
that have only one stamen 


MONARCRY. A government in which 
the supreme power is vested in one persem 








Mes \ college of mon 8 
nuns; a house’ of religious retirement. 


MONDAY. The second day of the 
week. 
MONEY. Whatever is made the me- 


dium of trade for cetermining the value 
of commodities in buying or selling. It 
consists etn »- of coins, or pieces of stamped 
metal, or of paper money or moneys of 
account. Paper money is called paper 
surrency, to distinguish it froin specie, 
metallic currency, er cash; it comprehends 
notes of hand, bills of exchange, bonds, 
mortgages &c. Moneys of account are 
imaginary mioneys, used only in keeping 
accounts; such was the English pound 
until sovereigns were coined. 

MONEXZRS. In England, officers in 
the king’s mint, who make and coin the 
money. 

MONGREL. Any creature of a mixed. 
breed. 

MONK. One of a religious community ; 
one who dwells in a monastery, under a 
vow of observing the rules of the order he 
helongs to. 

MONKEY A well known animal, with 
a long tail, cheeks pouched, and haunches 
naked. The cut below represents a small 
species, called the striated monkey 


| 





MONKEY (in Military Affairs). 
machine used for driving large piles of 
wood. 

MONKSHOOD, or Aconite. A poi- 
sonous plant bearing a fine blue flower. 

MONOCEROS One of the new con- 
stellations in the northern hemisphere. 

MONCCHORD. A musical instrument 
with one string. 

MONODY.. A funerai ditty. 

MONOGYNIA (in Botany). An order 
‘a the Linnean system, comprehending 
plants that have only one pistil or stigma 
in a flower 

MYNOECTIA (in Botany). One of the 
Linnwan classes,including plants that have 
Wale and female flowers on the same plant, 






MONOLOGUE. A soliloquy, or scene 
where one only speaks. 

MONOPETALOUS, One-petalled, ap- 
plied to flowers the corolla of which con- 
sists of one petal only. 


MONOTREMES. In zoology. a family 
of edentate Mammalia, with one external 
aperture for the passage of the semen. 
urine, and other excrements. It con: 
sists of two genera, the Echidna and 
Ornithorhynchus. 


MONOSYLLABLE A_ word of one 
syllable. 

MONOTONY. Sameness in the tone of 
the voice ; a fault in elocution or delivery 

MONSOONS, or Trape-Winps. Peri- 
odical winds in the Indian sea, that blow _ 


one half the year one way, and thecther _ hi 


half on the opposite points. These points 
and times of shifting are different in differ- 
ent parts of the ocean. 

MONTH (in Chrenology). The twelfth 
part of a year, otherwise called a calendar 
month, to distinguish it from the astronom- 
ical month, which is either solar or lunar 
A solar month, or the time in which the 
sun passeg through a whole sign of the 
zodiac, is 30 days 16 hours 29 minutes 
5 seconds; a lunar month, or the period 
of one lunation, is 29 days 12 hours 44 
minutes. j 


MOOD (in Grammar). The manner of 


forming a verb, or the manner of the 


verb’s inflections, so as to express the dif- — 
ferent forms and manners of the action, or 


A’| the different intentions of the speaker; as 


the indicative mood, which ‘declares a 
thing: the imperative mood, by which 
one commands; the subjunctive mood, 
which implies a conditional action; the 


potential mood, which denotes the possi- 


bility of doing the thing ; and the infinitive 
mood, which expresses the action indefi- 
nitely. 

MOON. One of the secondary planets, 


and a satellite to the earth, marked thus @ " We 


is in diameter 2144 miles, and fifty times 
less than the earth. The surface of the 
moon is diversified with mountains and 
valleys. Her sidereal or periodical motion 


on her own axis she performs in 27 days 
7 hours 43 minutes and LI seconds; he 

















- ) days 12 hours 44 dailies 12 seconds: 
the former is called the periodical, and 

- the latter the synodical month. 

MOONSTONE. A pure kind, of feld- 
sper, found in Ceylon and Switzerland. 

MOOR-COCK. A bird of the grouse 

_ tribe, inhabiting the heaths of Scotland 
and the north ef England. 

MOOR-HEN. A water-fow] of the coot 

_ tribe 

MOORING. Laying out the anchors 
for the secure riding of the ship 

MOOSE. See Erg. 

. MORAVIANS, or Hernuurtens. A 
sect of professing Christians, who prevail 
in Germany, and are distinguished both 
by the singularity of their doctrine and 
their manners. 

MORDANTS (in Dyeing). Substances 
combined with the vegetable or animal 
fibre, in order to fix the dye-stuff. 

MOROCCO. A fine kind of leather 
prepared from the skin of an animal of 
the goat kind, and imported from the Le- 
vant. 

MOROXYLIC ACID. An acid pro- 
eured from the white mulberry 

MORSE. A species of sea animal of the 
geal kind, of which there are several va- 
rieties inhabiting the northern seas. The 
most remarkable of these is the walrus, 
or great morse. 

MORTALITY, Bitxus or. See BILis. 

MORTAR. A thick, short cannon, hav- 

_ {ing a large bore, and mounted on a low 
strong carriage, which serves for throwing 
bombs, &c 

MORTAR (with Apothecaries). A strong 
vesse) for pounding things in with a pestle. 

MORTAR (among Masons). Lime,sand, 

and hair mixed SPECED ORs so as to make a 
cement. 

MORTGAGE in any: A dead pledge, 
or a pawn of lands and tenements, or any 
thing immovable, given on condition that 
it should be the creditor’s for ever, if the 
money be not paid on the day appointed. 

MORTISE, or MORTOIS (among Car- 
penters). A kind of joint consisting of a 
hole of a certain depth cut in a piece of 

_ timber so as to receive another piece 
 ealled the tenon. 

_MCRTMAIN. In England, an aliena- 
tion of lands and tenements to any guild, 
_ corporation, or fraternity, and their succes- 
sors, which may not be done without the 

af. _ging’s license 

MOSAIC, or Mosarc Worx. An as- 
mblage of little pieces of glass, marble, 
weious stones, é&cc., of various colours, cut 










































——_ 





reand. cementea ona arn’ of atiicok 
in imitation of painting. 
MOSQUE. A temple or place of reli- 
gious worship among the Mahometans 
The church of St. Sophia at Constantino 
ple is converted into a Turkish mosque. ° 

MOSQUITO. A large kind of gnat in 
warm climates, which inflicts deep wounds 
on those whom it attacks. 

MOSS. <A parasitic plant, something 
like down, that adheres to the trunke of 
trees, and was formerly supposed to be 
merely an excrescence, but is now feang 
to be a perfect plant, having roots, flower, 
and seeds, yet cannot be propagated bv 
seed. [t is oftentimes very injurious to 
fruit trees, and ought to be scraped off in 
the spring season and in moist weather. 








MOTH. An insect something similar to 
the butterfly, but not so large. It is very 
injurious to cloth and furniture 

MOTHER. The mouldy lees of wine, 
beer, &c. 

MOTHER OF PEARL. The shell of 
pearl fish. 

MOTION (in Physiology). A change os 
place, which is absolute if it be indepen- 
dent of any other body, and relative if it 
changes the relative place of a moving 
body, as in the case of two vessels sailing 
in the same or contrary directions with 
different velocities. Animal motion is that 
by which the situation, figure, magnitade 
of the parts of animals is changed, which 
takes place in the act of their growth. 

MOTION (in Law). An application in 
court, either by the parties themselves or 
their counsel, in order to oblain some 
order or rule of court. 

MOTION (in Congress or any other 
public assembly). The proposing of any 
matter for the consideration of those 

resent. 

MOTTO. A word or short sentence, put 
to an emblem or device, or to a coat of 
arms in a scroll, at the bottom of the 
escutcheon 





MOVABLES. Personal goods. 


regular, erderly motien of an army, for 
some particular purpose, 

MOVEMENT (in Music). The pregress 
of sounds from grave to acute, or from 
acute to grave. 

MOVEMENT (among Watchmakers). 
A naine for the inner-works of a watch, 
&c., that move. 

MOULD (in Horticulture). Earth mixed 
with dung, &c., fit for the reception of 
seeds, 

MOULD (among Mechanics), A form 
er frame in which any thing is cast, as 
glaziers’ moulds, tallowchandlers’ moulds, 
and the like. 

MOULDINESS. A term applied to 
bodies, as bread, &c., which are in a state 
of corruption, from the action of the damp 
or air. This shows itself by a white down, 
which, when seen through a microscope, 
appears, like the moss, to be a kind of 
plants, although some have imagined it to 
look like animalcule. 

MOULDINGS (in Architecture). Pro- 
ectures beyond the naked wall, such as 
cornices, door-cases, &c., which are cat so 
as to be ornamental. 

MOUND (among Antiquarians) A ball 
or giobe with a cross upon it, which kings 
are represented as holding in their hands, 

to designate their sovereign majesty 





MOUND (in Fortification). Any thing 
raised, as a bank of earth, &c., to fortify 
er defend a place. - 

MOUNT An artificial elevation of 


earth. 

MOUNTAIN ASH. An ornamental 
tree, which in its leaf resembles the com- 
mon ash, but it bears a clustered flower, 
that is succeeded by a beantifal red berry, 

MOUNTAINS. Extraordinary eleva- 
tions of the earth, such as the Alps and 
Pyrenees in Europe, the Caucasus and 
Uralian mountains tin Asia, and the Andes 
in America. Mountains mostly consist of 
stone 

MOUNTING (in Military Affaire) Go- 
ing upon some arduous or specific duty, 
ws mounting a breach, that is, running up 


“to: it; nountiag’ the trenches 


MOVEMENT (in Military Affairs). The ° duty an the trenches, &c.; bat mounting 


a 
ee 


venerated between ar ass and &@ mare 





® cannon is setting it om its carriage. 


MOUSE. A little animal that haunts 


houses and fields. It is nearly allied te 
name of Mus in the Linnean system 
Field mice are frequently white. 


MOUSE-EAR. A plant very similar te 
chickweed ; but the flower is larger, and 
the fruit shaped like an ox’s horn, gaping 
at the top. 

MOUTH. The aperture in the head of 
any animal at which the food is received; 
and by which the insptration and expira- 
tion of the air is performed ; also the aper- 
ture of many ether things, se called from 
the similarity of situation or use, as the 
mouth ef acannon, where the powder and 
ball go in and out; the mouth of a river, 
where the water passes in and out; and 
the mouth of a vessel, &c. 

M.P An abbreviation for Member ot 
Parliament. 

MS. An abbreviation for Manuscript. 
MSS. An abbreviation for Manuscripts 
MUCILAGE. A slimy substance of suf 
ficient consistence to hold together, as a 
solution of gum or any tenacious liquid, 
or a viscous extraction from roots and 
other parts of vegetables. 

MUCUS. A viscous fluid secreted by 
certain glands in the body. 

MUFFLE. A small earthen oven used 
for cupellation. 
MUFTI, 
Mussulmen, appointed by the grand seigan- 
jor himself. He is the oracle in all doubt- 
ful questions of their law. 

MULATTO, Any one born of a black 
man and white woman, and vice versa. 
MULBERRY TREE. A large, spread. 
ing tree, the fruit of which resembles the 
raspberry tn its seedy make, but is much 
larger. 
in France, Italy. and the United States, 
for its leaves, te feed silkworma, but the 
Persiane make use of the common wie 
mulberry for this purpose. 

MULE. A mongrel kind cf auatinied! 


the rat, and is classed with it under the— 





The chief priest among the | 


The white mulberry is cultivated. 













- Pam, 


+ 


pi Ne 

























ae ee : 


be A + ‘ $ 
ane sometimes between a horse and a she- 
ess Mules are hardy, sure-feoted anima.s, 


used inuch in mountainous countries, as 


about the Alps and Pyrenees; but they 


are incapable of propagating their species. 





MULE (in Botany). Any flower or fruit 


_ eroduced from two sorts. 


MULETEER. A driver of mules. 

MULLET. A fish with a head almost 
square, and a silvery body. 

MULTIPLE. A number which includes 
another a certain number of times, as 6, 
the multiple of 2, 

MULTIPLICATION One of the four 


__ simple rules of arithmetic, which consists 


in the increasing of any one number by 
another as often as there are units in that 
number by which the one is increased. 
The number multiplying is the multiplier; 
the number multiplied, the multiplicand ; 
and the result of the operation js the pro- 
duct. 

MULTIPLYING-GLASS. A glass other- 
wise called a polyhedron, being ground 
into several planes that make angles with 
each other, and cause objects to appear 
increased in number. 

MULTUM IN PARVO 
amall compass 

MUM. A kind of liquor made of wheat, 
and brought from Brunswick in Germany. 

MUMMIES. The name of déad bodies 
which have been preserved for ages from 
corruption in Egypt, by a particular me- 
thod of embalining; also the liquor run- 
ning from such mummies, which ap- 
proaches more or less toa state-of solidity 

MUNDIC. A sort of copper ore; a sul- 
ghuret of copper of a greenish yellow 
colour. 

MUNICIPAL (in the Civil Law). An 
epithet signifying ‘invested with the civil 
rights of a citizen ;’ with us, it is an epi- 
thet fur what belongs to a town or city, 
as murcipal laws, laws enjoyed by the 


Much in a 


inhabitants ef afreetownorcity and in 


an extended sense, municipal law is the 
law by which any particular etate or coun- 
try is governed. 

MURAL CROWN. A crown among 
the Romans, given te him whe first ecated 
the walls of a city 





MURDER (in Law). The wilful an 
felonious killmg aman with malice pre 
pense. 

MUREX A shell-fish noted among the 
ancients for its purple dye ; in the Linnean 
systen., itis a genus of insects under the 
class vermes, the animal of which 1s a 
limax;: the shell is univalye and spiral. 

MURIATES. Salts formed from muri- 
atic acid with certain bases, as the muriate 
of ammonia, of soda, &c. 

MURIATIC ACID (otherwise called 


| Srrrit or Savt), An acid procured from 


salt, consisting of hydrogen combined with 
chlorine gas. Its odour is pungent, and its 


taste acid and corrosive. If an inflamed - 


taper be immersed in it, it is instantly 
extinguished: it is also destructive of hu- 
man life. 

MURRAIN. A wasting, contagious dis. 
order among cattle 

MUS (in Zoology) A generic teim, in 
the Linnaan system, for a tribe of animals 
of the class mammalia, and order glires, 
distinguished principally by their teeth. 
The most remarkable species are the com- 
mon rat and mouse, the musk rat, the 
Norway rat, &c 

MUSCI. Mosses; one of the families 
into which Linneus has divided the vege- 
table kingdom. It is of the class crypto- 
gamia, and comprehends a vast variety of 
species, as the earth-moss, bristle-mosa, 
spring-moss, water-moss, &c. 

MUSCLE (in Anatomy). A fleshy, fibrous 
part of the body, consisting of a bundle of 
thin, parallel plates, divided into a great 
number of fasciculi, or litle threads and 
fibres, so constiucted as to admit of relax- 
ation and contiaction, and serving as tha 
organ of motion. The extremities of the 
muscles are inse:ted into the bones. 





MUSES (in the Heathen Mythology) 
Divinities supposed to presile over the 





5c: 


erta and sciences. They were nine in 
number, namely, Clio, to whom they at- 
tributed the invention of history ; Me'po- 
mene, the inventor of tragedy ; Thalia, of 
comedy ; Euterpe, of the use of the flute ; 
Teipsichore, of the harp; Erato, of the 
tyre and lute; Calliope, of heroic verse ; 
Urania, of astrology ; Polyhymnia, of rhe- 
teris. Herodotus divided his history into 
nine beoks, to each of which he gave the 
keme of one of the muses. 

MUSEUM. A collection of rare and 
iateresting objects, particularly in the de- 
partments of Natural History; also the 
piace where the collection is deposited. 
The term was originally applied toa study, 
or a place set apart for learned men, in the 
royal palace of Alexandria, by Ptolemy 
Philade]phus, who founded a college, and 
gave salaries io the several members, add- 
ing also an extensive library, which was 
ene of the most celebrated in the world. 

MUSHROOM. A plant, the generic 
name of which, in the Linnzan system, 
is agaricus. It is a spongy substance 
wich grows up to its bulk ona sudden. 
rhe seeds of mushrooms have not long 
peen discovered 





MUSIC. The science which treats of 
the number, time, division, succession, and 
combination of sounds, so as to produce 
harmony. It is divided into Theoretical 
Music, which inquires into the properties 
of concords and discords, and explains 
their combinations and proportions for the 
production of melody and harmony ; and 
Practical Music, which is the art of apply- 
ing the theory of music in the composition 
ef all sorta of tunes and airs. 

MUSIC, Histony or. The first traces 
ef music are to be found in Egypt, where 
musical instruments, capable of much va- 
riety and expression, existed at a time 
when other nations were in an uncivilized 
state, The in@ention of the lyre is by them 
egeribed to ffermes Trismegistus, the Mer- 
eury of the Egypiians, which is a proof 
of its amtiquity ; Duta sitll greater proof 
of the existence ef musical instruments 









amongst them at a very early period & 
drawn from the figure of an instrument 
said to be represented on an obelisk, 
erected, as is supposed, by Sesostris at 
Heliopolis. This instrument, by means of 
its neck,wascapable,with only twostrings, 
iftuned fourths, of furnishing that series of 
sounds called by the ancients a heptachord , 
and if tuned fifths, of producing an octave. 
As Moses was skilled in all the Jearning 
of the Egyptians, it is probable that the 
Israelites, who interwove music in all 
their religious ceremonies, borrowed much 
from that people. That the Greeks took 
their first ideas of music from the Egyp- 
tians is clear from this: that they ascribed 
the invention of the lyre to Mercury, al- 
though they made Apollo to be the god of 
music, and gave him that instrument to 
play upon. In no country was music 80 
much cultivated as in Greece. The muses, 
as well as Apolle bacchus, and other goda 
and demigods, practised or promoted it in 
some way or other. Their poets are sup- 
posed to have been like the Celtic and 
German bards, and the scalds of Iceland 
and Scandinavia, who went about singing 
their poeins in the streets, and the palaces 
of princes. In this manner did Orpheus, 
Homer, Hesiod, Sappho, and others recite 
their verses; and in afler times, on the 
institution of the games, Simonides, Pin- 
dar, and other poets celebrated in public 
the exploits ofthe victors. The instruments 
known in the time of Homer were the 
lyre, flute, syrinx, and trumpet. The in- 
vention of notation and musical characters 
is ascribed to Terpander, a poet and musi 

cian,who flourished 671 years before Christ 

We afterwards find’ philosophers, as well 
as poets, among the number of those who 
adinired and cultivated music, theoretically 
as wellas practically, as Pythagoras, Plato, 
Aristotle, Aristoxenus, Euclid, and many 
others. Pythagoras is celebrated for his 
discoveries in this science; namely, fer 
that of musical ratios, and the addition of 
an eighth string to the lyre. The former 
of these he is supposed to have derived 
from the Egyptians. Ue also explained 
the theory of sounds, and reduced it toa 
science. Aristoxenus is the most ancient 
writer on music of whose works there are 
any remains. Euclid followed up the idea 
of Pythagoras’ ratios, which he reduced 
to mathematical demonstration. To this 
list of Greek writers may be added Ni- 
chomachus Gerasenus, Alypius, Gaudenti- 
us, Bacehius senior, Ptolemy the astrono- 
mer,and Aristides Quintilian whose works 
are still extant. These wrote under the 
Reman emperers, many ef whom cultiva 





ged music and fellowed the theory of the 
Greeks. Amongthe Roman writers may be 
reckoned Vitruvius, who, in his architec- 
ture, touches lightly on this subject; also, 
Martianus Capella and Boethius,who wrote 
on the decline of the empire. After them 
some centuries elapsed before the science 
ef music met with any particular attention. 
Its introduction into the church service 
prevented it from falling, like other arts, 
into total neglect. Instrumental music 
wae introduced into the public service of 
the church under Constantine the Great. 
The practice of chanting the psalms was 
degun in the western churches by St. Am- 
gease, aout 350 years after Christ; three 
hundred years after, the metnod of chant- 
mg was improved by St. Gregory the 
Great. It was probably introduced into 
England by St. Augustine, and greatly 
tmproved by St Dunstan. The use of the 
ergan probably commenced in the Greek 
church, were it was called hydraulicon, 
erthe water-organ. The first organ known 
tm Europe was sent asa present to King 
Pepin from the emperor Constantine Co- 
ptenymus. It came into general use in 
France, Germany, and England, in the 
tenth century. Soon after this, music be- 
gan’ again to be cultivated as a science, 
- particularly in Italy, where Guido, a monk 
of Arezzo, first conceived the idea of coun- 
terpoint, or the division of music into 
parts by points set opposite to each other, 
and formed the scale afterwards known 
by the name of the gamut. This was fol- 
towed by the invention of the time-table, 
and afterwards by regular compositions of 
music. But the exercise of the art was 
for along time confined to sacred music, 
auring which period secular music was 
followed by itinerant poets and musicians, 
after the manner of the ancients. Of this 
description were the troubadoursin France, 
the Welsh bards or harpers in England, 
and the Scotch minstreis. 

MUSICIAN. A professor of, and prac- 
titioner in music; one who performs on 
any musical instrument The musicians 
fn London form one of the city compa- 
hies. 

MUSK Anoily, friable brownish gub- 
stance, generated in the body of the musk, 
of the most powerful and penetrating 
gmell, which is used as a perfume. It is 
partially soluble in water, which receives 
its smel!, and also in alcohol,to which, how- 
ever, it does not communicate its odour, 

MUSK. A quadruped, in size and figure 
resemblingasmal!l roebuck lt 1s a Rative 
ot Thibet and other parts of Asia, and is 
remarkable for having an oval bag in the 





a SN. 






= 


ower part of its belly, containin 4 pet 
fume caJled musk 





MUSK-APPLE and MUSK-PEAR .A 
sort of apple and pear having the perfume 
of musk ; also other plants or flowers, sc 
called from their having the same perfume, 
as the musk cranesbill, and the musk ochra, 
a West Indian plant. 

MUSKET. A commodtous sort of fire- 
arms used by soldiers. The regular length 
of a musket is 3 feet 8 inches from tne 
muzzle to the pan. 

MUSKET-SHOT. The distance that ¢ 


musket will carry, which is avout 12¢- 


fathoms. 

MUSK-OX. An animal with short legs, 
and long hair, that resembles the Bison. 
and inhabits the frigid regions of North 
America. 

MUSK-RAT,. An animal of the beaver 
kind, which yields an oily fluid, having 
the perfume of musk. Its fur is vetuable. 

MUSK-ROSE. A sort of rose, from 
which a highly odorous oil is extracted at 
Tunis 

MUSLIN. A fine sort of cotton cloth. 

MUSQUETEERS. Soldiers armed with 
muskets. 

MUSSEL, A testaceous animal found 
lodged in limestone, or in deep beds under 
water 

MUSSULMAN, or Mosizm,i.e Faith- 
ful. The name assumed by Mahometant 

MUST. The newly pressed juice of the 
grape, which, by a chemical analysis, is 
found to contain water, sugar, jelly, glu- 
ten, and bitartrate of potash 

MUSTER. A review of soldiers unde 
arms. 

MUSTER-ROLL. A specific list of the 
officers and men in every regiment, troop, 
of company. 

MUTATIS MUTANDIS. Things being 
enanged as they ought to be, 

MUTE (in Law). Not answering direct 
ly to the arraignment, on an indictment 


felony A prisoner is said to stand my ~ 








NAR. 


when he will not put himself upon the 
Inquest. 

MUTE (in Mineralogy). An epithet for 
minerals which do not ring when they are 
struck. 

MUTES (in Grammar). Letters which | 
cannot form a sound without a vowel after, 
gem, as b, c, d, g, k, p,q, t. 

MUTES (in the Grand Seignior’s Se- 
vaglio). Dumb officers, who are sent to 
ptrang:s, with the bow-string, bashaws or 
other persons who fall under the sultan’s 
“Ispleasure. 

MUTES (among Undertakers). Those 
men who are employed to stand at the 
door of the deceased, until the body is 
tarried out. 

MUTINY. A revolting from lawful au- 
yhority, particularly among soldiers and 
sailors. 

MYRMELEON. a genus of insects in 
the Linnwan system, one species of which 
is remarkable on account of its larva, 









which has the property of preparing & 6 
of pitfall for the ensmaring of other insects 

MYRRII. A resinous concrete juice 
procured from a tree growing in Arabia 
and Abyssinia. The sort of tree whick 
yields this substance is not exactly known, 
but, according to Bruce, it is a sort of 
mimosa. Myrrh is in the form of tears, 
brittle, of an aromatic taste, not melting 
when heated, and burning with difficulty ; 
yields oil by distillation, and forms a ye- 
low solution with water. 

MYRTLE. A fragrant shrub, which, 
among the ancients, was sacred to Venus 
The common myrtle is a native of Asia, 
Africa, and Europe. 

MYRTUS. The generic name of the 
myrtle in the Linnean system; includes 
also among its species the pimento or all- 
sriec tree. 

MYTHOLOGY The fabuious history 
of the heathen deities and heroes, and — 
divine honours paid to them 


N. 


N, the thirteenth letter of the alphabet, 
stood asa numeral for 900, and, with a 
dash over it, thus, N, 9000. N. or No. 
stands as an abbreviation for numero, 
humber ; also for north, note, noun, &c. 

N/ABOB, or NAVOUB. An Indian 
word fora deputy ; a title of dignity and 
power applied to those who act under the 
soubahs or viceroys. 

NABONASSAR. First king of Baby- 
lon, in whose reégn, according to Ptolemy, 
astronomical observations were made; 
Whence an e#ra’ was formed from this 
king’s reign, called the era of Nabonas- 
Bar, dated 747 years before Christ. 

NADIR (in Astronomy). That point in 
the heavens opposite to the zenith, and 
directly under our feet, or a point in a 
right line, supposed to be drawn from our 
feet through the centre of the earth, and 
terminating in the lower hemisphere. 

NAIL (in Anatomy). The horny lamina 
en the extremity of the fingers and toes, 

NAIL (with Lronmongers). Spikes of 
fron and brass, having heads, and fitted for 
binding several pieces of wood together. 

NAIL (in Commerce). A measure of 
length, containing the sixteenth part of a 
yard. : 

NAKED. A ‘erm in Architecture, ap- 
plied either to a column or a wall, to 
denote the face or plain surface from 
which the projections take their rise 


NANKIN A wel! known stuff, so call- 
ed from Nanking, a city in China. 

NAPE. The hinder part of the neck. 

NAPHTHA. <A native combustible Hi- 
quid, and one of the thinnest of the tiquid 
bitumens issuing from the earth, and found 
on the borders of springs on the shores of 
the Caspian Sea, and many other places 
It feels greasy, has a bituminous smell, 
takes fire on the approach of flame, and is 
so light as to float on the water. 

NARCISSUS. A genusof plants, which 
is cultivated in gardens on account of its 
sweet-smeuueg flowers, which are either 
yellow or waite. 

NARCOTICS (in Medicine). Soporife- 
rous and stupifying medicines, as opium 
and its preparations. 

NARROW. A small passage between 
two lands. ” 

NARVAL. An animal of the whale 
tribe, remarkable for its single tooth stand 
ing out like the horn of the unicorn. 

e k 





NASTURTIUM. A piant, which is owt 
tivated in gardens, and bears a flower of 
a deep crimson celour The seeds, whe 











a a 


ee ee 


eo 


et 


i 


= bf 


a 









et OM AY 


" pymnsea, have a pungent smell that causes 


gneezing. 
NATIONAL DEBT. Loans advanced 
to government, which constitute the funds 





added. The sail, which was made of the 
papyrus, was fastened to a pole serving ag 
a mast, which was made of the acantha 
As such vessels were incapable of stem 


or stceks, for which Interest is paid from ; ming the current of the river when the 


revenues set apart for the purpose. 
NATRON. Native carbonate of soda. 
NATURAL HISTORY. That branch 
ef knowledge which treats of the charac- 
teristics or distinctive marks of each indi- 
vidual object, wheter animal, vegetable, 
er mineral} ; as aJso of its peculiar habits, 
qualities, uses, &c. 
NATURALIZATION-~(in Law). The 


‘ @amitting of an alien into the number of 


matural subjects. : 

NATURAL ORDERS (in Botany). A 
saode of classitying plants according to 
their natural or more obvious character- 
latics. 

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY That 
branch of science which treats of the pow- 
ers of nature, the properties of natural 
bodies, and their actions on one another, 
comprehending under it the several divi- 
sions of astronomy, chymistry, electricity, 
gaivanism, hydraulics or hydrostatics, 
Magnetism, mechanics, optics, pneuma- 
tics, &c. 

NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. The sci- 
ence of ship-building, comprehending the 
theory of delineating marine vessels upon 
a plane surface, and the art of framing 
them upon the stocks according to the 
proportions exhibited in a regular design. 

NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, History 
or. The first example of any construction 
fitted to be borne up by the waters is re- 
corded in Scripture in the case of the ark 
built by Noah under the divine assistance 
and commands. As this was built by more 
than human aid, it is not surprisimg that 
we hear of no farther attempts at building 
vessels of any kind until the nation of the 
Egyptians was formed, who doubtless pro- 
fited by those arts and sciences which, as 
is generally admitted, were practised be- 
fore the flood, and transmitted by Noah 
and his family to his posterity. ‘he Egyp- 
tiaps, we are told, constructed the barks 
which they used on the Nile of planks 
evt out of the acacia, or Egyptian thorn ; 
the planks were nearly square, measuring 


about three feet each way, and, being 


lapped over each other like tiles, were 
fastened together with wooden pins. The 
joints and seams were carefully calked 
with the papyrus, and benches of the same 
material were for ned for the rowers. As 
the necessity of some impelling and direct- 
ing forse in ad of human labour was soon 
fet, a rudder gas sail were quickly 


wind was unfavourable, they used to be 
towed by persons on the bank, and when 
they went with the current, the Egyptians 
used to accelerate their motion by tying 
a hurdle of tamarisk to the prow of the 
vessel, and letting it down into-the water , 
the stream acted on the hurdle more 
strongly than it would on the sides of the 
vessel, and thus increased the velocity of 
its motion very materially. In order te 
preserve a due balance between the head 
and the stern, which might otherwise 
have been destroyed by the action of the 
hurdle, they caused a stone of consider- 
able magnitude, pierced through the mid- 
dle, to be suspended by a rope from the 
stern, Which enabled them to swim nearly 
with an even keel. 

The first contrivance to supply the place 


of a commercial vessel is generally ad-— 


mitted to have been a kind of raft, or 
collection of trees fastened together with 
ropes, made from the bark... Butasina 
structure so rude they were altogether 
Without the power of directing their course, 
they set about remedying this inconveni- 
ence, by putting a few thick planks to 
the depth of three or four feet in the water 
between the joists of the trees which com- 
posed the raft These, being. raised or 
lowered at the pleasure of the pilot, served 
in some measure the purpose proposed. 
With no better contrivances than this, the 
Phenicians are said to have visited the 
islands of Sicily, Corsica, and various 
other islands in the Mediterranean. It is 
also worthy of observation, that floats an- 
swering to the description of these were 
found in the south seas in the last century. 

Although the Greeks were not remark 
able for a spirit of commercial enterprise, 
yet the remains of antiquity furnish us 
with ample evidence of the advances 
which they made in the art of ship-build 
ing. They had vessels of different forms 
and sizes, distinguished, according to theiz 
use, into ships of passage, ships of burdens, 
and ships of war. The latter were like- 
wise designated triremes, quadremes, and 
quinquiremes, according to the number of 
banks of oars, which were raised in a 
sloping direction one above another. Thos¢ 
which had most banks were built highest, 
and rowed with the greatest strenzh The 
Greeks, in all probability, derived the: 
knowledge of ship-building from the Cas- 
thaginians, a warlike and trading people 


B58 NAV i755 % 
descendet .3m the Phoenicians, who were | 
celebrated {er their ekill in the construc- 
tion and management of vessels In con- 
pequence of their contests withthe Romans, 
the latter, after having sulfered one or two 
defeats in naval engagements, acquired 
the art of building ships froin their rivals, 
and successfully employed it to their over- 
throw. 

The modern art of ship-building appears 
to have been d2rived from the northern 
tribes, among whom we find that trees 
kollowed out like canoes were first used. 
"he crusades first gave the impulse to im- 
gwovements in ship-building, which, not- 
withstanding, continued for some time at 
alow ebb. Even in the reign of Edward 
the First, ships were very insignificant in 
point of size, for it appears that forty men 
were deemed sufficient to man the largest 
vessels in England. ‘The states of Venice 
and Genoa probably first increased the 
size of their ships, but they were soon sur- 
passed by the Spaniards, who first em- 
ployed cannon ‘The Ilanse ‘Towns made 
such advances in naval architecture, that 
in the feurteenth century it was usual for 
them to let their ships out to foreign 
princes. In the reign of Henry LV. ships 
of considerable size began to be built in 
England, and they continued to increase in 
magnitnide until the reign of Henry VIII. 
when two very large ships were built, 
namely, the Regent, of 1000 tons burthen, 
and the Henry Grace Dieu, which was 
larger. 


NAUMACHY. Inanc. Rome. ashow 
or spectacle representing a sea-fight. 

NAUMANITE. A peculiar ore of 
silver, found in cubical trystals, in thin} 
plates, and granular. 

NAUSCOPY. ‘The pretended art of 
discovering approaching ships, or the 
existence of land, at a considerable 
aistance. 


NAVAL CROW:&. A crown among 
the Romans, given to him who first boarded 


en enemy’s ship; it wasa circle of gold 
representing the beaks of ships. 








NAVE. The bedy or main part of a 
ebured 


| arts. 








NAVIGATION. The art of concacting 
a vesael at sea from one port to another. 
This is navigation, properly so called, te 
distinguish it from common navigation or 
coasting, that is, conducting vessels from 
one port to another lying on the same 
coast; and inland navigation, which is 
performed by small craft on canals There 
is also a submarine navigation, that is, the 
art of sailing under water by means of the 
diving bell, &c. Navig# .n is divided 
into theoretical navigatica, which treats 
of the difference of latitude, the difference 
of longitude ,4e eckoning or distance run 
the course er ,Qumb run on, besides the 
different incdes of sailing—plain sailing, ia 
Which the plane chart is made use of ; Mer- 
cator’s or globular sailing, in which Merca- 
tor’s chart is used, &c. Practical navigation 
has respect to the places sailed to, or the 
waters sailed over, and is either proper, 
common, inJand, &c. as before explained. 

NAVIGATION, Urstory or. Naviga- 
tion and commerce without doubt took 
their rise together ; for the desire of gain, 
being one of the most powerful incentives 
to action, would naturally lead men te 
explore distant countries. Hence we find 
that the Pheenicians, particularly those of 
Tyre, who were the first trading people on 
record, were also the first to make fleets, 
and by the aid of astronomical cbserva- 
tions to extend their voyages to some dis- 
tance from theirown shores. The Cartha 
ginians followed the course of their an- 
cestors the Tyrians, and addicted them- 
selves so thoroughly totrade and navigation 
that they surpassed every other nation of 
antiquity in the cultivation of these twe 
They first made the quadremes, on 
four-oared galleys, and probably were the 
first who made cables for their large 
vessels of the shrub spatum. They like 
wise pushed their discoveries to a vast 
extent. They were perfectly acquainted 
with the Mediterranean and all the ports 
in it, and proceeded to the westward far- 
ther than any other nation. Britain and 
the Canaries were known to them, and ip 
the opinion of some they even went ag 
faras America. The formidable fleets they 
fitted out, the quantity of shipping they 
always kept in their employ, and the 
honour they so long enjoyed of being the 
masters of the sea, sufficiently attest the 
advances which they made in navigation. 
As the Greeks and Romans were more 
addicted to war than commerce, they em- 
ployed their shipping principally in tr .as- 
porting their men to the countries . og 
were going to attack, or in engaging theis 
enemies atsea, That the Athenians ¢2 - 
















- 


MEMERTRi het cllier: Greake’tn their mazi- 


time warfare is evident from the victories 
which they gained over the Persians by 
sea. Astothe Romans, they are said by 
Polybius to have been utter strangers io 
naval affairs, and quite ignorant of ship- 
building, before the first Punic war, when 
a Carthaginian galley, having accidentaily 
stranded on the coast of Italy, was taken 
by them, and served asa model for the 
eonstruction of vessels. Of this they made 
&) good a use as to raise a fleet of one 

andred and twenty galleys, with which 

‘ey were enabled to beat the Carthagi- 
nians on their own element. It does not 
appear, however, that either of these peo- 
pie went to any distance in their vessels, 
either for purposes of trade or curiosity. 
The only voyage of discovery we read of 
in antiquity was that made by Nearchus, 
under the auspices of Alexander. In all 
other countries, navigation was encouraged 
solely for the purposes of commerce, 1s 
by the Egyptians and the Byzantines, and 
subsequently by the Venetians and Geno- 
ese untilthe time of the crusades, when 
a spirit of adventure was excited through- 
out al] Europe, and preparations were 
made for voyages to the Holy Land, 
which led tothe improvement of naviga- 
tion. The laws of Oleron, framed and 
established by our king Richard I., show 
that a systein of maritime policy was now 
thought necessary. Of the progress of the 
English navy, it suffices here to observe, 


that the first statutes respecting it were 


passed in the reign of Richard LI. and that 
from that period to the present it has been 
the object of government to raise it to the 
highest pitch of perfection. As to the art 
of navigation generally, nothing contribu- 
ted so much to its advancement as the in- 
vention of the mariner’s compass, in the 
feurteenth century, which gave so greata 
facility to the exploring of unknown re- 
gions. From this time many considerable 


-yoyages were made, particularly by the 


fortuguese, under the auspices of Henry 
Duke of Visco, who was particularly 
exilled in cosmography, and employed a 
Berson from the island of Majorca to teach 
Bavigation and to make instruments and 
@harts. In the subsequent reign of John Il. 
one Martin de Bohemia, a Portuguese, 
mative of the island of Fayal,a pupil of 
Regiomontanus, calculated, about 1485, for 
the use of navigators, tables of the sun’s 
declination, and recommended the astro- 
labe for taking observations at sea. About 
the same time, Columbus conceived the 










Or pie a pals gating RS Sie Sei Sea esac 2 
; See -t ats S| > : : , % ei ¥ 
NAVIGATION ) 289 


the Atlantic ocean, and being furnished 
with a small armament of three ships by 
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, he set 
sailin August, 1492, and steered directly 
for the Canary Islands; thence holding his 
course due west, he stretched away into 
unfrequentedand unknown seas. Aiteren- 
countering incredible difficulties and hard- 
ships from the elements, and a scarcity of 
provisions, but above all from the mutt 
nous spirit of his crew, he arrived at Gua 
naini, one of the Jarge cluster of islands 
called the Lucaya, or Bahama Isles. He 
also discovered Cuba, Hispaniola, and seve- 
ral other small islands, and, having left a 
colony in a fort at Hispaniola, returned 
to Spain in March, 1493. In September 
following, he set out on his second voyage, 
and sailed by the Leeward ‘Islands to 
Hispaniola; and in a third voyage, under- 
taken in 1498, he discovered the continent 
of America. In the same year, Vasco de 
Gama returned to Lisbon from a voyage 
to the East Indies by the Cape of Good 


Iiope. As from practice the art of navi-. 


gation was thus materially improved, so 
likewise additional efforts were now *aade 
to advance it theoretically, and to e.tend 
its cultivation. ‘he emperor Charlea V: 
founded a lecture at Seville for the im- 
provement of navigation, which derived 
much advantage from the discovery of the 
variation of the compass, and the use of 
the cross staff. ‘The subject also now be- 
gan to engage the pens of the learned, 
Two treatises, the first of the kind, con- 
taining a system of the art, were published 
in Spanish, the first by Pedro de Medina, 
at Walladolid, in 1545, called ‘Arte de 
Navegar,’ the other at Seville, in 1556, 
by Martin Cortes, under the title of ‘ Breve 
Compendio deja Sphera y de la Arte de 
Navegar, &c.? which was translated into 
English and passed through several im- 
pressions. 

The finding of the longitude, which is 
still a desideratum' im the art, bad even 
early engaged the attention of writers ; for 
we find that Pedro Nunez, er Nonius, 
published a treatise on this subject in 1537 
in the Portuguese language, which was 
afterwards printed at Basil in Latin, urndor 
the title of ‘De Arte et Ratione Navi 
gandi.’? In this work the problem of deter 
mining the latitude from two observationg 
of the sun’s altitude and the intermediate 
azimuth is resolved. In 1557, Bourne 
published his ‘ Regiment for the Sea,’ in- 
tended as a supplement to Cortes; and in 
1581,Michael Coignet, a native of Antwerp, 


idea ef exploring a passage to India by | published his ‘!nstruction Neuvelle des 
gailing directly towards the west across | Points plus excellens et necessair” “tou. 


| 


ehant ’Art de Naviger,’? ntended as an 
Improvement upon Medina. The discov- 
ery of the dipping-needle was explained 
by Robert Norman, in his ‘New Attrac- 
tive,’ a pamphlet, to which is commonly 
subjoined William Burrough’s ‘ Discourse 
of the Variation of the Coimpass.’ In 1594, 
Captain John Davis published a sma!l 
treatise entitled the ‘Seaman’s Secrets,’ 
whieh was much esteemed at that time. 

‘As the errors of the plane chart had been 
much compiained of by those, who were 
eonversant with the subject, Gerard Mer- 
eator was led to construct a universal map, 
for the purpose of obviating those objec- 
tions, the use of which was afterwards 
fully illustrated by Mr. Edward Wright of 
Cambridge, whio, in hits ‘Correction of cer- 
tain Errors in Navigation,’ printed in 1599, 
showed the true method of dividing the 
meridian from Cambridge, as also the man- 
ner of constructing the table, and its uses 
in navigation. ‘The method of approxima- 
tion by what is called the middle latitude 
is mentioned by Gunter in his worlss, 
printed in 1623, but was not brought into 
genera! use until some timeafter. ‘The ap- 
plication of logarithms to navigation was 
also made by this author in a variety of 
ways; but Thomas Addison, in his ‘ Arith- 
metical Navigation,’ is said to have been 
the first to apply logarithmic tables to the 
cases of sailing. From this time several 
writers in England and elsewhere contrib- 
uted to the improvement of the science, as 
Gellibrand, in a ‘Discourse Mathematical 
en the Variation of the Needle ;’? Norwood, 
in his ‘Seaman’s Practice ;? John Baptist 
Riccioli, at sclogna, in 1661; Father Mil- 
fet Dechals, in 1674 and 1677; M. Bougier, 
in 1698 ; William Jones, in a ‘ New Com- 
pendiuin of the whole Art of Navigation ;? 
Peter Bouque, in his ‘ Nouveau Traité 
de Navigation ;? and Or, 
‘Elements of Navigat? us,’ to which was 
added a valuable preface by Dr. James 
Wilson. 

NAVIGATOR. One who follows the 
practical part of navigation ; particularly 
ane who goes on voyages of discovery. 

NAJUMACUIA.,. The representation of 
a sea fight, which among the Romans 
formed a part of the Circensian games. 

NAUTICAL. Anepithet for what be- 
ngs to the navy or navigation, as the 
Nautical Almanack, which in England is 
published under the direction of the Board 
of Longitude, for the use of mariners. 
_NAUTILUS. A genus of testaceoas 
worms, one species of which, called the 
sail shell, floats on the surface of the sea 
BQ tts shell, by the help of a membrane 


Robertson’s | 






NER 


which it extends, so as to make it serv 
the purpose of a sail. 

NAVY. The whole naval establ 
ment of any country, comprehending the 
ships, officers, men, stores, &c.&c, That 

| part of the navy of England, which is dis- 
tinguished by the title of the Royal Navy, 
comprehends al) ships of war and the 
crews, &c 

NAVY BOARD (in the English Navy) 
consists of a lord high admiral or lords 
cominissioners, with a number of inferior 
officers. 

NAZARENES, A term of reproach 
among the Jews for our Saviour and his 
disciples. 

NAZARITES. A sect among the Jews 
affecting certain peculiarities. 

N, B. i.e. Nora Beng. Take notice 

NEAP TIDES. Tides in the second 
and last quarter of the moon, not so high 
as the spring tides. 


-NEEDLE-GUN. A_breech-loading 
fire-arm, which is exploded by means 
jof a steel point and detonating powder, 
first used by the Prussians against the 
Austrians in 1866. 

NEEDLE-ORE. A native sulphuret 
lof bismuth, found in a gold mine in 
| Siberia. 

NEBULZ. Spots inthe heavens, some 
of which consist of clusters of exceedingly 
small stars, others appear like luminous 
spots of different forms. 

NECK. That part between the head 
and the body. 

NECK. Any thing long in the form of 
the neck, as the neck of a bottle, a violin, 
é&c, 

NECROLOGY., A register of the deaths 
of benefactors in a monastery ; also a reg- 
ister of distinguished persons who die 

; Within a certain period. 

NECROMANCY. A sort of magic prac- 
tised by the Jews, Greeks and Romans, 
by which they attempted to raise the dead 
or make them appear. 

NECTAR (in Mythology). The drink 
of the gods, according to the poets. 

NECTAR (in Medicine). A drink of a 
delightful taste, smell, and color. 

NECTARINE. A sort of peach, having 
a smooth rind and a firm flesh. 

NECTARY. The melliferous part of a 
vegetable, 

NEEDLE. An instrument of steel for 
sewing, having a sharp point for pierving, 
and an eye to receive the thread ; also an 
instrument for knitting, which ts a simpte 
steel wire, 

NEEDLE, or Maenxstrcan Neepup. 
A needle touched with the loadstone, ané 
















NEP. 
waspended on a pivot, on which, playing 
at Jiberty, it directs itself to the north and 
south of the horizon. Magnetical needles 
are called horizontal when balanced equal- 
ly on both sides, and inclinatory or dipping 
when they ore constructed so as to show 
the dip of the needle, or how far it points 
below the horizon. 

NEGATIVE. An epithet for what im- 
plies negation. 

NEGATIVE ELECTRICITY. That 
state of bodies, in which they are deprived 
‘€ some portion of the electricity which 
they naturally contain. 

NEGATIVE PREGNANT (in Law). 
A negative which implies an affirmation, 
as when a person denies having done a 
thing in a certain manner or at a cer- 
tain time, as stated in the declaration, 
which implies that he did it in some man- 
ner. 

NEGATIVE QUANTITIES (in Alge- 
bra). Quantities having the negative sigr 
set before them. 

NEGATIVE SIGN (in Algebra). A 
vign marked thus —, to denote less than 
nothing. 

NEGOTIATION. The conducting a 
treaty, eXher in political or commercial 
matters. 

NEGROES. The black inhabitants of 
Africa, having woolly hair and a peculiar 
complexion. They have hitherto been the 
objects of the inhuman traffic called the 
slave-trade. ‘They are very numerous in 
the central parts of Africa, and it appears 
by the late Travels of Denham and Clap- 
perton and others, that powerful king- 
doms exist there, in a state further advan- 
eed toward civilization, than was suppos- 
ed. It has been imagined that the ne- 
groes are inferior in capacity to the other 
races of mankind, but a better knowledge 


of Africa may throw doubt upon this | 


opinion. 

NEM.CON. An abbreviation for nem- 
ine contradicente, that is, no one opposing, 
applied to the decis:ons of the English par- 
Hament and other public assemblies. 

NEM. DISS. An abbreviation for nem- 
ine dissentiente, no one dissenting, that 
ig, with tmanimous consent. 

’NEPHRITE A sort of stone of the 
talc kind, of a dark leek-green colour, 
verging to blue. It is found in China, 
America, and Egypt, and is highly prized 
by the Hindoos and Chinese, by whom it 
ia made into talismans. 

NEPHRITIC. Relating to the kidneys. 

NE PLUS ULTRA, i.e. no farther. The 
extremity, or ulmosi extent to which any 
thing can gc 





a rR TAM AUR Mme OU ah oe 
fies sh ost a . > 


NEW 25} @ 
NEPTUNE. The god of the sea, broth 


er of Jupiter, in the heathen mytholegy 
who is known by his trident. 


= aes or 


NERITA. 
whose shells are adorned with a beautiful 
painting in miniature. 

NERVES (in Anatomy) 


A sort of testaceous worms, 


Long white 
cords, the medullary prolongations of the 
brain which serve for sensation. 

NERVES (in Botany) Long tough 
strings, which run lengthways in the leaf 
of a plant. 

NERVOUS. An epithet for what re-. 
Jates to the nerves, as the nervous system, 
nervous disorders, &c. 

NEST. The lodging prepared by birds 
for incubation and receiving their young. 


WESTORIAN. One of an ancient 
sect founded by Nestorius of Constan- 
tinople in the fifth century, who taught 
that the divine and human natures. of 
Christ did not unite and form one person, 
that Mary 

but of Christ. 


NEUROPTERA. An order of insects 
in the Linnean system, including those 
which have the wings reticulate, as the 
dragon fly, the day fly, the lion ant, &c. 

NEUTRALIZATION (in Chymistry}. 
The process by which an acid and an a- 
kali are so combined as to disguise eacts 
other’s properties. 

NEUTRAL SALTS, Salts which per- 
take of the nature of both an acid and an 
alkali. 

NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. A very sa- 
gacious kind of spaniel that is web-footed, 
and an exeellent swimmer 

NEWSPAPER. A periodical publica- 
tion, which appears once or oftener in the 
week, containing an account of the politi- 
cal and domestic occurrences of tne time. 

NEW STYLE, abbreviated N.S. The 
Gregorian method of reckoning the days 
of the year, so as to adjust the odd hunrs 
and minutes in the peried of the eun’s 
revolution 


was not the mother of God, 


———— 





NEG 


NEWT. A small animal of the lizard 
trihe. 

NEWTGNRIAN PHILOSOPHY. The 
doctrine of the universe as explained by 
Bir Iseaze Newton, respecting tke preper- 
ties, lawe, affections, forces, moticns, &c. 
ef bodies, beth celestial and terrestrial. 
The chief parts of the Newtonian philese- 
‘phy are explained by the auther in his 
Principia, or Principles of Natural Phile- 
sophy. ‘ 

NICENE CREED. A particler creed 
formed at the first general council assem- 
bied at the city of Nice by Constantine 
the Great, a.p. 315. This creed has since 
been adopted by the church of England. 

NICKEL. A metallic substance, most- 
ty found in a metallic state, but sometimes 
fa that of an oxide. Its ores have a cop- 
pery red color. 

NICKEL KUPFER, or the SunexuRET 
er Nicxe., is a compound of nickel, 
yrsenic, and a sulphuret of fron. 

NICTITANT MEMBRANE (in Com- 
parative Anatomy). A thin membrane 
chiefly found in birds and fishes, which 


covers the eyes of these animals, so as to’ 


shelter them from the dust and excess of 
ight. 

NIGHT (in Law). The period of dark- 
Bess, When a man’s face cannot be dis- 
cerned. 

NIGHTHAWK. An American bird, 
that makes its appearance at evening, 
and is seen high in the air, flying about 
in pursuit of insects. It has been erro- 
neously supposed that it was the whip- 





NIGHTMARE. A heavy, pressing sen- 
sation on the breast during the n‘ght, to 
which nervous persons are subject. 





Pf I 8 
NIGHTINGALE. A email brown Eo 


repean bird, thi singe eee eee 
the night. 





NIGHTSHADE, or Deapty Nieuwe 
sHapeE. A poisonows plant, bearing a bell- 
shaped corolla, from the leaves of which 
painters extract a fine green. 

NIHIE DICIT (in Law). A failure on 
the part of the defendant to put in an aa- 
swer to the plaintifi’s declaration, &c., by 
which omission judgment is of coume 
had against him. 

NILGHAU, or NYLGHAU. Tha Per 
sian name for a species of antelope, Me 
antilope picta of Linneus, having short 
horns bent forward, and the upper and 
under parts of the neck maned 





NIMBUS (ameng Antiquarians). A 
circle observed on some medals, er round 
the head of some emperors, answering te 
the circles of light drawn around the im» 
ges of saints. 

NISI PRIUS. In England, a com- 
mission directed tothe judges of sasize 
empowering them to try all questions wf 
fact issuing out of the courts of Westmin- 
ster, that are then ready for trial ; and 
as, by the course of the court, all causes are 
heard at Westminster, the clanse is added 
in such writs, Nisi prius justictaril ad capi- 
endas assisas veserint ; that is, Unless be- 
fore the day fixed the justices come inte 
the county in question; whenes the wrR 














ce ROS 


ga.well aa the commission, have recelved 
the name. 

NITRATES. Salts formed of nitric 
acid with salifiable bases, as the nitrate of 
potash, soda, &c. , 

NITRE, vulgarly called Sautrzrre. 
A neutral salt, being a crystallized, pel- 
bucid, and whitish substance, of an acrid 
and bitterish taste, impressing a strong 
sense of coldness on the tongue. It is 
found ready formed in the East Indies and 
in the southern parts of Europe, but by far 
the greater part of the nitre in common 
ase is produced by the combination of 
substances in suitable situations, which 
tend to produce nitric acid, particularly 
where animal matter becomes decompos- 
ed by the air, such as slaughter-houses, 
drains, and the like. 

NITRIC ACID. A heavy, yellow Ii- 
quid, procured by the chymical combina- 
tion of oxygen and nitrogen gas. Diluted 
with the sulphuric and muriatic acids, it 
rms the well known liquid aquafortis. 

NITROGEN, or Azote. Theprinciple 
ef nitre in its gaseous state, which consti- 
tutes four fifths of the volume of atmos- 
pheric sir, 1t has neither smell nor taste, 
and is not to be procured in a separate 
state ; but is remarkable for the properties 
ef extinguishing flame and animal life, 

NITRO MURIATIC ACID. A com- 
pound of nitric and muriatic acids, for- 
merly called aqua regia. 

NITRO-CALCITE. Nitrate of lime, 
having a greyish-white color, occurring 
in efflorescences on old walls, and in 
limestone caves. 

NITRO-GLYCERINE. A powerful 
blasting oil, and highly dangerous ex- 
plosive agent, prepared by the action of 
nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine. 

NITURET. A body ofoxygen, hydro- 
gon. carbon, and one atom of nitrogen. 

NOBLE. An English coin used in the 
reign of Edward ILI. Value about $1.75. 





NOCTANTER. By night. 

NOCTURNAL, An epithet for what 
ps.cngs to the night, as a necwurnal arch, 
tne arch described by the sun or a star in 


ee might 


NOCTURNAL, or Noctenuevicn. Ag 
instrument used at sea for finding the lat- 
itude and hour of the night. 

NODDY. A sea fowl! of the tern kind 

NODS (in Surgery). A bard tumour 
rising oat of a bone. 

NODE (in Dialling) The axis or cock 
of a dial. 

NODES (in Astronomy). Twe points 
where the orbit of a planet intersects the 
ecliptic: the Northern or Ascending Node, 
called the dragon’s head, is marked thug 

| (2, the Southern or Descending Node, the 

dragon’s tail, marked thus ?3. 

NOLLE PROSEQUI. An agreement 
on the part of the plaintiff not to proge- 
cute his suit. 

NO MAN’S LAND. A sea term for 
the space in midships, between the after 
part of the belfry, and the fore part of a 
ship’s boat, when she is stowed upon the 
beom. 

NOMENCLATURE. A catalogue of 
the most useful and significant words in 
any language or in any particular science 

NOMINATIVE (in Grammar). The 
first case of a noun, or the name itself. © 

| NONAGESIMAL.° The ninetieth de- 
gree of the ecliptic. 

NONCHALANCE. An affected indit - 
ference. 

NGN COMPOS MENTIS (ia Law) 
Not of sound mind, 

NON CONDUCTORS (in Electricity) 
Bodies which do not become electric by 
being placed in the neighborhood of an 
excited body. 

NONCONFORMIST. In England, a 
person not conforming to the church of 
England, 

NON EST INVENTUS, }. e. literally, 
He has not been found. The answer made 
by the sheriff in the return of the writ, 
when the defendant is-not to be found in 
his bailiwick, 

NONPLUS, A difficulty or embarrass- 
ment, when one cannot proceed any way. 

NON PROS. i... Non prosequitur, He 
dows not prosecute, A nonsuit, or the 
forrm of renouncing er letting fall a suit by 
the plaintiff. 

NONRESIDENCE (in Law). In Eng- 
land, the not residing on their beneficer, 
as applied to spiritual persons. 

NONSUILT. The letting fali er renenEe 
fing a suit. 

NORMAL. A perpendieniar. 

NORROY KING AT ARMS. [In Eng 
land, the third king at arms. 

NORTH POLE. A point tn the north- 
ern hemisphere, ninety degrees distam 





j from the equator. 





$63 
NORTH POLE. In astronomy, an 
{imaginary point in the northern hemi- 
sphere, 90° from the equator. 
NORWAY RAGSTONE. A coarse 
variety of whetstone. 
NOSING. Inarchitecture, themould- 
ing upon the upper edge of a step. 
NOSOLOGY. The doétrine of dig- 


eases, or their classification and nomene 
clature. 


NGTATION (in Arithmetic and Alge- 
bra). The method of expressing numbers 
6r quantities by signs or characters ap- 
propriated for that purpose. The Jews, 
Greeks, and Romans expressed their num- 
Bers by the letters of their alphabet; the 
Arabians had particular characters called 
figures, which have been universally 
adopted in Europe in ail arithmetical ope- 
rations. The Roman mode of notation is 
also still in use in marking dates, or num- 
bering chapters, &c. 

NOTATION (in Music). The manner 
ef expressing sounds by characters. 

NOTE, Any short writing or memo- 
tandum. 

NOTE (in Music). A character to dis- 
tinguish the pitch and time of a sound. 

NOTE OF HAND A writing under a 
man’s hand, by which one person engages 
to pay another a sum of money on a cer- 
tain day, or on demand: this may either be 
in the form of a bill or of a promissory 
note, 


NOT GUILTY (in Law) The general 


tssue or plea of the defendant in a criminal 
action. 

NOTICE (in Law). The making some- 
thing known that a man was or might be 
ignorant of, and which it was proper he 
ehould be made acquainted with. 

NOV. An abbreviation for November. 

NOVEL. A narrative of fictitions events 
and characters. When the incidents and 
persons are not probable, it is called a 
romance; and if only a short story, a 
novelette. 

NOVEMBER. The eleventh month of 
the Julian year. It was called Novernber 
because it was the ninth of Romulus’s 
year. 

NOVICE (in the Romish Church). One 
who has entered his novitiate or year of 
probation, before he takes his vow; ina 
general sense, a learner in any profession, 
an anakilful person. 

N.S An abbreviation for new style, or 
the new mode of forming the calendar. 

NOUN (ir Grammar). A part of speech, 
the name of the thing itself, as horse, dog, 
&c. 

NUCLEUS. The kernel of a nat, Acc. 


RUT 


NUCLEUS (in Astronomy). The body 


of the comet, otherwise called the head 

NUDE CONTRACT, A bare, naked 
contract, without a censideration, which ig 
void in law. 

NUISANCE (in Law). Any annoyance 
which tends to the hurt or inconvenience 
of another, 

NUBIBER (in Arithmetic). An assem- 
blage of several units or of several things 
of the same kind. Whole numbers are 
otherwise called integers, as 1,2,3. Broken 
numbers are fractions, as }. Cardinal num- 
bers express the number of things, as 1, 2, 
3. Ordinal numbers denote the order of 
things, as Ist, 2d, 3d, &c. Even numbers 
are those which may be divided into two 
equal parts, without a fraction, as 6, 12, 
&e. Uneven numbers are such as leave a 
remainder after being divided, as 5, 13, 
&c. A square number is the product of 
any number multiplied by itself, as 4, the 
product of 2 multiplied by 2. 

NUMBER (in Grammar). An inflection 
or change of ending in nouns and verbs, 
to denote number. Numbers are singular 
to denote one, dual to denote two, or plural 
to denote more than one. 

NUMBERS (in Poetry). Measures or 
cadences which render a verse agreeable 
to the ear. 

NUMERAL. Any character which ex- 
presses a number, as, 1, 2, 3. 

NUMERAL LETTERS. The Romaa 
letters I. If. IL. IV. &c. which denete 
numbers. 

NUMERATION. The art of expressing 
in figures any number proposed in words, 
or expressing in words any number pro- 
posed in figures. 

NUMERATOR. The number in the 
upper line of a fraction, denoting the num- 
ber of the given parts taken, as 3 in $, that 
is, three out of the four parts of an integer. 

NUMERICAL. Relating to numbers, 
as numerical algebra, that which is per- 
formed by the help of mrumbers. 


NUMISMATICS. The science of medals 


and coins. 

NUNCIO. The pope’s ambaszador, 

NUNCUPATIVE WILL. A will made 
by word of mouth, 

NUNNERY (in the Romish Church). 
A religious house for nuns, or females who 
haye bound themselves by vow to a singis 
life. 

NURSERY. A chamber for young chil 
dren. 

NURSERY. A place set apart for young 
trees and shrubs. 

NUTATION (in Astronomy). A treme 
leus motion ef te carth’s exta. 
















att ad i 


ofthe oak The Aleppo galls are imported 
for the use of dyers, calico printers, &c. 
NUT HATCH. A small species. of 
Woodpecker, 
NUTMEG. A spice, the fruit of a tree 
az big as a pear tree, growing on the island 


Ty 


Cae ee 


w 


. 


¥ 


ae fs 
ue 
= 
Pais 





O, the fourteenth letter of the alphabet, 
used as a numeral! for eleven, and witha 
stroke over it, thus ©, for eleven thou- 
sand. : 

OAK. A tree celebrated for its timber, 
which is so tough that the sharpest tools 
will scarcely penetrate it. It is also re- 
markable for its slowness of growth, bulk, 
and longevity. Oaks have been found to 
grow only from fourteen to twenty inches 
in diameter in the space of eighty years. 
The live oak is a species particularly val- 
uable for ship-building. Great quantities 
are obtained in Florida. 

OAKUM. Old ropes untwisted and made 
into loose hemp for calking ships. 

OAR. A long pele with a flat, thin end, 
by which boats are driven along in the 
water. 

OATH (in Law). A solemn affirmation 
or denial of a thing, accompanied with 
an appeal to God. 

OATH OF ALLEGIANCE. In Eng- 
land, the oath which the subject takes 
when required to bear true allegiance to 

_ the king 

OATH OF SUPREMACY. In Eng- 
1and, the oath which establishes the supre- 
macy of the king over every other power, 

‘temporal or spiritual, within the realm, 
whereby the supremacy of the pope was 
reneunced at the Reformation. 

_/ CATH OF ABJURATION. An oath 

Which expressly establishes the succession 








; NUTGALLS. ‘Excrescences on the leaf 


na is = 
‘Betis re! 


of Banda, in the Eastern Ocega. [tis one 
of the finest of spices, and is carried to all 
parts of the world as an article of com- 
merce The nutmeg is the kernel of 
the fruit, not unlike the peach, the rind oF 
coat of which is ealled mace. 

NUX VOMICA. A flat, compressed, 
round fruit, about the breadth of a shilling, 
brought fromthe East Indies; it is a cer- 
tain poison for dogs, cats, &c., and is ere 
of the ingredients unlawfully infused imte 
beer, to give it a stupifying quality. 

NYL GHAU. See Nil Ghau. 

NYMPILA®. The chrysalis, or third stage 
of insects, between the grub and the fly. 

NYMPHS. The goddesses of the woodg, 
according to the poets» They were ce- 
lestial and terrestrial, the former guiding 
the heavenly bodies, the latter presiding 
over the woods. They are represented ag 
beautiful creatures, inhabiting every forest 
and gien. 


O. 


of the reigning family to the throno of 
England, to the exclusion of the Stuart 
family or any other. 

OATS. A grain, the peculiar food of 
horses, and in Scotland and the north of 
England, also the food of man. Oatmeal, 
the flour of the oats, is also much used 
medicinally. 

OBELISK (in Architecture}. A square 
stone growing smaller from the base to the 
summit. 

OBELISK (among Printers), 
of reference, thus (f). 

OBJECT GLASS. A glass in a tele 
scope or microscope, at the end of the tube 
next to the object. 

OBIT (in the Romish Church). 
annual service for the dead. 

OBITUARY. A register of the deaths 

OBLATE. Flattened, an epithet for a 
sphere or spheroid. 

ORLATION. What is laid on an alta 
or given at the altar by way of offering. 

OBLIGATION (in Law). A bond cer. 
taining a penalty on condition cf not per: 
forming certain covenants annexed. 

OBLIQUE. Deviating from a perpen 
dicular line or direction, as an obliqua 
angle, &e. that which is not a right one. 

OBLIQUE CASES (in Grammar). The 
cases of nouns declined from the nomina 
tive. 

OBLIQUITY OF THE ECLIPTIC 
The angle which the esliptte makea witf 


A mark 


An 


ece 


the equator, being now estimated at some. | bodies which do not admit of any retisa.d 
thing less than 2} degrees 23 miaates, as | explanation. 


the ecliptic appreaches nearer to a paral- 
lelisma with the equater at the rate of 
about 42 seconds in 100 years. 

CBOLUS. A small Grecian coin, equal 
to about three cents. 

OBSERVATION. -The observing the 
phenomena of the heavenly bodies by 
means of any instrument. 

OBSERVATORY. A place erested in 
some lofty situation, and fitted up with 
wlescopes, quadrants, &¢, for the purpose 
of making astronomical observations, such 
is the observatories at Greenwich, Paris, 
Munich and Cambridge, which are the 
most celebrated among the modern ob- 
servatories. The ancient Chaldeans 
had also similar places. 


OBSERVATORY, EQUATORIAL, or 
PortaBie. An instrument for solving ma- 
ny problems in astronomy, as finding the 
raeridian, pointing the telescope on a gitar, 
though mot in the meridian, in full day- 
light, éce. 

OBSIDIONAL CROWN. A crown 
meade of the grass that grew in a besieged 
place, which the Romans gave to the 
general by whom the town was taken. 





OET. As sbbreviaticn for obedient. 

OBTUSE ANGLE. Any angle greater 
kan aright angle. See Ane iE. 

OCCIDENT. Westward, as the occident 
epuimoctial, &c. 

OCCIPUT. The back part of tho head. 

OCCULTATION. The obscuration of 
say star er planet by the interposition of 
ary other body, as the moon, é&e. 

OCCULTATION, Cizexre or. An ima- 
gimmry eirele round the poles, which coa- 
trjas these stars that are not visible in our 


hersisphere. 

_GCCCULT DISEASES. Biseases, the 
ssmses and treatment ef which are not 
waderstood. 

GRSCLT QUALITIES. Qualities in 





OCCUPATION (in Law). The posses. 
sion and use of lands or tenements. 

OCEAN. A vast collection of salt and 
navigable waters, enclosing the continents 
or quarters of the globe, Europe, Asia, 
Africa, and America, and comprehended 
under the several divisions of the Atlantic, 
the Pacific, Indian, Northern, and Seath- 
ern Oceans. 

OCELOT. A very fierce, but beautifui 
animal of the cat kind, found in South 
America. 

OCHRE. A sort of earth consisting of 
alumina and red oxide of iron. 

OCTAGON. A figure of eight sidee and 
angles. 





OCTAHEDRON. One of the five regu. 
lar bodies, consisting of eight equal and 
equilateral triangles. 

OCTANDRIA (in Botany). One ef the 
Linnean classes, consisting of plants hav- 
ing eight stamina to each flower. 





OCTANT. An aspect of two planets 
when they are distant from each other 45 
degrees, or the eighth part of a circle. 

OCTAVE (in Music). The eighth inter- 
val in a scale of sounds. 

OCTAVO, i. e. in eight, expressed by 
printers thus, vo. The form of a pags 
by folding a sheet into eight leaves, so aa 
to make it consist of sixteen pages. 

OCTOBER. The eighth month in the 
year, containing thirty-one days. 

OCULIST. One who cures the @isorders 
of the eyes. 

ODD. An epithet for any number in the 
series of 1, 3, 5, 7, &e. 

ODE. A poem written to be sung te 
music. 

ODOUR. The seept or smell. 

CEDEMA. Any tameur or swelling. 

CESOPHAGUS. The gullet, a mem. 
branaeeous eanal, reaching from the feuces. 
to the siomack, 


Bs TaN OS 
me , F 











ny law ; this is capital, if punished with 
death, and not cayital, if visited with any 
ether punishment. 

OFFERINGS {in Law). In England, 
Church dues, payable by custom, as the 
Easter offerings, or the offerings at mar- 
Gages, &c. 

OFFICE. That function by virtue 
whereof a man hath seme employment, 
either in the public affairs er those of a 
private individual. 

OFFICER (in Law). One filling an 
effce or post under government. 

OFFICER (in Military and Naval Af- 


faire). One acting under government in’ 


@ military or naval capacity. 
OFFICERS, Commrsstonxp (in the Ar- 
my). Appointed by commission. 


OFFICERS, Commissionexp (in the Eng-. 


tt#2 Navy), hold their commissions from 
the Lord High Admiral er Lords of the 
Admiralty. 

OFFICERS OF THE CROWN. The 
great officers of the crown in England are 
the Lord High Chancellor, the Lord High 
Steward, the Lord High Treasurer, the 
{ord President of the Council, the Lord 
Privy Seal, the Lord Chamberlain, the 
Lord High Constable, and the Earl Mar- 
shal. 

OFFIGIAL (in Law) A deputy ap- 
pointed by the archdeacon for the execu- 
tion of his office 

OFFICINAL. An epithet for what is 
sold in shops, as officinal plants, herbs, 
medicines, &c 

OFFING. The open sea, or that part 
- of the sea at a distance from the shore, 
where there is deep water 

OFFSETS (in Botany). Young shoets 
that spring and grow from shoots. 

OFFSETS (in Surveying). Perpendic- 
ulars let fall, and» measuring from the 
stationary lines te the hedge, fence, or ex- 
tremity of an enclosure. 

OGEE (in Architecture). 
formed like the letter 8. 


A moulding 





OTL. A fat, unctuous substance, which 
derives ita name from olea, the olive, be- 
cause {t was at first principally known as 
the produce of the olive. Oils are distin- 
guished by chymistry into volatile or es- 
sential oils, which have a strong, acrid 
taste, and a strong, fragrant smell, being 
-etained from emelli g plants; and fixed 






olts, which are thick and viscid, inso:u is 
in water, and do not boil under 600 de 
grees: these latter oils are obtained froii 
both animal and vegetable substances, aa 
train oil, olive oil, linseed oil, &c. 
OiL GAS. A gas extracted frem fix’ 
oil, which is more expensive and not reci 
oned so goed as that procured from ceala 
OLERACE A One ef the Linnawar 
naturab orders of plants, containing pot- 
herbs, as spinage, thyme, mint, &c 
OLERON, Laws or. A cede of mari- 
time law, so called because it was framed 
by king Richard I. em an island eff the 
coast of France. 
OLFACTORY NERVES The nerves 
which give the sense ef stmelling. 
OLIGARCHY. A form ef gevernmeni 
wherein the administration ef affairs is 
lodged in the hands ef a few persons. 
OLIVE TREE. A tree, native ef the 
southern parts of Europe, which rises with 
solid upright stems, and branches numer- 
ously on every side. The olive, which is 
the fruit of this tree, yields an ei] that is 
of an emollient and selvent nafare. 





OLYMPIAD. The space ef four years, 
whereby the Greeks reckoned thelr time 
from the circumstance of the Olympic 
games having been celebrated once im four 
years. The first Olympiad is dated, ac- 
cording to some, 774 years befere Christ. 

OLYMPIC GAMES. Solemn games 
ameng the Greeks, in honour of Jupiter 
Olympus, at which five kinas of exercises 
were exhibited, namely, leaping, ranming, 
wrestling, quoiting, and whirlbats. 

OMEGA, The last letter of the Greek 
alphabet. 

OMENTUM. A double notlike mea- 
brane spread ever the entrails. 

OMER. A Hebrew measure, about 
three pints and a half English. t 

OMNIUM. 
kers for alf the kinds of stock, as 3 pat 
cents, 4 per cents, &e., while exo wal 


-—o= 


A term among steek bra. 





tegether as they were bought by the eon- 
tractors from government. 
ONION A bulbous edible root, grow- 


ing in gardens, and used for various culi- |’ 


Rary purposes, 

ONYX. A precious stone, accounted a 
epecies of cpaque agate. Itis a semipel- 
,ucid gem of different cotours, but the blu- 
*sh white kind is looked-upon as the true 
*myx of the ancients. , 

OPACITY That property in bodies by 
which they are rendered impervious to the 
yays of the sun, owing probably to the 
eensity of the parts. 

OPAL. A precious stone of various 
eoteurs, which comes under the class of 
peilucid gems. It is found in many parts 
of Europe, especially in Hungary. When 
first dug out of the earth, it is soft, but 
it hardens and diminishes in bulk by ex- 
posure to theair. The substance in which 
it is found is a ferruginous sand stone. 

OPERA. A dramatic composition set 
to nusic. It is sung on the stage, accom- 
panied and interspersed with dialogue. 

OPERA-GLASS. A kind of glass con- 
structed in a small wooden tube, so as to 
view a person in a theatre, and, as the 
glass is made to point at a different object 
from that which is viewed, it may be used 
without any one knowing exactly who is 
observed. 

OPERATION (in Surgery). Any exer- 
cise of the surgical art which is performed 
by the use of instruments. 

OPERATION (in Chemistry). Any 
process that leads to a given result. 

OPERATION (in Military Affairs). 
Any movement of an army for the attain- 
ment of a particular object. 

OPHTHALMIA. An inflammation of 
the membranes of the eye, a disease which 
particularly affected the English soldiers 
during their stay in Egypt. 

OPIATE. <A medicine made of opium. 

OPIUM. Aninspissated gummy juice 
obtained from the head of the poppy. It 
is imported in cakes from Persia, Arabia, 
and other warm climates; is of a reddish 
brown colour, and of a nauseous bitter 
taste; and has a powerfully narcotic | 
property. 

OPOBALSAMUM, Baim or Giugap. 
A gummy jnice of the balsam tree. 

OPOPONAX. A gummy, resinous juice 
obtained from the root of an umbelliferous 
plant growing in warm climates. 

OPOSSUM An American animal 
that lives in holes and woody places 
The female is remarkable for having 
two or three pouches, wnerein the 
young conceal themselves in time of dan- 





et oy rt ps ues ‘ pe 
pe Ur = 
ger. ‘Tt is found in V 5 ’ and the ice 
vicinity. 


tee: ae wa 


OPPOSITION (in Astronomy). One of 


the aspects of the planets, when they are 


180 degrees distant from each other, that 
is, in a diametrically opposite relation te 
each other 

OPTATIVE (in Grammar). A mode 
or form of a verb by which is expressed 
the wish or desire to do a thing. 

OPTIC. Pertaining to the sight; ar 
Optic Glasses, glasses contrived for view 
ing objects which cannot otherwise be seen, 
as spectacles, telescopes, microscopes, &¢ 

OPTICIAN. A dealer in or maker of 
optical instruments. é 

OPTIC NERVES. Thesecond pair of 
nerves of the brain, which perforate the 
bulb ofthe eye, and serve for the sense of 
sight. 

OPTIC PLACE OF A STAR. That 
point of its orbit in which it appears to be 
to our eye 

OPTIC PYRAMID. A pyramid form- 
ed by rays drawn from the several points 
of the perimeter to the eye. s 

OPTICS. That branch of natural phi- 
losophy which treats of the nature of light 
and colours, or of the general doctrine of 
vision. It is distinguished into three 
kinds: namely, optics, properly so called, 
which treats. of direct vision; zatoptrica, 
which treats of reflected vision, or that 
which is performed by means of rays re- 
flected from speculums or mirrors; and 
dioptrics, which treats of refracted vision, 
or that which ig performed by means of 
rays refracted urned out of their course 
by passing through mediums of different 
densities, chiefly through glasses or lenses. 

OPTICS, History or. The provgerties 
of light naturally attracted, at an early 
period, the attention of philosophers whe 
made nature their study. Empedocles, 
who flourished upwards of four hundred 
years before Christ, is said to have written 
a treatise on light; and the works of Aris- 
totle present us with a number of ques 


wn Pages 0 : 


«a aan ice al oy Or? 













Pare ee Cee Ne % 
gone and observations concerning optical 
appearances. This philosopher was aware 
‘that itis the reflection of the tight from 
the atmosphere which prevents total dark- 
kegs after the sun sets, and in those pla-|U 
ces where he does not shine in the day- 


time He also considered that rainbows, 
halos, and mock suns were all occasioned 
by the reflection of the sunbeams +- differ- 
ent circumstances, by which an im, erfect 
image of his body was produced, the coi- 
our only, and not his proper figure, being 
exhibited. Euclid wrote a treatise on op- 
ticz and catoptrics, in which he shows the 
chief properties of reflected rays in plane, 
convex, and concave surfaces, in a geo- 
metrical manner, beginning with that con- 
cerning the equality of the angles of inci- 
dence and reflection. He aiso takes some 
notice of dioptrics, and remarks on the 
_ effect of refraction in regard to an object 
at the bottom of a vessel, which, when 
water is poured in, is brought to view, 
that was not to be seen above the edge of 
the vessel before the water was poured in. 
As to the effect of burning glasses, both by 
reflection and refraction, this is noticed 
hot cnly by Euclid, but by many other of 
the atcients ; and, if we give credit to his- 
toriana, the exploits performed by Archi- 
medes in setting fire to the vessels of the 
Romans before Syracuse, by means of 
burning mirrors, prove that his practical 
knowledge exceeded that of modern times. 
There is no doubt that he wrote a treatise 
en burning glasses, as also concerning the 
appearance of a ring or circle under the 
water, which shows that this phenomenon 
nad not escaped his jivtice. The ancients 
were also acquainted with the production 
of colours by means of refracted light. Se- 
neca observes that when the light of the 
sun shines through an angular piece of 
glass, it shows all the colours of the rain- 
bow ; also that the colours seen in a pi- 
geon’s neck when it changes its position, 
are the effect of refraction, and on the 
same: principle that a speculum, not hav- 
ing any colour of its own, will assume 
that of any other body. 
Besides, the ancients were not unac- 
*quainted with the magnifying power of 
giass globes filled with water, for the an- 
cient engravers used to employ such a 
glass globe, in order, as is supposed, to 
magnify the figures, that they might exe- 
cute their work with more correctness. 
Ptolemy, who wrote a considerable trea- 
tise on optics, was well acquainted with 
the refraction of light, and determined the 
- Fatio of the angles of refraction, as compar- 
od with that of the angles of ‘nz‘dence, 
93 * 





wwilé such accuracy that there is but a 


trifling difference between tho results of 
his observations and those of Newton: nt 
more than might arise from his having 
ased glass and water of specific gravities 
something different from those employ- 
ed by Newton. Itappcarsalso from this 
work of Ptolemy, as also from his Alma- 
gest, that he employcd his knowledge of 
optics in his astronomical observations, 
lfor he was fully aware thatrefraction de- 
creases from the horizon to the zenith, 
and that, by means of this refraction, tha 
intervals between the stars appear less 
When near the horizon than in the merie- 
ian. He also accounts for the remarkably 
great apparent size of the san and moor 
when seen near the horizon, by ascriving 
the appearance to the refraction of tha 
rays by vapours, which actually ealarga 
the angle under which the luminaries ap- 
pear, just as the angle is enlarged by 
which an object is seen from under water 
The next writer of any importance on 
the science of optics was Alhazen, an 
Arabian philosopher, who flourished in 
the twelfth century. He made many ob- 
servations and experiments on the effects 
‘of refraction at the surface between air 
and water, air and glass, and water and 
glass, from which he deduced that atmos- 
pherical refraction increases the altitudes 
of all objects in the heavens. He also 
first observed that the stars are sometimes 
seen above the horizon by means of re- 
fraction, when they are really below it; 
an observation confirmed by Vitellio and 
other opticians. THe likewise maintained 
that refraction contracts the diameters 
and distances of heavenly bodies. and that 
it is the cause of the twinkling of the 
stars. Besides, Alhazen treats largely on 
the magnifying power of glasses, so that 
probably his observations led toafe inven- 
tion of spectacles. In the next century 
followed Vitellio, a Pole, who digested 
the contents of Alhazen’s work, and 
made many additional observations on the 
power of refraction. He gavea table of 
the results of his experiments on the re- 
fracting power of air, water, and glass, 
corresponding to different angles of inci- 
dence. \ Roger Bacon, a contemporary 
with Vitellio, also wrote on this science, 
and is generally considered to be the in- 
ventor of the magic lantern. Maurelycus, 
who followed these two atthe distance cf 
nearly two centuries, explains, in hig 
treatise De Lumine et Umbri, the precess 
of vision, showing that the crystalline hu- 
mour of the eye is a lens whic collects 
the rays of light issuing from the ohjerz 





and threws them cn tho retina, where the 
focus of each pencilis formed. From this 
principle he discevered the reason why 
some people have a short sight and cihers 
aiong one; alse wliy the former are as- 
sisted by cencave glasses, and the latter 
by convex enes. Jobn Baptista Porta, his 
contemporary, discovered the camera ob- 
scura, and teok the first public notice of 
the magic lantern, the original invention 
of which has been ascribed to Roger Bacon. 
Kircher, who foilowed Baptista, enlarged 
en his hints, and put them into execution. 
He also made many experiments with the 
eamera obscura, by which he satisfied 
himself that vision is performed by the 
intromission of something into the eye, 
and not by visual rays proceeding from it, 
as had been formerly imagined. He con- 
Bidered the eye as a camera obscura, the 
pupil to be the hole in the window shut- 
ter, and the crystalline humour to corre- 
spond to the wall which receives the im- 
ages; but in this latter point his idea has 
been proved, by closer observations, to be 
incorrect, for it is now known that this 
office is performed by the retina. The ob- 
servations and experiments of this writer 
on the science of optics, and on the nature 
ef vision, appear to have led the way to 
the discovery of telescopes, which was 
doubtless made very soon after his time. 
After this the writers on optics became 
very numerous, and their labours contrib- 
. uted to the confirmation and improvement 
ef those who had preceded them. 


OPSIOMETER. An instrument for 
measuring the extent of distinct vision 
in different persons. 

OPTIMISM. The doctrine that 
everything is ordered for the best. 

OPTOMETER. In optics, an instru- 
ment for measuring the limits of dis- 
tinct Mision. 

OPTIME. In England, a scholar in 
the first class of mathematics at Cambridge. 

OR (in Heraldry). The yellow or gold ! 
colour, represented on the escutcheon by | 
emali dots, 


1 
' 
® 





GRA. A Saxon coin, equal te frem 16d. 
to 20d., or about 40 cents. 
ORACLES (amengthe Heathens) Am- | 












biguous answers, which .he priests pre 
tended to deliver by the inspiration of 
their gods, such as the oracles of Apolio 
at Delphi, and those of Jupiter Ammoa 
in Thebes. ; 
ORANG-OUTANG, One ofthe tailless 


species of ape, which the most resemblee 
man in its figure. 


Rie 





ORANGE-TREE. An evergreen, re- 
sembling the laurel inits leaf. It isa na 
tive of warm climates, and yields a well 
Known juicy fruit of the same vame. 





ORATORY. The same as Rueronic. 

ORB. A hollow sphere or space con- 
tained between two concentric sphesicat 
surfaces, as the orb of the heavens. 

ORBIT. The path of a planet cra com 
et described by its centre in its proper mo- 
tion in the heavens. 

ORBITS (in Anatomy). The twe ‘args 
cavities in whicli the eyes are placed. 

ORCHARD. A piece of ground planted 
with fruit trees. } 

ORCHESTRA. The stage er middle of 
the theatre among the Greeks, where the 
chorus used to dance, and the performers 
used tesit. It is new the place set apart 
for the musicians, as the front of the stage 
in a tneatre, a ga!‘ery in an assembly: — 
room, &c. 

ORCHEDEZE. One of Linneus’s nat- 
ural erdevs ef plas s, centaining the orchig 
and ether flowers allied to # 














ORD 


 PRDEAL. 2 Maton. ode of trial, j 
whieh consisted im trying the guilt or in- 
hecence of persons by appeals to Heaven, 
as in the ordeal by fire, when the party 
accused undertook to walk blindfold be- 
tween nine red-hot ploughshares ; and if 
he or she escaped unhurt, it was looked 
Bpon as a proof of innocence; so, in the 
ordeal by water, when a person was thrown 
bound into a river, or put his hands or feet 
into scalding water, and the like. 

ORDER (in Military Affairs), as Order 
of Battle, the disposition of troops for bat- 
tle; open order, close order, &c.; also 
in the sense of command, as the com- 
mander in chiefs orders, which issue im- 
mediately from the commander in chief’s 
office ; so brigade orders, general orders, 
standing orders, &c. 

ORDER (in Naval Affairs) Command, 
as sailing orders, &c. 

ORDER (in Natural History). A partic- 
elar division af aninwsis, plants, or miner- 
sis, comprehexdei undes* lass in the 
Linnean and othe systems. 

ORDER (in Architecture). 
proportion to be observed in the construc- 
tion of any building, which is applied 
mostly to the column and the entabla- 
ture, from the diversity in which have 
sprung the five several orders—the Doric, 
fonic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite. 

ORDER (in Geometry). A rank or sit- 
uation in a series of curves, lines, &c.; 
thus the first order of curve lines is ex~- 
pressed by a simpie equation, or the first 
power; those of the second order, by 
“ quadratic equation, or the second power ; 
and so on. 

ORDERS (in Law), 
gnade by the court in causes there depend- 
ing. These orders are made by different 
courts, as the Chancery, King’s Bench, 


The nue of 


In England, rules 


&e.; and also, on particular occasions, 
erders are made by magistrates at the 
Sessions 

ORDERS (ia Ecclesiastical Affairs). 
Congregations or societies of religious per- 
sons, who bind themselves by a vow to 
live under a superior, according to certain 
rules prescribed to them by their founder, 
such as the monks and nuns in the Romish 
church ; Jikewise the character and office 
by which ecclesiastics are distinguished, 
that are set apart forthe ministry. Since 
the Reformation, there are three orders of 
the clergy acknowledged in England, 
Ramely, bishops,* priests, and deacons; 
whence the phrase, ‘ to be in orders,’ is the 
same as to be of the clerical order. 

ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD (in Her- 
Mary) Secieties of knights instituted by 






princes, aa marks of distinetion. for sack 
as have distinguished themesivee in war 
The Gritish orders are the order of tha 
Garter, and the order of the Bath, belong. 


ing to England; the Irish order of St. 
Patrick; and the Scotch order of the 
Thistle. 

ORDINANCE A law or decrees. 

ORDINARY (in the Common Law). 
In England, one who has ordinary, or ex- 
empt and immediate jurisdiction in causey 
ecclesiastical, as an archbishop or a bishop. 
The ordinary in Newgate is the clergyman 
who attends in ordinary upon condemned 
inalefactors ; also a term for the officers 
and servants of the king’s household who 
attend on common occasions, as physicians 
in ordinary. 

ORDINARY (in the carey The esta- 
blishment of persons employed by govern- 
ment to take charge of the ships of war 
which are laid up in the harbours, 

ORDINARY (in Heraldry). Any charge: 
in coats of arms which is proper to the 
art, and in ordinary use therein; as the 
chief, pale, bend, fesse, bar, chevron, Cross,. 
and saltire, in distinction from the com- 
mon charges, or such things as it has in 
common with the other arts, as animale, 
implements, crosses, &c. 

ORDINATES (in Conic Sections). Gee 
metrical lines drawn paraliel to each other, 
and cutting the curve in a certain number 
of points. 

ORDINATION (in Ecclesiastical ag- 
fairs). The act of ordaining, or putting 
into holy orders. The age of ordination 
for a deacon, in England, is twenty-three, 
and for a priest twenty-four. 

ORDNANCE. A general name for ali 
sorts of great guns. 

ORDNANCE, Orricz or An office 
kept within the Tower of London, whics 
superintends and disposes of all the arme 
and implements of war 

ORE. A general name for metals in an 
unrefined state, as they are dug out of the 
earth, where they are found in the four 
following states: namely, 1. Pure, that is, 
by themselves, tn a pure metallic state, or 
as alloys, in combination with other met- 
als. 2. As sulphurets, or in combination 
with sulphur. 3. As oxides, or in comb 
nation with oxygen: and 4. As salts, that 
is, in combination with acids. 

ORGAN (in Physiology). An instra- 
ment by which any natural faculty in an 
animal body is exercised, as the ear, whick 
is the organ of hearing; the eye, which i 
tbe organ of sight. 

ORGAN (in Music). A wind instra- 
ment blown by bellows, and containing 


i 17 “ ORR 
Bumerous pipes of various kinda and di- 
mensions, wiach, for its sclemnity, gran- 
deur, and rich volume of tone, is peculiar- 
ly fitted for the purpose for which it {s 
cominonly employed, Organs are some- 
times of an iinmense size: the organ in 
the cathedral church at Ulin, in Germany, 
is said to be 93 feet high and 28 broad, its 
fargest pipe being 13 inches in diameter, 
and it having sixteen pair of bellows. 













x a 
Mn 


ture, hawk, &e.; Picw, includirg be 
crow, jackdaw, parrot, &c.; Anseres, im 
cluding the duck, goose, swan, gull, &¢.; 
Grallz, as the heron, woodcock, ostrich, 
&c.; Galline, including the peacock, 
pheasant, turkey, domestic fowl, &c.; 
Passeres, including the sparrow, lark, 
swallow, &e. 
ORNITHOLOGY, History or The 
only scientific writers on the sub,ect of 
birds among the ancients were Aristotle 


This organ is exceeded in size by the and Pliny. The former of these writers 
one constructed in 1870 for the Royal) speaks of the different kinds of food 
Albert Hall, in London, which has 111) adapted to the different species, of which 


complete registers and 138 draw-stops.| he gives an imperfect nomenclature, and 
ORGANOGRAPHY. In botany, adds some remarks on their various peri- 


4 ] we >) igi a , l | : . . PI 
description of the organs or structure) 94, o¢ building their nests. Pliny’s re- 


of plants. 

ORGANOLOGY. In _ botany, that 
branch of physiology whieh treats in 
particular of the different orgaus of 
animals. 

ORGANON. An instrument; ama.) 
chine for facilitating labor in archi- 
tecture and the arts. 

ORGUES. In fortification, long, thick 
pieces of timber, forming a portcullis; 
for the defence of a gate. 

ORION. In astronomy, a constella- 
tion of the southern hemisphere. 


\ 
| 


ORIOLE. A species of birds, of which 
the Baltimore oriole, or hang-bird, is a 
beautiful variety, well known in the U. 
States . 





GRLON. A constellation in the south- 
ern hemisphere, containing from thirty- 
eight to seventy-eight stars, according to 
different writers. 

ORNAMENTS (in Architecture). 
Leaves, roses, channellings, and the like, 
@hich ornament the different parts of a 
column. 

ORNITHOLOGY, That branch of Na- 
tarsal History which treats of Birds, ana 

eir natures, “abits, form, economy, and 
uses. Birds, in the Linnran system, are 
divided, under the clays Aves, into six 
orders, according to the ferm of their bills: 
ps the Accipitres, including the eagle, vul- 


marks on birds are very desultory, and not 
very extended. The first writer among 
the moderns, who has treated of birds me- 
thodically, is Peter Belon, who has classed 
them principally according to their food 
and habitation, He has likewise added 
many observations on their external form 
and character. Conrad Gesner, his cotem- 
porary, has displayed much learning in 
his work, having given alphabetical tables 
of the names of birds in Hebrew, Chaldee, 
Arabic, Greek, and Latin, and numerous 
references to the writers from whom he 
collected his materials. Aldrovandus, the 
celebrated naturalist, followed in the steps 
of Belon and Gesner, and added much to 
their store of learning and research; at the 
same time illustrating the subject with 
numerous wood cuta. The next ornithol- 
ogists of any distinetion, after these three, 
were Willoughby and Ray, the latter of 
whom published the works of the former, 
24% friend, with many additions of his own, 
in 1678. In this work, the external and 
internal structure of birds fs described. 
Jacob Theodore Kha {n his History of 
Birds, divides them into families orders, 
and tribes; the families distinguisned ac- 
cording to their feet the wders by the form 
of the bill, and the tribes by the form of 
the head, &c. Inthe systematic arrange- 
ment of Moehring, the classes, orders, and 
genera of birds are distinguished by the 
form of the feet and bill. The system of 
Linneus, which follows here in erder of 
time, is dated fram the year 1766. It is 
formed from the manners and habits of the 
birds, as well as their external form (see 
Zoo.roer). Eriazon, in hig system of 


| Ornithology, has distributed birds inte 


twenty-six orders, from the form of tae™ 
billand feet, &c., including under these one | 
hundred and fifteen genera, and thirteon 
hundred species. The work, which is ig” 
Bix yelumes 4to., is Uluetrated Wika mors 


















tha two hundred and twenty excellent 
ongravings. The work of Butfon, though 
popular, has but few claims to notice ina 
scientific point of view. Mr. Pennant, in 
his distribution of birds, prefers Ray to 
Linneus ; but Mr. Latham, in his Synop- 
sis of Birds, adheres to the latter with 
very few exceptions, as does also Mr. 
Shaw, in his General Zoology 

Among the writers who have treated of 
the birds of particular places, the most 
distinguished are Juan [Hernandez on the 
birds of Mexico, Marcgrave on the birds 
of Brazil, Sir Hans Sloane on the birds of 
Jamaica, Mr. Mark Catesby on the birds 
of Carolina, Florida, &c., Schwenckfel on 
those of Siberia, Brunnick on those of Den- 
mark, Sonnerat on those of New Guinea, 
Frisch on those of Germany, Vaillant on 
those of the Cape, and Edwards on those 
of the West Indies. Wilson’s Ornitholo- 
gy of the U States deservedly places him 
among the first writers on this subject. 

ORNITHORUNCUS PARADOXUS. 
A singular quadruped from New South 
Wales, not yet properly classed in the 
Linnean system. Its great peculiarity is 
that the structure of its head, externally 
and internaily, bears a greater resemblance 
to that of a duck than to that of any ani- 
ma! of the mammalia tribe. 

ORPHAN. One bereaved of either fa- 
ther or mother, or of both parents. 

ORPIMENT. A fine yellow powder; 
a mineral composed of sulphur and arsen- 
ic ; one of the ores of arsenic. 

ORRERY. An astronomical instrument 
for exhibiting the several motions of the 
heavenly bodies. The first maehine of 
this kind was constructed by Mr. Graham, 
but it derives its name from the Earl of 
Orrery, for whom one wags made by Mr. 
Rowley ; and Sir Richard Steele suppos- 
Ing this to be the first ever constructed, he 
gave it the above name in honour of the 
earl. Orreries are constructed so as to be 
more or less complete. That given in the 
accompanying figure has all the planets 
represented upon it; that is to say, the 
sun, placed in the centre of the solar sys- 
tem ; next to the sun is the orbit of Mer- 
cury ; and next to that, the orbit of Venus. 
Next to the orbit of Venus, is the orbit of 
eur earth, represented by a silver plate, on 
which the signa of the Zodiac, the degrees 
ef the ecliptic, and the days of each 
month are drawn; and the earth is repre- 
gented by-an ivory ball placed upon an 


the earth’s orbit in an angie of 8 degrees: 


this represents the orbit of the moon, the 
moon itself being represented by a silver 


ball. The superior planets are Mars, Ju- 


piter, and Saturn, in this order: Mara 
stands next without our earth; next te 
that, Jupiter ; and outermost of all, Saturn. 
Ly the handle, the revolutions of these 
planets are represented. While the earth 
is carried round the sun by 365 turns and 
a quarter, of the handle, Mercury is carri- 
ed round the sun in 88 turns, and Venus 
in 224; which represents that the length 
of the year in Mercury is 88 of our days, 
and the length of the year in Venus is 
equal to 224 of our days. Mars performs 
his revolution about the sun in 687 turns 
of the handle, Jupiter in 4332 turns, which 
answers to 4332 revolutions of our earth 
about its own axis ; and Jast of all, Saturn, 
in 10759 turns, completes his revolution, 
whichris the length of the Saturnian yesz, 
and is equal to about 30 of our years. 





ORTHODROMICS. The art of safiing 
in the arc of a great circle. 

ORTHOEPY. Correct enunciation. 

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION OF 
THE SPHERE. That projection which 
is made upon a plane passing through the 
middle of the sphere, by an eye placed 
vertically at an infinite distance. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. That part of gram-. 
mar which teaches the nature and affee: 
tions of letters, and the proper spelling or 
writing of words. 

ORTHOGRAPHY (in Geometry). The 
art of drawing or delineating the fore ngat 
plan of any object, and of expressing the 
heights or elevations of esch part ; so call- 


axis so as to make an angle with the | ed from its determinigeg things by perpen- 


_ plane of the horizon of 66 degrees and a | 


bait About the ivery ball there is a silver 


dicular lines falling on the geometrical 


i 
ge plan. 
tigcte which fe placed so es to meline te! ORTHOGRAPHY (in Arehitecture] 


The elevation or representation of the front 
of a building, 

ORTOLAN. A delicate bird of the 
bunting tribe, which visits Engiand before 
the setting in of frest and snow. 

ORYCTOLOGY. The science of or- 
‘ganic remains 

OSCILLATION. 
‘clock. 

OSCULATION. The contact between 
‘any curve and its osculatory circle. 

OSIER. The red water-willow, of 
which wicker baskets are made, 

OSIRIS. An Egyptian deity 

OSPREY. The fish hawk, common 
@ Barope and America. 


The vibration of a 






ANU eee 


-OSSIFICATION. The formation of 
*pones, or the hardening into a bony state. 

OSTEOLOGY The description of the 
‘bones. 

OSTRACISM. A mode of passing the 
sentenco of banishment among the Athe- 
Mians py means of tiles, on which the 
mame of the person to be banished was 
written. 

OSTRACITIS. A kind of crust stick- 
amg to furnaces where the brasg ore is 
melted. 

OSTRICH The largest of all birds, be- 
ieg usually seven feet high from the top 
ef the head tothe ground, but from the 





pack only four 
-@pa Axabia, and lays forty or fifty eggs, 


It is a native of Africa | th 





whieh are as large as the head ofa calla 
There are three birde allied to the ostrich 
which are sometimes confounded with it, 
the cassowary cf the Asiatic Islands, the 
emeu ef New Holland, and the rhea of 
Patagonia. 

OTTER. A sagacious animal, that in- 
habits the banks of rivers, and feeds prin 
cipally on fish. Its fur is much esteemed. 
It is fierce and crafty when attacked, but 
may easily be tamed when young, and 
taught to catch fish. Thesea otter, which 
inhabits the northern seas, is the largest 
of the species. 





OVAL. An oblong curvilinear figure, 
in the shape of an egg. The mathemati- 
cal oval, which is a regular figure, equally 
broad at each end, is called an ellipsis. 

OVERSEERS (in Law)... Parish offi- 
cers who take charge of the poor that re- 
ceive parish relief. 

OVERT ACT (in Law). A plain and 
open inatter of fact, serving to prove & 
design 

OUNCE. In Avoirdupois weight, the 
sixteenth part of a pound; in Troy weight, 
the twelfth part ; in Apothecaries’ weight, 
equal to eight drams 

OUNCE (in Zoology). An animal of 
the leopard kind, but smaller and milder 
than the other species. It is trained to 
hunting in the East Indies. 





nae : 
OVOLO (in Architecture). A eonves 
moulding, the section of which is usually 


the quarter of a circle. 





OVULE, OR OVULUM. 
e seed before it is perfect, 


In botany, 








ray ea | 


tection Outlaws were anciently called 
- Friendless Men, no one being permitted 
to take them in, or afford them any relief. 
OUTRE. Extravagant, ont of the way. 
OGQUTRIDERS. Servants attached to 
any travellirg equipage, who ride forward 
for the purpose of paying the tolls, &c. 
OUTWORKS. Works made on the 
eutside of the ditch in a fortresa 
OWL. A bird which, on account of 
Rs weak sight; flies about in the dark, and 
lives principally on vermin. Some of the 
@pecies have great horns, or long ears, that 
teek tike horns. There are at least fifty 
var'eties of this bird. 





OX. A well known domestic animal, 
ef which taere are several varieties, as the 
Abyssinian ox, having the horns pendu- 
fous, adhering only to the skin, and the 
African ox, having the body snowy, and 
hoofs black, &c. 

OXALIC ACID. An acid extracted 
fren wood-sorrel, and also from sugar com- 
bined with potash. It forms the juice sold 
ander the name of Salt of Lemons, which 
Is used for taking out ink spots. Oxalic 


- Se Le SESS a T 





acid fe a violent poison, and has fn some 
cases been taken by mistake for Epsom 
salts. 

OXIDATION, or OXYDIZEMENT 
The process of converting metals or othe, 
substances inte oxides, by combining with 
them a certain portion of oxygen. 


OXIDES, or OXYDES. Substances 
combined with exygen, without being in 
the state of an acid. 

OXYGEN. One of the constituent and 
essential parts of atmospheric or common 
air, which is necessary to the support of 
life and combustion. In its gaseous state, 
it is a colourless and aerial fluid. Oxygen 
forms about a fifth of our atmosphere, and 
exists in most vegetable and animal pro- 
ducts, acids, salts, and oxides. 

OXYMEL. A sirup made of honey 
vinegar, and water, boiled together. 

OYER-~AND TERMINER (in Law) 
A court to hear and determine all treasons 
felonies, and misdemeanours. 

O YES (in Law). Corrupted from the 
French ‘oyez, hear ye,’ the expression | 
used by the crier of a court, in order to 
enjoin silence when any proclamation :s 
made. 

OYSTER. A shell-fish which abounds 
on the coast of Engiand and the U. States, 
and is much esteemed as food. In the 
East Indies, the oysters grow to an extraor- 
dinary size, some of the shells being twe 
feet-in width; and it is said that, on the 
coast of Coromandel, an oyster will fur- 
nish a meal forseveral men. At the same 
time, it is universally agreed, that this 
large sort falls very far short of the Europe- 
an and American oyster, in delicacy of 
flavour. The English oyster has a strong 


copper taste, which at first is very disa- 
gresable. 


P. 


P, the fifteenth letter ef the alphabet, | 


stands as an abbreviation, in Music, for 
piano; in Astronomy, for post, as P. M., 
Post Meridiem, after noon; among phy- 
sicians, for partes, as P. 72. Partea AZqua- 
les. &c.; in Law, for parliament, as M.P. 
Member of Parliament. 

PACE. A measure of two feet and a 
belt; witk Geometricians, five feet 

PACHA. The chief admzal in the 
Turkish marine. 

PACIFICATION. A negotiation for 
peace; an Edict ef Pacification is a de- 
eres published by a prince for the pacifv- 
fg all partics 


PACA. A small animal of S. Amer, 
dark-brown color spotted with white. 

PACHYDERMS. Animals distin. 
guished by thickness of their skins, or 
having hoofs, as the elephant and horse. 

PADDLE. A sort of oar 

PADDOCK. A smallenclesed meadow 
attached to a dwelling. 

PADLOCK. A kind of lock to hang on 
the outside of a door. 

PAGANS. Those whoadkered to idol- 
atry after the establishment ef Christiani- 
ty ; idolaterg, er the worshippers ef false 
gods. 

PAGE. In Errope, a youth retained 


as ar honourable attendant on a prince, to | jects for religious purposes The first step if 


bear up trains, robes, &c. 

PAGODA. A Chinese dr Hindoo tem- 
ple; also an Indian coin worth about 

(3) 

PAINS AND PENALTIES. In Eng- 
land, an act of parliament to inflict pains 
and penalties, beyond or contrary to the 
common law, in the particular cases of 
great public offenders. 

PAINTED LADY A beautifully va- 
riegated pea. 

FAINTER. An artist who represents 
ebjects by colours, as a portrait painter ; 
also an artisan who lays colours on wood 
or stone, &c., asa house painter. The 
company of painters in London igof great 
antiquity, but was not Incorporated before 
the reign of Elizabeth. 

PAINTER (a Sea Term) 
hauling a boat on shore. 2 

PAINTER-STALNER. A painter of 
coats of arms. They were incorporated 
with the painters, 

PAINTING. The art of representing 
all objects of nature by lines and colours 
on a plain surface. In the exercise of this 
art, the powers of imagination, imitation, 
and invention, are required for making a 
choice of the subject, and af the several 
figures and subordinate parts of a picture, 
which are comprehended under the name 
of design. In the execution of the work, 
there is likewise required a due regard 
to the effects of light and shade, and col- 
ours, Which is termed composition ; and 
also a nice choice of the colours to be em- 
ployed, which is known by the name of 
colouring. Painting, as regards the sub- 
jects, is distinguished into historical paint- 
ing, portrait painting, landscape painting, 
&c. ; as regards the form and the materi- 
ais, into painting in oil, water colours, 
fresco, miniature, distemper, mosaic, &c. 

PAINTING, History or. Jt is to be 
supposed that painting was among the ear- 
Hest efforts of human ingenuity, for the 
love of imitation would naturally suggest 
the idea of representing the surrounding 
objects which engaged the attention and 
interested the affections. Thus it is that 
the savages painted their own bodies, by 
means of puncturing -he skin, and infus 
ing different colours into the punctures, 
and that they painted on their shields dif- 
ferent figures according to the fancy of the 
bearer. So, likewise, we find that the 
Mexicans were in the habit of represent- 


A rope for 


beyond the rude outline was an attempt. 
to complete the imitation by applying col- 
ours, Which at first was effected by cover- 
ing the different parts of the figure with 
different colours, after the manner of our 
coloured maps, as was done by the Egyp- 
tians, and is still practised by the Indians 
and Chinese. 

Painting was partially cultivated by the 
Egyptians, but was not carried to any per- 
fection, because they principally employed 
themselves in the representation of the 
monstrous objects of their worship, rather 
than in depicturing natural or real objects 
| in consequence, their natural figures were 

very stiff and unseemly, the legs being 
drawn together, and the arms pasted to 
the sides, like the mummies which they 
copied. Their painters were likewise 
very much employed on earthen vessels 
or drinking cups, or in ormamenting bar 
ges, and covering with figures the chests 
of mummies. Pliny also informs us that 
the Egyptians painted the precious metals, 
which doubtless consisted in covering gold 
or silver With a single colour. The Per- 
sians, as well as the Arabians, had some 
idea of mosaic; but the art was cultivated 
by those people principally for domestie 
purposes. Among the Indians, painting 
is confined principally to the representa- 
tion of their idols and monstrous objects 
of worship; but the painters of Thibet 
are remarkable for the delicacy of their 
strokes, in which they might vie with the 
Greeks, although deficientin every other 
particular. The Chinese are remarkable 
for the brightness of their colours, but thig 
is the only perfection they can boast of. 
Their figures are as unlike nature as pos- 
sible, devoid of expression and of propor- 
tion. The Etrurians were the first people 
who appearto have excelled inthisart. Ma- 
ny specimens of Etruscan painting have 
been preserved, which consist of long paint- 
ed frizes, and pilasters adorned with huge 
‘figures. ‘The paintings are executed on a 
sround of thick mortar, and many of them 
are said to be ina high state of preserva 
tion. There are likewise many Ca:npa- 
nian vases extant, which are wonderful 
proofs of the perfection of the art at a very 
early period among these people. As te 
the origin of painting among the Greeks, 
itis not easy to define the period of its 
commencement. TheGreeks themselves, 
according to Pliny, speak of Polygnote ag 


ing their warlike exploits by means of | their first painter of eminence, who flour- 


picture-writing, which was something 
eimilar to the hieroglyphics ef the Rgyp- 
tians, that served to represent sacred ob- 


ished in the 90th Olympiad, er 424 years 
before Christ. That painting in dry ca} 


ours existed in the time ef Homer, is ese” 



























-school; Titian, that of Venice. 





=F 
« 








fain from several descriptions to be found 
tm his Iliad and Odyssey ; from the same 
seurce we also learn that they were then 
acquainted with basso relievo, of which 
the buckler of Achilles was a specimen 
Polygnote was followed by Xeuxis and 
Parihasias, whose skill in imitation is 
said to have been such, that the first de- 
eeived the birds by painting cherries so 
ezactly, and the latter deceived his rival. 
Apelles, Protogenes, and Euphranor con- 
tributed to raise the art to its highest per- 
fection. 

The Romans de-sived their skill in paint- 
‘ng from Esraria; but the art remained 
very long neglected, while the people 
were engaged in conquests, and struggles 
for liberty. From the building of the city 
tothe time of the emperors, there is men- 
tion only of two who excelled in painting, 
namely, Fabius, surnamed Pictor, and 
Pacivius, the nephew of the tragic poet 
Ennius. In the time of the emperors, 
painting, as well as the other arts, flour- 
ished. Acolossean figure, 120 feet long, 
was painted by order of the emperor Nero, 
which is the first painting on cloth men- 
tioned among the ancients. 

The artists who painted movable plic- 
tures were superior to those who painted 
on ceilings, or compartments of buildings. 
They painted their movable pictures on 
the wood of the fir, larch, or box; or on 
canvass, as above-mentioned. The old 
Greek and Roman paintings on walls are 
supposed to have been done in distemper 
or in fresco: they made use of oil in var- 
nishing, for the preservation of their paint- 
ings, but they do not appear to have ex- 
Pressly used it in their colours. 

After an interval, during which all the 
arts languished, imperfect efforts were 
made to represent religious subjects, which 
paved the way for the revival of painting 
in the thirteenth century. A noble Flo- 
rentine, named Cimabuc, first learned the 
art from a Greek, and cultivated it with 
success, 80 that he may be reckoned the 
founder of the Florentine school, of which 
Miehael Angelo was the great ornament. 
Baphael was the founder of the Roman 
Corregio 
was the father and greatest ornament of 
the Lombard school, but the Caracci, 
Lewis, Augustin, and Hannibal, whe 
Were natives of Bclogna, also formed a 
ackool, which has been called the second 
Lombard school. 

Ameng the French, miniature painting, 
and painting on glass, were cultivated at 
an early period ; but other branches of the 
ert were at 3 low ebb until the age of Lou- 


SS 





is XIII., when Poussin arrived at such 
eminence as to be called the Raphael or 
France ; but he had no pupils, nor any in 
fluence in forming the French school, the 
honour of which was divided between 
Vouet, who laid the foundation, and Le 
Brun, who raised the edifice. The Ger 
mans have never cultivated painting se ag 
to form a school, but Albert Durer and 
John Holbein have secured this nation 
from being forgotten in a history of paint- 
ing. .The Flemish school is remarkable 
for having introduced oil painting, which 
was first attempted, or at least brought 
into general practice, by John de Bruges ; 
but the master of the art was Rubens, the 
founder of the Flemish sehool. The 
Dutch have distinguished themselves in 
miniature painting, of which Rembrandt 
was their great master, and also as history 
painters, among whom Lucas, of Leyden, 
holds the first rank, and may be consid- 
ered as the founder of the Dutch school 
The English school is comparatively of 
modern date, and owns Sir Joshua Rey 
nolds as its founder. It is principally 
known by its correct observance of the 
great masters of the Italian and Flemish 
schools. 

PALACE. A royal dwelling, so called 
from the Mount Palatine in Rome, where 
stood the royal mansion. 

PALMOGRAPHY. A description o: 
ancient writings, inscriptions, characters. 
&c. 

PALAESTRA. A building where the 
Grecian youth exercised themselves in 
wrestling, running, quoits, é&c. 

PALANQUIN. An Indian covered 
chair, borne on men’s shoulders. 


PALATE. ‘The roof of the mouth, and 
organ of taste. 
PALATINE. Invested with regal pre- 


rogatives, as the counties palatine of Lan- 
caster, Chester, and Durham, in Eng- 
land, which have particular jurisdictions, 

PALE (in Heraldry). One of the hon- 
ourable ordinaries in a goat of arms re 
sembling a palisado, used in fortifications. 





PALE. A flat, pointed stake or board 
which is used in making enclosures 





* 


AL 

PALISADE. A finer kind of paling in 
gardens. 

PALISADOES, er PALISADES (in 
Fortification). An enclosure*of stakes, 
used to fortify the avenues of open forts, 
&c. They were sometimes so ordered, 
that they would turn up and down as oc- 
easion required, and might be hidden from 
the view of the enemy until he caine to 
the attack. 

PALLADIUM. A sort of metal drawn 
from crude platina. 

PALLAS. A small, newly discovered 
planet, situated between the orbits ef Mars 
and Jupiter. 

PALLET. A painter’s colour board. 

PALLET (among Gilders). <A tool fer 
taking up the gold leaf. 

PALLET (among Mariners) 
tion ina hold. 

PALLET (in Heraldry). The diminu- 
tive of the pale, being one half of its 
breadth. 

PALLET-BED. Asmall, low bed. 

PALLETS. Levers in elocks and 
watches, connected with the pendulum or 
balance, which receive the immediate im- 
pulse of the wheel. 

PALL-MALL. An ancient game, in 
which an tron ball was struck with a mal- 
let through a ring or arch of iron, as was 
ence practised in St. James’s Park, and 
gave its name to the street called Pall-Mall, 
pronounced Pell-Mell. 

PALM. A tree of different kinds, the 
branches of which were carried in token 
ef victery. The cocoa-nut tree. date tree, 
bread-fruit tree, and many others, are va- 
rieties of the Palm. Some of these vari- 
eties are found in nearly all tropical cli- 
mates. 

PALM (in Commerce). 
three inches. 

PALM. A sea term for the broad part 
of an anchor. 

PALM (in Anatomy). The inner part 
ef the hand. 

PALMS. Palms; one of the seven 
families into which Linnzus divided 
the vegetable kingdom, including such 
trees and shrubs with simple stems 
as bear leaves resembling those of the 
ferns. 

PALMER. A pilgrim bearing a staff. 

PALMISTRY. A mode of telling for- 
@unes by the lines of the hand. 

PALM SUNDAY. The sixth Sunday 
in Lent, the next before Easter, com- 
memorative of our Saviour’s triumphal 
entrance inte Jerusalem, when palm bran- 
ches were strewed in the way. 

PALM WORM. A palsonous insect of 


A parti- 


A measure of 






PAN 


America. This insect is extremely swi® 
in its motions. 
PALSY, or Paratysts. A privation of 


motion or sense of feeling ; a nervous dis 
order arising from an affection of the ce 
rebellum. 

PAN. The god of mountains, woeds, 
and shepherds, who was said to be the son. 
of Mercury, and the inventor of the Pan- 
dean pipes. Heis represented asa mon 
ster, with horns on his head, and the legs 
and feet of a goat. 





PANACEA. A universal remedy ff 
the cure of all disorders. 

PANADA. Bread pap. 

PANATHENAZA. A festival celebra 
ted at Athens in honour of Minerva. 

PANCRATIUM, An exercise among 
the ancients, which consisted in wrestling, 
boxing, and kicking at the same time. 

PANCREAS (in Anatomy). A flat 
glandular viscus of ‘the abdomen ; in ani- 
mals calted the sweetbread. 

PANCREATIC. Belonging to the pan 
creas, as the pancreatic duct and juiee. 

PANDECTS. The name of a volume 
of the civil law, digested by order of the 
emperor Justinian. 

PANDORA. The first woman, accord- 
ing to the poets, made by Jupiter. She 
presented her husband Epimetheus with a 
box, the gift of Jupiter, and on kis opening 
it, there flew out all kinds of evils on the 
earth. 

PANE. A square of glass 

PANEGYRIC. A set speech among the 
ancients in praise of any one, in the Greek 
Church, a book of praises of Jesus Christ 
and the saints, 

PANEL, or PANNEL. A sehedule’ or 
roll of parchment on which are written 
the names of the jurors returned by the 
sheriff, 

PANICLE (in Botany). A sort of fn- 
floreseence or flowering, in which the 


flowers and fruits are seattered on pedun 





















PANNADE. The curvetting or pran- 
cing of a mettlesome horse. - 

PANNAGE. The feeding of swine up- 
‘om mast in woods. 

PANNEL (among Joiners). A square 
piece of wood grooved in a sarger or thick- 
es piece, as in wainscots, &c. 


PANNEL (among Masons). One of the 
faces of a hewn stone. 
PANNEL (in the Manege). A saddle 


used in carrying burdens. 

PANNEL (in the Scotch Law) 
prisoner at the bar. 

PANNIER. A_ basket for carrying 
bread on horseback. 

PANORAMA. Acircular picture ona 
arge scale, fixed-around a room particular- 
y constructed for the purpose. 

PANOPLY. Complete armour 

PANTALOONS. A garment consisting 
of breeches and stockings of the same stuff 
fastened together. 

PANTHEON. A temple at Rome, ded- 
icated to all the heathen deities ; a book 
eontaining an account ofall the heathen 
gods and goddesses, &c. 

PANTHER. A fierce beast nearly al- 
lied to the tiger, a native of Africa. It is 
of a tawny yellow colour, marked with 
black spots. It has been generally sup- 
posed tobe untameable, but Mrs. Bow- 
ditch has given an account of a recent 
instance in which a panther became so 

gentle as to go at large among the peo- 
_ ple. 

PANTOMIME (ameng the Ancients) 
Antic dances and mimic gestures ; among 
the Moderns, a sext of drama represented 
by gestures, actions, and various kinds of 
tricks performed by Harlequin and Colum- 
bine as the hero and heroine, assisted by 
Pantaloon and his clown. 

PANTRY. A bread closet, or, preperly, 
®@ small room in which the daily provis- 
iona of the table are kept. 

PAPAL CROWN. The pope’s tiara or 
Gfown, otherwise called the Triple Crown, 


The 


ee 





PAP | #79 


eles variously subdivided, as in oats, and, because it is a cap of silk environod with 


three crowns of gold, as in the subjoined 
figure. 





PAPER. A vegetable substance manu- 
factured so as to be fit for writing upor. 
The Egyptian paper was made of the rush 
papyrus, which gave its name to the sub- 
stance. Paper is likewise made of bark of 
the inner rind of trees, of cotton and other 
materials, but more particularly of linen 
and other rags- prepared by a particular 
process at the paper mills. Paper is distin- 
guished as to its use into writing paper, 
printing paper, drawing paper, cartridge 
paper, copy, chancery, &c.; ag to its size 
into pot, foolscap, crown, demy, medium, 
royal, imperial, &c 

PAPER (among Bankers.) A name 
given to money of credit by means of any 
written paper, as bills of exchange, prom- 
issory notes, &c. 

PAPER CURRENCY, or Parer Mo- 
sey. A substitute for coin issued on the 


credit of government in the shape of 
notés. On Noy. 1, 1878, there were out- 
standing in the U.S., including national. 
bank and legal-tender notes, $666,383, 137. 


PAPIER MACHE. A substance made 
of paper boiled into a paste, of which toys 
are formed. 

PAPILIONACEZ (in Botany). One 
of Linneus’s natural orders of plants, con- 
sisting of such as have papilionaceous or 
butterfly-shaped flowers, as the pea, &c. 

PAPIST. One professing the Roman 
Catholicreligion. Severe laws were made 
in England, after the Reformatien, against 
the Papists, as they were technically 
termed, but they have since been repealed, 
az the necessity for them ceased. 

PAPYRUS. An Egyptian reed grass, 
the leaves of which were made into paper 
It grows in the marshes ef Egypt, erin the 
stagnant places ef the Nile Its reats are 
tertuous, and in thicknesa abeut four ci 
five inckes ; its stem, which is triangulag 
gna tapering, mses fo the helght of tex 


ERY hehehe eats | 


anne 


mrtg ot Inote 


bairs. 


subits and carries a top or plume of small ; an mhabitant of the air, and ‘pat 


land. 





PAR An equality between the ex- 
changes of different countries. 
PARABLE. An allegorical instruction, 


PARADISE, Grains or. The hot ber- 
ries or seeds of the cardamum. 
PARADOX. An opinion apparently 


founded on something real or apparent in} absurd or contradictory, although some- 


nature or history, from which a moral is 
drawn. 

PARABOLA (in Conic Sections), 
curve made by cutting acone by a plane, 
parallel to one of its sides, or parallel 
to aplane that touches one side of the 
sone. 





PARACHUTE. An instrument in the 
shape of an umbrella, which serves to 
break the fallin descending from an air 
halloon. 


times true in fact 


PARAGRAPH. A collection of senten- 


A | ces comprehended between one break and 


another: 

PARALLAX. A change in the appa- 
rent place of any heavenly body when seen 
from different points of view. 

PARALLEL (in Mathematics). Ths 
name for fines, surfaces, or bodies every 
where atan equal distance from each other 

PARALLELOGRAM. A plane figure, 
bounded by four right lines, whereof the 
opposite are parallel and equal to one 


another. 


PARALLEL SPHERE (in Astronomy ) 
The situation of the sphere when the 


PARADE. The place where troops | equator coincides with the horizon, and 


draw up,to do duty and mount guard. 
PARADIGM (inGrammar). An exam- 

ple of a Greek or Hebrew verb, conjugated 

through all its moods and tenses. 
PARADISE. The garden of Eden, 


the poles with the zenith and nadir, 
PARALYSIS. The palsy. os 
PARAPET. A wall breast high, that 

serves to hide the roof of a house. 
PARAPHRASE. An explanaticn of 


where Adam and Eve dwelt in their state | any text in plainer and more ample terms, 


of innocence. 


PARASANG, A Persian measure equa} 


PARADISE, Brro or. A bird of a| to from 30 to 50 stadia or furlongs. 


beertiful plumage, that chiefly inhabits the 
Asiatic islands. Its feathers are much 
used as ornaments for the head among the 


Japanese, Chinese, and Persians, from | 


PARASELENE. A mock moon, sr @ 
meteor in the form of a luminous ting 
round the moon. 

PARASITE (among the Ancients). A 


whom thsy are obtained, and imported | guest invited by the priest to eat of the 
into Europe. Its name was given it by | sacrifice; a trencher friend, or hanger on ef 
the sailors, who, seeing it on the wing, | hetablesof the great, who lives by flattery 
Gr out to sea, fancifully imagined ittobe! PARASITICAL PLANTS, Sneh 



















Pee . 4g ek 

"grow upon others, like 
 geltoe- : 
PARASOL. A littl movable ma- 
chine, or small umbrella, fitted for keep- 
ing off the sun. 

PARC, the Fares.- Three sisters 
- among the heathens, who presided over, 
is orspun the lives of men ; Clotho held the 
distaff and spun the thread, Lachesis turn- 






the moss or mis- 


PARCHMEN'T. The skin of sheep or 
goats, prepared for writing upon. 

PARDON (iz Law). The remitting the 
punishment for any felony committed 
against the law } 

PARENTHESIS (in Grammar). A 
clause inserted in the middle of a sentence, 
and marked thus [], or thus (). 

PARHELION. A mock sun. 
ie PARIAN MARBLE. A sort of white 
Bec marble, so called from the island of Paros, 
where it was first found 
“sie PARIS. The son of Priam, king of Troy, 
_——s who, carrying away Helen, the wife of Me- 
-—sénelaus, was the author of the Trojan war. 
ee PARIS, Piaster or. A composition 
: of lime and sulphuric acid, used in making 
casts and moulds. 
ae PARAMOS. A name given by the 
a Spanish settlers to the high desert 
oy tracts of the Andes of South America, 
covered with stunted trees. 

PARSEE. Ono of. the Persian refu- 
gees driven out of their own country 
by the Mohammedans, now living in 
various parts of* India. 

PARSEEIS\. Fire-worship, the re- 
ligion of tho Parsees. 

PARTHENO! TE. In ancient mythol- 





~ 
ee i. 


p> a 


self into the sea because she was unable 
to beguile Ulysses by her songs. 
PARTHENOPH. One of the newly- 
discovered planets, first observed by 
De Gasparisin 1250. Tits mean distance 
from the sun is 283,610,900 miles; and its 
periodical revolution 3 years, 306 days. 
PARK (among Fishermen). A large 
net disposed on the bank of the sea. 
PARLIAMENT. In England, the great 
council of the nation, consisting of the 
King, Lords, and Commons, which forms 
the legislative branch of the English gov- 
ernment or constitution. The parliament 
is assembled annually by summons from 
the crown, to make laws, impose taxes, 
and deliberate on other public affairs, either 
of domestic or foreign policy. The Par- 
liament is also styled the High Court of 
Parliament, because the upper house as- 


se 


RR es Oe 0 NE A ody ee Oe Ve 


mah 


Di 
+ ek 


eter 


res 
~~ 


Sad 
® 


Ps = sists in the administration es well as in 
as the making of laws 


PARMESAN. A sort of cheese made 
pt Parma in Italy 





24% 4 


ogy, one of tho sirens, who threw her-] oys kind of bird. of whi 
s 


eae a bee 

PARNASSUS. A mountnin of Phecis 
in Greece, on which stood the temple and 
town of Deiphi. It was sacred to Apolle 
andthe Muses 

PARODY. A poetical pleasantry, which 
consists in applying the verses of some 
person, by way of ridicule, to another ob- ° 
ject, or in turning a serious Work into bur 
lesque, by affecting to observe the same 





ed the wheel, and Atropos cut the thread. Thymes, words, and cadences. 


PAROL (in Law). 
as parol evidence. 

PAROLE (in Military Affairs) Word 
of honour, a promise given by a prisoner 
of war, when suffered to be at large, that 
he will return at a time appointed. 

PARRICIDE. A murderer of father or 
mother. : 

PARROQUET. A sort of parrot easily 
taught to speak. It inhabits tropical re- 
gions ; one species is found in the Southera 
States 


By word of mouta, 





PARROT. A noisy. imitative, gregazi- 
there are at 
least fifty varieties. It is a native ef the ~ 
tropical climates, and easily tamed. 





PARRYING (among Pencers). The 
warding a push or blow from an adver 
Sary. : 

PARSING (inGrammar) Exzpounding 
words and sentenzes so as te apply the 
rules of grammar te them i 






PARSLEY A petherb, and a peren. 
nial, which grows in gardens. 

PARSNEP. An edible root 

PARSON. In England, the person 

holding the office of rector or vicar in a 
parish. 

PART (in Arithmetic) A quantity con- 
‘tained in a whole. 

‘PART (in Music). “A piece of the score 
°or partition, written by itself, for the con- 
* venience of the musician 

PART (in the Drama). The character 
‘or portion of a piece assigned to a per- 
former. 

PARTERRE. Anopen part of a garden 
“im the front of a house, commonly orna- 
*“ mented with flowers. 

PARTHENON. A temple at Athens, 
“~gacred to Minerva. 

PARTICIPLE (in Grammar). One of 
“the parts of speech, so called because it 
vopartakes both of the noun and the verb. 

PARTICLE (in Physiology). A minute 
‘part of any body which enters into its 

composition. 

PARTICLE (in Grammar). Small in- 

declinable words, that serve to unite or 
connect others together. 

PARTIES (in Law). 

ed in a deed. 

PARTING. Separating gold and silver 

by aquafortis. 

PARTITION (in Law). Dividing lands 

or tenements among coheirs or partners. 

PARTNER, One who joins with anoth- 

er in some concern or affair. 

PART OWNERS. Partners possessed 

of acertain shareinaship. . 
PARTRIDGE. A bird of game which 
abounds in al! parts of Europe, and is 
highly esteemed for its flesh. It resem- 
bles the quail of the United States, but is 


larger. 


Le 


The persons nam- 


The bird ca"ed partridge in New Eng- 
fand, and pheasant at the South, is a spe 
eisa of grouse. 

PARTS OF SPEECH. 
weal divisions of words according to their 
eonnexion with or dependence upon each 
wether; they are commonly reckoned nine 


The grammat- 

















~ eg F 


: in number, namely, the article, newn, pro 
noun, verb, participle, adverb, canjunction — 
preposition, and interjection ae: 

PARTY (in Military Affairs) A smal 
detachment or number of men sent upok 
any particular duty, as a recruiting party, 
&c 

PART Y(in Public Affairs). Any number 
of men combining together to follow their 
own particular views, either in politics or 
religion 

PARTY-WALLS. Partitions of brick 
made between buildings separately occu- 
pied, to prevent the spreading of fire. . 

PASQUINADE, A short satirical libel 
that is generally stuck up to be read by 
the passers by. 

PASS (in Military Affairs), A strait 
or narrow passage, which renders the en- 
trance intoacountry difficult foran army. 

PASS (among Miners). A frame of thin 
boards, set sloping for the ore to slide 
down. 

PASS (in Fencing). 
at the adversary. 

PASSAGE (in Music). Asuccession of 
sounds forming a member or phrase im & 
composition. ‘ 

PASSAGE (in Military Affairs). 
passing over bridges, mountains, &ce. 

PASSAGE (in Navigation). Thecourse 
pursued at sea, particularly that which has 
been attempted to be taken by the north 
pole in going to India. This attempt has 
been made in two ways, namely, by coast- 
ing along the northern parts of Europe and 
Asia, called the north-east passage; and 
another by sailing round the northern part 
of the American continent, called the north 
West passage ; besides which, an attempt 
has also been made to sail over the pole 
itself. 

PASSENGER. Any one travelling by a 
coach, vessel, or other mode of convey- 
ance; also any one passing by. * 

PASSEBRES. An order of birds in the 
Linnzan system, comprehending such as 
have the bill conic and pointed, as the 
pigeon, the lark, the thrush, é&c. 

PASSION WEEK The weok imme- 
diately before aster. ; 

PASSIVE. Suffering, an epithet fe 
verbs which express the suffering or being 
acted upon, as ‘ to be loved.? 

PASSIVE PRINCIPLES (im Chymis- 

|try). Earth and water, so called because 
their parts are not so swiftly moved as 
those of spirits, oil, and salt. 

PASSOVER. -A festival ef the Jews, 
commemorative of the angels passing the 
doors of the Israelites when they slew all 
the first born of the Egyptians, 


A push or thrust 


The 








Ga nt Qo. ; * 2 

PASSPORT, or Pass. In Europe, a 
_ license or letter from a prince or governor, 

granting liberty to @ person to pass through 
the country. 

PASSPORT (in Commerce). 
te export or import goods, 

PASS WORD. A secret word or coun- 
tergign which enables any person to go 
through military stations. 

PASTE (in the Glass Trade). A kind 
f coloured glass made of calcined crystal, 
teed, and metallic preparations, 60 a3 to 
Mitate gems. 

PASTEBOARD, A thick kind of pa 
ver, formed of several sheets pasted one 
over the other. 

PASTIL. <A sweet bal} or perfumed 
eomposition., 

PASTIL (among Painters). A roll of 
paste made up of various colours, with gum ; 
a crayon. 

PASTORAL. A Saiuphond? $ song or 
poem, by way of dialogue between Bae 
herds. 

PASTURE LAND. wand reserved for 
the feeding of cattle. ; 

PATENTS, or Letrers Patent. In 
England, writings sealed with the great 
seal, authorizing a man to do or enjoy 
that which he could not of himself. In 
the United States, the term is applied to 
certificates igsued from the patent office, 
which give to the inventor of any use- 
ful machine the exclusive advantage of 
hig invention, 

PATERNOSTER. The Lord’s prayer ; 
also the repetition of the Lord’s prayer in 
the Romish church 

PATI£OLOGY. That, branch of medi- 
eine which explains the symptoms of dis- 
eases, 

PATHOS. An emotion which an ora- 
ter displays in his Specks or excites in his 
hearers. 

PATIENT. One who is under the di- 
rection of a physician, for the cure of any 
lisorder. 

PATIENT (in Physiology). That which 
receives impressions from any other thing, 
called the agent. 

PATRIARCH. The father or ruler of 
a family, such as Abraham, and the patri- 
-archs of old. 

PATRIARCH (in Ecclesiastical Affairs). 
fn England, a bishop that is superior to an 
archbishop. 

PATRIMONY (in Law). 
esonded from oucestors. 

PATRIOT. A father of his country. 

PATROL. Any party goingtheir rounds 
at stated hours, to see tha the watchmen 
de thelr duty. 


A license 


A right de- 


PATRON (in Law). Ii Bagland, a 
friend of interest or power; he who kas 
the disposal of a benefice. 

PATRON. In England, a sea teres fez 
one who commands a ship in the Mediter- 
ranean. 


PATRONYMIC Aname derived from | 


one’s father or ancestors. 

PAVEMENT. A layer ef stene of 
bricks, which serves to cover the greund 
and form a pathorroad. In Loneon, th 
pavement for coachways is principally a 
kind of granite from Scotland ; for the foot. 
path, Yorkshire paving stone is used. 
Courts, stables, kitchens, halls, churches 
are commonly paved with tiles, bricks, or 
freestone. In France, they mostly use: 
freestone ; in Venice and Holland, and oth- 
er countries, they use for the most part: 
bricks, 

PAVILION. A large tent raised os; 
posts to lodge under in summer time. 

PAUPER, One receiving parish relief: 

PAUPERIS IN FORMA. See Forma. 

PAUSE. A stop or cessation of speak<- 
ing, singing, playing, &c, 

PAUSE (in Music).. A character off 
time, denoting that the note must be 
drawn out to a greater Jength. 

PAWN (in Commerce). A pledge gtr 
en by way of security for the payment Ce 
a sum of money. 

PAWN (in Cheer: 
mon men. 

PAWNBROKER. Cre who lends mo 
ney upon goods left in pledge. 

PAY. What is allowed to each indi- 
vidual in the army. Full pay is the full 
allowance; half pay, that which is allow- 
ed to officers on their retiring from the 
service. 

PAYING. A sea term for anointinga 
mast, yard, &c., with tar, pitch, turpen- 
tine, &c. 

PAYING OFF, A sea term for letting 
a ship’s head fall to leeward of the point, 
whither it was previously directed. 

PAYING OFF A SHIP. Discharging 
the crew from actual service, that the ship 
may be laid up in ordinary. 

PAYMASTER. Hoe who has the charge 
of paying a regiment. 

PAYMENT The discharge of a debt, 
also the time and measure of payiag 
Prompt payment, the payment ofa bill s: 
debt before it becomes due. 

PEA. A kind of pulse, that ts either 
planted in gardens for the food of man, oz 
in the fields as a food for cattle. 

PEACE (in Law). A quiet and inoef 
fensive behaviour towards the governmem 
and me people , 


One of the cows 





9 


PEACE ESTABLISHMENT. The | 


number of effective men required in the 
army and navy during peace. 

PEACE OF GOD AND THE CHURCH. 
in England, the time of vacation between 
terms, when there is a cessation from 
lawsuits. 

PEACE OF THE KING. In England, 
that peace and security, both for life and 
goods, which the king affords to all his 
subjects. 

PEACE OF’ THE KING’S HIGH- 
WAY. Im England, the fmmunity that 
ths king’s highway has to ke free from all 
gaclostation, 

PEACH. A delicious, juicy fruit, that, in 
Bagland, grows against garden walls, and 
in America, is produced abundar Ly in or- 
chards. 

PEACOCK. A well known domestic 
bird, remarkable for the beauty of ita tail 
and the harshness of its cry 

PEAK (in Geography). A mountain or 
elevation with a sharp summit, as the Peak 
of Teneriffe. 

PEAK (among Mariners), The upper 
eorner of sails which are extended by a 
gaff or by a yard, which crosses the mast 
obliquely. 

PEAR A well known class of trees 
which yields a great variety of fruit, as 
the musk, muscadelle, rose, bergamot, 
bury pear, sickle St. Michael’s, &c. 

PEARL. A concretion found in several 
shells, as in some species of the oyster and 
muscle. Pearls are of asilvery or bluish 
white colour, and very brilliant. They 
~ are supposed to be produced by a distem- 
per in the animal, similar to the stone in 
man; they are formed, however, of the 
same matter asthe innershell, and consist 
of layers one over another, after the man- 
ner of an onion 

PEARL, Motnen or. The shell of 
another species of oyster, not the pearl 
oyster. It is extremely smooth, and as 
white as the pear] 

PEARLASH. Totash calcined or clear- 
ed of its impurities by fire. 

PEARL BARLEY. The seed of com- 
mor barley rubbed into small round grains 
Mke peart. ef which a cooling drink is made, 

PEAT. Asort of fuel dug out of the 
gaxta. Itis the remains of Cecayed vege- 
@vies, as leaves, stringy fitres, the wood 
ef decayed trunks of trees. &c. It is found 
ta iow valleys and bogs in Great Britain 
and other parts of Hurepe, and in America. 


PEEBLES 


colours. 


YECCARY. An animal of the hog kind, 


fois 4 in Mexico 

FECK. A dry measure, the fourth part 
of @ bushel. 

VECCA, An order of animals in the 
Linnean system, under the class mam- 
malia, comprehending such as have the 
feet hoofed and cloven, and live on grasa, 
and chew the cud, and have four stom- 
achs, as the antelope, the camel, camelo- 
pard, stag, musk, sheep, ox, cow, &e. 

PECTORAL, Relating to the breast, 
as pectoral medicines, medicines good for 
curing diseases in the breast. 

PECULIAR “(in Law). In England, a 
churcb or parish having a jurisdictioa 
within itself. 

PECULIARS, Court or. In Englan., 
a court belonging to the archbishop of 
Canterbury, which takes cognizance of 
matters relating to parishes that have a pe- 
culiar jurisdiction. 

PEDANTRY, A needtess or i timed 
display of isarning: 

PEDESTA®%. The lowest part of a 
column. 

PEDIMENT. A low pinnacle, serving 
to crown a frontispiece, &c. 

PEDOMETER. See PernamBriaTor. 

PEER (in Law). An equal, or one of 
the saine rank and condition; formerly 
applied, in England, to the vassals or ten- 
ants of the same Jord ; and now applied te 
those who are impannelled in an inquest 
upon a nian accused of any offence, who, 
by the criminal law, ought to be peers or 
equals of the person accused. 

PEERESS. The lady of a peer. 

PEERS OF THE REALM. In Eng- 
land, the nobility of the kingdom, who, 
though distinmiished by the different titles 
of duke, marquis, earl, viscount, and 
baron, are nevertheless all peers or equal 
in their political character as lords of par- 
liament. 

PEEWIT, or Larwina An Euro- 
pean bird that frequents marshes, and the 
banks of streams, about the size of a pi- 
geon, and resembling the plover. A similar 
bird, but much smaller in size, bears the 
same name inthe United States 

PEGASUS (in the Heathen Mythol- 
ogy). A winged horse, on which Bel'ero 
phon is fabled to have ridden. 


PEGASUS (in Astronomy) — A constel- 


PEAT MOSS. The bed in which peat. i lation in the northern hemisphere, coa- 


is found, either om the surface of the soil, 
or coreren ever with sand er earth to a 


short depth. 


taining from 20 to 89 stars, according te 


different writers 
PELICAN A large bird found in a® 


A sort of fossils distin n 
guished from flints by having @ variety of 








A a ple a AP lle aM DY 






















of w 


BLY AY 
DUAT 
La 







pouch capable of holdirig many quarts of 
ater. The pelican has a peculiar ten- 
_derness for its young, and hag been sup- 
_ posed to draw blood from its breast for 
_ their support. In South America, this 
bird is tamed, and taught to catch fish, and 
bring them to its owner in its pouch. 





















PELICANUS. The generic term in the 
Linnean system for the sort of birds of 
_ -_—-—soOWhich the pelican is the principal species. 
{t comprehends also the cormerant or cor- 
rae vorant, man of war bird, and the gannet 
PELLICLE. A thin film or fragment 
Rie! of a membrane. 
ees PELLITORY OF THE WALL. An 
 derb that is used in medicine. 

PELT, ‘The skin or hide of an animal. 

PELVIS (in Anatomy). The lower 

part of the abdomen.. 

PEN. An instrument for writing. 

PEN (in Husbandry). A fole or enclo- 
gure for sheep, &c f 
PENAL LAWS. Laws made for the 
punishment of criminal offences. 

PENALTY (in Law). A fine or for- 
feiture by way of punishment. 

PENANCE (in Ecclesiastical Law). 
An infliction of some pain or bodily suf- 
fering, as an exercise of repentance for 
some sin, either voluntary or imposed by 
the priestin the Romish church. 

_ PENATES. The household gods of the 
- Romans. 

, PENCIL. An instrument used in 
a drawing and painting. 


pl 
- 
Pe * 


NCIL OF RAYS (in Optics). A 
sr of rays diverging from some lu- 


mca 
y 





er 


bs, the hb |, minous point, which, after falling upon 
it, except atthe point. It has askin 
hing down the neck, which forms a 


and passing through a lens, converge again 
on entering the eye. © 





PENDANT. A sea term for a narrow 
banner or streamer. The broad pendant 
isa flag that serves to distinguizh the chief 
of a squadron. 

PENDULUM. A heavy body 30 sus- 
pended that it may vibrate or swing back- 
wards and forwards. —- 

-PENDULUM CLOCKS. Clocks that 
have their movements regulated by the 
vibration of a pendulum. 

PENDULUM ROYAL, A clock whose 


| pendulum sways seconds, and goes eight 


days without winding up. 

PENETRATION OF BODIES. A’ 
term in physiology, denoting that the 
parts of one body occupy the interstices 
between the parts of the other 


PEMMICAN. Meat cut into thin 
slices, divested of fat, and dried in the 
sun; cured meat dried to hardness, then 
pulverized and mixed with fat, and 
sometimes raisins, and afterwards com- 
pressed, used on long journeys of ex- 
ploration, or during long sea-voyages. 

PHENOLOGY. The science which 
treats of public punishments as they 
affect the community. 

PENTACHORD. A musical instru- 
ment of five strings; a system or order 
of five sounds. 

PENTACLE. A figure composed of 
two equilateral triangles intersectin 
each other so as to form a six-pointe 
star, used with superstitious import b 
the astrologers and mystics of the mid- 
dle ages. 

PENTACOCCOUS. Having or con- 
taining five seeds or grains. 

PENTREMITES. In. geology, a 
genus of fossil star-fish—so calle 
from the five polygonal plates which 
compose their pear-shaped receptacle. 


PENNYWEIGHT . An English troy 
weight, marked thus, dwt., containing 24 
grains. 

PENSION (in Law) An annualallow- 
ance. made to a person by a prince or gov- 
ernment without any equivalent in return. 

PENSIONER. One who receives 8 
pension; also one maintained at the 
charge of the king, government, company 
or hospital. } 

PENSIONERS, Gentiemen, or Kiqa’s 
Pensioners. In England, a band of'gen- 
tlemen, to the number of 40, first set on 


















foot by King Henry VII., whose office it) 


tg to guard the King’s person in his palace. 
PENTAGON. A _ geometrical figure, 
having five sides and five angles 


a ORNL ee 


PENTAGRAPH, A copying machine, 
by which designs may be copied in any 
proportion by persons who are not skilled 
in drawing. It consists of four jointed le- 
vers, as in the subjoined figure 





_PENTAGYNIA (in Botany). An order 
of plants in the Linnean system, compre- 
hending such as have five pistils in an 
hermaphrodite flower. 

PENTAMETER. A sort of verse in 
Latin and Greek, consisting of five feet or 
metres. 

PENTANDRIA (in Botany). One of 
the Linnwan classes, comprehending 
plants which have flowers with five 
stamens. 





PENTATEUCH. The five books of 
Moses. 

PENTHOUSE. A shed hanging for- 
ward. . 

PENUMBRA (in Astronomy). A par- 
tla! shade obsesved between the perfect 
shadow and the full light in an eclipse. 


brought from India. — 
namely, black, white, and long. — 


black is the fruit of a tree that grows i in 


the Spice Islands. | 
PER. A Latin preposition, signifying 
by, used in-many phrases ; as, per force, pr. 
or per annum, per cent, or per centum, &¢« 
PERAMBULATOR. An instrument 
for measuring distances, otherwise called 
a pedometer, or surveying whee.. 





PER CENTUM, or Pr. Cunt. Rate 
of interest, so much for each hundred; as, 
five per Gent, that is, five dollars for 
every hundred dollars. 

PERCH. A kind of fish with sharp, in 
curvate teeth, that prey upon other fish , 
the flesh of this fish is very delicate 

PERCH (in Commerce). 
five yards and a half, or sixteen feet and 
a half 

PER CHANCE. Accidentally 

PERCUSSION. ~The impression a 
body makes in falling or striking upon 
another. 
direct when the impulse is made in the 
direction of a line perpendicular at the 
point of impact, and oblique when it is 
given in a line oblique to the place of im- 
pact, or that does not pass through the 
common centre of gravity of the twostrik 
ing bodies. 

PEREMPTORY (in Law). Absolute 
or determinate, as peremptory writ, &c 

PERENNIAL. A plant the root of 
which continues for more than two years 

PERFORATION, Boring or making a 
hole through. 

PER FORCE. Against one’s inclina- 
tion. 

PERIANTH. The ca.yx or cup of @ 
flower when it is contiguous to the flower, 
in distinction from the calyx or outer cov- 
ering of the flower 

PERICARDIUM. A double membrane, 
which surrounds the whole compass of 
the heart. 


PERICARP. A viscous bag with seeds, _ 


or a vessel producing seeds - 
PERICRANIUM. A memorane which 

encloses the bones of the skull. sf 
PERIGEE (in Ancient Astronomy). 

That point in the heaven im which the 


sun or any planet is least distant from the gi 


centre of the earth 


A measure of 


It is either direct or oblique, 

















RIHEL f ONC n modern Astronomy). {_ 
fhioky of a plaziet’s orbit in which it 































which bounds a figure. or body, whether 
rectilinear or mixed. 

PERIOD (in Astronomy). 
revolution of a planet. 

PERIOD (in Chronology). The revolu- 
tion of a certain number of years, as the 
Julian period. 

PERIOD (in Grammar). A full stop at 
tie end of any sentence, marked thus (.) 

PERIOD (in Arithmetic) A point or 
comma after every third place in a series 
of figures; also in the extraction of roots,to 
point off the figures into gyn numbers or 
parcels. 

PERIOD (in Medicine). The interval 
between the coming of fits in intermitting 
disorders. 

PERIOECI (in Geography). Inhabit- 
ants of the earth who live under the same 
parallel of latitude, but opposite parallels of 
oi longitude. 
oe . PERIPHERY. The circumference of 
as any circle or curve, &c. 
F PERIPATETICS. The followers of 
et Aristotle, whose doctrines are distinguish- 
ee ed by the name of the Peripatetic philos- 
- ophy. He also was called the Periva- 


The entire 


ee tetic because he delivered his lectures 
Mer, walking. 
ei. PERIPHRASIS. Circumlocution, or 


re, _ expressing any thing by many words 
wie which might be expressed by a few. 
PERISCII. Inhabitants of the earth 
whose shadow goes round them in a day. 
PERISTALTIC MOTION. The mo- 
_ ton of the intestines, which resembles the 
motion of a worm. 
PERISTYLE. A piazza, as in the 
_Iniddle of the gymnasium at Athens. 
PERJURY. ~ Takinga false oath know- 
ingly and wilfully 
PERIWINKLE. Akind of sea snail. 
PERMIT (in Law). A license or war- 
rant for persons to pass with or sell goods. 
PERMUTATION. The same as com- 
bination. 
PERORATION. The epilogue or con- 
_ eluding part of an oration. 


_ PERPENDER, or Perrenp Stone. A 
_ stone fitted to the thickness of a wall. 
PERPENDICULAR (in Geometry). A 


fine, which, when it falls upon another 
Hine, makes the angles on each side equal 
and right angles. 
_ PERPENDICULAR ‘in Gunnery). A 
emall instrument usea for the finding the 
centre line ofa piece, in the operation of 





PERPETUAL CURATE. In England, _ 
a curate that is not removable at the pleas. 
ure of any one. ee 

PERRY A drink made of the juice oi 

ears. 

PER SALTEM. At once, or at a leap 

PER SE By or in itself; things con- 
sidered per se, that is, in the abstract, o1 
abstracted from all others 

PERSECUTION. The infliction of 
pain on another designedly and with force 
and violence, in violation of the laws 


{ either of God or man, such as the persecu- 


tions of the primitive Christian church; 
the first happened in the reign of Nero, 
and the last in that of Diocletian. 

PERSEUS (in Heathen Mythology). A 
hero, the son of Jupiter and Danae, who 
procured the Gorgon’s head, and released 
Andromeda. 

PERSEUS (in Astronomy}. <A constel- 
lation in the northern hemisphere. 

PERSIAN LILAC, A handsome shrub, 
having a broader leaf and a finer flower 
than the common lilac, 

PERSIAN ORDER (in Architecture) 
An order wherein the entablature is sup- 
ported by the figures of men instead of 
columns. They were intended to repre- 
sent the Persians taken captive by the 
Athenians. 

PERSIAN WHEEL. An engine for 
watering lands. 

PERSON (in Grammar). A term for’ 
nouns and pronouns which express the 
person of the speaker; also the inflection 
of verbs answering to the different persons. 
There are three persons, namely, the first, 
or the person speaking; the second, the 
person spoken to; and the third, the per- 
s0n spoken of. 

PERSONAL (in Law). Belonging te 
the person and not to the thing, as per- 
sonal goods, as opposed to real property or 
estates ; personal action, an action against 
the person. 

PERSONAL VERB (in Grammar). A 
verb that has inflections or endings to ex- 
press the persons of the agent. 


PERSONALTY (in Law). Any thing 


‘personal, in distinction from things real. 


PERSONAT (in Botany). One of 
Linneus’s natural orders of plants, which 
have a labiate corolla or flower with the 
‘lips closed, as the aconite, é&c. 

PERSONATING. Representing any 
one by a fictitious or assumed character, 
so as to pass for the. person represented. 

PERSONS. The three persons or sub 
sistences in the-Holy Trinity ; namely, 
the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. 

PERSONS (in Law) are distinguished 














hom God has|. 


formed, and artificial persons; or those 
formed by society, as corporations or bod- 
ies politic. 

PERSPECTIVE. A branch of mixed 
mathematics, which shows how to repre- 
sent objects on a plain surface as natural- 
ly as they would appear to our sight if 
seen through that plane, supposing it were 
as transparent as flass. Perspective is 
divided into Aeria) Perspective, which 
has principally a reference to the colour- 
tng and shading of distant objects; and 
Lineal Perspective, which relates to the 
position, form, magnivude, &c., of the sev- 
eral lines or contours of objects, &e. 

PERSPECTIVE, History or. Per- 
spective, as a branch of optics, was known 
and practised at an early period. It was 
taught by Democritus and Anaxagoras, 
and treated of by Euclid in his Optics. 
Alhazen likewise, in his optical treatise, 
speaks of this art, and of its importance 
for the painter; but the first writers who 
professedly treated on perspective, were 
Bartolemeo Bramantino, in hia Regole di 
Perspectiva, &c., dated 1446, and Pietro 
del Borgo, who supposed objects to be 
placed beyond a transparent tablet, and so 
to trace the images which rays of light 
emitted from them would make upon it. 
Albert Durer constructed a machine upon 
the principles of Borgo, by which he could 
trace the perspectiev appearance of objects. 
Leon Battista Alberti, in his treatise De 
Pictura, speaks chiefly of perspective ; and 
Balthazar Peruzzi,of Siena, who died in 
1506, wrote a system of perspective, which 
appeared in 1540. Heissaid to have first 
recommended points of distance, to which 
are drawn all lines that make an angle of 
45 degrees with the ground line Guido 
Ubaldi, in his Perspective, published in 
3600, showed that ali lines are parallel to 
one afiother, if they be inclimed to th 
ground line, and converge to seme point 
in the horizontal line ; and that through 
this point also will pass a line drawn from 
the eye parallel to them. His work con- 
tained the first principles, which after- 
wards formed the groundwork of Dr. Tay- 
ter’s. He was immediately followed by 
Giacomo Barozzi, of Vignola, whose Two 
Rules of Perspective were published, with 
2 commentary, by Ignatius Dante. Mazo- 
lois’ work was published at the Hague in 
IG15, and that of Sirigatti, which was an 
abstract of Vignola’s, in 1625. But the 
most celebrated writer on this subject was 
WB, Brooke Taylor, who, in his Linear 
Perspective, has laid down principles far 


more general than those of any of his pre-! 


to the ho ontal plane only, but he 
made them applicable to every species 


lines and planes. Likewise, by his meth. 
od, which is exceedingly simple, the few — ¢ 
est lines imaginable are required to pro 
duce any perspective representation. As — 


a proof of the excellence of his method, it 
suffices to add that it has been followed 
by all who- have treated on this subject, 
and is universally adopted in practice 
Mr. Hamilton published his Stereography 
in 2 vols. folio, after the manner of Dr 
Taylor; besides which there are some 
good treatises‘on the subject from Ware 
Cowley, Ferguson, Emerson, &¢.; bub 
Mr. Kirby’s system of perspective has been 
generally esteemed for its practical utility 
‘PERSPECTIVE. In gardens, or at the 
end of galleries, designed to deceive the 
eye by representing the continuation of an 
alley or a building, &c. 
PERSPECTIVE-GLASS. The glass or 
other transparent surface, supposed to be 


placed between the eye and the object, 


perpendicularly to the horizon. 


PERSPIRATION. The evacuationof 
the juices of the body through the pores of — 


the skin. This is either sensible, which 


is called sweating; or insensible, which — 


is not perceptible to the senses. 
PERUVIAN BARK. A drug, the bark 
of a tree growing in Peru. 


PESTLE. An instrument for pounding : 


in a mortar 

PETAL ‘The leaf of the corolla er 
flower. 

PETARD (in Fortification). A hollow 
engine shaped like a sugar-loaf, made for 
breaking open gates, drawbridges, &c. 

PETIOLE (in Botany). The leaf-stalk, 
or the stem which supports the leaf. 

PETITION (in Law). 
in lieu of a writ, which, in England, is al- 
ways made by a subject to the king when 
the latter is a party in the suit; also amy 


supplication drawn up in form, and ad-— 
dresed either tothe executive or the legis- 


lature. 


PETITIO PRINCIPIL (among Logi 


cians). Begging the question, or taking 


for granted, that which is the matter in- ; 


dispute. 
PETREL A sea-bird, which nas the 


‘faculty of spouting pure oil from its bill. 
It is a sure prognostic of @ storm at sea, 
when it hovers about a ship. The petrel 
is about the size of the swallow; its legs — 


are long and slender, and its colour is 


black. It is seen in all parts of the ocean 
busily engaged in searching for food.. It © 
braves the utmost fury of the storm, skim 


A supplication | 





































ae ps, and sometimes screening it- | 
"4 self om the blast, by sinking down into 

the billows between them. It does not 
sit upon the water, but often places its 
_ feet upon it, and sustains itself by the aid 

ofits expanded wings while it picks up 
-gome piece of food. Flocks of these birds 
follow vessels for whole days, and eat 
such things as are thrown overboard. 
These birds are known among sailors, 
under the name cf Mother Carey’s chick- 


PETRIFACTIONS femang Mineralo- 
gists), Stony matters incrusted within 
the cavities of organized bodies, as the in- 
crustations of limestone or selenite, in the 
form of stalactites or dropstones from the 
roofs of caverns. 

PETRIFICATION.~ The conversion 
of wood, bones, or any other substance, 
into stone ; also that which is turned into 
Re: ytone. 

a PETROLEUM. Rock oil, a liquid, bi- 

i tuminous substance, which distils from 
rocks. 

PEWTER. <A compound metal,or an 
alloy of tin with copper, lead, zinc, bis- 
muth, or antimony. 











aA PHALANX. A Macedonian legion, 
___ formed into a square compact battalion of 
Bets pikemen. 

An optical ex- 


ey. PHANTASMAGORIA. 
___ hibition very similar to the magic lantern. 
Rees fe, PHARAOH. A name common to se- 
__-veral kings of Egypt, mentioned in Scrip- 

ture. The fourth of this pame was drown- 
ed in the Red Sea. 

PHARMACOPGEIA A book of medi- 
cines. 

PHARMACY. The art of preparing, 
compounding, and preserving substances 
for the purposes of medicine. 
PHAROS. A watch-tower among the 
- ancients. 

PHASES. The various appearances of 
the moon at different ages, being first 
___— & crescent, then 8 semicircle, then gibbous, 
: and Jastly fall, when she returns by the 
same gradation to the state of a new 
moon. These various appearances are 
 @aused by the different positions of the 

. B 




















at different timer, 
sun and earth 





PHEASANT. A bird of game, highly 
esteemed for its flesh. It is a native of 
India, but is now common in Europe, par 
ticularly in England. See Partripar. 





PHEON. A kind of missile weapon 
or dart with a barb, which is sometimes 
borne in coats of arms. 

PHIAL. A little glass bottle, mostly 
used for medicine. 

PHILOLOGY. An assemblage of sci- 
ences, consisting of grammar, rhetcric, 
poetry, antiquities, history, and criticism, 
called by the French, belles-letters ; also 
the science of languages. 

PHILOSOPHER. One who is versed 
in, or addicts himself to the study of phi- 
losophy. 


PHILOSOPHER’S STONE. The ob- 


ject of alchymy by a long sought for prepa- 


ration, by which, as the alchymists pre 
tended, the base metals might be conver 
ted into gold and silver. 

PHILOSOPHY. Properly, the love of 
wisdom, a term applied either to the study 
of nature or morality, founded on reason 
and experience, or the systems which dif 
ferent men have devised of explaining the 











moral world ; as the Pythagorean philoso- 
phy, which taught, among other things, 
the transmigration of souls ; the Aristote- 
lian philosophy, or the doctrines of Aristo- 
tle, which are to be found in his works; 
the Socratic philosophy, which is to be 
found in the writings of Xenophon and 
Plato; Epicurean philosophy, a sceptical, 
licentious scheme of morals ascribed to 
Epicurus ; Stoic philosophy, the doctrines 
ef Zeno the Stoic, who maintained, among 
other things, that a man might be happy 
in the midst of the severest tortuies ; the 
Cynic philosophy, the followers of which 
affected a great contempt of riches, and 
of all sciences except morality ; and the 
Sceptical philosophy, broached by one 
Pyrrho, who affected to doubt every thing. 


PHONOGRAPH. An _ apparatus 
which makes a permanent, graphical 
record of spoken words or musical 
sounds, and by means of which we are 
able to reproduce at any future time, 
in audible form, the same sounds it has 
recorded, and with all the peculiarities 
of pronunciation and inflection. 


PHOSPHATES. Salts formed by phos- 
phoric acid, with the alkalies, earths, and 
metallic oxides. 

PHOSPHITES. Salts formed with 
phosphorus united to the earths, alkalies, 
and metallic oxides. 

PHOSPHORIC ACID. An acid form- 
ed by the combination of muriatic acid 
with oxygen. 

PHOSPHOROUS ACID. 


An acid 


formed by the combination of phosphorus | 


with oxygen. It contains less of the latter 
than phosphoric acid. 

PHOSPHORUS. A yellow, semitrans- 
parent substance, of the consistence of 
wax, but brittle during the frost. It is Iu- 
minous in the common temperature of the 
air, of a rough, disagreeable taste, and a 
smell like garlic. 

PHOSPHURET. A substance formed 
by the union of alkalies, earths, and me- 
tallic oxides with phosphorus. 

PHRENOLOGY. A newly invented 
science, which professes to teach, from 
the conformation of the human skull, the 
particular characters and propensities of 
men, presuming that the faculties and 


operations of the human mind have their ! 


particular seat in the brain, and are to be 
traced by particular external marks See 
CRA RIOLOGE 

PHYLACTERY. Acharm or amulet 
among the ancients, which, being worn, 
was supposed to preserve people from cer- 
iain evils, liseasey, or dangers. 


various phenomena in the aaturel ‘ina 


icine, or the art of healing. — : 


The science which explains the doctrina 
of natural bodies, their phenomena, causes, — 


and effects, with their various affections, 


motions, and operations. 

PHYSIOGNOMY. 
particular characters and ruling passions 
from the features of the face and the cast 
of the countenance. 

PHYSIOLOGY. Thesame as Physics; 
also that branch of medicine, which treate 
of the structure and constitution of the 
human body, and the functions of the va- 
rious parts, with regard to the cure of 
diseases. 

PHYTOLOGY. 
forms, properties, and kinds of plants. 

PLA MATER (in Anatomy). The inte- 
rior membrane, enclosing the brain. 

PIANO FORTE. A well known key 

d instrument of German invention, which 
sends forth sounds both piano and forte 
that is, soft and strong. 

PIAZZA. A spacious ae enclosed 
with columns. 

PICAS. An order of birds on the Lin 
nean system, under the class Aves, com- 
prehending such as have their bill com- 
pressed and convex, including the parrot 
crow, raven, magpie, cuckoo, jay, bird of 
paradise, &c. 


PICKLE. A brine or liquor, usually” 


composed of salt for seasoning meat, and 
also of spice and vinegar for preserving 
fruits ; also the fruits preserved in pickle. 

PICQUET (in Military Affairs). Acer- 
tain number of men, horse or foot, who de 


duty as an outguard, to prevent surprises. _ 
The composed mat- 


PIE (in Printing). 
ter broken or thrown out of order. 


PIE-POW DER, or Court or Pre-Pou- 


pre. In England, a court held in fairs. 
PIER. A mole or rampart raised in — 
harbour to break the force of the sea. 


PIGEON. A domestic bird, of which 
there are many Varieties, as the rock pi- — 
geon, the carrier pigeon, the powter, sha- 


ker, tumbler, &c. See Doves. 


PIGMENTS. Artificial preparations in — 


imitation-of certain colours. 
PIG OF LEAD. About two hundred 
and fifty pounds weight 
PIKE (in Ichthyology). 


and America, 
racity, and also for its longevity. 
PIKE (in Military Affairs). 


PILASTER. A square piles 


Ay * 


PHYSICS, or. Natura Palcototuy, % 





A treatise on the 


A fish which — 
abounds tn most of the kes of Europe — 
It is remarkable for ita vo 


A long. 
slender staff, with @ pike or ake at 3 KN i 
| end. % 








The study of men's 















baad 
‘+3 
cy 








LE (ia Artillery). A heag of sho 
Is piled up inte a wedgelike form. 
ving piles or stakes in the beds of rivers, 
asa foundation en which a bridge is raised. 


id 















eign lands for purposes of devotion. 
PILL. A solid medicine made of seve- 
ral ingredients into the shape of a ball. 
PILLAR. An irregular kind of column, 
as a butting pillar, raised t support a wall. 
PILLION. A sort of soft saddle for a 
female to sit on horseback behind a horse- 


man, 


PILLORY (in Law). A wooden ma- 
chine in which offenders are exposed to 
the gaze of the multitude. 

PILLOW. A cushion on which the 
head rests. 

_ PILLOW (among Mariners). A piece 
of timber on which the boltsprit rests. 

PILOT One who is employed to con- 
duct ships into roads or harbours, over 
bars or sands, &c. 

' PIMENTO. See Auusrice. 

PIN. A small, sharp-pointed piece of 

Wire, with a head to it, used by women in 

Bese the: clothes ; also any thing in 
the shape’of a pin, which serves to fasten, 
as the linchpin, which locks the wheel to 
the axle ; alsothe screw of a musket bar- 

_ rel, and the like. 

_ PINCERS. A sort of tool used by arti- 

ficers ia drawing nails. 





PINCHBECK. An alloy, containing 


three parts of zine, and four of copper. 
a PINEAL GLAND. A small, heartlike 
‘substance, about che size of a pea, situated 
tt e basis of the brain 


“The fruit of an herba 


shells piled -feeous plant which has leaves something 
--PILE-DRIVER. A machine for dri- 


similar to those of the aloe. The truit re- 
sembles in shape the cone of the pine-tree, © 
whence it has derived its name. !ts bo- 
tanical natne was Ananas, and in the . 
Linnzan system Brumelia Ananas. 

PINE-TREE. A large tree, the leaves o 
which are longer than those of the fir-tree. 

PINION, The joint of a bird’s wing 
remotest from the body. 


PINION (with Watchmakers). The 
nut or lesser wheel of a watch. 
PINION (with Mechanics). A lesser 


wheel which plays in the teeth of a larger. 

PINK. Asmall fragrant flower, of di- 
vers rich colours. The superior sorts are 
named cloves and Cinnamon. 

PINK (among Painters). 
colour. 

PINK (among Mariners). 
ing ship. 

PINNACE. A small vessel having 
sails and oars, and carrying three masts ; — 
also one of the boats belonging to a man 
of war. 

PINITEH. <A crystallized mineral 
found in the mine Pini, in Saxony, com- 
posed of silex,alumina,and oxide of iron. 

PINXIT, abbreviated Pinx, denotes, 
when placed at the bettom of a picture 
with the painter’s name, that he painted it 

PIONEERS (in Military Tactics). La- 
bourers who attend an army, in its march, 
to clear the way, by cutting down trees 
and levelling roads, as also to cast up 
trenches, make mines, and the like. 

PIONY. A garden plant, bearing a 
large flower resembling a rose in shape. 

PIP. A disease in young birds, which 
consists of a white skin or film under the 
tongue. 

PIPE. A tube made of clay, which is 
used in smoking. 

PIPE (in Building). A conduit for the 
conveyance of water and other fluids. 

PIPE (in Music). A musical wind in- 
strument, smaller than a fiute. Pan-pipes 
are a range of short pipes bound togethe: 
side by side. 

PIPE (in Anatomy). The windpipe. 

PIPE (in Law). In England, a roll, 
otherwise called the Great Roll of the 
Exchequer. 

PIPE (in Commerce). A measure of 
wine, containing 162 gallons. 

PIPE (among Miners). The ore whick 
runs endwise in a hole. 

PIPE-FISH. A fish so called from the 
length and slenderness of its bedy. 

PIPER. A player on the pipe 

PIPING. The slip of a pink. 


A faint red 


A small sail- 









PIQUET. A game nor cards avert “a 
two persons with only thirty-two cards, 
rejecting all the deuces, threes, fours, 
fives, and sixes. 

PIRATE. Asea robber; one who lives 
by plunder at sea. 

PISCES (in Ichthyology). The third 
elasa into which Linneus divided the ani- 
meal kingdom, consisting of five orders, 
mamely, the abdominales, apodes, cartila- 
ginii, juguilares, and thoracici. See Aspo- 
MInaLes, &c. 

PISCES (in Astronomy). The twelfth 
and inst sign in the zodiac, marked thus 


(3€ )- 
_PISCIS VOLANS. A constellation in 
the southern hemisphere. 

PISTACHIO. A nut of an aromatic 
smell, growing on a tree in Syria, from 
which an oil is extracted. 

PISTIL, er Porntan (in Botany). An 
organ adhering to the fruit for the recep- 
tion of the pollen. 

PIROGUE. A kind of canoe con- 
sisting of the hcllowed trunk of a 
single tree, used in the southern and 
eastern seas; in North America, a 
Darrow ferry boat. 

PISTON. A sucker, or that part which 
acts as such in all pumps, &c. 

PITCH. A tenacious, oily substance, 
drawn chiefly from pines and firs. 

PITCH (in Architecture). The angle 
to which a gable end, and consequently a 
tvhole building, is set. 

PITCH (in Husbandry). 
with a pointed end 

PITCH (in Music). The acuteness or 
_ gravity of any particular sound. 

PITFALL. A ginorsnare to catch beasts, 

PITH. The soft, spongy substance in 
the etalk or stem of plants. 

PIVOT. The pin on which any thing 
hirns. 

PLX (in Law). The box in the mint in 
which the pieces of coin are kept that are 
gohected for trial. 

PIX, Triat or tHE. In England, the 
trial of the-coinz, previous to their being 
igsuvd, before a jury of twenty-four per- 
ong, twelve of whom are goldsmiths. 

PLACARD. | A proclamation in [ol- 
tand, and in France a table wherein laws 
and orders were hung up; with us, vulgarly, 
any bill posted up ogatast 8 wall or post. 


An iron bar, 


PLAID. A sort cf stuff worn by Scotch 
Highlanders. 
PLAGIARY. A Hiterary thief, who 


purioias the werks of another, and ting 
dishes them in his own name. 

PLAGUE A contagious and malignant 
distemper € 








= 












PLAICE. A sort of flat fish, which b 

a delicate flesh. 
PLAN. The representation of some: ee 

thing drawn on a plane, as maps, and 

charts, &c.; or, more particularly, the 

draught of a building, such as it is intend- 

ed to appear on the ground. 

PLANE (in Geometry). A plane or 
level surface, whose parts lie even be- 
tween its extremities. : 

PLANE (among Joiners). An edged 
tool for paring and shaving wood smooth. 


Ws 





PLANE TABLE. A simple instru- 
ment whereby the draught of a field iv 
taken on the spet. 

PLANETARIUM, or Orrery. An ave 
tronomical machine, made to represent 
the motions of the heavens. See Orrary. 

PLANE-TREE. A tall tree resembling 
a maple, which is a native of America. 

PLANETS. Wandering bodies, or 
such stars as change their position, in dis- 
tinction from the fixed stars. They are. 
distinguished into primary and secondary. 
The primary are those which are supposed 
to revolve round thr sun, as Jupiter, Mer- 
cury, Venus, &c.; and the secondary 
are those which revolye round a primary 
planet, as the moon, the satellites of Jupi- 
ter, Saturn, and Uranus. The original 
number of planets was six, constituting, 
as was imagined, the whole planetary 
system. ‘These were Mercury, Venus, 
the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, 
which were distinguished by some mark 
or attribute of the deities of those names. 
Thus the mark of Mercury, 9, represents 
his caduceus ; that of Venus, a mirror, 9, 
with a handle to it; that of Tellus, the 
earth, @, to denote itsSarm ; that af Mars, 
the god of war, aspear, what of Jupiter, 
the first letter of his Greek name, 2/; and — 
that of Saturn, a scythe, h 

PLANTAGINACE A, A nat. order 
of exogenous herbaceous plants, of 
which the Plantago is the genus. eo 

PLANISPHERE. A. projection of the 
sphere, and its various circles on a plane, 
such as maps, éc. ; but more particulariy, 
a projection of the celea:.al sphere upon & 
plane, representing the stars, constella, 
tions, &c. 

PLANK. A piece of timber sawed omy 
carpenters’ work. 

PLANTAIN. 


4 









A tree in the West i 











_ dies, South America, and Mexico, whizh 
Bas a beautiful foliage, and bears an esru- 
tent fruit. 











PLANTATION (in Politics). A colo- 
By or settlement of people if a foreign 
eountry. 


PLANTATION (in Horticuiture). Any. 


: place which is planted with shrubs and 
trees. : 
‘ PLANTER. A proprietor of grounds in 

the West Indies. 
PLASHING HEDGES Bending the 
ay boughs and interweaving them, so as to 
_- thicken the hedge. 































PLASTER (in Medicine). An external 
application to the body. 
PLASTER (in Masonry). Mortar for 


laying on walls, &c. : 

PLASTER OF PARIS. A paste made 
of gypsum. In London, the term is also 
ag applied to gypsum itself. 

" PLASTERER. One whoplasters walls. 
The company of plasterers was incorpo- 
rated in 1500. 
. PLATE. A broad, flat utensil, as a 
____ plate for eating on, and a copper-plate for 
___ printing on; any flat piece of metal in the 
same form or shape. 
PLATE (in Commerce). 
utensils made of gold or silver. 
PLATFORM (in Architecture). A row 
_ of beams which support the timber work 
of a roof ; also any erection consisting of 
boards raised above the ground for an ex- 
hibition or any other temporary purpose. 
PLATFORM (in Fortification). An ele- 
vation of earth on which cannon js placed. 
PLATFORM (in a Ship of War). A 
place on the lower deck ; the mainnxist. 
_ PLATING. Covering baser metals 
with a thin plate of silver. 
_ PLATINUM. A metal, so called from 
the Spanish plate-silver, becuuse it resem- 
_blessilver. It is reckoned by some to be 
the heaviest of all metals. It {s malleable 
nd ductile like gold. 


Vessels or 


PLATOON. A small, square body of 
forty or fifty musketeers, drawn out of a 
battalion of foot, and placed between the 
squadrons of horse to sustain them ; also 
in ambuscades and narrow defiles, where 
there is not room for the whole battalion. 
It is also used to signify a part of a com- 
pany of soldiers. 

PLATYFUS. A newly discovered ani- 
mal, the mouth of which is shaped liks 
the bill ofa duck, and the feet are webbed. 

PLEA (in Law). That which either 
party alleges in support of his own cause. 

PLEADER. A counsellor, or one who 
argues in a court of justice. 

PLEADING Putting in a plea in law; 
also the form of the pleading. 

PLEAS OF THE CROWN. In Eng- 
land, suits in the king’s name, for offen- 
ces committed against his crown and | 
dignity. 

‘PLEBEIAN. One of the plebs, or com- 
mon people among the Romans. 

PLEDGES (in Law). Sureties which 
the plaintiff finds, that he shall prosecute 
his suit. x 

PLEIADES. A cluster or assemblage 
of stars in the constellation Taurus. 

PLENIPOTENTIARY. A commis- 
sioner or ambassador from a government 
invested with full power to conclude 
peace with another government. 

PLENUM (in Physics). Aterm denot- 
ing that every part of space or extension 
is full of matter, as is maintained by the 
Cartesians. 

PLEONASM. A form of expression in 
which more words are used than are ne- 
cessary. 

PLETHORA A preternatural fulness 
of blood. 

PLEURA A membrane covering the 
inside of the chest. 

PLEURISY. An inflammation of the 
pleura. q 

PLEXIS. A net-work of vessels. 

PLICA POLONICA. A disease among 
the Polanders, which causes the hair te 
be clotted together so that it cannot bs 
separated, 

PLIERS. An instrument by whick 
any thing-is laid hold of, so as to bend it. 





of a tragedy comedy, or any fictitious 
narrative, 


2 


PLU 


PLOT (iv Surveying). The plan o>, #LUS, i. e. Mors. A term m uigebra, ne 
draught of ¢ field or any piece of ground, | @ denote addition, marked by the sign Rig 


eurveyea wih an instrument, and laid 
down in the proper figure and dimensions. 

PLOTTING. The describing or laying 
down on paper the several lines, angles, 
&c , of @ piece of land. 

PLOVER. A sort of bird which fre- 
quents the shores of England in spring, 
and migrates in autumn. The golden 
plover, black-bellied plover, and Wilson’s 
plover, are the varieties of this bird most 
common in the Middle and Hastern States 
They frequent coasts and open grounds. 

PLOUGH (in Agriculture). A machine 
for turning up the soil in preparation for 
receiving the seed. It consists of a wood- 
en frame, with a handle; a share, or 
sharpened piece of iron, fixed on the bot- 
.om of the plough ; and a coulter, anoth- 
er cutting iron, that stands upright in the 





PLOUGH (among Baokbinders). 
machine for cutting the edges of books. 

PLOUGHSHARE, The cutting iron 
fixed at the bottom of the wood-work of 
the plough, which forms the furrows. 


A 





PLUM A well known fruit of differ- 
ent kinds; also the dried raisin, that is 
imported. 

PLUMBAGO, er Brack Leap 
ere of a shining black colour. ‘° 

PLUMBER. A maker of leaden ves- 
els, or workerin lead. The company of 
plumbers in London was incorporated 
in 1611. 

PLUMB-LINE (among Artificers) <A 
perpendicular to the horizon, formed by 
means of the pluinmet. 

PLUME. A set of feathers for orna- 
ment, particularly ostrich feathers. 

PLUMMET. A leaden weight attached 
to a string, by which depths are sounded 
perpendicular.y, and perpendiculars are 
taken by carpenters, masons, é&e. 

PLURAILTY (in Law). In Fngland, 


An 


a term appiied to any number of benefice | right, end, keeping his finger against the 
.opea or lower orifice, he hamersed 


more tham one held by a clergyman. 


Ps 


Oo 










Mya 
aay 1 


(+ ), as 446-10, that is, 4 plus 6 equal — 


to 10. 


PLUSH. Cloth made either of silk, ag 


velvet ; or of hair, as shag. 

PNEUMATICS. 
treats of the mechanical properties of air 
and other compressible fluids. The prin. 
cipal mechanical properties of air which 
are treated of under this science, are its 
fluidity, weight, and elasticity. 


The science which ; 


PNEUMATICS, History ov. Although 


the ancients did not investigate the pro- 
perties of air with the same minuteness as 
the moderns have done, yet the subject 
evidently engaged the attention of Aristo- 
tle and other Grecian philosophers. Aris- 
totle was aware of the gravity of the air, 
and observed that a bladder filled with air 
would weigh more than the same bladder 
when empty; and Empedocles ascribed 
the cause of respiration to the weight#of 
the air, which, by its pressure, insinuates 
itself into the lungs. Its elasticity also, 


as well as its gravity, must have been 


known and made the subject of experi- — 


ments, if it be true, as is related by histo- 
rians, that Hero of Alexandria, and Ctesi- 
bius, his contemporary, invented air-guns. 
The subject was, however, for a long time 
neglected, or treated superficially ; for the 


effects which are now known to arise from | 


the gravity and elasticity of the air were 
for 2 long time attributed to the imaginary 
principle of a Fuga Vacui, or Nature’s ab- 
horrence of a vacuum, a principle which 
Galileo did not altogether discard, although 
he was fully aware of the gravity of the 
air, and pointed out two methods of de- 


monstrating it by weighing the airin bot- 


tles ; but the pressure of the atmosphere 
was first discovered by Torricelli, and 
clearly demonstrated by an experiment, 


which terminated in the invention of the 
It occurred to him, on — 
observing that a column of water, 34 feet 
high, is sustained above its level inthe 
tube of 8 common pump, that the same 
force, whatever that was, would sustaina 
column of any other fluid which weighed — 
as much as that column of water onthe ~ 


barometer in 1643 






game base ; and hence he concluded that 


quicksilver, being about 14 times as heavy 





as water, would not be sustained ata — i 








greater height than 29 or 30 inches. Ace — 
cordingly he took a glass tube of several 









feet in length, and, having sealed it herme-_ 


tically at one end, he filled it with quick- 
silver; then, inverting it, he held it u 


















































wil ndrawing his finger, he found that the 
qu ‘icksilver, according to his expectation, 
‘' descended till the column of it was about 
80 inches above that in the open vessel ; 
whence he was led to infer that it cout 
7, oh no other than the weight of the atmos- 
j phere incumbent on the external surface of 
4 aH the quicksilver, which counterbalanced 
ht: the fluid in the tube, and thus introduced 
_ the principle that the air had not only 
Weight, but that its weight was the cause 
of the suspension of water in pumps, and 
_ of the quicksilver in the tube. This prin- 
_ ciple, after repeated experiments from the 
_ philosophers in France, England, and Ger- 
Many, became established, and thatof the 
_ vacuum was finally exploded. 
_ From this time they proceeded to be 
_ more minute in their investigations, and 
Father Mersenne, who was the first phi- 
- losopher in France that was apprized of 
_ Torricelli’s experiment, set about deter- 
- mining the specific gravity of air, which 
he made to be as 1 to 400 ; but Mr. Boyle, 
_ by & more accurate experiment, came to 
_ a nearer resuit, and made it to be to that 
of water in the proportion of 1 to 938, and 
Mr. Hawksbee succeeded, after repeated 
experiments, in obtaining the proportion 
of lto 855, Experiments were made by 
others in the winter as well as the sum- 
mer, and the medium of all is about 1 to 
832. 
As to the eiasticity of the air, which 
_ also became the subject of experiment, it 
_ was shown that, with moderate pressure, 
_ it is always proportional to the density, 
and that the density is always as the com- 
_ pressing force ; whence also the elasticity 
of air is as the force by which it is com- 
pressed. 
In consequence of these investigations 
$ By into the mechanical properties of the air, 
_ hot only was the barometer invented, and 
_ the air-gun revived, but other pneumatic 
machines were contrived, as the air-pump, 
air-ballocn, thermometer, &c. ; of which 
a more perticular account will be found 
under their respective heads. 
_ POACHING (in Law). . In England, 
f taking game by unlawful means, privately 
_ and without authority. 
POCKET. A large sort of bag in which 
wool is packed. A pocket of wool usually 
contains 25 cwt. A pocket of hops isa 
_ small bag in which the best hops are com- 
tires put. 


cET-SHERIFF (m Law) In 


essel of aleairss aa on 


England, a sheriff appointed by the king 
himself, who is not one of the three Rem- 
inated in the Exchequer. 

POETRY The art of writing poems, 
or fictitious compositions drawn out in 
measured Janguage. “As respects the sub- 
ject, it is divided into pastorals, satires, 
elegies, epigrams, &c.; as respects the 
manner or form of representation, inte 
epic, lyric, and dramatic poetry, &c.; as 
respects the verse, into blank verse and 
rhyme. 

POINT (in Geometry). That which 
has neither length, breadth, nor thickness 

POINT (in Astronomy). The name for 
certain parts in the heavens, as the cardi- 
nal points, the solstitial points, écc. 

POINT (among Artists). An iron or 
steel instrument used for tracing designs 
on copper, wood, stone, &c.; in com- 
merce, lace wrought with the needle. 

POINT-BLANK. The shot’ of a gua 
levelled horizontally. _ 

POINTER, A dog that points out the 
game 





POINTERS (in Astronomy). Two stars 
in Ursa Major, the hindermost of the Wain, 
so called because they always point near- 
ly in a direction towards the North Pole 
star. 


POINTING (in Gunnery). The level 
ling a gun towards an object. 
POINTING (in Grammar). Dividing a 


discourse by. means of points. 

POINT OF SIGHT (in Perspective) 
A point on a plane marked out by a right 
line drawn from the perpendicular to the 
plane. 

POINTS (in Grammar). Hebrew cnar- 
acters, to express vowel sounds; also 
characters for separating words and sen- 
tences from each other, as the comma (,), 
the semicolon (;), the colon (:), period or 
full stop (.), note of admiration (!), note of 
interrogation (?). 

POINTS OF THE COMPASS. Thir- 
ty-two divisions in the mariner’s compass, 
each of which is 11 degrees and 15 min- 
utes distant from each other, 

POISON. Any substance which in a 
particular manner deranges the vital fure 
tions, and terminates mortally, if not coun 
teracted. 


POLARITY The property of pointing 











£95 POL 


to the poles, which fe the characteristic of 
the magnet. 
POLE. A ong bar of wood, cut and 


fitted for various purposes, as the pole of: 


a carriage, &c. 

POLE (in Surveying). 
taining 16 feet and a half. 

POLE (in Mathematics). A point nine- 
ty degrees distant from the plane of any 
circle. 

POLE (in Astronomy). The extremity 
of the axis of the earth, an imaginary 
point on the earth’s surface, of which 
there are two, namely, the Arctic or North 
Pole, and the Antarctic or South Pole. 
These are so encompassed with ice, that 
every attempt to approach them within a 
considerable distance, has hitherto proved 
ineffectual. 

POLECAT. An animal of the weasel 
tribe, which emits a most fetid vapour 
when pursued. It inhabits Europe and 
Asiatic Russia. 

POLEMICS. Treatises concerning dis- 
puted points in theology 

POLES (in Magnetism). The two 
points of a magnet, corresponding to the 
poles of the world, the one pointing to the 
north, and the other to the south. 

POLE STAR, or Potar Sran. A star 
of the second magnitude, the last in the 
tail of Ursa Minor, which, owing to its 
proximity, never sets, and is therefore of 
great use to navigators in determining the 
latitudes, &c. 

POLICE. The internal government of 
any town or country, as far as regards the 
preservation of peace. 

POLICY. The art of government, prin- 
cipally as regards foreign affairs. 

POLICY OF INSURANCE. An in- 
strument or deed by which a contract of 
insurance is effected. 

POLITICAL ARITHMETIC. The 
application of arithmetical calculations to 
political uses, as in estimating the reve- 
nues, resources, and population of a 
country 

POLITICAL ECONOMY. The art or 
aeory of managing the affairs of any state. 

POLL, or Deep Por (in Law) A 
deed that is polled or shaved even. 

POLL (in Elections). The register of 
those who give their vote, containing their 
name, place of residence, é&c. 

POLLEN. A prolific powder contained 
in the anther of flowers. 

POLLUX. A starof the second mag- 
nitude in the constellation Gemini. 


A measure con- 


| polygon, a figure of many angies ; jsut ‘ 


adelphia, polyandria, &e 


POLYADELPHIA (in Botany). Owe 


of the Linnean classes, including planta 
that have many stamens to each flower 
united by their filaments into three or 
more distinct bundles. 





POLYANDRIA (in Botany). One of 
the Linnean classes, including plants, the 
flowers of which have many stamens. 





POLYANTHUS. A plant with a per- 
ennial root, that yields many flowers. It 
is much cultivated in gardens, and greatly 
esteemed for the richness and diversity of 
{ts colours. 

POLYGAMIA (in Botany) One of the 
Linnean classes, including plants that 
have both male and female flowers, asthe 
fig-tree, date-tree, plantain-tree, é&c. 


; 
: % 
ieee ee 5, 


POLYGAMY. The having more than 
one husband or one wife, either at the 
same time or in succession, 

POLYGAMY (in Law). 





The having 


more than one husband or wife at the RY 


same time, which is felony. 


POLYGLOTT, i. e. Many languages; — 
as the Polygiott Bible,a Bible printed in — 


many languages, 


POLYGON. A figure of many sides 


and many angles. 
POLYGYNIA (in Botany). 
Linnean orders, containing plants the 


POLY. A prefix in many words, de- | flowers of which have many pistiia 


noting a multitude or indefinite number, 


POLYPE. An animal of the worm 
pa oalvavilabky a word of many svilables | tribe inhabiting the ataenant water, 





Gas ofthe — 




















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© 3 





——! 
<= 


Span cete 


aes 


ot 


ay eRe Neen RS 


ee 


ang 


4 
pap 2 


I a eS 
eS oe 
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SS 

















POLYPUS. A sea-fish, resembling the 


_ euttle-fish, so called because it has numer- 


ous feet. 

POLYPUS (in Surgery). A fleshy tu- 
mour, commonly met with in the nose, 
that abounds in ramifications, from which 
it has its name. 

POLYSYLLABLE. A word of many 
sylisbles. 

POLYTHEISM. The doctrine that 
there are more gods than one. 

POMACEZ (in Botany). One of Lin- 
neus’s natural orders, containing plants 
shat have a pulpy fruit, as the apple, pear, 
é&c. 

POMATUM. A sweet-scented oint- 
ment, originally made of the juice of the 
apple, called pomewater, but now of hogs’ 
ward, rose-water, &c. 

POME-APPLE. A small apple, of a 
pleasant taste and grateful scent. 

POMEGRANATE. A round fruit, of 
the pomegranate tree, full of kernels. 

POMONA. A goddess among the Ro- 
mans, worshipped as the patroness ef 
fruits and flowers. 


pares 
in ERE 





POMPE! A town of Campania, at 
the foot of Mount Vesuvius, which was 
buried in an eruption that happened a.» 
79. The ruins were discovered in the 
middle of the eighteenth century. 

PONTIFEX. The high priest among 
the Romans. 

PONTIFF. The high or chief priest in 
the Romish and Greek churches, as the 
pope or patriarch 

PONTIFICALIA. The robes in which 
a bishop performs divine service. 

PONTONS. A bridge made of pon- 
teons, or boats fitted for the purpose of 
conveying soldiers. 


POOP. The upvermost part of a ship’s 


POR a 


‘4 - Burope, which {s remarkabis for the pro-; POP, or Para. A title originally given 
 perty, that, if cut into ever so many parts, 
' each part becomes a perfect animal 


to all bishops, as the fathers of the church 
by order of Gregory VIJ., it became the 
peculiar title of the bishops of Rome, as 
heads of the Roman Catholic church. 

POPLAR. A tall, slender tree, of swift 
growth. The wood is soft, white, and 
stringy. 

POPULATION. The aggregate num- 
ber of people in any country, which, ow- 
ing to the increase of births above that of 
the deaths, is continually increasing im 
most parts of the habitable world. 

PORCELAIN. A sort of earth or clay 
the finest kind of which is found in China: 
also the ware made of porcelain or any 
fine earths. In China, this earth, being 
beaten, and steeped in water, affords a 
cream at the top, and a grosser substance 
at the bottom, the former of which is used 
for the finest kind of ware, or china; and 
the latter for the coarser sort. 

PORCUPINE. An animal, native of 
warm climates, resenebling a hedgehog 
but considerably larger. Its body is fur. 
nished with bristles or spines, which it 
erects when it is frightened. 


{yew 





PORES Cavities in the skin, which 
serve ag passages for the perspiration ; alse 
small interstices between the particles of 
matter which compose bodies. 

PORPHYRY. A compound rock, con- 
sisting most. commonly of felspar and 
quartz. 

PORPOISE. A sort of dolpnin, having 
a broad back anda bluntish snout. Mul- 
titudes of these fish are often seen at sea 
and frequently they play about ships. 





PORT. A harbour or place of shelter, 
where ships arrive with their freights, and 
customs from goods are taken; ales the 
wine that comes from Oporto. 

PORTCULLIS (in Fortification) A 
machine like a hasrew, bung over te 








# 





gates of a city, to be let down to keep out 


the enemy. 
PORTER. One who carries goods for 
hire, and alse one who attends at a gate. 

PORTER. A kind of malt liquor made 
of high-dried mait. 

PORTHOLES. Holes in the sides of 
the vessels, through which guns are put. 

PORTMANTEAU. A cloak-bag, to 
carry the neceszary clothing on a journey. 

POSITION (in Arithmetic). A rule in 
which any supposed number is taken at 
pleasure, to work the question by. 

POSITIVE DEGREE. The first de- 
gree of any quality expressed by the word 
itself. 

POSITIVE ELECTRICITY. A term 
applied to bodies supposed to contain 
more than their natusal quantity of elec- 
tricity. 

POSSE COMITATUS (in Law). The 
armed power of the county, or the atten- 
dance of all persons charged by the sheriff 
to assist him in the suppression of riots, 
&c. 

POSSESSIVE CASE (in Grammar). 
Any ending of nouns which denotes pos- 
session. 

POST (in Military Affairs) Any spot 
of ground that is marked out to be occu- 
pied by soldiers. 

POST (in Commerce). A conveyance 
for letters and despatches. 

POST (in Grammar). A prefix to many 
words, implying after, as postdiluvian, 
after the deluge. 

POSTHUMOUS CHILD (in Law). 
One born after his father’s death. 

POSTMAN. One who delivers the let- 
ters from the post-office to the persons to 
whom they are addressed. 

POSITION. In arithmetic, a rule of 
supposition, called also Rule of False.— 
In geometry, a line is said to be given 
in position when its direction is known; 
in magnitude, when its length is known. 
~—In painting, the placing of the model 
in the manner best calculated for the 
end which the painter has in view. 

POSOLOGY. That part of medicine 
which teacies the right administration 
of doses. 

POST-POSITIVE. In gram., placed 
after a word. 

POST-POSITION, In grammar, a 
word or particle placed after or at the 
end of a word, and which shows the 
relation it bears to another word in the 


sentence. 


POST-OBIT. A bond payable after 


the death of a certain person named in], 


it, from whom the person granting it 
has expectations. 

|. POSTIL. A marginal note, originally 
im the Bible. 


‘POSTULATE. Any fundamental pr 
ciple in a science that is taken for granted, 


is a brittle, corrosive substance, of a white 
colour and acrid taste. 

POTASSIUM. A metallic substance, 
which is supposed to be the basis of potash. 

POTATO. An edible root, once pecn- 
liar to America, but now common in most 
countries. 

POTSTONE. A mineral of a greeniat,- 
gray colour, found abundantly near the 
lake Como, in Lombardy. 

POTTERY. The manufacture of earth- 
en pots, or earthenware in general, but 
particularly of the coarser sorts. 

_ POUNCE. The powder of gum sanda- 
rach, sifted very fine. 

POUND. A weight containing 12 ounces 
Troy, and 16 avoirdupois weight. 

POUND (in Law). Any enclosed place 
for the keeping of beasts in, particalarly 
such as are distrained. 

POUNDER. The name ofa great gua, 
from the weight of the ball it carries, asa 
six, twelve, and twenty-four pounder, &c. 

POWDER. Any thing as fine as dust 
as gunpowder, hairpowder, &c. 

POWDER-CHESTS. Triangular chests 
on board a vessel for holding the gunpow 
der, &c. . 

POWDER-HORN. A horn in which 
gunpowder is kept. 

POWDER-MILL — A mill in which the 
ingredients for gunpowder are ground and 
mingled. ' 

POWER (in Mechanics), Any force 
which, applied to a machine, sets it in 
motion. There are six simple machines, 
which are particularly denominated the 
six mechanical powers, namely, the lever, 
the balance, the screw, the wheel and 
axle, the wedge, and the pulley. 

POWER (in Arithmetic), The produce 
of any quantity multiplied by itself any 
number of times, as the square, cube, bi- 
quadrate, &c, 

POWER (in Law). The authority 
which one man gives another, toact forhim. 

POWER-LOOM. A loom werked by 
ste=m or water. | 

POWER OF ATTORNEY (in Law) 
An instrument or deed whereby a person 
is einpowered to act for another. - 

POWER OF A GLASS (in Optics) 
The distance between the ccmvexity and 
the focus. 


POWTER. A sort of pigeon, whied — 


swells up its neck when it is displeased 
PRACTICE (in Arithmetic). An easy 


and expeditious method of resolving ques 


r) 


POTASH. An tmpure fixed alkaline 
salt, procured by burning vegetables. [t 


































the daily business of a tradesman. 


PRACTICE (in Law). Any fraudulent: 
underhand mode of proceeding. 
PRACTICE OF THE COURTS (in 


Law). The form and manner of conduct- 


img and carrying on suits at law or in 


equity. 

PRASMUNIBE. See Premunine, 

PRETOR. A chief magistrate among 
the Romans, instituted for the administra- 
tion of justice in the absence of the consuls 

PRAIRIE. Literally a meadow, but 
applied to the open grounds in the west- 
ein country, which are generdlly level, 
and many of them of vast extent. 

PRAWN. A email sea-fish of the crab 
kind, larger than a shrimp. 

PREAMBLE (in Law). The introduc- 
tory matter to a statute, which contains 
the reasons for making such an enactment. 

PREBENDARY. In England, an ec- 
cleaiastic who enjoys a prebend. 

PRECARIOUS (in Law). An epithet 
for what is granted to one upon entreaty, 
to use so long asthe party thinks fit. _ 

PRECEDENCE (in Heraldry). The 
right of taking place before another, which 
is determined by authority, and followed 
exactly on ail public occasions of proces- 
sions and the like. 

PRECEDENT (in Law). An original 
writing or deed to draw others by. 

PRECEPT (in Law). A command in 
writing, sent out by a magistrate for the 
éringing a person or a record before him. 

PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOX- 
ES. A slow motion of the equinoctial 
points, by which they change their place, 
going from east to west, or backward, in 
antecedentia, as it is called, that is, contra- 
ry to the order of the signs 

PRECIPITATE (in Chemistry). Any 
substance in a solution which separates 
and falls to the bottom, particularly a cor- 
rosive medicine Lesions by precipitating 


_ mercury. 


PRECIPITATION, The falling or 
causing to descend the particles of any me- 
tallic or mineral body, which are kept in 
the menstruum that dissolved it by putting 
in some alkal‘, &c. 

PREDICATE (in Logic). That which 
is predicated, that is, affirmed or denied 
of a thing, as ‘ snow is white, ink is not 
white ;? whiteness is here predicated of 
the snow and the ink. 

PREFECT. In Europe, the governor 
of a place. 

PRELATE. An epithet applied to a 


ys is dignified clergyman, as a bishop ard arch- 
a! bighep. 





i ie © Rule of ‘Three, a8 applied to | 


PREMISES (in Louis) “The two first 
propositions of a syllogism, which are pre- 
viously supposed to be proved. 

PREMISES (in Law). Things spoken 
my rehearsed before, as lands, tenements, 

-, before mentioned in a lease. 

(gs Metal) Tne sum of money given 
for the insuring of houses, goods, shipa, &c. 

PREMUNIRE (in Law). In England, 
& writ originally directed against those of- 
fences which affected the king or his gov- 
ernment, which were committed under 
the sanction ef the pope. It was after- 
wards extended to all such offences, from 
whatever cause they were committed ; also 
the offence itself, which subjected the of- 
fender to be put out of the king’s protection, 

PRESBYTERIANS. A sect of profess 
ing Christians, se called from their admit- 
ting lay elderg into their charch govern- 
ment. : 

PRESCRIPTION (in Medicine). That 
which is prescribed by a physician to be 
taken by the patient. 

PRESCRIPTION (in Law). A axe 
and title toa thing grounded upon a con- 
tinued possession of it, beyond the mem- 
ory of man. 

PRESENTATION (in Law). In Eng- 
land, the offering a clerk to the bishop by 
his patron, to be instituted. 

PRESENTMENT (in Law). A deela- 
ration or report made by jurors or others, | 
of any offence to be inquired of in the 
court to which it is presented. 

PRESERVE. In England, a small 
enclosed place in gentlemen’s grounds, 
where game is preserved 

PRESS. A machine by which things 
are compressed. It acts by means of the 
screw, and serves for different purposes, 
as for pressing the juice out of grapes and 
other fruits for making wine, the pressing 
of the curd in making cheeses, &e 

PRESS. The printing machine, and 
also printing itself, as the liberty of the 
press, that is, the liberty of printing what 
ever one pleases without any restriction 
from the government 

PRESS, or Przesseanc. In Engiand,a 
number of men headed by an officer, and 
appointed to impress seamen in time of war. 
. PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE (in Law). 
That which amounts almost to full proof. 

PRESUMPTIVE HEIR. One who, 
the ancestor should die immediately, would, 
under present circumstances, be hia heir, 
as distinguished from the heir @pparent. 

PREVENTIVE SERVICE, Im Eng 
land, a numoer of men employed on the 
coast, to keep watch and prevent smug 
ling. 


/ 








PRIMA PACIE, On ‘he first view of; 
any question. 

FRIMARY PLANETS. These which 
gevelve round the sun as a centre, as Mer- 
eury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, 
Saturn, and Herschel. 

PRIMATE. In England, the firat or 
shief archbishop. x 

PRIMATE (in Poaieys The first or- 
der in the Linnean class of mammalia, in- 
eluding man, the ape, baboon, monkey 
&e. 

PRIME FIGURE. That which cannot 
be divided by any figure but itself. 

PRIME OF AGUN. The powder put 
into the touchhole. 

PRIMITIVE (in Grammar). The root 
er original word in a language, from which 
others are derived. 

PRIMAGE. In commerce, an allow- 
ance paid to the master and sailors of a 
ship for loading or unloading a cargo, 
and for the use of cables and ropes. 

PRIMARY. An epithet of frequent 
application in art and science.—In as- 
tronomy, primary planets are those} 
which revolve round the sun as their 
centre, in distinction from secondary 
planets or satellites, which revolve 
round the primaries. si painting, pri 

mary colors are those into which 2 rayy 
of solar light may be decomposed. 
Newton supposed them to be seven: 
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, 
and violet. In geology, primary, is a} 
term sometimes applied to those old! 
formations composed of gneiss, mica 
slate, chlorite slate, and clay slate or 
other rocks which have undergone 
great change. 

PRIME. In dialling, prime vertical 
ig a vertical circle which is perpendicu- 
lar to the meridian.—In arithmetic, 

rime numbers are numbers which 

ave no divisors. 

PRIMITIA. The first-frnits of any 
production of the earth, which were 
uniformly consecrated to the Deity by 
all the nations of antiquity. 

PRIMITIVE. <A term frequently 
applied to scientific objects. 

PRIMOGENITURE. ‘The right that 
belongs to the eldest son and his heir to 
succeed to property or to an estate. 

PRIMORDIAL. Existing from the 
beginning; first in order; original. 

PREPUCE. The skin which is re- 
moved by circumcision; that fold of 
integument which surrounds and en- 
velops the glans penis. 

PRESBYOPIA. In. athology, a 
state of the eyo observed in advanced 
age, arising from a flatten’ ¢ of the 
eornea, and partial loss of the refrac- 
tive power of the eye. 

PRETIBIAL. In anatomy, situated 
anteriorly to the tibia, al 








OS 
tribe of wading aici including thos 


aah haye a flattened or oct rperes nN 
beak. 


PRISM (in Geometry), An eblong sob 
id contained under more than four planes, 


whose bases are equal, parallel, and alike 
situated. 

PRISM (im Dioptries). A solid glzes in 
the form of a prises much used in ez- 
periments on the nature of light and 
colours. 

PRIVATEERS. Vessels fitted out by 
private persons, with the license of the 
prince or state, for the purpose of making 
prizes of the enemy’s ships or goods. 

PRIVET. A shrub much used fer 
hedges. © 

PRIVY (in Law). One who is partak- 
er of, or has an interest in, any action, as 
privies in blood, that is, heirs to the ancee- 
tor; privies in representation, as execu- 
tan or administrators to the deceased. 

PRIVY COUNCIL. In England, the 
principal council belonging to the king. 

PRIVY SEAL, The king’s seal, which 
is first sot to such grants as pass the Great 
Seal of England. 

PRIZE (in Naval Affairs), A vessei 
taken from the enemy. 

PROBATE (in Law). {n England the 
proving of wills in the spiritual court. 

PROBATE, Counr or. 
Statez, a court that is charged with the 
settling of estates. ~ 


PROBATION. In England, the trial of 


a student who is to take his degrees. 

PROBATIONER,. fm England, asche» 
ar who undergoes a probation at the oni- 
versity. 

PROBE. A surgeon’s instrument for 
searching the depth, &e., of a wound. 

PROBLEM (in Gismesyy A proposi- 
tion in which something is proposed to be 
done, 

PRO BONO PUBLICO. For the pub- 
lic good. 

FROBOSCIS, An Elephant’s trank. 

PROCEEDS, What proceeds er arises 
from any mercantile transaction, as the 
net proceeds of a sale 


PROCTOR, In England, an adveeate 


in the civil law. 
PRODUCE, What any country yiolds 

from labour and growth, which may serea 

either for the use of the 

or be exported te foreign countries. Tag 

crops of grainy Ec, meni 

the finite 


In the United 







vee 













































yuingaline. = 
PRODUCT. The jeriler or quantity, 


fy produeed by multiplying two or more num- 
bers together, as 5X4=—-20, the preduct re- 
quired. 

' PRODUCTION. A work either of na- 
ture or art, as the productions of the field, 
or the productions of the press. i 

PROFESSOR. A lecturer or reader on 


f any art or science; one who publicly 
z 4 teaches any art. 
ae PROFILE (in Architecture). The 


@raught of a building, fortifications, &c. - 

PROFILE (in Sculpture and Painting). 

A head or portrait when represented side- 
ways, or in a side view. 

PROFIT. What is gained by any mer- 
cantile transaction. 

_ PROFIT AND LOSS (in Commerce.) 
The profit or loss arising from goods bought 
and sold; the former of which, in book- 

eeping, is placed on the creditor’ RS} Sine 
the latter on the debtor’s side. 

PRO FORMA. By way of form 

PROGRAMMA. A bill .or advertise- 
ment containing the notice of any exhibi- 
tion or ceremony. 

PROGRESSION (in Arithmetic and 
Geometry). A series of quantities, keep- 
Ing a certain ratio among themselves ; 
when they decrease or increase with equal 
differences, it is called arithmetical pro- 
gression, as 1,3, 5, 7, 9; when they in- 
crease by @ common multiplier, or de- 
‘crease by a ‘common divisor, it is called 
geometrical progression, as 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 
which increase by the comnion multi- 
plier, 2 

PROB BITED GOODS (in Law). Such 
as are pruhibited to be carried out of or 
“ae brought intoany country. — 

"te PROJECTILES. Bodies which are 
B) thrown forward with any violent force, as 

stone cast from a sling, or a bullet shot 
froma gun. The curve line represents the 
path of a projectile, or ball shot from the 
cannon 


PROJECTION. The representation of 
an object on the perspective plane. 
PROJECTION (in Architecture). The 
- @uut-jutting or prominency of columns, &c., 
Ny weyers the naked wall. 
- PROLEGOMENA. 
peliminary discourse. 
: eee NOTE: A nota of 
28 


An introduction or 


| sum at a certain time. 





y Fira sang the Cevulant ofa certain 


PROMONTORY. Any high, grows: 
running out into ine sea. 

PROMPTER One who dictates to ths 
actors during the performance. ; 

PRONOUN (in Grammar). A wore 
standing in the place of a noun, and mark- 
ing the different persons. They are per- 
sonal, when they simply denote the per- 
son, as ‘I, thou, he,’ &c.; possessive, 
when they also denote possession, as ‘ my, 
thine, his,’ &c.; relative, when they ex- 
press a relation to something going before, 
as ‘which, what,’ interrogative, when 
they serve to ask a question; demonstra- 
tive, when they point out things precisely 
as ‘this, that;’ indefinite, when they 
point out things indefinitely, as ‘any, 
some.’ 

PROOF (in Printing). An impression 
from a copper-plate, to show the state of 
the engraving ; also an impression taken 
soon after the engraving is finished. Proofs 
often sell at double the price of other im- 
pressions. 

PROOF OF A GUN. The trial to as- 
certain that it is well cast. 

PROOF SHEET. The sheet of a book 
taken off to be corrected. 

PROOF SPIRITS. Spirits which, on 
proof or trial, are found to be of good 
quality. 

PROPER NAME. The name ofa var- 
ticular person or thing. 

PROPERTY (in Law). 
right a man has to any thing. 

PROPERTY (in Physics). Any attri 
bute of a thing which is not essential to 
its existence. 

PROPORTION. The equality or simi- 
litude of ratios ; thus the four numbers, 4, 
8, 15, 30, are proportionals, or in propor- 
tion, because the ratio of 4 to 8 is equal or 
similar to that of 15 to 30, it being in both 
cases as 1 to2. Between proportion and 
ratio there is this difference, that the pro- 
portion consists always of four terms, and 
the ratio only of two. 

PROPOSITION (in Mathematics). A 
thing proposed to be demonstrated or pro- 
vided, 

PROPOSITION (in Logic). Ary sen- 
tence or speech which affirms or denies 
any thing; consisting of the subject, or 
that of which any affirmation or denial is 
made; the predicate, or that which is af- 
firmed or denied of the subject; and the 
copula, which unites the two. 

PROROGATION. In England, the inter 
ruption or patting off a session of parlia 
ment toa certain time appointed by the king 


The highest 








PROSECUTION (in Law}. The com-' 
mencing a suit against any one in a court 
of law. 

PROSODY. That branch of grammar 
which teaches the pronunciation of words 
according toa certain rule or measure. 

PRO TEMPORE. For the time being. 

PROTEST. In England, the deciara- 
tion of any peer in parliament stating his 
dissent from the vote of the house, and 
his reasons for such dissent, which he has 
a right of entering on the journals of the 
house , also a declaration against the pro- 
ceedings of a court. 

PROTEST (in Commerce). The act of 
the master, on his arrival with his ship 
froma parts beyond the seas, to save him 
and his owners harmless and indemnified 
from damage sustained during astorm ; also 
the declaration made by the holder of a bill 
f exchange, that the same is dishonoured. 

PROTESTANT. The name first given 
lo the followers of Luther, who protested, 
at the diet of Spires, against a decree of 
Charlies V.; a name since given to all 
members of the reformed churches. 

PROTEUS. Asea deity, who was said 
to assume various shapes. 

PROTHONOTARY In England, a 
chief clerk of the king’s bench and com- 
mon pleas. 

PROTOCOL. The first draught of a 
deed, contract, or instrument. 

PROTOMARTYR. The first martyr or 
witness that suffered death in testimony 
of the truth; a title given to St. Stephen. 

PROTOTYPE. The first pattern or 
model of a thing; the original of a copy. 

PROTRACTOR (in Surgery). An in- 
atrument for drawing out extraneous bodies 
from a wound. 

PROTRACTOR (in Surveying). An 
instrument for laying down on paper the 
angles in a field. The protractor is a small 
semicircle of brass or other material, the 
limb or circumference of which is nicely di- 
vided into one hundred and eighty degrees. 

PROV. An abbreviation for Proverbs. 

PROVISO (in Law). A condition in- 
serted in a deed. 

PROVOST. The mayor or chief magis- 
trate in Scotch cities and towns. 

PROVOST-MARSHAL An officer in 
‘the army, whose concern it is to appre- 
hend deserters; and in the navy, to take 
charge of the prisoners, &c. 

PROW. The head or fore part of a ship. 

PROXY. One who acts or stands for 
another in his absence. 

_ PROXY (in the Houge of Lords in Eng- 
land). ‘The-peer who is deputed by anoth- 
ox to vote for him in his absence. 





-PRUN ELLA, A 
fied saltpetre. 
PRUNING. 


bear fruit the better ; an important part of 
gardening, which can be learned only by 
practice and experience. 

PRUSSIAN BLUE. A pigment of a 
dark biue colour, now procured from bul- 
lock’s blood, carbonate of potash, vitriol 
of iron, alum, and muriatic acid. 

PRUSSIC ACID. An acid procured 


from Prussian blue, which is one of the 


most violent poisons. 

PSEUDO, i.e. Fausm. A prefix ined 
to many words, as pseudo martyr, a coun- 
terfeit martyr. 

PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM. The system 
of astronomy laid down by Ptolemy, the 
celebrated astronomer and mathematician 
of Pelusium in Egypt. This system is 
founded on the hypothesis that the earth is 
immovably fixed in the centre, not of the 
world only, but also of the universe, round 
which the sun, moon, planets, and stars all 
move from east to west once in 24 hours. 

PUBLICAN. A taxgatherer, or farmer 
of the public revenues among the Romans; 


now the keeper of a public house or com- 


mon place of entertainment. ‘ 

PUBLICATION. In England, the giv- 
ing out copies of depomneass in the Court 
of Chancery. 


PUBLICATION (in {iterseaney The 


editing and printing a book ; also any book 


or pamphlet offered to the publie. 

PUBLISHER. One who puts forth any 
printed book to the world, particulariy he 
who prints and publishes the manuscript 
copies of authors. 

PUDDING STONE. A mineral aggre- 
gate, consisting of flint pebbles imbedded 
in a silicious cement. 

PUFFIN. A sort of auk or sea-gull. 

PULLET. A young hen. 

PULLEY. 
powers, consisting of a small wheel, hav- 
ing a groove arcund it, and turning on an 
axia, as in the subjoined cui. 


‘ 





Lae off aed tas 
branches of trees, in order to make them 


‘One of the six mechaniea}. 









oe ae 





FULLEYS, Srerzm or, or Ponysrac = 


vox An assemblage of several pulleye 









with the weight 





PULP The soft part of fruits, roots 
é&c. 

PULPIT. A stage among the Romans, 
on which the actors performed their 


PULPIT (in the Christian Church). An 
elevated desk, where the sermon is de- 
livered. 

PULSATION. The beating of the 
' pulse ; also a morbid sensation in the body 

like the beating of the pulse. 

3 PULSE (in Anatomy). The beating of 
the arteries, or their alternate contraction 
and dilatation, by which the blood is im- 
pelled forward to all parts of the body. 

PULSE (in Physics). The stroke with 
which any medium is effected by the mo- 

tion of light, sound, &c. 

PULSE (in Botany). All sorts of grain 

contained in husks or shells. 

PULVERIZATION. The reducing 

* any solid substance to powder; or, in re- 

gard to the soil, reducing it toa state of 
fineness fit for the reception of the seed; 

My an important part of husbandry 

PUMA. The cougar of America. It is 

___, found both in the northern and southern 

divisions. In North America it is vul- 

-__ garly called panther. It is now seldom 

me ‘found in the Atlantic States, though 

it was formerly common in all parts of 

the country. It is about the size of a 
large dog, and is of a general ash colour. 
_ It is sometimes called the South American 
fion: it is of sufficient strength to bear 
_ the body ofa man. up a tree. 

PUMICE STONE. A spungy, light, 

" crumbling stone, which ia cast out from 

-voleanic mountains. 
_ PUMP. A machine for drawing water 
‘any other fluid, the invention of which 
ascribed te Ctesibius ; } pumps may eithes 
Pin g ees lifting and ne 






























Pade. 





apd ue Whicti are inf pumpe, O wehich Jatier are ta moat eee 
‘block or case, which is fixed, and others | use. 


ta gt aa! & movable block, that rises and falls 


ve 





PUMPKIN. A well known vegetable 
that grows upon a vime, and in New Bag: 
land is much used for pies. 





.PUN A playing with words white& 
agree in sound, but differ in senge. 

PUNCH. A liquor made with water, 
sugar, and the juice of lemons or oranges ; 
also an instrument of iron or steel, used in 
piercing holes. 

PUNCHEON., A block or piece of steel 
having figures engraven on it, from which 
impressions are taken ; it is used by gold- 
smiths, cutlers, pewterers, é&c. 

PUNCTUATION. ‘That branch of 
grammar which teaches the right method 
of dividing sentences by means of points 
or stops. See Porsrs. 

PUNCTUATION (in Surgery). The 
operation of making punctures or small 
wounds in the skin with a needle, for re- 
lief in certain disorders, as rheumatism. 

PUNT. A sort of flat-bottomed boat. 

PUPA. The chrysalis or quiescent state 
of an insect 

PUPIL (in Anatomy). The round aper- 
ture in the middle of the iris, the ball or 
apple of the eye, through which the light 


passes, 
PUPIL (in the Civil Law). 
the care of a tutor. 
PURGATION. The clearing one’s sel. 
of a crime; a mode of trying pere:ms a0 
cused of any crime, which was formeriy. 
in practice in Englaad 


One unde? 











QUA. 


PURGATORY. A piace where, ac- 
cording to the Roman Cetaolics, the souls 
of the faithful are purified by fire, from the 
sins which they carry with them out of 
this life, before they ere admitted to a 
state of perfect bliss. 

PURITAN. in England, & name given 
originally in derision to dissenters, who 
professed to have a purer doctrine and 
discipline than others. 

PURPLE. A mixed colour of red and blue. 

PURSER. An officer on board a man 
of war, who takes charge of the provisions. 

PUS. The corrupt matter issuing from 
a sore, which usually precedes the heal- 
ing, and in such cases is termed healthy or 
good conditioned pus. 

PUTREFACTION. The spontaneous 
decomposition of animal and vegetable 
matter, accompanied mostly with a fetid 
smell. Water and atmospheric sir are 
active agents in this process of nature. 

PUTTY. Whiting and linseed oil 
pounded together into a paste, which is 
used by glaziers in fastening the panes of 
glass, and also by painters in stopping 
crevices. 

PUZZULANA. A gray kind of earth 
used in Italy for building under water. 

PYRAMID (in Architecture). A solid 
massy edifice, constructed in the figure of 
@ pyramid, as described in the next article: 





Q. 


a, the seventeenth letter of the alphabet, 
ase numeral, stood for 500; with a dash 
over it, thus ‘4, for 5000; as an ebbrevia~ 
tion among the Romans for Quintus, &c. ; 
among Mathematicians, @. E. D., ‘Quod 
erat demonstrandum, i. ¢., which was to 
be demnonstrated, &e. ; among Physicians, 
Q@. 8. Quantum sufficit, aa much as was 


mecogsary. 
QUACK A modical imgostor 


te : rm CO re aan 








Of these edifices the Egyptians have f ‘ 
some specimens, as wonderful monuments 
of human skill. The largest pyramid, or 
the great pyramid, as it is called, is situa- 
ed with others, near Memphis, and is about yal oe 
500 feet high. SANs 

PYRAMID (in Geometry). <A solid Ste 
standing on a triangular, square, er poly- 
gonal basis, and terminating in a vertex ag AC ty 
point at the top. 

PYRITES. A mineral batt ot ; 
iron and sulphur. ey 

PYROLIGNEOUS ACID. An acid ES 3) 
obtained from beech and other woods, 
which is a liquid of the colour of white 
wine, of a strong acid, and slightly astrm- — 
gent taste. Jt is an antiseptic, and serves 
instead of wood smoke, of which it is 
the principle, for preserving animal sub- 
stances. 

PYROMETER. An instrument for 
measuring high temperatures, particularly — 
the one inyented by Mr. Wedgewood for 
determining the expansion of solid bodies 
by heat. This instrument is founded on 
the principle that clay progressively con- 
tracts in its dimensions in proportion as it 
is exposed to higher degrees of heat 

PYROPHORUS. A preparation from 
alum by calcination, which takes fire en 
exposure to the air. 

PYROTECHNY. The science which 
teaches the management and application 
of fire in several operations, particularly . 
in the construction of artificial fire Ne: 
works. Py 

PYTHAGOREAN SYSTEM The ak 
system of astronomy taught by Pythagoras, Be 
which was founded on the hypothesis that a 
the sun was a movable sphere situated in ake 
the centre, round which the other planeta = 
revolved. This is now called the Coper- 
nican system, because it was revived by 
Copernicus, ao au Ny 

PYTHIAN GAMES. Games celebrated = 
in Greece every five years, in honews of « K 
the Pythian Apollo at Delphi. 












QUADRANGLE (in Geometry) <A fip- 
ure consisting of four sidesand feurangies, = — 
QUADRANGLE (in Architecture). Amy 
range of houses or buildings with feur vy 
sides in the form of a square. 
QUADRANT (in Geometry). An arc 
of a circle, containing the fourth part, ex 
ninety degrees. ea 
QUADRANT (in Astronomy and Na. 
vigation). An instrument for 
































are of different forms, but the most esteem- 
ed is Hadley’s quadrant, as represented 
underneath. . This consists of an octant, 
or the eighth part of a circle, the index, |. 


the speculum, two horizontal glasses, two 
screens, and two sight vaneg. 





QUADRATES (in Printing). Square 
pieces of metal for filling up void spaces 
between letters, words, &c. 

QUADRATIC EQUATION (in Alge- 
bra). An equation in which the unknown 
quantity is a square. 

QUADRATURE. The finding a square 
equal to the area of any figure given. 

QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 


The finding some other right lined figure 


equal to the area of a circle, or a right line 
equal to its circumference, a problem 
which has employed the mathematicians 
of all ages, but asyetin vain. It depends 
upon the ratio of the diameter to the peri- 
phery, which was never yet determined 
in precise numbers. Archimedes showed 
that the diameter of a circle is to the cir- 
eamference as 7 to 22, and the area of a 
circle to the square of.the diameter as 11 
to 14 nearly. 

QUADRATURE OF CURVES. The 
finding a rectilineal space equal to a pro- 
posed curvilineal one. 

QUADRILATERAL. Four sided; an 
epithet for a square, parallelogram, and 
other figures having four sides. 


QUADRILLE. A game at cards played 


by four persons. 
. QUADRUPED. 
mal 
QUADRUPLE. Fourfold. 
QUZSTOR. An officer among the 
Romans, who had the charge of the public 
revenues. 
QUAGGA. A species of wild ass in 


Any four-footed ani- 


Southern Africa. 


QUAIL. A bird of game, about half 


enh’ ‘eas size of apartridge. The quail of Amer- 


QUA 


frope. The bird estled quail in New Eng 
land, is called partridge at the Bouth 





QUAKERS. A religious sect of pro 
fessing Christians, remarkable for thew 
singular neatness of dress, and many othex 
peculiarities. They are also denominated 
Friends, because they address all persons 
by the style of friend 

QUALITY (in Physics). The property 
of any body which affects our senses in 
such manner, as that it may be distin 
guished. 

QUANTITY (in Physics), Any thing 
capable of estimation or mensuration, 
which, being compared with another thing 
of the same nature, may be said to be 
greater or less, equal or unequal to it. 
Natural quantity is that which nature 
furnishes us with in matter and its ex- 
tensions. 

QUANTITY (in Grammar). An affee- 
tion of a syllable, or that which determines 
a syllable to be long or short. 

QUANTUM SUFFICIT, orQ.8. That 
which is necessary. 

QUANTUM VALEBANT. As much 
as they were worth; applied to goods 

QUARANTINE. The space of forty 
days, the time which every ship, suspected 
of infection, is obliged to remain in some 
appointed place, without holding any in- 
tercourse with the shore. 

QUARREL OF GLASS. A square of 
glass, 

QUARRY A place undecpronad| out 
of which aré got marble, freestone, slate, 
limestone, &c. 

QUARTAN. A fever or ague thai 
comes every fourth day. 

QUARTER (in Arithmetic). The 
fourth part of any thing. 

QUARTER (in Commerce), 
measure, containing eight bushels. 

QUARTER (in Carpentry). A piece 
of timber four inches square. 

QUARTER (in Naval Architecture), 
That part of a ehip’s hull which Lies from 
the steerage to the transum. 


A corn 


QUARTER (in Geography).. A name — 


for the four divisions of the globe. 
QUARTER. (in Military Affairs) Tae 


’ 





















sparing of men’s lives, aad gtving good 
treatment to a vanquished enemy. 

QUARTER DAYS. The days which 
begin the four quarters of the year, namely, 
the 25th of March, or Lady Day ; the 24th 
of June, or Midsummer Day ; the 29th of 
September, ar Michaelmas~Day ; and the 
2th of December, or Christmas Day, 

QUARTERING (in Law). The divid- 
ing the body of @ traitor into four parts 
after it is beheaded. 

QUARTERINGS. The partitions in 
an escutcheon, according to the number of 
coats of arms that are to be upon it. 

QUARTER-MASTER. An _ officer 
whose duty it is to: provide quarters or 
lodgings for the soldiers, 

QUARTER SESSIONS. In England, 
a court held every quarter by the magis- 
trates of the county, to hear and determine 
causes both civil and criminal; an appeal 
lies from these sessions to 2 superior 
court. 

QUARTETTO. A piece of music for 
four voices. 

QUARTO (in Printing). The form ofa 
book, the sheets of which are divided into 
four parts or leaves, making @ square ; it 
is mostly abbreviated in this manner, 
to. 

QUARTZ. A sort of siliceous earth, 
consisting of silica, witha small portion 
of alumina and carbonate of lime. It is 
not fusible per se, but with soda it runs 
into a nard pellucid glass ; when broken 
it becemes sand, 

QUASSIA. A sort of plant which is 
Zometimes used by brewers, in the stead 
of hops. It is also a valuable medicine. 

QUEEN CONSORT. In England, the 
wife of the king, who, though a subject, has 
nevertheless several prerogatives above 
other women. 

QUICK. The young plants of the haw- 
thorn, with which hedges are first made. 

QUICKLIME. Unslacked lime. 

QUICKSANDS. Sands that move and 
shake, into which these who pass over 
them are apt te sink. 

{{ZUICKSET HEDGE. Any live hedge, 
fe distinction from that made of dead 


R, the eighteenth letter of the alphabet, 
as @ numeral stood for 80; with a cash 
over it, R, for 80,000; as an abbreviation, 
R. tor Roma, Rex, and Royal; R. C., for 
Romana Civitas, &<¢ ‘ 








wood, but perticularly that 
with quick, ey Ne 

QUICKSILVER. The va gar name fo 
mercury. , 

QUIDNUNE. A carious person alwaye 
asking after news, 

QUID PRO QUO. An equivalent eo 
return for any thing given. 

QUILL. The feather of a goose er 8 
crow, &c., particularly that of whtieb, 
when cured, pens are made. 

QUINCE.’ A sort of apple with a rough 
acrid taste 

QUINTESSENCE. A preparation of 
the essential oil of some vegetable sub 
stance incorporated with the apirit of 
wine. ' 

QUIRK. An odd piece in 2 ground plot 
which remains after the square has been 
formed. 

QUI TAM. A sort of popular action, 
on a penal statute, brought at the suit of 
the commonwealth, as well as the perty 
or informant. 

QUITRENT. In England, a small 
rent, payable by the tenants of most ma- 








which is set : 
5 i es ey a 4 


1 


nors, whereby they go quit and free from_ 


all other services. 

QUOITS. A game which consisted in 
throwing a quoit or round iron toa certain 
distance. 

QUIVER. A case for arrows. 





QUORUM. Justices of the peace, 
so named because in the comm..asion 
they are said to be those before whom 
all matters of importance are transacted 

QUOTIENT. What results from the 
Aivision of one number by another, as 
6+2—3, the quotient. 

QUO WARRANTO - A writ to inquize 
by what authority, right, or title, any per- 
son or corporation holds a franchise, exer 
Cises an effice, and the like 


R. 
RABBETING The cutting of chan’ 


nels or grooves in a board. 
RABBI... A doctor in the Jewish lav. 


RABBIT, An animal of the hare kind 


but much sinaller There are two sorte 


\ 























aka the’ wild pabuit. [tts not a 


RACCOON. An animal of the bear 
tribe, which lives in hollow trees. It is 
said to catch crabs by letting its tail into 
the water, and pulling them out when 
they fasten apon it. 





RACE A sport which consists in run- 


ning on foot, or with horses, as a trial of 


skill, and for a certain premium or reward. 
Races, by which, absolutely taken, are 
meant horse-races, are carried on at New- 
market, Epsom, and many other parts 
of England at certain seasons of the 
year. 

RACE-HORSE, or Raven. A particu- 
lar breed of horses, which are trained for 
the purpose of running races. 





RACK. An engine of torture, formerly 
used in England, occasionally, and on the 
eontinent very commonly, for the purpose 
of extorting confession. 

RACKRENT. The full value of ne 


 Jand let by lease. 


RADIANT POINT Any poiat ae 
which rays proceed. 

RADICAL. The distinguishing part of 
an acid, that which unites with oxygen, 


cWe and is common to all acids. 


1. 
a ‘ ee 
aie ir) dee we a ® : 


RADIUS (in Geometry). The sem*- 
diameter of a circle, or a right line draw 
from the centre to the circumference. 

RADIUS (in Anatomy). The bone of 
the fore arm. 

RAFT. A sort of float, consisting of 
boards fastened together side by side; 9 
mode of conveying timber by water. 
RAFTERS. The pieces of timber, waich, 
standing by pairs on the raising piece, 
meet In an angle at the top, and form th 
roof of a building. 

RAG-ROWLEY, or Ricsronz. A sort. 
of stone of the siliceous or flint class. 

RAIL. A migratory bird, which inhab- 
its sedgy places. In the Middle and South- 
ern States, this bird is abundant on the 
rocky shores of the rivers,an% affords a fa- 
vourite amusement to sportsmen. 

RAILS. A weoden fence for enclosing 
a place. 


RAILWAY. A way constructed of 


tracks of iron called rails, on which 
the wheels of the railway-c carriages 
roil.—Railway-chairs are pieces of iron 

made to receive and support the rails, 
and which rest on the sleepers or 
blocks.—Railway-sleepers are the un- 
derlying timbers to which the chairs 
are fixed. 


RAIN. A vapour drawn up by the sun, 
that, after being condensed by the cold, 
falls to the earth in drops from the clouds. 
It is supposed that rain is, in almost every 
instance, immediately occasioned by the 


electrical action of the clouds upon one, — 


another. 

RAINBOW, A meteor in form of a 
party-coloured arc, exhibited in a rainy 
sky, opposite the sun, by the refraction 
and reflection of his rays in the drops of 
falling rain. 


RAINBOW, Manixz. A phenomenon 7 
sometimes observed in an agitated sea, — 


when, the wind carrying the tops of the 
waves aloft,and the sun’s rays falling up- 
on them, they sre refracted. 
RAIN GAGE. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity of rain that falls. 
RAISIN. The grape perfectly ripe, and 


dried either in an oven or by the heat of - 
the sun ; in this latter case, they are richer _ 


and sweeter than when dried in an oven 


The finest sort are imported in jars, and 


thence called jar raisins. f 

RAISING A SIEGE. Giving over the 
attack of the place. 

RAKE. An implement of husbandry 
provided with teeth, for making the eartt 
light and smooth. It is also used far gath- 
ering hay and grain. ‘The corn take, 3 
large kind of iron rake, naed in Suffolk 














RAN 





and Norfolk, England, for ee belay 
stubblea, is represested underneath 





RAKE (among Mariners). So much of 
the hull as hangs over both ends of her 

keel. 

RAM. The male of the sheep. 

RAMADAN. The Mahomedan fast, 
kept during the ninth month of the Arabic 
year. 

RAMIFICATION. Any small branch 
fasuing froma large one, particularly the 
very minute branches issuing from the 
larger arteries. 

RAMMER. An instrument for driving 
stones or piles into the ground. 

RAMPANT (in Heraldry). An epithet 
for a beast standing directly upright on his 
hinder legs. 

RAMPART (in Fortification). A massy 
bank of earth raised round a fortress, to 
cover it from the fire of the enemy. 

RAM’S HEAD. An iron lever to heave 
up great stones with. 

RAMS HEAD (among Mariners) A 

| great block or pulley, into which the ropes 
called halliards are put 

‘RANA The generic name for that 
. Class of animals in thes Linnean system, of 

which the frog and the toad are the prin- 
cipal species. 

RANCIDITY. Thechange whksch oils 
undergo, both in smell and taste, by expo- 
sure to the air. 

RANDOM The shot made from a 
‘piece not designed to shoot directly 
forward. 

RANGE (in Gunnery). The line which 
a shot describes from the mouth of a piece 
to the point where it lodges. 

RANGE (amorg Mariners), A suffi- 
cient length c* the cable drawn upon the 
deck before the anchor is cast loose from 
the bow. 

RANGER. In England, an officer 
whose duty it was to walk through the 
forest and present all trespasses at the next 
forest court: ag the forest laws are now 


| steeped in brandy. 


ranger 
not of the same impertance as aie ; ee 
RANK (in Domestic Policy). The sitte oe ok 
ation which one man holds in respect te 
another: this is particularly defined in re- 
gard to the nobility in England, asalsoin ~ pkey 
all offices of state, as also in the officers of ‘bee 
the army and navy. Ke 
RANK (in Military Tactics). The 
straight line which the soldiers of a bat- 
talion or squadron make, as they stand 
side by side. 
RANSOM, Money paid for the redeers- 
ing a captive or the liberty of a prisoner of — 
war. 
RANUNCULUS. A perennial, much 
cultivated in gardens, bearing a flower of 
a globular shape ; also the botanical name 
of a genus of plants, of which the globe | 
ranunculus, the crowfoot, and the spear. 
wort, are the principal species. 
RAREFACTION (in Physics). The 
act whereby a body is brought to possess 
more room, or appear under a larger bulk, ~ 
without the accession of any new matter. 
RASH. Aneruption on the skin. 

RASYP. A steel instrument with sharp 
teeth, used in rubbing things smooth. 
RAT. A fierce and voracious animal 
that ip fests houses, barns, corn stacks, &c. 
The common rat is a native of almost all 
countries, as is also the water rat, whick 
has the faculty of swimming, and lives on 

the banks of rivers or a 





RATAFIA. A delicious liquor, made rae 
of the kernels of apricots, cherries, &c., eeu) 


RATE (in Law). A valuation of every 
man’s estate, for determining the propor- 
tion that each is to pay of any tax. 

RATE (in Naval Architecture). Tha 
class or degree by which vessels are dis- 
tinguished, as regards their force, burden, 
&c. me 

RATIEN. A thick woollen stuff. ‘+ ie 

RATIFICATION. In England, the : 
confirmation of a clerk formerly given him 
by the bishop; also the confirmation of 8 
treaty. 

RATIO. The mutual habitude or ‘rela 
tion of two magnitudes of the same king 














respect. to q ty ; thus the ratio of 
lis double, of 3to 1 triple, &c. 

2 RATION. The share or proportion of 

meat, drink, forage, &c., given to soldiers 

or seamen. 


ae 

spends, andevery other circumstance. 

Be 7 RATLINES (among Mariners, called 
_-__ Ratlins). Lines which make the ladder 
. steps fer geing up the shrouds, and fut- 
oN tucks. 

_ «RATTLESNAKE. An animal of the 
a serpent kind, having a tail furnished with 
Pirie a rattle, which it shakes when angry. It 
tas: _ inhabits rocky and mountainous places in 
“es North America, and although its bite is 
ie poisonous, yet it does not attack eny one 
- , unless provoked. 

Re 

iat 

ee 

+5 





es 


ee 


RAVELINS. Works raised on the 

counterscarp before the curtain of a place. 

RAVEN. A bird of the crow kind, that 

feeds on carrion, is long lived, and has an 

exquisite sense of smell. It is common in 

_ Europe, and is found in America north 
- of latitude 5¢. 


oS Te 
re 


Ra 
ee 
J 






Rae OY eae th 
+ =n 
/ ’ / 
' z 











RAY. Abeamof light, propagated from 
a radiant point, said to be direct when. it 
eomes direct from the point, reflected if iz 
first strike upon any body, and is thence 
transmitted to the eye, Raysare also dis- 


ing, &c. 
RAY. A genus of fishes of the class 


RATIONALE. The account’ or solu- ' 
i tien of any phenomenon or hypothesis, ex- | 
_. _Pplaining the principles on which it de-' 


tinguished into parallel, converging, diverg- 


Te Sa in the Linnwan system, the prin- 








cipa 


RAZOR. An tatrachant for shaving. 
REACTION (in Physics). The resist- 
ance made by all bodies to the action or 


impulse of others that endeavour to change - 


their state, whether of motion or rest 
READINGS, The different manner of 
reading the text of authors, particularly 
that of classical writers. — 
READINGS (in Law). 
or glosses on the law text. 
REAGENT. The name given by che 
mists to such bodies as serve to detect the 
component parts of others; thus the infu- 
gion of galls is a reagent which detects 


Commentaries 


iron by a dark purple precipitate. 


REALGAR, or Rep Ornrimunt. A 
metallic substance, the sulphuret of arse, 
nic, which is either native, and dug out of 
the earth in China, or it is factitious, pro- 
cured by boiling orpiment in subliming 
vessels. 

REAM. Twenty quires of paper. ‘ 

REAPING MACHINE. Animplement 
of husbandry for cutting down grain, in 
stead of reaping with a sickle. 





REAR. A military term for behind, as 
rear-guard, a body of men that follows an 
army in its march, to pick up stragglers 
and the like. 

REAR. 
squadron which is hindermost. 

REBATE AND DISCOUNT. A mie 
in arithmetic, by which discounts upon 
ready money payments are calculated. 

REC. or RECEIPT. An acknowledg- 
ment in writing of money received. 

RFCEIVER (in Law). One who re- 
ceives stolen goods; also the name of 
some officers appointed to receive money 
as the receiver of rents, or receive: of 
fines, &c. 

RECEIVER (in Pneumatics). The re- 
ceiver of the air-pump, a glass vessel pla- 
ced on thé top of the apparatus out of 
which the air is to be exhausted. 

RECEIVER (in Chemistry). A vessel 
for receiving any distilled liquor. 

RECIPE. Directions for preparing any 
mixture or compound, as a physician’s re 
cipe, a cook’s recipe, and the like. 


species of which are the skate, the 
thornback, the sturgeon, the ray, and the 
torpedo 


A naval term applied to the 














310” hak 
“RECIPROCAL. Att “epithet for what 
acts by alternation. 

RECIPROCAL TERMS (in Logic). 
Terms which, having the same significa- 

_tion, are convertible, as man and rational 
animal; for man is a rational animal, 
and a rational animal is man. 
RECIPROCAL PROPORTION (in 
Arithmetic) is when,-in four numbers, 
the fourth is less than the second by so 
much as the third is less than the first, 
and the contrary. 
RECIPROCAL VERBS (in Grammar). 
Such as reflect the action on the agent 
himeelf, as I love myself, thou lovest thy- 
self, &c. 
RECITATIVE. The rehearsal of any 
thing on a stage in musical cadence. 
RECKONING, or Surr’s Recxonina. 
The account kept of a ship’s way, by which 
it may be known at any time where she 
is ; the account taken frem the logbook is 
called the dead reckoning. 
RECOGNIZANCE. A bond or obliga- 
tion acknowledged in some ceurt, or be- 
fore some judge. 
RECORD A public act enrolled and 
preserved in courts of record. 
RECORDER. An officer associated 
with the mayor of a town for the admin- 
istration of justice according to the forms 
of law 
RECOVERY (in Law). The obtaining 
of any thing by judgment or trial at law. 
RECTANGLE. A figure having right 
angles, as a square, &c, 
RECTIFICATION (in Astronomy). 
The setting the globes in such position as 
to fit them for the performance of prob- 
.ems. 
RECTIFICATION (in Geometry). The 
finding a right line equal in length to a 
curve ‘ 
RECTIFICATION (in Chemistry). 
The repeating a distillation or sublimation 
several times, in order to render the sub- 
stance purer and finer. 
RECTOR. In England, the parson of 
the parish church. who has the cure er 
charge of the parish, and receives all the 
tithes, glebes, and other profits 
RECTUM. The last portion of the large 
intestines. 
RECUSANTS (in Law). A name for- 
merly given tothe Roman Catholics who 
refused to conform to the church of Eng- 
band. . 
RED. One of the simple or primary 
colours of bodies, which is distinguished 
into different shades, as scarlet, vermilicn, 
crimson, &ce. 

RED BOOK OF THE EXCHEQUER. 


pt ae 
record, in the keeping of the king’s re 


membrancer, which contains many things 


relating to the times before and after the i 


Conquest. 

REDBREAST. SeeRogrn, 
_ REDEMPTION (in Law). The right 
of reentering upon lands, &e., that have 
been assigned or sold, upon reimbursing 
the purchase money, This right is some- 
times termed the equity of redemption. 

REDOUBT (in Fortification). A smal. 
square fort, without defence but in front. 

REDPOLE. A finch with e red spot 
on the crown. 

REDSHANK A bird of the curlew 
tribe. 

REDSTART. A European bird that 
is migratory, and sings very sweetly. 
Though very timid, it often builds its nest 
in cities. 

REDSTREAK. A sort of apple. . 

REDUCTION (in Arithmetic). A rule 
by which money, weights or measures 
are reduced to their least or greatest parts. 

REDUCTION OF EQUATIONS fin 
Algebra). The reducing them to the sim- 
piest state, or clearing them of all super- 
fluous quantities. 

REDUCTION (in Surgery), An ope- 
ration whereby a dislocated bone is re- 
stored to its proper place. 

REDUCTION OF A DESIGN OR 
DRAUGHT, &e. The making a copy 
thereof either larger or smaller than the 

original. 

REDWING. A European bird, about 
the size of the thrush, 


REDWING-BLACKBIRD. A_ well 


known American bird, that builds its nest — 


on low bushes, near Panne and in marshy 
places. 

REED. A kind of long, hollow, knot- 
ted grass, that grows in fens and watery 
places. 

REEFING. A sea term for the rolling 
or taking up a gail ina gale of wind. 

REEL. A machine turning round on 
an axis, on which lines of different kinds 
are wound : 

REENTRY (in Law). The resuming 


or retaking possession of lands lately lost. 


REEVE. See Rurr. 
REFERENCE (in Law). Referring a 
matter in dispute to the decision of an ar- 


bitrator; alscin the Court of Chancery, in — 


England, referring a matter to a master. 
REFERENCE (in Printing). A mark 
in the text of a work, referring to a simHay 
one in the side or at the bottom of the 
page ; also the authorities referred to UR 
‘der such marks 

















 dhbags but particularly the mains or re- 
fining gold and silver, by zeparating all 
other bodies from them 
REFLECTION OF THE RAYS OF 
LIGHT. A motion of the rays, whereby, 
after impinging on the solid parts of bod- 
ies, they recede or are driven therefrom. 
REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. A 
change in the representative part of the 
English constitution, by an extension of 
the elective freachise to modern large 
towns, such as Manchester, Birmingham, 
&c., which have heretofore sent no mem- 
bers to parliament, and by taking away 
their franchise from reduced places, such 
as Old Sarum and others, which at pre- 
sent consist of only a few houses. 
REFORMATION. ‘The change from 
the Roman Catholic to the Protestant reli- 
gion, which was first set on foot in Ger- 
many by Luther, but had been previously 
begun in England by Wickliffe, and com- 
pleted by Henry VIII., who dssumed the 
dle of Head of the Church. ; 
REFRACTION. The deviation of a ray 
of light from that right line in which it 
would have continued, if not prevented by 
the thickness of the medium through which 
it passes. Thus the light in passing through 
the atmosphers is refracted or bent down, 
which causes the heavenly bodies to ap- 
pear higher than they realy are. 
REFUGE FOR THE DESTITUTE. A 
eharitable institution for the temporary 
relief of those who are houseless and des- 
vitute 
- REGALIA (in Law). The rights and 
prerogatives of a king; also the ensigns 
of royalty, the crown, sceptre, &c., worn 
by the kings of England at the coronation. 
REGENT (in Law). One who governs 
during the minority of a king, or while he 
is incapable of reigning. 
REGIMEN (in Medicine). A rule of 
living as to diet, Sc., prescribed for a 
ient. 


REGIMEN (in Grammar). The gov- 


_ ernment of one word by another, as nouns 


by verbs, &c. 

REGIMENT. A body of soldiers, con- 
sisting of several companies; 

REGISTER (in Law). A book of pub- 
lic records. 

REGISTER (in a Parish Church) A 
book in which marriages, baptisms and 
burials are registered. 

REGISTER (in Chemistry). A contri- 
vance in furnaces for increasing or dimin- 
ishing the intensity of the heat. 

REGISTER (among Letterfounders). 


@ne of the inner parts cf the mould in 


‘which the printing types are cast. Its uss 


is to direct the joining the mould justly 
together again, after ppening it to take out 
the new cast letter. 
REGISTER (among Printers). Dispos- 
ing the forms on the press, go that the linea 
and pages printed on one side of the sheet 
fall exactly on those of the other. 
REGLET (in Architecture). A little, 
flat, narrow moulding in pannels, &e. 
REGRATOR (ian Law). In England, 
one who buys and sells in the same market 
or fair, or within five miles thereof. 
REGULAR. Agreeable to the rulegof art. 
REGULAR (in Geometry). A regular 
figure, one whose sides and angles are ail 
equal. 
REGULAR (in Grammar). A regular 
verb, one that is conjugated by some rule. 
REGULARS. Soldiers regularly disci- 
plined, and at the entire digpoaal of the 
government. 
REGULARS (in the Romish Church). 


Clergy that live under some rule of obedi-_ 


ence. 

REGULATOR OF A WATCH. A 
small spring belonging to the balance. 

REGULUS. A star of the first magni- 
tude in the constellation Leo. 

REGULUS (in Chemistry). An imper- 
fect or impure metallic substance. 

REIN-DEER. An animal of the deer 
kind, that inhabits the northern regions, 
chiefly in Norway, Lapland, and Green- 
land ; itis five feet in height, horns long 
and slender, besides a pair of brow ant- 
lers. It is used by the natives in Europe 
and Asia, but not in America, for drawing 
their sledges and for other purposes. 





REJOINDER (in Law). The defend 
ant’s answer to the plaintiff's reply. ° 

RELATIVE (in Grammar). A sort 0: 
pronoun which relates to some noun going 
before, as which and who. 

RELEASE (in Law). 
in writing by which estates, rights, & 
are extinguished 


4 
= 

= 

~ 

2 


An instramen — 









Phe projection or standing out ofa figure 
above the ground or plane whereon it is 
formed. There are three kinds of relievo, 
namely, the alto, which projects as much 
as life; the basso relievo, when the work 
is raised but a little; and demi relievo, 
when one half of the figure rises. 
RELIGIOUS HOUSES. Convents, 
monasteries, nunnefiea, and the like, in 
the Romish Church, where persons live 
under certain rules, and are bound by 
their vows to lead a religious life; at the 
Reformation, these religious houses were 
Gisgolved in England, and their wealth 
was seized by Henry VIII. 
REMAINDER (in Law). An estate in 
lands, tenements, &c., limited to be enjoy- 
ed after the expiration of another estate. 
REMAINDER (in Arithmetic). The 
difference, or that which is left after sub- 
tracting one quantity from another. 
REMEMBRANCER. In England, an 
officer in the exchequer. 
REMITTANCE. A sum of money sent 


from a distance. 

REMORA. The genevic name for the 
sucking-fish. 

RENDEZVOUS. An appointed place 


of mneeting, particularly for soldiers. 

RENNET. The gastric juice and con- 
tents of the stomach of a calf, used in 
turning milk tocurds. 

RENT. A profit issuing yearly out of 
lands or tenements. 

RENTAL, orRertrouz. In England, 
a roll in which the rents of a manor are 
set down; the collective amount of rents 
frem any man’s estates. 

RENT CHARGE. In England a 
charge of rent upon land, with a clause of 
distress in case ef non-payment, 

‘REPEATER. Akind of watch, which, 
by means of a spring, repeats or strikes 
the hour. 

REPELLANTS. Medicines which 
drive the humours from the part where 
they have settled. 

REPERTORY. A place where things 
are deposited ; also a book in which things 
are methodically entered. 

REPLEVIN (in Law). A release of 
cattle or goods that are distrained. 

REPLICATION (in Law). The plain- 
tiffs reply to the defendant’s answer. 

REPORT (in Law). Arelation of cases 
wdicially debated and decided upon. 

REPRESENTATION (in Law). The 
personating another, as in the case of an 
heir by representation. 

REPRESENTATIVE (in Lew). One 
who represents a district or corporation, 


A mie having national FS a, 
consisting of persons chosen by the people, _ 
to represent their persons, and consult 
their interests . 


REPRESENTATIVE OR FREE GOV- 


ERNMENT. A government in which the 


laws are made by representatives freely 
chosen by the people ; such is the govern- 
ment of the United States. 
REPRIEVE (in Law). A warrant for 
suspending the execution of a malefactor. 
REPRINT. A book printed again. 


REPRISALS. The seizing the vessels 


or goods of .merchant strangers, as an 


equivalent for some loss sustained from _ 


the nation of which they are subjects 

REPRODUCTION. The power in 
some bodies of being restored by a process 
of nature, after having been destroyed, as 
the reproduction of a tree from a slip, but 
more particularly the reproduction of ani- 
mals which have been cut into pieces, as 
the polype, and some other worms ; also 
the limbs of crabs, lobsters, &c., are re- 
produced when broken off. 


REPTILES. The first order of animals — 
under the class amphibia, in the Linnean 


system, comprelrending the toad, the frog, 

the dragon, the lizard, crocodile, é&e. 
REPUGNANCE (in Law). A contradic- 

tion of what has been said before, as in 


deeds, grants, &c., which makes them — 


void. 

REPULSION (in Physics). A power 
in bodies of opposing the approach of other 
bodies, as oil and water, which for a time 
refuse to be incorporated ; it is opposed te 
attraction. 

REQUESTS, Courtor. In England, 
a court for the recovery of small debts. 

RESCUE (in Law). The violent tak- 
ing away, or causing to escape, one that 
is taken by lawful authority. 

RESERVE. A body of men kept apart 
in the day of battle for some particular ser- 
vice, as occasion may require. 

RESIANT (in Law). Qne residing in 
a certain place. F 

RESIDENCE (in Law). In 
the continuance of a@ parson or Vicar On nig 
benefice. 

RESIDENT A minister of state souk 
to reside at any court. 

RESIDUARY LEGATEE. He to wham 


the residue of a personal estate is given 


by will. 
RESIDUUM. The residue, or wnat iz 
left after amy chemical process. 





5 
eet s 







Pe a i ee a ae ae 











, a Se 


Pan 
> = 


~—= 


i 
ae tn 


eg a 


aly 
Per 


f 


pS 


a. 
te 

* 
is 
ei! 
e 














- common resin, or turpentine, from the 
pine; mastich from the pistacea ; sanda- 
rach from the thuya; ladanum from the 


ee exuding fens trees, as the 


cystus, &c. Pure resina are soluble in al- 


cohol, but the impure resins are not 


soluble, 
RESISTANCE, or Resistina Foror. 


Any power which acts in an opposite di- 


rection to another. . 

RESOLUTION (in Mathematica). A 
method by which the truth or falsehood 
of a proposition is discovered. 

RESOLUTION (in Chemistry). The 
reducing a body to its component parts. 

RESOLUTION (in Surgery). The dis- 
persing of twmours. 

RESOLUTION OF FORCES (in Me- 
chanics). The dividing any force or mo- 
tion into several others in other directions, 
but which, taken together, shall have the 
same effect ag the single one. 

RESPIRATION. An important func- 
tion of the animal body, which consists 
in the alternate inhalation and exhalation 
ef air, by which the lungs and chest are 
alternately dilated and contracted. 

RETAINER. An adherentor dependant. 

RETAINING FEE. A fee given to a 
barrister, or lawyer, to keep him from 


pleading for the other side. 


RETALIATION The act of return- 
ing like for like 

RETARDATION (in Physics). The 
act of diminishing the velocity ofa moving 
body. 

RETE MUCOSUM. A mucous mem- 
brane between the epidermis and the 
cutis, which is one part of the integument 
of the skin. 

RETICULA. Acontrivance among as- 


_tronomers for measuring the quantity of 


esl "i ye 
RETINA. The third or innermost 
membraile of the eye, which is the most 
important part of the organ of vision 

RETORT. A chemical vessel of a 
round figure, with a hollow peak or tube 
curved downward. 





“RETREAT. The retrograde movement 
Sheets army or body of men. 
RETRENCHMENT. Any work raised 


rRO. Backward; a prefix to many 
‘words, ag retrocession , retrogradation, &e 
RETROCESSION OF THE EQUI 
NOXES. The going backwards of the 
equinoctial points of the signs Aries and 
‘Taurus, 





RETROGRADATION A_ moving 
backwards. 
RETURN. A certificate from sherifa 


and bailiffs of what is done in the execu- 
tion of a writ. 

RETURN DAYS (in Law). Certain 
days in term time for the return of writs, 

RETURNS (in Commerce). That 
which is returned, whether in goods or 
specie, for merchandise sent abroad ; alse 
the return of money laid out in the way 
of trade. 

-RETURNS OF A MINE Jn Fortifi- 
cation). The windings and turnings of 
a gallery leading to a mine. 

REVELATION. The miraculous com- 
munications made by God of his will tc 
man, which are contained in the Bible. 

REVENUE (in Law). The yearly 
profit that accrues to a man from his land. 
or possessions. In England, the revenue . 
of the crown is that which peculiarly ac- 
crues by way of profit to the king; in an 
extended sense, the public revenue, or the 
yearly income derived from the taxes ane 
other sources, for the support of the gov- 
ermiment. 

REVERBERATORY. A very strong 
furnace, used for calcining minerals, &c, 

REVERSAL OF JUDGMENT. The 
making it void. 

REVERSE OF A MEDAL. The back 
side, or that which does not contain the 
principal figure. 

REVERSION (in Law) is when the 
possession of an estate, which was parted 
with for a time, returns to the donor or 
his heirs. 

REVIEW (in Military Affairs). The 
display of a body of men before the gens- 
ral, that he may judge of their condition 

REVIEW, Bix or (in Law). A bill 
in chancery for the re-examination of a 
cause 

REVIEW (in Literature). A periodi- 
eal publication, which professes to give a 
eriticism of publications as they appear. 

REVISE. A second proof sheet of a 
work, for thd revisal or re-examination of 
the errors corrected. 

REVOCATION. The recalling or mak 
ing void any grant. 

REVOLUTION (in Astronoiny’ The 
motion of any heavenly body in a chvulas 
line, until it returns to the same pein 
again. 





REVOLUTIONIST A favourer of 
political revolutions. | 

RHEA. A large bird of the ostrich spe- 
cies, found in the plains of Patagonia, and 
incorrectly called the South American os- 

 trich 

RHETORIC. The art of speaking on 
any subject with propriety, and the force 
ef persuasion. 

RHEUM. A thin, serous humour, that 
eozes occasionally from the a0 about 
the throat and mouth. 

RHEUMATISM. Wandering pains in 
the body, accompanied with heaviness, 
difficulty of motion, and sometimes a 
fever. 

RHINOCEROS. A large beast in India, 
and the largest of all quadrupeds, except 
the elephant, having a horn in his front, 
and a skin full of wrinkles, which is so 
hard that it can scareely be pierce by a 
gword 





RHODODENDRON. A shrub bearing 
a very fine flower. 

RHOMBOID. A quadrilateral figure, 
whose opnosite sides and angles are equal, 
but it is neither equilateral nor rectan- 


gular. 


\ 


RHOMBUS. A Quadrilateral figure 
which is equilateral, but not rectan- 
guter. 


RHUBARB. A perennial, the root of 
whieh is much used in medicine, particu- 






teemed in tarts. ’ 
RHUMB. A vertical circle: of any Pant ee 
or the intersection of part of such circle Once 
with the horizon. ia 
RHYME. A sort of verse whieh termi 
nates with words of the same sound | 
RIB (in Anatomy). A side bone of the 
body. 
RIB (in Carpentry). Any piece of tim 
ber that strengthens the side. _ 
RIB (in Ship-building). The timber of 
the futtocks, when the planks are off, 
which resemble the ribs of the body. 
RIBBON. A narrow sort of silk, chiefly : 
used fer head ornaments. ae 
RICKETS. A disease in the back bone, — 
incident to children. 
RICE. A sort of esculent grain, cuiti- 
vated in warm countries, which grows i OR (i 
husks of an oval figure. | 





RICK-CLOTH. In England,atarpaw- - 
ling, which is set up by stacks or ricks of Fa 
hay or corn, while it is stacking. It is it 
worked with pulleys, as represented un- Me 
derneath fen ei 









RIDER. A leaf inserted in, or attached | Me na 
to other leaves. cts 
RIDER (in Commerce). One who tra-- 
vels for a trading or mercantile house to 
collect orders. f ; be 
RIDER (inGunnery). A piece of wooed 
equal to the length of the body of the axle — 
tree of the gun carriage. 
RIDER-ROLLE (in Law). 
























-BIDERS. (in Ship-building). ‘Timbers 


; bolted | upon others to strengthen them. 


RIDGE The top of a house that rises 
to an acute angle ; also the top of the ver- 
tebra of the back 

RIDGE (in Husbandry). The highest 
part of the land between two furrows. 

RIDING. A division of a county, ag 
the east and west riding of Yorkshire, 
England. 

RIDING-CLERK. In England, one of 
the six clerks in chancery, who, in his 
turn, keeps the comptrolment book of all 
grants that pass the great eral. 

RIDING SCHOOL. A public place 
where persons are taught to sit gracefully 
on a horse, and use the bridle with pro- 
priety. 

_ RIFLE. A gun having spiral channels 
in the barrel. 

RIFLEMEN. Soldiers armed with ri- 
fles, and employed as marksmen to fire 
behind hedges. 

RIGGING. All the cordage or ropes 
belonging to the different parts of a ship. 

RIGHT (in Law). Any title or claim 
by virtue of a condition, mortgage, &c. 

RIGHT (in Geometry). Straight, as a 
right line. 

RIGHT ANGLE. The angle formed 
by one line falling perpendicularly upon 
another. 

RIGHT SPHERE (in Astronomy). That 
position of a sphere by which its poles are 
in the horizon. 

RIGLET (in Architecture). A flat, thin 
piece of wood, like what is designed for 
the frames of sinall pictures, before they 


are moulded. 


RIGLET (in Printing). A thin slip of 
wood vsed in making up a form, for 


tightening the pages, &c. 


RIND. The skin of any fruit. 
RINGDOVE. A European variety of 
the pigeon. 


_ RINGHEAD. An instrument for stretch- 


ing woollen cloth with, 
RINGLEADER. The head of a party 
or faction. 


-RING-OUGEL. A _ European bird, 


4 _ marked withacrescent of white upon the 
‘under part of the neck 


RINGWORM A cutaneeus disorder 


‘that comes on the skin in rings, and is 
- eontagious 
RIOT (in Law)... The forcible doing an 
-enlawful thing by three or more persons, 
4 assembled together for that purpose. 
_ RIOT ACT. A legislative act, prohib- 


ing riotous or tumultuous assemblies, 


: reuieh, Bing at bi a Finestiate or peace 





officer to the mob, obliges all persons to — 
disperse within an hour. on pain of being 
apprehended as rioters. : 

RISING. The appearance of any star 
or planet above the horizon, which, before 
was hid beneath it. 

RITUAL. A book directing the order 
ang manner to be observed, in celebrating 
religious ceremonies, and performing di- 
vine service in the church. 

RIVER. Astream_or current of fresh 
water, flowing in a bed or channel, as the 
river Amazon in South America, the Mis- 
sissippi and Saint Lawrence in North 
America, the Nile in Egypt, the Euphrates 
and Ganges in India, the Rhine and Da- 
nube in Germany, the Rhone and Seine in 
France, the Tiber in Italy, the Tagus in 
Portugal, the Thames in Great Britain, 
&e. 

RIVET A metal pin clinched at both 
ends, 

RIX DOLLAR. A coin in Germany 


worth from sixty cents to one dollar, 


“ROACH sA fish of the carp kind. 

ROAD. A highway, or away prepared 
for travellers ; it is either a carriage road, 
where carriages may pass, or a foot road, 
or path for foot passengers. Military roads 
were formerly constructed by the Romans 
for the passage of their armies, of which 
there are still vestiges in England. Roads 
in the latter country are now principally 
made by small stones bound together with 
the earth, which is called Macadamizing 

ROAD. A sea term for any place fit 
for anchorage, at some distance from the 
shore. 

ROADSTER. A horse accustomed to 
travelling on the road 

ROBIN, or Rosin Rxepsreast. A 
pretty little European bird with a red 
breast, which is very tame, and in wintez 
time comes into the house. The Ameri- 
can robin is larger, but is a great favourite, 
and sings very sweetly. 

ROCHE ALUM, or Rock Auum. A 
mineral salt of a very binding quality. 

ROCK. A stony mass, of which moun: 
tains ase forthe most part formed. Rocks 
are, however, to be met with in immensely 
large separate masses. 

ROCKET. A sort of fireworks, which, 
when let off, goto a very great height in 
the air before they burst. 

ROCKBIL. <A bituminous substanee 
found in rocks. 

ROE. An animal of the deer kind: 
also the spawn of fish ; that of the males 
is called soft roe or melt, that of the fe 
mates nard roe or spawn 









ceding Whitsuntide. _ 

ROLL (in Law). A schedule or parch- 
ment which may be rolled up. 

ROLLER (in Husbandry and Garden- 
ing). A wooden or iron instrument of a 
circular shape, and fitted for rolling along 
the ground to level grass land, break the 
¢iods of arable land, and to bind the grav- 
oh ia gravel walks. 





ROLLER (in Surgery). A long, broad 
Hgature, for keeping the parts of the body 
in their places. 

ROLLER (in Ornithology) 
bird the size of a jay. 

ROLLING MILL. A machine for 
working metals into plates or bars. This 
sort of mill is chiefly used for drawing out 
the iron bars, after they have been manu- 
factured into bar iron by the forge hammer. 

ROMAN CATHOLICS. Those who 
hold the doctrines, and submit to the dis- 
cipline of the Romish church. 

ROOD. The fourth part of an acre. 

ROOF. The coveriny of a building. 

ROOK. A sociable European bird of 
the crow kind. 

ROOT (in Arithmetic). A number or 

. quantity, which multiplied by itself produ- 
ces a higher power, as 2, the square root 
of 4 or the eube root of 8. 

ROOT (in Botany). That part of a plant 

which is under ground, and by which the 
_ plant derives its nourishment from -the. 
earth. 

ROOT (in Grammar). The original 
words from which others are formed. 

ROPE. The larger kind of cordage, 
formed by the twisting of several strings 
of yarn together; the smallest sort of 
rope is called cord, and the larger kinds 
cable, which ia used for the rigging of ships. 

ROPE MAKING. The process of twist- 
fag yarn into ropes by means of a wheel. 

ROPEYARN. The rope of any yarn 
antwisied 

ROSE. A shrub equally celebrated and 
admired, by both ancients and moderns, 
for its sweetness and its beauty. The 
moet esteemed species of this favourite 

-@brab, are the hundred leaved rose da- 


A sort of 





_ ROGATION WEEK. The week pre-; mash 





ROSE ACACIA. A esky slick’ the 


flower of which resembles the rose inform 
ROSEMARY. A suskreny a and ff 


grant plant. 

ROSEWATER. Water distitied from 
roses. 

ROSIN. See Resin 

ROSTRUM. A place in Rome where 
orations were made and pleadings carried 
on: it was so called from rostrum, the 
beak of a ship, because it was made of the 
beaks of the ships taken at Antium. 

ROT. A disease among sheep, in which 
their lungs are wasted and their throats 
swollen. 


ROTACEA. One of Linneus’s natural — 


ordcr of plants, consisting of such as have 
one wheel-shaped petal without a tube. 

ROTATION (in Geometry). The cir- 
cumvolution of a surface round an immo- 
vable line, by which solids are conceived 
to be generated. 


ROTTEN STONE. A mineral, founé 


in Derbyshire, which is used for all sorte 


of finer grinding and polishing, and some 


times for cutting of stones 
ROTUNDA, or Rorunpo. 
building at Rome, which was ancientiy 
called the Pantheon; also any circular 
building. 
ROTUNDITY Of THE EARTH 


Roundness of form ascribed to the earth — 
from various appearances which serve to - 


prove it, as, for instance, that the masts or 
a vessel come in sight before the hull is 
visible, 

ROUGE. A red paint extracted from 
the plant called by botanists the carthamus 
tinctorius. ; 

ROUGH-CASTING. A kind of mortar 
used as a covering for external walls, 
which is thrown on roughly, instead of be- 
ing plastered on. 

ROUGHRIDER. A non-commissioned 


officer in the cavalry, who assists the rid- 


ing master. 
ROUNDHOUSE. In England, a tem- 
porary prison in a parish, where those 


who are apprehended by the constable are 


confined. 


ROUNDHOUSE (among Marinera). the 
The uppermost room or cabin in the stera — 


of a ship, where the master lies 
ROUNDS. | A watch commanded by an 


officer, who goes in the night time round 


a fortress. 


A circular 















ROUND ROBIN. A paper containing 


a statement of grievances, onthe part of 


any number of discontented persons in the 
army or navy, who sign hele names ine — 










Pare tite Red tourmaline con: 


Manganese, generally 
-closely-aggregated crystals, 
froma slight t tinge of red to a fine pink. 


_ sponding to English Puck. 


ruby, of a yellow or orange red. 


eral, declared war against his country. 





4 Nf gi pentallo, 


i RUBRIC. The directions given in the 
Book of Common Prayer. 

“RUBY. A precious stone, next to the 
diamond in vaiue Its constituent parts 
are alumina, silica, carbonate of lime, and 
oxide of iron. Me 

RUDDER. A piece of timber hung on 
ninges at the stern-posts of a ship, which, 
by oeing turned either way, directs the 
_ course of the vessel. 

RUDIMENTS. The first elements or 
principles of any art or science. 

ae RUDOLPHINE TABLES _ A celebra- 
De ted set of astronomical tables, published 
Al by Kepler, and thus entitled in honour of 
_ the emperor Rudolph or Rudolphus. 
RUFF. A_ Eurcpean bird, about a 

foot in length, with long feathers standing 
out round the neck, like a ruff. The fe- 
male is called Reeve. | 

RULE OF THREE (in Arithmetic). 
Arule which teaches by means of three 
_ numbers to finda fourth, ~ 

_ RULE, or RULER. An instrument of 
wood or metal, marked off, so as to be of use 
is . mensuration. 


, the nineteenth letter of our alphabet, 
_ gga numeral, stood for seven; in Music, as 
an an abbreviation, tt stands for solo ; in navi- 
gation, for south; S. E., for south sast ; 
8. W., forsouth west; 3. S. E., for satin 


SABBATH. iting ideventh day, ob- 
d by the Jews as a festivai or day of 
in commemoration of God’s TEeGRS 

f ae * 






















_ taining a considerable proportion of 
oceurring in 
varying 


RUBEZAHL. Number Nip, afamous 
-mnountain-spirit of Germany, sometimes 
friendly, sometimes mischievous, corre- 


RUBICELLE. A gem, a variety of 
- . RUBICON. A. small river which 
_ formed the boundary between ancient 
Gaul and Italy, by passing which, | 
Julius Cesar, the famous Roman gen- 


This stream was probably the modern 








A aie atlea HP 


oh siniinent: serving to perform computations 


in gauging, measuring, &c., without the 


use of compasses, merely by the sliding of 


the parts of the instrument one by another 
RULES OF COURT. Certain orders 
made from time to time in the courts of, 
iaw, for regulating the practice of the court. 

RUM A spirituous liquor distilled from 
sugar canes. ' 

RUMEN (in Comparative Anatomy) 
The paunch or first stomach of such ani 
mals as chew the cud. 

RUMINANTIA,OR RUMINANTS. 
In zoology, an order of herbivorous ani- 

mals, provided with four stomachs— 
the first so situated as to receivea large 
quantity of vegetable matter, coarsel. 
bruised by the first mastication, whic 
passes into the second, w here it is 
moistened and formed into little pellets, 


which the animal has the power of 


bringing again to the mouth to be re- 
chewed, after which it is swallowed 
into the third stomach, and thence 
passes to the fourth. It comprehends 
the antelopes, oxen, stags, musks, and 
giraffes. 

2U NIC. Pertaining to the ancient 
Goths, or their language and letters. 
he letters of the alphabet of the an- 
cient Scandinavians, principally formed 
of straight lines. 

RUTHENIUM. A grey metal, very 
hard and brittle, and very fusible; ex: 
tracted from the ore of platinum. 

RUVLILE. Titantic acid of a dark. 
red color, or reddish brown, occurring 
in four or eight sided prisms, massive, 
and in erystals—a mineral found in 

many places in Scotland. 

RYACOLITE. A mineral of a white 
or grev color, with a vitreous lustre, 
resembling glassy felspar. 

RYE. A cereal of a quality inferior 
to wheat, but more hardy, and hence 
much cultivated in northern countries, 


on the seventh day, after th work of the 
creation. The Jewish sabbath commen- 


ces at sunset on the Friday, and ends at 


sunset on the Saturday. The term Sab. 
bath is applied by Christians to the Lord’s 
Day, vulgarly called Sunday, which has 
been substituted for the Jewish Sabbath. 
SABLE (in Zoology). An animal of the 
weasel tribe having a dark tawny body 

















7 : tnhebtts the horitees aoa and is 
| muck hasan for its fur. 








SABLE (in Heraldry). The tincture of 
black represented in engraving by perpen- 
dicular and horizontal lines. 





SABRE. A sword with a broad, 
heavy blade, worn by the heavy cavairy. 

SABELLIAN. A follower of Sabel 
lius, a philosopher in the third century, 
who taught that there is only one per- 
son in the Godhead, and that the Son 
and Holy Spirit are only different attri- 
butes, or functions of God the Father. 


SACKBUT A sort of trumpet fit for 
playing bass. 

SACLACTIC ACID. A powder procur- 
ed from the sugar of milk. 

SACRAMENT. A sign ofa holy thing 
containing a divine mystery. 

SADDLE. A seat for a horseman fitted 
to a horse’s back. It is supposed that sad- 
dles did not come into use till about the 
time of Constantine the Great, in the 
fourth century. 

SADDLER. One who makes and sells 
saddles. The company of saddlers in 
London is of great antiquity, having been 
incorporated as early as the reign of Ed- 
ward J. 

SADDUCEES. Asect among the Jews, 
which were ‘esteemed as deists and free- 
thinkers. 

SAFE CONDUCT. A security given 
by the king under his great seal to any 
person, for his Muiet coming into, or pas- 
gage out of his"realm. 

SAFEGUARD. A protection given by 
@ prince or his general to an eneiny’s 
country, to protect it from being ravaged 
by an army. 

SAFETY-LAMP. A lamp invented by 
Sir Humphrey Davy, for the use of miners 
ia the coal mines, to prevent the fatal ex- 


iron or copper wire gauze, the ges in 


which are not above one twentieth of aa 
inch square As the fire-dainp is not ig. 
nited by heated wire, the thickness of the 
wire is of no importance. The principa 
parts of this Jamp are a brass cistern con- 
taining the oil, the rim on which the wire 
gauze cover is fixed, an aperture for supply- 
ing oil, a central aperture for the wick, and 
the wire gauze cylinder. © i 





SAFFRON A bulbous root; also the — 


flower of the crocus; also a substance 
formed from the stigmata of the crocus 
officinalis dried on a kiln and pressed inte 
cakes. 

SAGITTA 
northern hemisphere. 

SAGITTARIUS. ‘The ninth sign of the 
zodiac, marked thus ( 7 ). 

SAGO, A simple produced from the 
pith of a kind of palm growing in the East 
Indies, called by botanists the cycas cir- 
cinalis. 

SAGOIN. A South American animal 
about the size of a rabbit. 

SAIL. A large piece of canvass com- 
posed of several breadths sewed together, 
which, when extended by means of lines 
on masts, catches the wind, and drivesthe 
vessel along. 

SAILING. The eonducting a vessel 
from one port to another, which is the ~ 
practical part of navigation. 

SALAMANDER. A sort of lizard, 
which exudes from its pores a milky lt 
quor, by which it is enabled for a time to 
resist the action of fire. From this virtue, 
it was formerly supposed capable of living 
in fire. 


was said to be dug out of the sands of Am- 


monia in Libya, from which it toek ita — 


name. There is no native walt of hie 


A consteliation in “the 








BAL AMMONIAC A fossi' saltwhich 





ame knov he moderns, but a facti- 
tious salt composed of a volatile alkaline 
and the acid of sea salt, whence it is cali- 
ed the muriate of ammonia. 
BALARY. The stipend or remunera- 

tion made to a man for his services, in dis- 
_ Unction from wages, which ia for day 
fe _ labour, and pay, which is for military 
Sale eervice. 
' SALE (in Law). Transferring the pro- 
perty of goods from or to another, upon a 
valuable consideration, 

SALESMAN. One who sells clothes 
ez other commodities. It is also applied 
to one in a mercantie establishinent, who 
selis the goods. 
ine SALIENT ANGLE (in Fortification). 
HS An angie projecting outwards. 

Pee SALIVA. An excretion from certain 
ay glands of the mouth, which serves to 
' moisten the food befwre it is swallowed. 

SALIVATION. A drawing humours 
out of the mouth by mercurial prepara- 
qu _ tions; also a preternatural increase o 
“tt saliva. Q 
Pe SALLOW. A sort of willow. 

SALLY, The issuing of the besieged 
from their fort and tower, and falling on 
the besiegers to cut them off. 

SALLY PORTS, Doorways on each 
; quarter of a fire ship, out of which the 
ts ae men make their escape into the boats 
as soon as the train is laid. 

SALMON. A fish that lives in either 
fresh or salt water, but shuns that which 
is foul It is much esteemed for its flesh. 

































SALMON TROUT. A species of the 
salmon, having a body spotted with 
black. — 

SALOON. A spacious room much used 
in Italy as a state room for the reception 
of ambassacors. 

SALOP. A substance brought from 
Persia, and prepared, as is supposed, from 
a@ species of the plant botanically called 
orchis. 

SALT. A name given by modern chy- 
Mists to three sorts of substances, namely, 

acids, alkalies, and the compounds form 
ed by acids in union with alkalies, earths, 
and metallic. oxides. These latter are. 
Salis, properly so called, aad are some- 


t 
* 





times distinguished from the two others — 
by the name of neutral salts, as Epsom 
8é.lts, nitre, &e. Salts are likewise dix 
tinguished according to she process by 
Which they are prepared, Common salt 
or bay salt, a muriate of soda, being a 
compound of muriatic acid and soda, ia, 
procured by evaporation from sea water 
Easential salts are drawn from the juices 
of plants by crystallization, Fixed salts 
are made by calcining or reducing the mat- 
ter to ashes, taer boiling it in water, 
straining off the liqnor, and evaporating 
all the moisturé, when the salt will re- 
main in the form of a powder. Volatile 
salts are procured principally from animal 
substances or the fermented parts of 
plants. 

SALTER. A dealer in salt or salt fish 
The company of galiers in London were 
incorporated in the reign of Henry VIII. 









SALTPETRE, or Nirag. A nitrate of 
potash, : 
SALTS, or Sarrcertans. A name for 


the vessel that holds the salt when it is 
brought to the table. 

SALVAGE. A recompense allowed 
to such persons as have assisted in sa- 
ving merchandises, shipa, &c., from ehip- 
wrecks. 

SALUTE (in Military Etiquette). A 
discharge of artillery, or presenting of arma, 
as aimark of honour er respect to some 
person of distinction. 

SALUTE (in the Navy). The dis- 
charge of ordnance, striking of colours, 
and the like, as testimonies of respect to 
the ships of an admiral or superior. 

SAMARITANS. A sect among the 
Jews, who rejected all the scriptures ex- 
cept the five books of Moses. 

SANCTUARY (in Law). A privileged 
place, whither, anciently, offenders were 
allowed to fly, and to remain for some 
time under protection. 

SANDAL. A_ sort of slipper worn by 
the Greek and Roman ladies, 

SANDAL WOOD. The wood of an 
Indian tree, remarkable for its fragrance 

SANDARACH.,. A resinous substance 
exuding from @ tree that grows in Bar- 
bary. 

SANDBAGS. Bags fitted for holding 
sand er earth, and used in repairing 
breaches in fortifications, &e. 

SANDIVER, orGuassGaru. A saline 
matter which rises as a scum im the eruci- 
bies in which giaas is made. 

SANDPIPER A sort of haath bird. 

SANDSTONE. A. soft, compound 
stone, consisting of grains of sand, &e.. 
cemented together The principa: pie 








hess are the “grindstone and the flterin 
stone. 


SANGIAC. ‘The governor ofa Turkish 
province. 
SANHEDRIM. The supreme council 


or court of judicature among the Jews, 

SAP. The juice or fiutd part of a tree, 
which is a mucilaginous liquid, oftentimes 
strongly saccharine,so as to yield a large 
quantity of sugar, and also to furnish a 
strong fermented Jiquor. 

SAPPERS. Soldiers attached to the en- 
gineers, and employed to assist in the la- 
bour of sapping. 

SAPPHIRE. A hard and precious 
stcne of a beautiful azure or sky-blue col- 
our, nearly as transparent and glittering 
ag the diamond 

SAPPING. A working underground 
to gain the descent of a ditch, counter- 
scarp, &c. 

SARCOCOL. A gum resia brought 
from Persia and Arabia in small grains, 
and supposed to be the product of a tree 
called by botanists the peniwewa sarcocolla. 

SARCOPHAGUS. A sort of stone 
coffins, which consumed the bodies placed 
in them inthe space of forty days. It was 
used by the ancients sometimes instead 
of burning the bodies by fire. 

SARDONYX. A precious stone, con- 
sisting of a mixture of chalcedony and 
cornelian stone. 

SARMENTOSAS (in Botany). One of 
Linn#us’s natural orders, consisting of 
plants which have climbing stems and 
branches, Jike the vine. 

SARSAPARILLA. The root of the 
rough smilax, a plant growing in Peru. 
It has a bitterish taste, and is much used 
in medicine. 

SASH (among Carpenters). A frame 
of wood with panes of glass for a window. 

SASH. A girdle round the waist, which 
in the army is worn by the officers. 

SASSAFRAS. A yellow, odoriferous 
wood of an aromatic scent, common in 

- America. 

SATELLITE. A apenas planet 
moving round another, as the moon does 
ruund the earth, so cailed because it at- 
tends the primary planet from rising to 
setting, after the manner of the satellites 
who attended on the eastern. princes as a 
guard. Jupiter has four such satellites, 
Saturn seven, and [lerschel six. 

SATIN. A glossy kind of silk stuff. 

SATIRE. A biting sort of poetry, 
written to expose the follies of men, 

BATURATION An impregnation of 
a fluid with as much of any solid sub- 
stance as it can dissolve ‘Thus veater 











4 


with it, pesatiae if more be added, 
remain solid, 4 Bio SAG” 
SATURDAY, The last a in the rN as 
week, so called from Saturn. Petit 8) 
SATURN (in Heathen Mythology) i Cesue tiah 
son of Celus and ‘erra, and the god of % 
time, commonly represented with a sythe, 
to denote the destroying power of time; 
sometimes with wings, to denote the 
ewiftness of time, and with ehackies, te — 
denote the slow revolution and motion of / — 
the planet Saturn 








SATURN. One of the primary planetsy 
the tenth in order of distance from the 
sun, which is thirty years in performing 
his siderea! revolution. He is marked by 
this character h. Beha 

“SATURNALIA, A festival at Rome, 
in commemoration of the golden age, or 
the age of Saturn, when all men enjoyed 
their liberty, as the poets tell us. : 

SATURN’S RING. A broad, opake, 
circular arc, which encompasses the plan- My 
et like the wooden horizon of an artificial 
globe. 








SAVOY A sort of winter cabbage 
with a crumpled leaf, which is greatly im- 
proved In flavour by. being exposed to frost ve 

SAWMILL. A mill for pairing trees sty 
into boards, planka, &c. \ 

SAWYER. A mechanic pa in 
sawing timber. There are two sawyers ta — 
one piece, one of whom is in the pit, of 











ing perennial, 
40 called | because it affects rocky or stony 


places. 
SAXON ARCH. A semicircular arch 
_» which chatacterizes the Saxon style 





be 
ii 
P ne a 
au tl 
) SAXON STYLE A mode of building 
firet used by the Saxons in. Great Britain. 
; See AncHITECTURE. 
m4 SCABIOUS. A plant cultivated in| 
4 gardens, which bears a handsome brown 
: flower 


SCABRIDZ. One of Linneus’s nat- 
ural orders, including plants with rough 
._ feaves, as hemp, fig, &c. 

8 SCAFFOLD. A temporary erection, 
-__—s either for workmen or for spectators. 

: SCALE (in Mathematics). The degrees 
of any arch of a circle or of right lines 


‘ drawn or engraven on a rule 

ae SCALE (in Music). A series of 
ie sounds rising or falling towards acuteness 
a cr gravity ; in Geography, ascale of miles 
me) on a map, for measuring the distances of 
ef places; in Arithmetic, scale of notation, 
e the order of progression on which any 
be system of arithmetic is founded, as the 
Bi decennary scale; which computes by 
i tens. 


mr, 


* Sa 
Sieve 
ioe 


a 


SUBLAPSARIAN. One of those; 
moderate Calvinists who believe that 
God only permitted the first man to 
fall into transgression without posi- 
tivel predetermining his fall—that 

the decree of predestination regarded 
man as fallen, the elect themselves 
- _—being in a fallen and guilty state—and 
mee) (that “the election of grace was only a 
_-~—s- remedy for an existing evil. 
SUBMULTIPLE. A number or 
quantity which has a geometr ical ratio 
to another number or quantity, by be- 
ing contained in it a certain number of 
ae exactly; thus 3 is a submultiple 


SUBNORMAL. In geometry, that 
art of the axis of a curved line which 
is intercepted between the ordinate 
and the normal.—In all curves it is the 
third proportional to the subtangent 
aa the ordinate. 














SCALP. The skin that ‘eovers ‘the skull 
bone. 

SCAMMONY.. A cons sotag. resinous 
juice, light and friable, of a grayish browa 
colour, and disagreeable smell 

SCANNING Measuring Latin verses 
by the syllables and feet 

SCANTLING. The metsure, size, o, 
standard, by which the dimensions of 
any thing, particularly timber, is deter. 
mined. : 

SCAPEMENT (in Clock Work). Ths 
manner of communicating the impuse of 
the wheels to the pendulum Common 
scapements consist of the swing wheel 
and pallets only 

SCAPULA. The shorlder-blade 

SCARF. A sort of sash worn by offi- 
cers in the army, and also by divines, ag 
well as females, over the left shoulder and 
down the right side 

SCARF SKIN, The first and outer- 
most of the three lamina of which the 
skin 18 composed. 

SCARIFICATION. Incisions made in 
the skin, as in cupping 

SCARP. The slope on that side of a 
ditch which ig next to a fortified place, 
and looks towards the field. 

SCAVENGER. A person whose duty 
it is to see that the streets be cleansed 
from filth and dirt. 

SCENOGRAPHY. The perspective 
representation of a body on a plane 

SCHEDULE (in Law). <A _ screll of 
paper or parchment appended to a will 
or any other deed; also an inventory of 
goods, &c. 

SCHIST A name given to differ- 
ent kinds of stones of a slaty formation, 
but particularly those of the argillaceous 
kind 

SCHOLIUM. 
an ancient author 

SCHOOL. A place set apart for the in- 
struction of youth 

SCHOOL (in Philosophy). A system 
of doctrine as delivered by particular 
teachers, as the Platonic school, the school 
of Aristotle, &c. 

SCHOOL (in Theology) The age of 
the church and the form of divinity that 
succeeded the fathers. 

SCHOOL (among Painters), The style 
and manner of painting among the great 
masters of the art at any particular period, 
as the Italian, Flemish, Dutch, Spanish, 
and English schools 

SCHOONER. A small, fast sailing ves 
sel with two masts, Whose main and fore 
sails are suspended by gaffs, reacaing from 
the mast to the ster 


A note or annotation on 





SCHERIF. A. title East 


in the 
given to the descendants of Moham- 
med through his son-in-law Ali and 


daughter Fatima; given also to the 
chiefs of Mecca and ‘Medina; an emir. 


SCIAGRAPHY. The art of finding out 
the hour of the day or the night by the 
shadow of the aun or the moon. 


SUION. A graft or young shoot of a 
tree. 
SCIOPTIC. A ephere or globe of wood 


with a hole, in which ts placed a lens, so 
constructed that it may be turned round 
every way, and used in making experi- 
ments in a darkened room. 

SCIRE FACIAS. A writ of execution 
which lies a year and a day after judg- 
ment given. 

SCIRRHUS. A_hard tumour of some 
gland. 

SCITAMINEAS. One of Linneus’ss 
natural orders, comprehending ginger, car- 
damom, spices, and other aromatic plants. 

SCORING (in Music). Collecting and 
arranging the several detached parts of a 
piece into a certain order. 

SCORPIO. One of the twelve signs of 
the zoaiac, marked thus Ip. 

SCORPION. An insect, having eight 
Jegs, which resembles the crab, but much 
smaller. [tis armed with a pungent sting, 
the puncture of which in hot climates is 
very dangerous. 

SCREEN. An implement in husban¢ry 
which cousists of a frame and wire work, 
with which wheat is cleared of the dust 
and the dross grain. 





out some 


groove cut round a cylinder: when the 












SCREW. One of the bie mechanical 
powers, consisting of a spiral thread or 


thread is on the outside, it is a male of 
convex screw ; but when it is cut alon 
the inner surface of the cylinder, it is a fe- 
male screw, otherwise called a nut. 





SCRIBE. A doctor in the Jewish law, 
whose business it was to write and inter- 
pret the scripture. it 

SCRIBING (among Carpenters). Fit-— 
ting the edge of a board to the side of | 
another. 

SCRIP A bag formerly carried by pil- 
grims. 

SCRIP (in Commerce). That part of 
any loan which remains unpaid for by the 
subscribers. 

SCRIVENER. One who draws up 
and engrosses writings. The company of 
scriveners in London was incorporated. 
in 1616. / 

SCROFULA. A Gisease consisting of 
hard swellings in the glandules of the, .5}< 
neck and ears. a 

SCRUPLE. A small weight Svaal to gd 
twenty grains. 

SCRUPLES ECLIPSED. That part «{ 
the diameter of the moon which enters the — 
shadow. a 

SCRUTINY (in Law). An examina-— 
tion of suffrages or votes at an electica, — Mice 
for the purpose of ascertaining whether - 
they are good or not. 

SCULPSIT, or Scuvr, annexed to an 
engraver’s name, denotes that he engrav- 
ed or carved the piece, 

SCULPTURE. An art which compre- 
hends not only carving in wood, stone, of | 
marble, hut also enchasing, engraving in _ 
all its kinds, and casting in bronze, ir 4 
wax, &e. 

SCULL: A little oar for Laisa, ® ost 
wita. 


7 5 
‘ae 
rr 























 SCULLER. 


| feet, weakness in the legs, a 





_ S8CUM. That which rises to the top of 
any liquor. 

SCURF. A scaly swelling. raised in the 
skin of the head. 

RCURVY. A disease, the symptoms of 
which are yellow spots on the hands and 
foul breath, 
&c. It arises from eating too much salt 
provisions. 

SCUTTLES. Square holes cut in the 
deck of a ship, large enough toadmit a man. 

SCYLLA. A rock in the sea between 
Sicily and [taly, which was very formida- 
bie to the mariners among the ancients. It 
was opposite to the whirlpool Charybdis. 

SCYTHE. An instrument for mowing. 
It consists of a thin steel blade attached at 
right angies toa handle of six or eight feet 
long. For cutting corn there is frequently 
the addition of what is called a cradle. 
The English scythe is represented below. 





SEA A large tract of water which 


_ washes the coast of one or more countries, 


aa the Irish Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, 
the Red Sea, the Sea of Marmora or the 
Blaek Sea, and the Baltic. A sea is less 
than an ocean. 


| BEA COW. See Morse. 


SEAL, or Sea Carr (in Zoology). A 
harmiose and sagacious animal inhabiting 
the shores of many islands and countries. 
The fur seal, is much hunted for its skin. 


_ BEAI,. A piece of meta! having coats of 
Arms or some other device engraven upon 
it; also the print in wax made by the seal. 
_ SEAL (in Law). The imoression or de- 
mire om wax which is put to any 





boat rowed with seulls, | 








deed by way of ratification. In England 
the great seal is the seai uged for the uni- 
ted kingdom of En“‘and and Scotland, 
and sometimes of freland, The privy seal 
is that which the king uses to such grants, 
&c. as pass the great seal. 

SEALER. In England, an officer ik 
Chancery, who seals the writs and instru- 
ments there made. 

SEALINGWAX. A hard wax made ef 
gum lac, resin, &c. which is used jn seal- 
ing letters, &c 

SEALSKIN. The skin of the seal 

SEAMEN Men brought up te the gea 
life. 

SEAMEW. A sea bird about 18 inches 
in length. 

SEAPORCUPINE. A fish found in 
America, which puffs itself out in the 
shape of a bladder when enraged. 

SEARCHERS. Women appointed to 
eXamine all persons immediately after 
their decease, 

SEASONS. The four portions of the 
year, namely, Spring, when the sun enters 
Aries ; Summer, when he enters Cancer; 
Autumn, when he enters Libra; and Win- 
ter, when he enters Capricorn. 

SEA-STAR, or Starrisu. An animal 
inhabiting the sea, which adheres to the 


‘bottoms of ships, and renews any of its 


parts which it loses. 





SEA-URCHIN. An animal inhabiting 
the sea, which is armed with five sharp 
teeth. 

SEAWEEDS. A sort of herbs found 
floating on the surface of the sea, which 
are botanically called alge. 

SEA-WOLF. A voracious fish found in 
the north of Europe. 

SEAWORTHY. An epithet for a ship 
fit for a voyage. 

SECOND. Any right angle that cuts 
another, whether aright line or a curve. 

SECOND (in Geometry and Horelegy). 
The sixtieth part ef a minute, marked 
thus (°"). 

SECONDARY (in Law). The second 
man ic anv place whe is next te ary chief 
officer. 


SECONDARY CIRCLES. Circter 





SEM. 
which inta.sect the six greater circles of 
the sphere at right angles. 

SECONDARY PLANETS. Those 
which revolve as satellites round the pri- 
mary planets. 

BECRETARY. One who is empleyed 
in writing letters, &c. for a person. 

SECRETION. The separation of some 
finid from another in an animal er vege- 
table substance by means of glands. 

SECT A religious party. 

SECTION. The cutting of one plane by 
another. 

BECTOR. A mathematical instru- 
ment used in measuring proportional quan- 
tities. 

SECTOR OF A CIRCLE. That por- 
tion of a circle comprehended between 
two radii and an arch. 

SECUNDUM ARTEM,. By the rules 
of art. 

SECULAR GAMES. Games among 
the Romans, so called because they were 
celebrated but once in a seculum or age. 

SECULAR PRIEST. One who has 
not taken monastic vows. 

SEDAN. A close chair in which per- 
ons &re carried by men. 


SEDIMENT. Whatever settles or sinks 
fo the bottom of a fluid 

SEED. The essence of the fruit of every 
vegetable, containing the rudiments of the 
hew vegetable. 

SEGMENT. Any part of a line in a 
\riangle or other figure, cut off by a per- 
pendicular let fall upon it. 

SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE. A part 
cut off by a chord, or that pertion com- 
prehended between an arc and a chord. 

SEIGNIOR, Granny The sultan or emn- 
peror of the Turks. 

SEIGNORY. The jurisdiction and 
power of a lord 

SEIZING. A sea term for binding two 
ropes together. 

SEIZURE (in Law). An arrest of mer- 
chandise, that is prohibited or otherwise 
forfeited. 

SELENIUM, or Sz.enitz The sul- 
phate of lime. 

SELENOGRAPHY. A description of 
the face of the moon. 

SELLING OUT «<2mong Stockbrokers). 
A transfer of one’s share of stock from one 
person to another, in distinction from buy- 
ing in, which is the purchase of the stock 
held by another. 

BELIING OUT (among Military Men 
@ England). The selling one’s commis- 
sion 


SEMI, A prefix to many vrords, signify- 


ing half, as ‘seimietrela halt a ny r 


colon, half a colon, &¢ 






SEMIMETALS, Fossil bodies not ak’ Ni 


leable, yet in some measure to be fixed by 
fire. 
SENIORITY. Priority of birth. 
SENIORITY (among Military Men). 
Priority in the timé since the raising of 


any regiment, or an officer’s receiving his 


commission, &c. 

SENSE. That faculty of the soul, whereby 
it perceives external objects by means of 
impressions made on particular parts of 
the body, called the organs of sense, and 
then conveyed to the sensory ; the senses 
are five, namely, seeing, hearing, srnelling, 
taste, and feeling. 

SENSIBLE HORIZON. See Horizon. 

SENSITIVE PLANTS. Plants of the 
mimosa tribe, which have the extraordi- 
nary property of closing on being touched 

SENTICOS 4. One ef Linneus’s natu. 
ral orders of plants, including the rose, 
brier, hawthorn, &c. 

SENTINEL. A private soldier placed 
to watch at some post. 

SEPLARLE. One of Linneus’s natural 
order of plants, including such as grow 
wild in hedges or are used for hedges, as 
the brier, privet, &ce. 

SEPOYS. Natives who serve in the 
army in India. 

SEPTEMBER. The ninth month of the 
year,so calied because itwasSeptimus Men- 


sis, the seventh month of Romulus’s year | 


SEPTENNIAL. Every seven years, 
as septennial parliaments, i. e. new par 
liaments chosen every seven years, as they 
are at present appointed in England. 

SEPTUAGESIMA. The first Sunday 
in Lent. Bret 5 

SEPTUAGINT. The Greek translation 
of the Bible from the Hebrew into the 
Greek by seventy-two Jewish interpreters, 
by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus king 
of Egypt. 

SEQUESTRATION (in Law). The 
separating a thing in controversy from the 
possession of both parties, till the right be 
determined by course of law. 


SEQUESTRATION (in the Civil Law) — 


The act of the ordinary disposing ef the 
goods and chattels of a person deceased, 
whose estate ne ene will meddle with. 
SERAGLIO. The palace of the grand 
seignior. 
SERGE. A woollen otull manufactured. 
a2 ioom. 


SERGEANT, or Seragant at Law M 


In England, the highest degree taken ix 
the common iaw, answering te busta o 
doctor in the civil law 


WULK 














x = "— 


CPS 


er ba PC ere a ie 
ny oF aie f eae: 







a te teach the sol- 


_ diers their excercise 


SERGEANTS AT ARMS. In England, 
officers appointed to attend the king, arrest 
offenders, and the like. 

SERIATIM. Suceeasively, in order. 

SERIES. A rank or progression of quan- 
tities proceeding by some rule, as in arith- 
metical progression by addition, 1, 3, 5, 


‘&e.; and in geometrical progression by 


multiplication, as 2, 4, 8, 16, &c. 

SERIES, Inrinite. A series consisting 
of an infinite number of terms, to the end 
of which it is impossible to come. 

SERPENTES. An order in the Linnean 
system under the class amphibia, inclu- 
ding animals which have no feet, fins, nor 
ears, and are cast naked on the earth with- 
eut limbs, but frequently armed with a 
deadly poison. Under this order are the 
seven genera, namely, the boa constrictor, 
the rattlesnake, the'viper, the snake, the 
acrochordus, amphisbena, and coecilia. 

SERVAL A beautiful animal of the cat 
family, spotted like the panther, and about 
the size of the lynx it is a native of 
India. 

SERVICE-TREE. A tree, the fruit of 
which is h’¢h/y astringent; it is used in 
making brandy and cider 

SERVITOR. A poor scholar at Oxford 
in England, answering to a sizer at Cam- 
bridge, who attends on other students for 
his maintenance. 

SERUM. A thin transparent liquor 
which forms a part of the blood, and also 
of milk. 

SESSION. In England, a sitting of jus- 
tices in court upon their commission, as 
the session of oyer and terminer, &c. 

SESSIONS, or Quarter Sessions. In 


_ England, sessions held every quarter by 


two or more justices, whereof one is of the 
quorum. 

SETTING. The sinking below the hori- 
zon, applied to any star or planet. 
SETTING DOG, or Setter. 

ing dog who catches fowls. 


A sport- 





SET OFF (in Law). When the defen- 
dant acknowledges the plaintiff’s demand, 


% but sets up a demand of his own, toset off 


or F counterbalance the ‘debt either wnat 


or in part. 

SETON. A sortef issue in the neck, 
formed by means of horsehair or fime 
thread drawn through the skin. 

SETS (among Gardeners). The young 
plants of» white thorn or other shrubs, 
which are raised as quick for hedges. 

SEWER. A passage or gutter made te 
carry water away into the sea, 

SEXAGENARY One who has lived 
sixty years. 

SEXAGESIMAL ARITHMETIC. A 
mode of computing by sixtieths, such as 
the division of a degree into sixty minutes, 
a@ minute into sixty seconds. 

SEXAGESIMA SUNDAY. The six- 
tieth day before Easter. 

SEXTANT. The sixth part of a circle, 
or an arc comprehending sixty degrees ; 
also an astronomical instrument lke a 
quadrant, except that its limb only com- 
prehends sixty degrees. 

SEXTON. An officer who digs the 
graves, and assists the minister at fune- 
rals. 

SEXUAL SYSTEM (in Botany). The 
system of classifying plants, invented by 
Linneus, and formed from the parts of 
fructification, as the stamens and the pistils. 
From the number of stamens are formed 
the classes monandria, diandria, triandria, 
&e. for such plants as have one, two, 
three, or more stamens ; from the number 
of pistils are formed the severa! orders 
under these classes, as monogynia, digynia, 
trigynia, &e. for such plants under each 
class as have one, two, three, or more 
pistils 

SHACKLES. A sort of fetters for maile- 
factors ; which confine the legs; also for 
animals that go astray. 

SHADDOCK. A shrub, the fruit of 
which resembles a lemon. 

SHADOW (in Optics) A privation or 
diminution of light, by the interposition of 
an opaque body. 

SHADOWING (in Painting). The art 
of duly representing light and shade in a 
picture. 

SHAFT. The body of a column. 

SHAFT (among Miners). A hole like a 
well, which miners make to free the works 
from the springs that are in them. 

SHAGREEN. A kind of rough-grained 
leather, prepared from the skin of the 
hound-fish, and used for watchcases, &c. 

SHAMMY, or Cuamois. A soft leather 
prepared from the skin of the chamoh 
goat. 

SHAMROCK. A name in [refand fe 
the trefoil 











SHANK. That part of the fore leg of 
a horve that is between the knee and tae 
second joint next the foot; also the long 
and cylindr:a) part of different things, as 
the shank of a candlestick, &c. 

SHARK. ‘The cutting part ef a plough. 

SHARK. A voracious fish, that inhabits 
the sea only, and grows to an enormous 
wine 





SHARP. A half note, miei an 
elevation, marked thus 


he 


oo 





SHEARS A tool made in the form of 
scissors, for clipping hedges, &c. 

SHEATH. A case for a knife or sword. 

SHEATH-BILL. A bird inhabiting the 
South Sea islands, which has the upper 
mandible of its bill covered with a sheath. 

SHEATHING. The covering nailed on 
a ship’s bottom, to protect the planks from 
worms. 

SHEEP. A domestie animal, much 
valued both for its flesh and its wool. Of 
the different breeds of this animal, the 
South Dewns, Leicester, and Norfolk are 
the most esteemed in England. It is one 
of the most profitable part of the live stock 
of a farm, where the lands are dry. In 





‘yom Spain is preferred for the wool. 


SHEEP-SHEARING. The spring sea- | from 32 to 44 guns; end sixth sae from 








sheared or eut off. © 
SHEET. A 

bed. 
SHEET. A breadth of paper, that ee 

mits of being folded inte a given form. 


SHEET (among Mariners). A 7 


fastened to the cerner of a sail. 


SHEIK. In Arabia, the chief or lord 
of a tribe or clan; among Mohamme- 
dans, a title of persons of the higher 
order who preach in the mosques, 

SHEKEL. Among the ancient Jews, 
a weight of about half an ounce avoir- 
dupois; a coin of about the value of 
62 cents. 


SHELL. A_ crustaceous covering of 
fishes or fruits. 

SHELL-FISH. Fsh invested with a 
hard covering, either testaceous, as oysters, 
or crustaceous, as lobsterz. 

SHERIFF, or Ssire-rerve. In Eng- 
land a reeve or officer of the shire, whe, es 
keeper of the king’s peace, is the first man 
in the county. He is appointed vy the 
king for every county except Middlesex, 
where he is elected, according to ancient 
usage, by the livery of London. In the 
United States, the Sheriff is an officer 
who attends upon court, has charge of 
the prisoners, sees to the execution of 
writs, &c. 

SILTELD. A weapon of defence, borne 
on the arm, to turn off lances ; also another 
name for an escutcheon, by which it is 
represented. 

SHIP. A general name for all lurge 
vessels which navigate the seas, particu- 
larly those equipped with three masts and 
a bowsprit, the masts being composed of. 
a lower mast, topmast, and topgallant 


mast, each of which is provided with — 


yards, sails, é&c . 

SHIP-BUILDING. The practical braneb 
of naval architecture, or the art of con- 
structing vessels according to certain 
draughts. 

SHIP-MONEY An impesition formerly 


charged upon the ports, cities, towns, &c. © 


of England, 

SHIPPING. A general term for hype 
ever relates to ships. 

SHIPS OF WAR, commonly calted 


Mun or Wik, Veusth properly equipped 
with artillery, ammunition, and all the 


implements of war necessary for attack 
and defence. 
class mount from 100 to 110 gums and 


upwards; of the second from 90 to 98 ‘ 
the United States, the merine breed brovght | guns; third rate from 64 to 74 guns; 


fourth rate, from 50 to 60 guns; fifth rate, 








son, when the flocces of the shee es eo 
A. large linen eiotts laid ons ie 


Ships of the first rate or | 



























i Greeks. 


which any star appears to revolve from 


80 to 2. Vessols ll fewer than 
29 guna are denaminated sloops, cutters, 
Greships, and bembs. 

SHIP-WORM. A testaesous animal, 
the terede of Linneus, that adheres to the 
bottom of vessels coming from India, and 
does much damage. 

SHIPWRIGHT. One who follows the 
art of building ships The company of 
shipwrights in London, was incorporated 
in the reign of James I. 

SHIRE. The Saxon name fora county. 

SHOAL. A shallow piece of water, or 
a shallow part of the sea near the coast. 

SHOARS. Props set up obliquely 
against a house 

SHOE. A covering for the foot, made 
of leather ; also the piece of iron nailed to 
a horse’s foot, er under a sledge, &c. 

SHOE (among Mariners). A smali 
block of wood on the back of an anchor. 

SHORE. A tract of land near the sea. 

SHORL. A mineral of a black colour. 

SHORTHAND, otherwise called Srz- 
woerarny. Anabbreviated form of wri- 
ting. 

SHOT. A general name for all sorts of 
palis used in firearms. 

SHREW. An aninwl resembling the 
mole, that lives on insects. 

SHREWMOWE. A species of mole. 





SHRIKE. A fierce kind of bird, that 
preys on lesser birds, and, tearing them 
te pieces, leaves them sticking on the 
hedges 

SHRIMP Asmall bed-Aah: resembling 
a lebster 

SHROUDS. A sea term for great ropes 
that come down both sides the masts. 

SHROVE-TIDE. The timo just before 
Lent. . 

SHRUB. A small low tree, between & 
bush and a tree. It is mostly an erna- 
mental pliant, searing beautiful flowers, 


as the acacia, lilac, &c 


SPBYLS. Prophetesses, or such as pro- 
fessea to be so, among the Rumans and 
The Romans preserved their 
beeks with great care, and consulted them 
only en great oecasions. 


 SIDEREAL. Pertaining to any star or 


planet, as a sidereal day, the time in 


‘BIL 
ia 83 hours 56 minutes 4 seeonds and 6’¢" 
of mean solar time, there being 366 side- 
reali days ina year, or in-the time of the 
365 diurnal revolutions of the sun. 

SIEGE. The encampment of ao army 
before a fortified place, with a design 
take it 

SIENITE. A compound granular ag 
gregated rock, composed of felspar ana 
hornblende, with a portion sometimes ef 
quartz and black mica. 

SIEVE. An instrument for separating 
the fine from the coarser parts of powders 
liquors, grain, &c. 

SIGHTS OF A QUADRANT, &e. 
Thin pieces of brass raised perpendicular. 
ly on its side 

SIGN (in Arithmetic and Algebra ; 
Any mark used in operation, aa + for 
addition, — for subtraction, > for multi- 
plication, - for division, == for equality, 

SIGN (in Astronomy). The twelfth part 
of the zodiac 

SIGNALS Notices given toa distant 
observer, forthe purpose of communicating 
intelligence 

SIGNATURE The signing any paper, 
or putting any mark under a writing. 

SIGNATURE (among Printers). A let- 
ter of the alphabet, put at the eas of 
the page in each sheet. 

SIGNET. A seal setin aring ; also the 
king’s seal, wherewith his private letters 
are signed, : 

SIGN-MANUAL (in England). ‘fre 
signature to any bill or instrument in the 
king’s own han¢writing. 

SILICA. One of the primitive earths, 
which forms one of the constituent parts 
of all stones, and is found in greatest 
abundance in agates, jasper, flints, quartz 
and rock crystal. In the latter, it exists 
nearly in a state of purity. 

SILIQUA. A pod, like that of the pea 

SILIQUOSAi One of the Linnewan 
natural erders of plants, including those 
which have silique or pods for their seed 
vessels, like the pea, bean, lupin, &c¢ 

SILK. The production of different spe- 
cies of the caterpillar, particularly the one 
called by the generic name of the bombyy 
mori, or silkwonn by distinction, which 
is commonly used in Europe. The silk is 
found enclosed in two sal] bags, from 
which it is drawn in fine threads, te serve 
the insect as a covering while it lies ip 
the chrysalis state. The balls of silk which 
the worm spins are called cocoons, which 
are sold to pergons whese business it is to 
reel them off. A single cocoon is never 
reeled off separately, it being too weak 


for that parpeae ; bay in the reeling» Bae 





SiM 
ends of several coecons are joined and 


waticth they are put for the purpose of 


softening their natural gum, and making | same-moment. 


them stick. 
SILK-THROWER, or Siitx-Turow- 
erzR. One who throws or spins silk so 


as to fitit for weaving. ‘The company of 


SINECURE. An offiee to ‘hich little 
or Do personal service is attached. 

SINE DIE, i. e. Witnevt Day. A 
term in law for a defendant who is dis- 


silk-throwers in London, was incorporated | missed court without trial. 


in 1629. 


SINE OF AN ARC. A fright line 


SLLKWORM. The worm from which | drawn from oneend of an arc perpendi- 


silk is mest commonly procured. 


MALE. 





SILVAN. Pertaining to woods, as the 
silvan nymphe, &c. 

SILVER, The whitest of all metals, is 
considerably harder than gold, but not 
quite so ductile or malleable. It ignites 
before it melts, and requires a strong heat 
to fuse it. 


SILVERING. The art of covering the 
surfaces of substances with a thin coating 
of silver. It is of particular use for euli- 
nary utensils, as it resists the corroding 
power of vinegar, &c. 

SIMILAR (in Mathematics). An epi- 
thet mostly applied to figures, angles, &c. 
which have the same disposition and con- 
formation of the parts. 

SIMONY (in England). The corrupt 
presentation of any one to an ecclesiasti- 
cal benefice, for money, gift, reward, or 
benefit. 

SIMPLE (in Medicine). What is not 
mized with any other thing, ras oppesed 
to @ compound. 


SIMPLE (in Pharmacy). A general 


name for al] herbs which have any parti- 


cular medicinal viroue. 


cular to the radius drawn to the other end. 

SINE QUA NON. What cannot be 
dispensed with. 

SINEW The ligament which joins 
two bones. 

SINGULAR NUMBER (in Grammar) 
A noun which denotes a single thing. 

SINKING FUND. A portion of the 
public revenue set apart to be applied to 
the reductio> or diminution of the national 
debt. This measure of appropriating a 
part of the revenue of the country for the 


discharge of the public debt was adopted — 


in Holland in 1655, and in the Eeclesiasti- 
cal Stztesin 1685. But the particular fund 
so called in England was first adopted by 
Mr. Pitt. 

SIPHON. See Syruon. 

SIR. 
knights, coupled with their Christian 
name, as Sir William or Sir John, &c. , 
also a general complimentary form of ad. 
dress. 

SIRIUS, the Doasrar. A very bright 
star of the first magnitude in Canis, Major 
’ SIROCCO. A periodical wand in Italy 
and Barbary, which prevails about Easter 

SKELETON An assemblage of the 





bones of any animal, cleaned, éried, ct 
preserved in their ‘iatural pesition =. 
SIZE, A aort of glue mad? of 





SIMPLER. One who eg cimploe i" 
resied together out of warm water, into | for the druggists. Ms 
SIMULTANEOUSLY. At one. ore the 


A title of address to baronets and 





























SIZER. <A poor acholar at Carnipidee! 
England. . 

SKEIN. Any quantity of thread after 
it is taken off the reel. 

SKETCH, ‘The outline of any object, 
taken in pencil or otherwise. 

SKIFF. A small light boat. 

SKIN. One of the principal integuments 
of the body, consisting of three lamina, 
namely, the skarf skin. which is the outer- 
mnost; the rete mucesum, the second; and 
the cutis vera, or real skin, the third. 

SKINNER. One who deals in hides or 
skins The company of skinners in Lon- 
don, was incorporated in 1325. 

SKIRMISH. A loose desultory engage- 
ment between sinal! parties detached from 
the armies. 

SKULL. The bony part of the head, 
fashioned in the form of a globe, and con- 
sisting of three divisions, namely, the sin- 
ciput, or fore part; the occiput, or hind 
_ part; and the vertex, or crown. 


SKUNK. An animal of the weasel kind, | 


peculiar to North America, remarkable for 
emitting a fetid smell in self defence. 
SKY. The blue expanse of the heavens, 
or the region which surrounds the earth 
beyond the atmosphere. Sir Isaac Newton 
attributes the azure colour of the sky to 
vapours beginning to condense there, and 
acquiring a sufficient consistence to reflect 
the most reflexible raya 

SLAB (among Carpenters) An outside 
plank cut from a tree, which is generally 
rough and uneven; also a table of marble 
for hearths, &c. 

SLATE. A bluish fossil stone, which is 
go soft that it can be cut into squares, and 
used either for the roofs of houses or other 
purposes, 

SLEDGE. A carriage without wheels, 
used for carrying ploughs or other imple- 

“ments from place to place; also a carriage 
in Russia, fitted for going along the snow. 
In Lapiand the sledges are drawn by 
reindeer. 

SLEEPERS. Timbers lying next to 
the ground, or under the boarding of the 
floor. 

_ SLEIGHT OF HAND, > 8troxt oF 

Hany. The tricks of Juggiers performed 

with such dexterity as to deceive the 
kest eye 

3 SLIDING-RULE A mathematical fa- 

_ Btrament, to be ased without compasses in 


gaging. 
- BLING. 
‘a musho o mung. 
: 3 “ae bi 


‘parings j 
lam boiled 4g ‘water, and strained. Tt is 
sed by painters, printers, &e. 


“BLING (in me). 


SLOOP. A email vessel with one mast 


‘In the navy, sloops are tenders carrying © 


ten or twelve guna and about thirty men. 





SLOTH. An animal NEN Y, “ fs 
slow motion in walking. It elimbs brie 
than it walks. 





SLUG Avariety of the snail tribe, that . 


has no shell. 
gardens. 
SLUG. A eylindrical or cubical piees 
of metal shot from a gun. 
SLUICE. A frame of wood. set in a 


It ig very destructive ia 


river, é&c to raise the water or to let 


pass off, as occasion may require. ° 


SMACK. A small vessel used in the 


fishing trade. 

SMALL ARMS. A general name for 
muskets, fusils, carabines, &c. 

SMALL CRAFT. Ali manner of smal 
sea vessels, as catches, hoys, &c 

SMALL-POX. A cutaneous disorder, 
to which persons are mostly subject once 
in their lives. If taken by infection, it is 
often dangerous, but if taken by tnocula 
tion, It mostly passes off without any il 
consequence. 
with the cow-pox, is milder, but not 80 
certain a remedy against future infection. 

SMALT. 
painting. 
SMELL, or SMELLING. One of the 
five senses, performed by a vascular porous 
membrane which lines the internal cavity 
ef the nostrils. This ie effected by the 


odorous particles which preceed from @x- : 
A lent vorn crap, © hich 2 | ternal substances 


SMELT A fish of the sakmeon trim, 


Vaccination or inoculation | 


A sort of blue colour used in 





A bandage for 
| supporting a wounded lizab. 








whieh iotenae rivers in vast shoals in the 
spawning season. 

SMELTING (ja Metallergy). The fu- 
siea or melting of ores, in order to separate 
the metallic from the earthy er stony parts. 
The art of fusing ores after washing is one 
ef the most impertant operations in metsl- 

urgy. 

SMITH. One who works in iron. The 
vompany of blacksmiths in London, was 
mcorporated in the sixteenth century 

SMITHERY. The art of working iron 
@%o particular shapes as occesion requires. 

BMOKE A humid matter, exhaled in 
ake form of & vapour, which ascends from 
the fire. 

SMOKEJACK. See Jacx. 

SMUGGLERS (in Law). Those who 
get prehiblted goods, clandestinely and 
fraudulently imported. 

BMUT. A disease in wheat, whieh 
consumes the germ and substance of the 
grain. -It is a sort of fungus 

SNAIL. A sort of testaceous animal, of 
whieh there are numerous species, that 
vary mostly in regard to their shells. 
Snails without shells are called slugs. 

SNAKE. Ar amphibious animal, which 
resembles an eel in its cylindrical body. 

SNEEZING. A eonvulsive contraction 
ef the chest. 

SNIPE. A heath bird, nearly allied to 
the woodcock 





SNOW. A well knewn meteor, formed 
by the freezing of the vapour in the at- 
meesphere. 

SNUFF. A nareotic powder prepared 
from the leaves of the tobacco plant. 

BOAP. A composition of ofl or fat, and 
potashee, or any other alkali. The soft 
soap ie made of potash, and cil or tallow; 
the Spanish or Castile soap, of oll of 
elives, and soda or brrilla: black soap is 
& composition of train oi] and an alkali. 

BOCIETY. A name given to any asgo- 
giation of persons uniting together, and co- 


s eperating to effect some particular object, 


28 the societies or academies for promoting 
the cause of liiersture; oharitable societies, 
for purposes of public ehartty; missionary 
- pocieties, for zonding missiemaries abroad, 
swan the like 





sea whieh, being dried Laka heatef 


the sun, leave beds of soda, or natron, ag 


it ls there called. Soda is, however, for . 


the most part, procured from «a plant, 
botanically called the salsola soda, which 


grows among the cliffs on the coast, and: 


also from other planis on the seashore; 
but, in this case, it is more or lesa pure, 
according to the nature of the plant from 
which it is procured. Soda resembles pot. 
ash very much, but it is rather more fusi- 
ble; and when it comes into the air, it 
crumbles into powder instead of liquefy- 
ing, as potash does. 

SODA WATER. Water impregnated 
with carbonic acid gas. 

SOI-DISANT. Self-styled * 

SOIL. The ground in a state for cult 
vation, or for the growth of plants. 

SOLAR SYSTEM. That system of as- 


tronomy, which is founded on the hypo- ~ 


thesis that the sun is the immoveable 
centre of the universe, round which all 
the other planets revolve st different dis- 
tances, and in different spaces of time. 
SOLDER. A metallic composition used 
by plumbers and other artificers, for the 
purpose of uniting metallic bodies more 
finnly together. Iron is generally soldered 
with copper; cepper and brass, with tin. 


SOLE. An European fish much valued 
for the table. 
SOLECISM. An impropriety of speech 


contrary to the rules of grammar. 

SOLICITOR. A person who is employ- 
ed in conducting suits in courts of equity 

SOLID (in Geometry). A magnitude 
which has length, breadth, and thicknegs. 

SOLID (in Physics). A body whose 
minute parts are so connected together as 
not to yield readily to the impression of 
external ferce, in distinction from a fluid. 

SOLIDITY. That property ef matter 
by whieh it excludes every other body 
from the place which it occupies. 

SOLITARY CONFINEMENT. Ths 
confinement of prisoners by themselves in 
cells, 

SOLO (in Music Books). A name for 
any part that is perfermed by ene single 
person. 

SOLSTICE. The time when the sun is 
at the greatest distance from the equator, 
namely, 23° 28°; which happe-ss about the 
2ist of June, when he enters the tropic ef 
Canser, or the summer soistice nd about 


the 21st of December, when he enters the — 


trepic of Capricern, ‘whieh is the — 
sotsthoe 


SOLSTITIAL POINTS The twe 



































- ~peints 
_ Caneer, and the first of Capricorn, when 
Othe solstices happen. 

BOLVENT. Any menstruum of eorre- 
sive liquor which will dissolve bodies, 

BOLUTION. The intimate mixture or 
perfect union of solid bodies with fiuids, 
80 as seemingly to form one homogeneous 
liquer. 

SOMNAMBULISM. Walking in one’s 
sleep. 

SOOT. A volatile matter arising from 
the smoke of wood or other fuel; or more 
prenerly, the smoke itself dried and con- 
densed on the sides ef the chimney. 

SOPHISM. A specious but false argu- 
ment, that serves to mislead. 

- SOUND. That effect or impression en 
the ear, supposed to be occasioned by the 
tremulous motion of the air acting on that 
ergan. If this motion be uniform, then it 
produces a musica! note or sound. 

SOUND (in Geography). Any great in- 


jet of the sea between two capes or head-. 


lands, where there is no passage through, 
as Plymouth Seund, or that part of the 
Baltic called by distinction the Sound. 

BOUNDBOARD (in an Organ). A re- 
servoir into whieh the wind is condueted, 
and thence distributed to the pipes. 


SOUNDING (in Navigation). Trying 


' the depth of the water, and the quality of 


the bottom, by a line with a plummet at 
the end. 

BOUP. A streng decoction of flesh or 
other substances. 

SOW (in the Iron Works). A block or. 
lump of metal worked at once in the fur- 
nace. 

SPA. A mineral spring. 

SPACE (ia Geometry). The area ~ 
any figure. 

SPACE (among Printers). A slip of 
wood or metal for maxing a space between 
words or lines. . 

SPANIEL. A sort of dog, with a long 
shaggy coat and pendulous ears. There 


SPAN AN “English measure of aise 
inches. 

SPANISH FLY. ‘An inseet eau is 
used in raising blisters. 

SPAR. Any sort of earth which breaks 
easily inte cubical or laminated fragments 
with polished surfaces. 

SPARROW. A bird 30 nearly allied te 
the finch, that they are classed by Linnswus 
under the generic name of fringilla. But 
the sparrow differs in its habits essentially 
fromthe finch. It isa mischievous, cun 
ning, spiteful bird, that is very destructive 
in corn-fields, and in the roofs ef houses 
where it builds. We here speak of the 
European species. In America, there are 
geveral varieties, of which the chipping bird 
is the most common. ! 

SPARRCW-HAWK. A kind of short- 
winged hawk. 

SPASM. An involuntary contraction of 
the museular fibres. 

SPATHACES. One of the Linnean 
natural orders, comprehending plants very 
similar to the liliaceous plants, ag the nar- 
cissus,' &c. 

BPATULA. An instrument for spread- 
ing salves or plasters. 

SPAVIN. A disease in the feet of 
horses, which causes them to swell. 

SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF 
COMMONS. In England, a member cho- 
sén by the house, and approved by the 
king, who regulates all their proceedings, 
and speaks in the name of the whole on sli 
public occasions. The speaker of legtsla- 
tive bodies in the United States has similar 
duties. 

SPEAKING-TRUMPET. A sort of 
trumpet used at sea, by the help of which 
persons may hear si a great distance, 






Pant a an ae Cs 


SPEAR. A. sort ef lance with a sharp 
point. 

SPECIAL JURY (in Law). A Jury of 
a higher order of persons, sworn to try @ 
particular cause. 

SPECIALTY (in Law). A bend, bill, 
er similar instrument. 

SPECIE. Gold ¢ coin, in distinction 
from paper money, 

SPECIES. Any particular plant, ani- 
mal, or mineral, contained under a genus, 

SPECIFIC. A medicine having & par 
ticular efficacy. 

SPRCIFIC GRAVITY. The relative 












mersing them in any fluid. — 

SPECTRUM. A luminous spot formed 
by a ray of light on a white surface, when 
admitted through a smal! hole, ; 

SPECULUM. Any polished body in: 
pervious to the rays of light, such as 
polished metals, looking-glasses, é&e. 

SPERMACETI. An oilv substance 
found in the head of the physeter macro- 
cephalus, a species of whale 

SPHERE (in Geometry). A solid con- 
tained under one uniform round surface, 
such as would be formed by the revolution 
of a circle about a diameter thereof, as an 
axis. 

SPHERE (in Astronomy). The concave 
erb or expanse which invesis our globe, 
and in which the heavenly bodies appear 
to be fixed, at an equa! distance from the 
eye. 

SPHERICS. The doetrine of the sphere, 
particularly of the several circles described 
on fits surface, with the method of project- 
img the same on a plane. 

SPHEROID. A solid body approaching 
to the figure of a sphere. 

SPHINX. A fabulous monster of Thebes, 
said to have put forth riddles, and to have 
killed those who could not expound them ; 
also an Egyptian statue, with the head of 
& woman and the body of a lion. 

SPIDER, An insect which is remark- 
able for its Ingenuity in forming its web, 
which it effects by means of papille or 
teats at the bottom of its belly. It uses 
Web as a snare for flies and other insects, 
whom it seizes and kills with great fo. 
roeity. 





IDER-WORT. A perennial and a 

flowering plant, cultivated in gardens. 

SPINAGE. A pot-h 

SPINE (in Anatomy). The bony column, 
' which consisie of the twenty-four vertebra 
of the back. 

SPINET A musical instrument some- 
thing similar to a harpsichord. 

SPINNING The act of drawing silk, 
flax, or wool, into threads, which is per- 
formed either by means of a wheel, or by 





proportion of the weight of bodies of the | 
same bulk, which is determined by im-_| 








men, fro 
wards. The term is ‘alas used in é 
United States, in application to any wi 
married woman. / 





SPIRACULA. Holea or pores in the | 
abdomen of insects, through whieh they t 


breathe. 


SPIRAL. A eurve line, which in ite — 


progress always recedes more and more 
from its centre 

SPIRE. A steeple that rises tapering — 
by degrees, and ends in a point. 

SPIRITS. A general name for ali ve- 
latile substancee collected by distillation, 
now confined by chymists to alcohol, 

SPLEEN (in Anatomy). A spongy vis. 
cus, of a livid colour, lying en the left 
side of the body. 

SPLICING. Joining one rope to ano 
ther. 

SPLINTER. A small shiver of wood or 
bone suddenly and violently broken off 

SPOKES! The bars in the wheel of a 
carriage. 

SPONDEH. A foot of two syllables. 

SPONGE. A substance which, at one 
time, was supposed to be & sea-moss grow- 
ing on rocks, but now discovered to be @ 
sort of zoophyte, that is torpid, and clothed 
with a gelatinous porous flesh, by which it 
absorbs or rejects water at pleasure 

SPOONBILL. A bird so called from 
its flat orbiculer peeks which is in the 


shape of & spoon. 





SFONTANEOUS. An epithet for things 
that act of themselves, without any appe- 
rent external agency, as the spontaneous 
combustion of vegetable substances, which 
when highly dried, and closely heaped, 
will burst into a flame j ; So the spontaneous 
geweration of the limbs or parts of animale 


Inpchines particularly constructed for the | which have been eut off or destroyed. 


Purpese « 
, GPINSTER (in Law). In England, an! places ohserved on the sun, moon, ant 








SPOTS ON THE BUN, &c. Dark 






















planets, of the nature of w 
known at present. 
_ SPRAT. A fish very similar to a herring, 
but amaller. It ig a species of the same 
_ genus, under the generic name of clupea 
“@PRAY. The sprinkling of the sea 
driven from the top of a wave in stormy 
weather. 

SPRING (in Astronomy). One of the 
seasons, commencing in the northern hemi- 
sphere when the sun enters Aries, about 
the 2ist of March. 

SPRING. A fountain or source of water 
fising out of the ground. 

SPRING (among Mechanies). A piece 
of tempered steel, fitted te give an elastic 
power to any machine, as the spring of a 
Watch, represented underneath 






hick, little is 





SPRING COE. A species of African 
Antelope. i 

SPRINGER A lively and pleasant 
species ef dog, very expert in raising 
woodcocks and snipes 

SPRING-TIDES. Tides at new and 

* full moon. 

SPRIT. Asmali boom or pole crossing 
the sail of a boat diagonally. 

SPRUCE. A fluid extracted by decoc- 
tion from the spruce fir. 

SPRUCE-BEER. A cheap and whole- 
some liquor, made of treacle or molasses, 
and the essence of spruce, well boiled in 
water, to which yeast is afterwards added 
to assist*the fermentation. 

SPRUCE-FIR. A kind of Scotch or 
Norway fir, common in America. 

SPUNGE. See Sroner,. 

SPUNGING-HOUSE (in England). A 
victualling house, or place of temporary 
confinement, for persons arrested for debt. 

SPUNK. A substance growing on the 
sides of trees, which serves as tinder. 

SPUN YARN. The yarn of untwisted 
ropes, the ende of which are scraped and 
beaten thin, to be let into the ends of 
other ropes. 

SPUR. A plece of metal made to fit 
the hee! of the horseman, and armed with 
arowel, which is used for urging a horseon. 

SPY. A person hired to watch the mo- 

_ tions of another, particularly what passes 
fm an eneniy’s camp. 

SQUADRON (in the Navy). A detach- 
ment of ships employed tn any expedition. 

- BQU APRON (in the Army). A body 
ef horse, from one to two hundred. 
«SQUARE (i® Geometry). A quadrila- 











































STA 


| teral figure, whose angles are right angles, 
and sides equal. 

SQUARE (in Arithmetic). The product 
of any number multiplied by itself; also 
the squares of lineal measures, as a square 
foot, a square yard. 

SQUARE (among Carpenters). An in- 
strument for squaring their work or redu- 
cing it to a square. 

SQUARE (in Military Affairs.) A body 
of soldiers formed inte a square. 

SQUARE-ROOT. A number which, 
multiplied in itself produces the square 
number; thus, 2 is the square-root of 4. 

SQUIRREL. An agile animal, that 

climbs dexterously, and leaps nimbly from 
tree to tree. It lives mostly on seeds and 
fruit. The most common varieties ix 
North America are the gray, red, and str 


ped 








STACK, or Rick. A structure of hay 
or corn, so formed that it may be thatched 
iby way of defence from the wet. The 
stem or body or the stack should be about 
two-thirds, and the roof one-third, of the 
whole stack. A funnel or chimney, called 
the well, is frequently left in circular 
stacks, to prevent their heating too strongly. 
As @ preservative against the wet, while 
the hay or corn is stacking, rick-cloths 
are fixed up. 

STADIUM. A Greek long measure, 
equal to our furlong; also the race-course 
among the Greekg. 

STAFF. An ensign of offise 

STAFF (in the Army). A speeiied 
number of officers acting together. 

STAFF (among Mai mers). A light pele 
erected in a ship, on which the colours 
are hoisted. 

STAFF-OFFICERS. 
who constitute the staff. 

STAGE. The elevated place in the area 
of a theatre, where the actors perform 
their parts; alse any elevated place for 
the purpose of exhibiting any thing, or of 
carrying on any work in building 


Those officers 








STAGE-COACH. A public peiieles bo 
called because the horses go only a certain 
distance ata time, which is called a stage. 

STAG-BEETLE. An insect which lives 
-h the decayed trunks of trees. 

STAG. An elegant animal, the male of 
which has branching and recurvate horns. 
The branches of a-well grown stag are at 
least six or seven. This animal is not 
found in America. 





STALACTITES. A sort of calcareous 
earths, consisting of carbonace of lime, 
earvonic acid, and wate.: it is found 
Suspended from vault: or the roofs of 
caverns in calcareous mountains. 

STALK, Cauurs (in Botany). That 
part of a plant which receives the nourish- 
ment from the root, and distributes it to 
the otter parts. 

STALL. A particular seat in a cathe- 
dral; alsoa partition in a stable; and an 
epen shop in a market or fair. . 

STAMEN (in Botany). One of the 
principal parts of fructification in plants, on 
which Linneus’s sexual system is founded. 

STAMINA. The simple original parts 
of an animal body, which existed in the 
embryo. 

STAMP, Any instrument with which 
an impression is made; also in England, 
paper bearing a particular mark or impres- 
sion, which is used for receipts, deeds, and 
ether instruments, and for which a tax is 
paid. 

STANDARD. An peli weight or 
measure by which other measures are reg- 
ulated These measures are committed 
im Engiand, to the keeping of a magistrate, 
‘er deposited in some public place, as the 
Exchequer. 

STANDARD (in Military Affairs). A 
flag or banner, borne as a signal for the 
forming of troops inte a body he royal 







imperial arms of England, Scotland, an 
Ireland are quartered, with those ef Han 
over. : . 
STANNERIES. Tin mines or works. Ty 

STAPLE (in England). A town where 
there were public storehouses for merchan- 
dises. 

STAPLE COMMODITIES. Articles - 
such as wool, cloth, lead, &c. which might 
be latd up in the staples or storehouses 
without damage. 

STAR. A general name for the heavenly 
bodies, but more particularly for what are 
otherwise denominated fixed stars, as dis- 
tinguished from planets, comets, satellites, 
&e. “The stars were distinguished by the 
ancients into different collections, included 
within imaginary figures called constella- 
tions. The particular stars in each con- 
stellation have been moreover distinguish- 
ed, by the moderns, by the letters of the 
Greek, and also according to their magni- 
tude, from the first or largest to the sixtk 
or the smallest that are visible to the naked 
eye. : 

STARBOARD. The right hand of a 
ship, when ‘ooking towards*the head or 
fore part. 

STARCH. A powder drawn from wheat 
flour, and used in stiffening linen. 

STAR-CHAMBER. (in England). A 
court where anciently the Lord Chancel. 
lor, assisted by others, used te sit to punish 
riots, forgeries, and other great offences. 

STARFISH. See Sra-star. 

STARLING. An European bird about 
nine inches long, that is very docile, and 
may be easily taught to speak. mk 

STATICS. That branch of the acience 
of mechanics which teaches the properties ’ 
of bodies in respect to their weight, equi- 
librium, &c. when in a state of rest See 
MeEcHANtcs. 

STATIONER. A dealer in paper, pens, 
and all writing utensils, &c. The station- — 
ers in London, form one of the citycom- — 
panies. ge 

STATUARY. A branch of sculpture 
employed in the making of statues, r ih 

STATUES. Figures of men or. other 
objects formee with the chisel, of marble 
or stone, &c., cr carved in wood, and cast 
in plaster of Paris, or in different kinde of 
metals. 

STATUTES (in England). Aetsofpar 
liament made by the three estates of the | 
realm, which are either public or private, 
The ecourta of Westminster must take eog- 
nizance of the public statutes without their — 
heing specially pleaded, but not so of pee 7 


\ 

















: agli ‘epee 
STAVE (in Music). The five horizontal 








es 








a 


STEALING (in Law). The fraudulent 
taking away of another man’s goods with 
__-&N Intent to steaJ thein, against or without 
the will of him, to whom they belong. 
STEAM. The vapour which arises from 
the application of heat to water or any 
other fluid. 

STEAM-ENGINE. An engine first con- 
structed by Mr. James Watt, a native of 
_ Greenock, for raising water by means of 
O the expansive force of steam. It has since 
undergone many improvements, and been 


which requires an extraordinary moving 
pewer. The steam engine was first suc- 
cocsfully applied to navigation by Robert 
Fulton of the United States. 





STEEL. fron refined and purified by 


_ buret of iron, or iron combined with a 
smali portion of carbon. 

STEEL-YARDS A balance, for weigh- 
ing vee 





STEGANOGRAPHY. The art of 
writing in secret characters or ciphers. 
“STEINERITE. In mineralogy, a 
variety of iolite, of a blue color. 
 STEINMANNITE. (A mineral with 
- afineg granular 2a adept and metallic 
lustre: s . gr. 6°83; H= 

aan Aas One of ae Linnean 





made applicable to every sort of work. 


‘fire. it is chemically described as a car- | 


habural | ade ‘of. abil g So inecheudtna 


those which have their leaves disposed 
round the stem in the form of a star 
STEM (in Botany). That part of a 
piant which sustains the root, leaves, and 
flower. : 

STEM (in Shipbuilding). Thea circular 
piece of timber into which the two sides 
of the ship are united at the fore end; the 
fore part of the ship, as opposed to the 
stern. - 

STENOGRAPHY, or SwHonrtr-Hanp. 
The art of writing in short characters 
instead of words. 

STEPPES. Barren tracts of elevated 
land in Russia, and the northern part of 
Asia. 


STEREOGRAPHY The art of repre~ 


senting solids on a plane, 
STEREOMETRY,. The science which 

teaches the measuring of solids. 
STEREOTYPE, One entire solid piece 


of type cast from an impression in gypeum, — 


of a page composed with moveable types. 
' STERLING MONEY. The lawful 
money of Great Britain. 

STERN. The hindermost part of a ship. 

STEWARD.(in Law). A term applied 
in England, toseveral officers of distinc.ion, 
particularly the Lord High Steward, whe 
presides at the trial of a peer or the corona- 
tion of the king, &c. 

STEWARD (in Conmerce,. One whe 
manages the affairs of another, particularly 
in the management of estates. 

STIGMA (in Botany). The top of the 
pistil. 

STILL. The apparatus used in the dis 
tillation of ardent spirits. See Distinna 
TION 

STILTS. A set of piles driven into the 
ground plot, for the intended pier of a 
bridge. 

STIMULANTS. Medicines which tend 
to excite the animal energy. 

STING. A weapon in the form of a 
barbed spear, with waiek some insects are 


armed 


STIRRUP. The step of a saddle 

STIRRUP (in Shipbuilding). A piece 
of timber put under the keel when some 
part of it is lost; also the name of some 
short ropes. 

STIVER. A Dutch coin, equal to about 
a penny. 

STOAT. See Examine 

STOCK. The wooden part of many tn. 
struments, as the steck of an ancher, the 
stock of a gun, é&c. 

STOCK (in the Army). Part ef a sok 
dier’a dress wern sound the necx instead 
| of a neckeleth. 




































- 836 ETO 


STOCK (in Commerce). Amy fund con- 
sisting ef money or goods employed by a 
person in trade, particularly the sum of 
Money raised by a company for carrying 
on any trading concern. 

STOCK-BROKER. One who deals in 
the public funds for others 

STOCK-DOVE. An _ European bird, 
supposed to be the origina! stock of the 
various kinds of pigeons. 

STOCK-EXCHANGE. The place where 
stock is bought and sold, 

STOCK-JOBBER. A_ speculator 
dealer in the public stocks or funds. 

STOCKING. A covering for the legs, 
made either of silk, wool, cotton, or 
thread, &c. knit with the hands or wove 
in a frame. 

STOCKS (in Domestic Policy). The 
public funds or government securities, 
which bear an interest, and are regularly 
bought and sold. 

STOCKS (in Law). A mode of con- 
fining the legs of disorderly persons by 
way of punishment, which was ordained 
by statute 

STOCKS (in Shipbuilding). A frame 
of timber for building pinnaces, ketches, 
and other small craft; also sometimes 
emall frigates. 

STOICS. A sect of philosophers among 
the ancients, who maintained that pain 
was no evil, and many other paradoxes 
ef a similar nature. 

STOLE, Gaoom or rHx. In England, 
the head officer in the bedchamber of a 
king or prince. 

STOMACH. The membranous, oblong 
receptacie in the lower region, destined to 
receive the food and convert it into chyle. 

STONE. A hard mineral, that may be 
used in various ways in building. The 
principal component parts of stones are 
silica, alumina, zircona, glucina, lime, and 
magnesia; sometimes the oxides of iron, 
manganese, nickel, chronium, and copper 
are also found te enter into their composi- 
tion. 

STONE-FRUIT. Fruit having its seed 
enclosed in a stony substance. 

STONEHENGE. A pile of huge stones 
on Salisbury Plain, in England, six miles 
distant from that city, which is generally 
admitted by antiquaries to have been a 
British temple. It consists of the remains 
ef four ranks of rough stones ranged one 
within another, and suszaining ethers the. 
are laid across and fastened by mortices. 

STONE-WARE. A general name for 
every thing which ie manufactured of 
earth er clay, particularly the eoareer 
gorts of curthen-ware. 


or 


j 





i 





STOP (in Music), The pressure the 
strings by performers on the violin 
viotoncello, by which «they are ‘wrought, AN 
into contact with the finger-beard. EA a 

STOP OF AN ORGAN. A collection co NEA 
of pipes similar in tone and quality, which © 
run through the whole ora creel pat of 
the compase of an instrument. aN 

STORAX. The gum benzoin, 

STORES, or Navat Srones. The ma 
terials laid up in store for the use of the 
navy, such as ordnance, ammunition, 
masts, sails, cordage, &¢. _ 

STORK. A bird nearly allied to the 
heron and the crane, with which it is 
classed by Linneus under the generic 
name of ardea. It is a white bird, having 
the orbits of the eye naked. This bird is 
a native of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and \ 
feeds upon amphibious animals. In Hol Pe ae 
land and Germany the storks are much ae 
favoured, and are to be seen on the tops of on) 
the houses, and even in the publie streets. sath 







Ke 
f 
‘ 


Sek eee? 





== 


STORMY PETREL. See Pzrazn 

STRAIT, or STRAITS. A narrow arm 
of the sea shut in by iand on both sides, 
as the Straits of Gibraltar, &e. ihe i 

STRATUM. A bed or layer, andSrrata, 
the beds or layers, of different earths or 
mineral substances of which the whole 
earth is composed. 

STREAMER A flag or pendant in a 
ship. 

STREPDITEROS,. A species of Goat, 
With tall spiral horns, found in the island 
of Crete. rate 

STRIKE. A measure of capacity,con- 
taining four bushels. mint 
STRONTIA, Asortof ponderousearthe = 
STROUDS. The several twista at the 
end of a cable. 
STRUMA. A scrofulous smccihg: 
STUCCO. A composition of white mar 
ble pulverized and mixed with plaster of 
lime, it is used en walls, or ib 
ornamental Agures, 




































































sails. 

STUDENT. One studying for his de- 
grees at the university; also one who is 
preparing himself for the bar. 

STUFF. Any sort of thin cloth made 


pf wool or other matter. 


STUM. “Wine revived by a new fer- 
mentation. 

STURGEON A Jarge kind of fish, 
which inhabita the sea, but ascends the 
rivers annually The flesh of all the spe- 
cies 18 good. 

STYLE, A sort of bodkin with which 

‘the ancients wrote on wax or on lead, 
now used for writing on ivory, leaves, and 
paper particularly prepared for the pur- 


STYLE (in Dialling). The pin which, 
by its shadow, points out the hour, 

STYLE (in Botany). The columnar 
portion of the pista. 

STYLE, A name which, in séveral sci- 
ences, denotes a particular rule or method, 
as in rhetoric and grammar, the manner 
ef expressing one’s sentiments. 

STYLE (in Chronology). The manner 
of computing time, which is either old 
style or new style. By the old style the 
year consisted of 365 days and 6 hours; 
but the new or Gregorian style was made 
te correspond more nearly with the period 
of the sun’s revolution, reckoning the year 
to be 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 20 se- 
eonds, by retrenching 11] days from the 
eld style. The new style was introduced 
into Germany in 1700, and in 1752 into 
England by act of parliament, whereby 
the 2d of September in that year was 
reckoned the l4th. 

STYLE (in Architecture, A particular 
mode of erecting buildings, as the Gothic 
style, Saxon style, &c. 

STYPTICS. Substances which have a 
binding juality, and are used to step 
bleeding, &c. 

SUB. A prefix which denotes inferiority 
ef rank or defect of quality, as subaltern, 
subordinate. 

SUBALTERN. An inferior officer, act- 
ing under the immediate direction of 
another, as cornets, ensigns, &c, 

SUBDIVISION. A_ division or part 


under another or greater division. 


SUBJ JNCTIVE MOOD. A mood of 
verbs which imply a condition annexed 
te an affirmation. 

Re ‘SUBLIMATE. Any substance procured 





avi IAL grup. a inack of breeding mares, par 

 theularty those of the finer sort. 

- STUDDING SAILS. Light sails ex- 
_ tended beyond the skirts of the principal 


prevens ot robiimation, partioularly 
ARORA 


‘“guc 


j the gabtincate of mereury, an extremely 
acrid and violently poironous preparation 

SUBLIMATION. A process by which 
volatile substances are raised by heat, and t 
again condensed in the solid form. 

SUBMARINE. An epithet for what is 
or happens »inder the sea or water, as @ 
submarine explosion or submarine naviga- 
tion, &c. 

SUBMULTIPLE. A number or quan- 
tity contained in another number or quan- 
tity a certain number of times exactly, aa 
4, which is the submultiple of 24. 

SUBORNATION. A hiring er getting 
persons to,swear falsely. 

SUBPQENA (in Law). A writ for sum- 
moning witnesses 

SUBSCRIPTION, The signing or set. 
ting one’s hand to a paper ; also the giving 
asum of money, or engaging to give it, 
for the furtherance of some commen ob- 
ject in which several are interested, as 
subscriptions in support of Cho ane in- 
stitutions, and the like. 


SCAGLIOLA. In architecture, a 
kind of ornamental plaster, or artificial 
stone, prepared from | gypsum and 
Flanders glue,“and made to imitate 
the colors of marble. 

SCALENE. In geometry, a triangle 
having the three sides unequal.—A 
scalene cone or cylinder is one of which 
the axis is inclined to the base. 

SCALESIASIS. In physiology, a 
disease peculiar to swine, which is 
purely parasitic, and depends for its 
origin on the introduction into the 
system of the mature and fecundated 
ova of Teenia solium. . It is sometimes 
known as the measles; and the malady 
is most prevalent in those counties in 
Ireland where pigs are reared.. 

SUBSTANTIVE. Another name fora 
noun 

SUBSTITUTE (in Law). One delegated 
to act for another. 

SUBSTITUTE (in the Militia). One 
engaged to serve in the room of ancther. 

SUBSTRATUM A stratum underneath. 

SUBTENSE OF AN ARC. A nght line 
opposite to an angle, supposed to be drawn 
between the two extremities of the arc. 

SUBTERRANEAN. Underground, or 
within the bowels of the earth, as subter- 
ranean caverns or subterranean fires. 

SUBTRACTION. The taking of one 
number or quantity from another, ex- 
pressed by this character — ; as 5—deun2, 

SUBTRAHEND. The quantity to be 
subtracted. 

SUCCEDANEUM. A medicine substh 
tuted for another, 

SUCCINIC ACID An noid re 


from amber 












838 SUI 

SUCCOTRINE ALOES. A gort ef 

aloss obtained from a species of the alos, 
marmely, the aloe perfoliata of Linneus. 

SUCCULENTA. One of the Linnean 
mMatural orders of plants, including the 
juicy evergreens, as the: mesymbrianthe- 
Mum, &c, 

SUCKER. The piston of a pump; also 
a piece of leather laid wet upon a stone, 
which owing to the pressure of the atmo- 
sphere, adheres very closely, and is not to 
be pulled off without great force. 

SUCKER (in Botany) A young twig 
shooting from the stock. 

SUCKER (in Ichthyology). <A sort of 
_ fish, that adheres so firmly that it cannot 
be removed without great difficulty. 

SUCKING-FISH. A fish having a fat 
naked head and a naked body, which ad- 
heres very firmly to the bottom and sides 
of vessels. It was called by the ancients 
remora, and in the Linnean system echi- 
Reig remora. 





SUFFERANCE. A term in law, ap- 
plied to tenants. A tenant at sufferance, 
is one that continues afler his estate is 
ended, and wrongfully holdeth against 
another. ; 

SUFFRAGAN. A bishop that is sub- 
ordinate to an archbishop 

SUFFRAGE. A vote at an election in 
favour of a person, 

SUGAR. A sweet substance procured 
from many plants or parts of plants, as 
from the stem of the maple, birch, &c.; 
the root of the carrot, beet, &c.; the leaf 
of the ash, the grain of wheat, &c.; but 
particularly from the sugar-cane by boiling 
the expressed juice with quick lime or 
vegetable alkali. Sugar is made, principal- 
ly in the West Indies and in the Southern 
United States. 

SUGAR-BAKING. The process of re- 
fining the raw sugar after it comes from the 
suyar plantations. 

SUGAR-CANE. A plant growing in 
the East and West Indies, and other trop- 
fea) countries, which consists of a knotted 
reed, thai rises sometimes to the height of 
twenty feet, but reeds of a more moderate 
Bize are preferred, that are full of juice. 
From this, sugar and molasses are made, 

SUGAR OF LEAD. Acetate of lead. 

8UL GENERIS. Of its own nature or 


kind. 
SUIT. An action at Law 
SYLPHATES Salta formed by the 


unwn o sulphuric actd with differem — 






bases, as the sulphate of soda, called Glag- — 
ber’s salts; the sulphate of magnesia, called 
Epsom salts; so the sulphate of copper the 
sulphate of zine. 

SULPHITES. — Salts formed by the 
union of sulphurous acid with the different 
bases, b 

SULPHUR Asimple combustible sub- 
stance, vulgarly called brimstone, whieh is 
found pure in great abundance, In com- 
bination with metals it. forms the ores 
called pyrites. It is a nonconductor of 
electricity, and becomes electric negatively 
by friction. Its specific gravity is 1.990, &e. 

SULPHUR, Frowenrs or. A powder 
precured from sulphur when it is heated 
to the point of 170 degrees 

SULPHURETS. Compounds of sulphur 
with different alkaline earths and metallic 
bases, as the sulphuret of lime, of potash, 
&ce. 

SULPHURIC ACID, An acid contain- 
ing sulphur (its basis), and oxygen. Con- ~ 
centrated sulphuric.acid is called oil of 
Vitriol 

SULPHUROUS ACID. An acid form- 
ed by the combination of sulphur with a . 
less degree of oxygen than is requisite t 
form sulphuric acid 

SULTAN. The title of the emperor of 
the Turks. He resides at Constantinople. 
Many inferior Arabic princes are styled 
Sultans. 

SUMAUCH. A shrub which grows nata- 
rally in Syria, Palestine, Spain, and Por- 
tugal. From its roots, when dried and 
ground at tke mill, is procured a powder 
used in tanning and dyeing. 

SUMMER. One of the four seasons of 
the year, beginning, in the northern hem- 
isphere, when the sun enters Cancer, 
about the 21st of June. 

SUMMER (in Architecture). A main 
piece of timber that supports a building. 

SUMMONS (in Law). A citation by 
virtue of which any man is called to ap- 
pear before a magistrate or judge. 

SUMPTUARY LAWS. Laws rega- 
lating dress and domestic diet. 

SUN. he great luminary, supposed, 
according to the Copernican system, to be 
the immoveable centre of the universe, 
having all the planets revolving around 
him at different distances, and in different 
periods of time, He is marked thus, () 

SUNDAY. The sabbath or Lord’s Day 

SUN-FLOWER. A plant, the yellow 
flower of which expands tike the rays of 
the sun il 

SUPER. A prefix signifying excess, ag 
superabundant, supsrananaiod, &@ 

















| BUPERANNUATED. Post the fixed) 


er stated time. Soldiers are superannuated 
who are too old for active service: boys 
are superannuated when they are too old 
to be admitted into any institution. 

SUPERCARGO. One whotakes charge 
of a cargo or lading. 

SUPERFICIES. A magnitude bounded 
vy lines. 

SUPERLATIVE. The highest degree 
of comparison expressed by adjectives. 

SUPERNATURAL. Beyond or out of 
the course of nature. 

SUPERNUMERARY. Above the fixed 
or stated number, as soldiers attached toa 
regiment which has already its complete 


number 


SUPERSCRIPTION. A _ writing on 
the outside of a paper or any other object. 

SUPERSEDING (in Law). In Eng- 
land, setting aside a bankruptcy. 

SUPERSEDING (in the Army and 
Navy). Taking the place of another by 
special appointment 

SUPPLIES In England, extraordina- 
ry grants to government by parliament. 

SUPPORTERS (in Heraldry). Orna- 
ments without the escutcheon, which, as 
in the annexed figure, seem to bear it up 
er support it 





SUPPORTERS (in Architecture) 
Images which serve to bear up any part 
ofa building in the place of a column. 

SUPPRESSION. The stoppage of any 
fluid. 

SUPPURATION. The gathering of pus 
or matter in a boil or wound. 

SUPREMACY (in England). The su- 
preme and undivided authority of the king 
ever all persons and things in his realm, 
whether spiritual or temporal, which is 
denied to him by the members of the Ro- 
inish church according to the tenets of their 
religion. 

SURCHARGE. Any extra charge made 
by assessors, upon such as neglect to make 
due returns of the taxes to which they are 
Mable. 

. BURCINGLE. The girdle with which 





awa 


“BURD. A number or quantity that ic 
incommensurable to unity, as the square 
root of 2 or the cube root of 10. 

SURETY. One that gives security e 
another. 

SURF. The swell of the sea breaking 
upon the shore. 

SURGE. A large wave rising aPaYe 
the waters of the sea. 

SURGEON. One whocures by manua 
operation or exte:nal applications. 

SURGERY. The art of curing or alle 
viating diseases by toca] and external ap. 
plications, or operations by means of the 
hand or of instruments 

SURRENDER. A deed or instrumen. 
testifying that the tenant yields up the es. 
tate to him that hath the immediate estate 
in remainder or reversion ° 

SURRENDER OF A BANKRUPT 
The surrendering or giving up all his pro- 
perty into the hands of his creditor or 
their assignees. 

SURVEYING. The art of measuring 
the area or superficial contents of lands. 
grounds, fields, &c. by the help of proper 
instruments. 

SURVEYOR. One who follows the art 
or business of surveying. 

SURVEYOR (in Law). One who sur 
veys or superintends any business, as the 
surveyor of the highways, a parochial 
officer who sees that they are kept in re- 
pair, &c. 

SURVIVOR (in Law). The longer liver 
of two tenants. 

SUSPENSION, or Pornts or Suspsn- 
sion. Those points in the axis or beana 
of a balance, wherein the weights are 
applied, or from which they are suspend- 
ed. 

SUTLER A victualler that fotowes: a 
camp. 

SUTURE. The union of bones by means 
of dentiform margins. 

SWALLOW A bird that builds its 





“qielbad ‘uind their cassocks ; also a girth | nest in the corners of barns. The swal 


lew is the harbinger of spring 











SWAN. eye bird, nearly allied to. 





the goose, with whieh it is classed by Lin- 
heus under the generi¢ name u: the anus. 
A species entirely black has been recently 
- discovered in New-Hetland. ‘ 





SWARD. The eoat of grass on a mea- 
dow. 

SWARTH. 
from the scythe of the mower. 

SWEEPS. Large oars used on board 
ships of war. 


now taken for” a cringing, sneaking fiat 
terer 


ed by a yore alone, ora rower and con 
gonant. 

SYLLABUS. A list of i chief heada 
of a book. 

SX LLOGISM. A logical areas con- - 
gisting of three propositions, called the 
major and minor, which are the premises; 
and the question which, after it is drawn 
from the other two, is called the conse- 
quence or conclusion: thus, ‘every animal 
has life; man has life; therefore man is 
an animal.’ Lk 

SYMBOL. The emblem or representa 
tion of some moral quality by some ani- 
mal or thing supposed to possess the same 


The row of grass as it falls | quality: as, a lion is the symbol of courage, 


two hands joined together, a symbol of 
union. These symbols were much used © 
by the ancients in representing their dei- 


SWEEPSTAKES. The different stakes | ties, as the eagle, attributed to Jupiter is 


laid down by several persons, which all 
go by a sweep to one. 

SWEET PEA. An annual which beara 
a beautiful sweet-smelling flower. 

SWIFT. A sort of lizard which moves 
very swiftly ; also agort of bird. 

SWIMMING. The act of sustaining the 
body in water, and moving in it as fishes 
and other animals do naturally, and as 
Man also, by an acquired art, may do. 

SWINE-STONE. A sort of calcareous 
earth. 

SWIVEL. A small piece of artillery, 
that may be turned on a pivot in any di- 
rection 

SWORD. A weapon of offence, worn 
by a soldier’s side 

SWORD-BEARER (in England). An 
officer who carries the sword of state before 
& Magistrate. 

SWORD-CUTLER. One who'prepares 
swords for use. 

SWORD-FISH. A fish furnished with 
aeswordlixe snout with which it attacks 
etker fish, porticularly the whale. 





SYCAMORE. A large tree like a fig- 
‘yee, that grows very fast, and is used in 
plantations and pleasure-grounds It ie 
vulgarly called Button ball, 

SYCOPHANT An informer among 


the symbol of his power. 

SYMMETRY. A due proportion of al) 
the parts to one another and to the whole 

SYMPATHETIC INK. A kind of ink 
which, when written with, is invisible 
until it is held to the fire. It is made 
from the solution of lead, bismuth, gold, 
and green vitriol. 

SYMPATHETIC POWDER@ A pow- 
der prepared from green or blue vitriol. 

SYMPHONY. A consonance or concert 
of several sounds agreeable to the ear, 
whether voca. or instrumental. 

SYMPTOM. A sign or mark by which | 
the nature of the disorder is discovered. 

SYNALOEPHA. A contraction of two 
vowels into one. 

SYNCHRONOUS. Happening at the 
same time. 

SYNCOPE (in Medicine). 
or swooning. 

SYNCOPE (in Grammar). 
letter out of a word. 

SYNCUPE (in Rhetoric). 
form of speeeh. 

SYNCOPE (in Music). The divinien of 
& note. 

SYNDIC. A magistrate in Germany. — 

SYNOD. . An assembly of the clergy. 

SYNOD (in Astroncimy). A conjunction — 


A fainting — 
Taking a 


A concise 


|.of heaveniy bodies, or concourse of twa 


planets in the Baine > optica] place of the. 
heavens. 

SYNODICAL MONTH. The period 
wherein the moon departing from the sun, 
returns to a conjunction with him again, 
this is twenty-nine days, twelve hears 





SYLLABLE, An articulate sound Terma 





ight minutes, Cwantyicignt ARE 


on SYNGENESIA (in Botany). Ono of 
the Linnean classes, containing plants the 
momina ef which form a cylinder. 





SYNONYMES. Words of the same or 
stmilar signification, which serve to am- 
plify a subject. — 

SYNOPSIS. A general view of a sub- 
jec.. 

SYNOVIA. An unctuous fiuid secreted 
within the capsular ligaments of the joints, 
which serves to lubricate them and facili- 
tate their motion. 

SYNTAX. That part of grammar which 
treats of concord and government. 

SYNTHESIS (in Mathematics). A meth- 
od ef composition, as opposed to analysis. 


Ay f 


f, the twentieth letter of the alphabet, 

stands as an abbreviation amongst the 

ay Roman writers for Titus, Tiberius, &c. 
TABBY. Arich kind of sikx that has 

. undergone the process of being tabbied. 

hee TABBYING. The passing any silk or 

/ stuff through a calender, the rollers of which 
are variously engraven, so as to give the 
surface a wavy appearance. 

TABLE. A level surface raised above 
the ground, of various forms, and used for 
meals anu various other purposes. 

TABLE (in Perspective). The transpa- 





rs rent or perspective plane. 
“® TABLE (in Arithmetic). Any series of 
_--—”—«saBmbbers formed so as to expedite calcu- 


lations, as the tables of weighta and mea- 
yures, « 
TABLE (in Astronomy). Computations 
of the motions and other phenomena of 
* the heavenly bodies.. 
TABRET. A small drum. 
> TACIT. Not expressed, as a tacit cen- 
fession, one that may be inferred some- 
times from a person’s silence. 

TACKING. Changing the course. 

_ ‘TACKLE, or Tacsiine. The general 
furniture of a ship particularly the ropes 
and the assembiage of blocks by which 
heavy oodies are moved. 

TAUIICB The ssience of disposing 
either an army or 2 feet of ships, and 













SYPHON, or SIPHON. A bent tabe 
used in drawing off wine, liquers, and 
other fluids eut of a vessel. 

SYRINGA. A flowering shrub p.aniod 
in gardens. 

SYRINGE. An instrument that admits 
of any fluid, and expels it again at plea- 
sure. 

SYRUP. A thick composition, formed 
from the juices of herbs and fruits boiled 
with sugar. 

SYSTEM. An assemblage orchain of 
principles, the several parts of which de 
pend upon or are connected with each 
other. Systems vary in different sciences 
according to the hypothesis on which they 
are founded, as in astronomy, the Coper- 
nican or Ptolemaic system ; in botany, the 
system of Tournefort, Ray, Linnaeus, &e 

SYSTEM (in Musie), An interval com- 
pounded or supposed to be compounded of 
several lesser intervals. : 

SYZIGY (in Astronomy),. The con- 
junction or oppesition ef any planet in 
regard to the sun 





regulating their movements fer the mere 
effectual attainment of the ends preposed. 

TADPOLE. A frog in its unformed 
state. 

TAFFETY. A fine sort of silk remark 
ably glossy. 

TALC. A soft. kind of earth, soapy te 
the touch, and composed of magresia, 
alumine, and silica. 

TALENT, A money of aecoun: among 
the Jews and Greeks. The Jewish talent 
of silver was equal to $1710.00, and that 
of the Greeks to $970.00. The Jewish 
talent of gold was equal to $22,800.00. 

TALENT. A weight among the Jews, 
containing one hundred and eighty-nine 
pounds eight ounces fifteen penny weights 
and seventeen grains ‘The talent among 
the Egyptians ana Greeks did not weigh 
so much. 

TALES (in Law) Jurors added to make 
up the number wanted. 

TALLOWCHANDLER. A maker and 
vender of tallow candles, as distinguished 
from a waxchandler. The company ef 
tallowchandlers in London, was sated 
rated in 1461. 

TALLOW TREE. A tree in Cnrina 
which produces an unstuous juice, ef 
which candles are made, 

TALLY. Acieft racic horn) 
an account ia seored — 























TALMUD. The book of the otal law of 
the Jows, containing their ya customs, 
and traditions. 

TAMARIND. The fruit ef an Indian 
tree, which has an agreeable acidity com- 
pined with sweetness. It is used very 
mauch in medicine. 

TAMBOUR (in Fortification). A kind 
of work formed of palisades. 

TAN. The bark of the oak or other tree 
ground or chopped, and used-in tanning 
leather. 

TANGENT. A line touching a circle or 
ether curve without cutting it. 


\ 

TANNIN. The substance procured from 
tan, by macerating it in cold water; this 
has the property of forming with anima! 
gelatine a tough insoluble matter, and is 
therefore used in converting sking into 
leather by the process of tanning. 

TANNING. The process of preparing 
heather from the skins of animals, which, 
after being cleared of the hair, wool, and 
fleshy parts oy the help of lime, scraping, 
and other means, are macerated in an 
astringent liquor formed from the bark of 
the oak tree. This is usually done by 
putting into the tan pit, layers of ground 
oak-bark and ekins alternately, with the 
addition of a smal) quantity of water. 

TANREE. A small animal covered with 
prickles mixed with hair, found in some 
parts of Asia 

TANTALUS. A sort of birds. 

TAPESTRY. Cloth woven in figures. 

TAPEWORM. A kind of womnns re- 
sembling a tape in its form, which infests 
the intestines of the human body, and 
eauses many disorders, 

TAPIOCA The starch of the cassava 
reot. 

TAPIR. A genus of animals of the class 
maminatlia, order belluine, that inhabits 
South America. 

TAR. A thick, black, unctuous sub 
stance, obtained from old pines and fir trees. 

TARANTULA. The largest of all Eu- 
repean spiders, the bite of which was 
fermerly supposed to be venomous. 

TARE. Anallowance to the buyer forthe 
eutside package in the weighing of goods. 

TARES. A sort of vetches much used 
ge spring fodder fer cattle 


‘TARGET. A kind of shield anciontly 4 
used by the Scotch; a mark Bet sine as 


fired at. 


TARGUM. The Chaldee paraphrase a 


the Old Testament. 

TARIFF. A table of the rates er duties 
agreed upon between two states to be 
paid upon the goods of their respective 
countries. 

TARPAULIN. A canvass eloth to hic 
off the rain. 

TARTAN. A small coasting Vasant Pu 
the Levant, having one mast and a bow- 
sprit. 

TARTAR. The concreted vabeteane 
formed on the sides of wine casks. 

TARTAR, Cream or. A powder com- 
pounded of tartaric acid and potash. 

TARTARIC ACID. An acid proeured 


by the solution, filtration, and crystalliza-~ 


tion of the tartar. 

TARTRATES. Salts formed by the 
combination of tartaric acid with different 
bases. 

TATTOOING. Puncturing the skin and 
rubbing in a dye, which is practised among 
the natives of the South Sea Islands. 

TASTE. One ofthe five senses, by which 
the savour or relish of any thing is per- 
ceived. This resides principally in the 
papille of the tongue and palate. 

TAURUS. The second sign of the zodiac. 
marked thus & ; it contains among other 
stars the two clusters called the Pleiade 
and Hyades. 

TAUTOLOGY., Useless repetition. 

TAXES. [inpositions laid upon the eub- 
ject by act of government 

TEA. The leaf of a Chinese tree, from 
which a oseful beverage of the same name 





has been made ever since fits first intro : 


duction inte Europe im the seventeentés 
century The tea plant Is a native of 











been found 
other part of the world. 


~ Beas, the Souchong, Camho, Congo, Pekoe, 







byl vial: bi My a ‘ 
paa, and Tonquin, and has not 
growing spontaneously im any 
It offects valleys, 
the sloping sides of mountains, and the 
banks of rivers exposed to the southern 
yays cf the sun, There are two principal 
gorta of tea, namely, the Green and-the 
Bohea, or black ; these are distinguished 
into different species, according to the 
nature of the leaf, as of the Greens, the 
(mperial, Hygon, and Singlo; of the Bo 






and Common Bohea. 
TEAK TREE. The Indian eak, not 
equa! in durability to the British oak. 
TEAL, The smallest of the duck kind. 
TEARS (in Anatomy). The limpid fluid 
secreted by the lachrymal glands. 
TEARS (in Chemistry). Any fluid fall- 
ing in drops, as gums or resins exuding 
in the form of tears. 
TECHNICAL. Pertaining to arts and 
sciences, as technical terms, terms of art. 
TEETH. The hardest and smoothest 
bones of the body, fixed in the alveoli or 
socketa of the two jaws, which begin to 
appear about the seventh or eighth month 
eafter the birth, first the dentes incisuri or 
incisores, the four front teeth of the upper 
and lower jaw; then the canini, or eye 
teeth, one on each side the incisores in 
each Jaw ; and then the molares, or grind- 
ers, mostly ten in each jaw, making alto- 
gether thirty-two, although the number 
varies indifferentsubjects. Intheseventh 
year new teeth are formed, and in the 
twenty-first the two last of the molares 
mostly spring up, called the dentes sapien- 
tie 


TEGUMENTS (in Anatomy). Cover- 
Inga ef the body, as the cuticle, rete mu- 
cosum, skin, and adipose membrane 

TEINT. An artificial colour. 


TEAK. A tree of the East Indies, af- 
fording durable timber for shipbuilding. 

TELEGRAPH. An instrument by 
which intelligence can be commanti- 
cated rapidly to a considerable dis- 
tance.—Hlectro-magnetic telegraph, an 
instrument or apparatus for communi-| 
cating words or language to a distance} 
by means of electricity. There are also 
the indicator telegraph, which conveys 
its signals by the movements of point- 
ers; the type-printing telegraph; the 
symbol-printing telegraph; aud the 
chemical-printing telegraph. 

TELEGRAPHY. The art or prae- 
tice of communicating intelligence by 
a telegraph. 

TELENGISCOPE. In optics, an in- 
strument which combines the power of 


_ the telescope and the microscope. 


oa mee eee eee a re Ee I ne en a ee een OES eT 


‘ware i 


conveying information by sound. The 
Telephone was first presented to the 
world at the Centennial Exhibition in 
1876; but its introduction as a practical 
telegraphic apparatus dates from May 
4, 1877, when Prof. Graham Bell ex- 
hibited it in the Music Hall, Boston. 


TELESCOPE. An optical instrument 
composed of lenses, 80 situated cs to bring 
remote objects neartothe view. Towhom 
we are indebted for the discovery of the 
powers of this instrument is not preciseiy 
known. Wolfius infers from a passage vp 
the ‘Magia Naturalis’ of John Baptinxa 
Porta, that he was the first who made a 
telescope, and this inference is the more 
probable as Baptista Porta had particu- 
larly directed his attention to optical in- 
strumenca; but nocertain mention is made 
of any te.escope before 1590, thirty years 
afterwards, when a telescope sixteen inches 
long was made and presented to Prince 
Maurice of Nassau, by a spectacle maker 


of Middleburg, whose name is not eyactly 


known, being called Luppersheim, Jansen. 
andaiso Hansen. Noadvances were, how- 
ever, made in the construction of tele- 
scopes before the time of Galileo, who 
white at Venice accidentally heard thata 
sort of optic glass was made in Holland, 
which brought distant objects nearer, and 
considering how this thing might be, he 
set to work and ground two pieces of glass 
into a form, as well as he could, and fitted 
them to the two ends of an organ pipe, 
with which he produced an effect that 
delighted and astonished all beholders 
After exhibiting the wonders of this inven- 
tion to the Venetians on the top of the 
tower of St. Mark, he devoted himself 
wholly to the improving and perfecting 
the telescope, in which he was so succéss- 
ful that it has been usual to give him the 
honour of being the inventor. Ananecdote 
mentioned by F. Mabillon in his Travels, 
of having met, in a monastery of his own 
order, with a manuscript copy of the 
works of Commestor, written by one Con- 
radus in the thirteenth century, and con- 
taining a portrait of Ptolemy looking 
through a tube at the stars, would seem to 
justify the supposition thaa this contrivance 
of facilitating the view of distant objects 
was of earlier datethan is generally con- 
sidered ; but we are not informed whether 
the tube was furnished with glasses, and 
very probably tubes were then used to 
defend and direet the sight, and render the 
object more distinct by singiing it from all 
other objects in the vicinity. It must not. 
however, be denied that the eptical pia 


? 





x TELEPHONE. An instrument for wae 


. 








eteaae Upum which the effest of telescopes 
ig founded are as old ss Euelid at least, 
and wanted nothing but accident or re- 
flection to lead to this mede ef applying 
them. 

Telescopes are either refracting or reflect- 
ing ; the former consist of different lenses 
through which the objects are seen by rays 
refracted by them tothe eye, and the latter 
consist of specula from which the rays are 
reflected and passed to the eye. The lens 
or glaas turned to the object is called the 
ohject glass, and that next to the eye the 
eye giass, and when the telescope consists 
-of more than two Jenses al! but that imme- 
diately next the ebject are called eye 
glasses. Great improvements have been 
made in the construction of telescopes, 
both refleeting and refracting. ‘That eon- 
gtructed under Dr. Herschel’s direction is 
the largest instrument of the kind, and pos- 
seases the highest magnifying power of any 
that was ever made. The tube of this 
telescope is thirty-nine feet four inches, it 
measures four feet ten inches, and every 
part of itis of iron that is rolled, or sheet 
iron, joined together by a kind of seaming, 
like the iron funnel of a stove. In order 
to command every altitude, the point of 
support is moveable, and its motion is 
effected by the help of pulleys, so that it 
may be moved backward or forward and 
set to any altitude up to the very zenith. 
The tube is also made to rest with the 
point of support in a pivot which permits 
tt to be turmed sidewise 








TELLER. One in a bank, who receives, 
and pays out money. . 

TELLERS Those whoreckon the votes 
in any legislature. 

TELLERS. In England, officers of the 
exchequer, who receive all moneys due to 
the crown. 

TELLURIUM. A kind of metal of a 
blue white colour, sott, brittle, and easily 
reducible to powder. It melts in a heat 
something above the fusing point of lead. 

TELLUS (in Heathen Mythology). The 
goddess of the earth ; the earth itself. 

TEMPERAMEN T (in Music). The 
accommodation or adjustment of imper- 
fect sounds. 

TEMPERATURE, The constitution of 
the air according to the diversity of the 
geasons, or the different situations ofclimate 
and ether circumstances 


ness or softness. 


TEMPERING (amen Sickuakorsy’ es 
The duly mixing the materials of which — 


bricks are made, that they may be more 
easily cut and reduced to the proper shape. 
TEMPLARS, or Keients Tuempvans 


An agrcient order of knighthood, which 


was absiished at the beginning of the 
fourteenth century. 

TEMPLE. A place appropriated for the 
performance of public worship. 

TEMPLE (in Anatomy). The upper part 
on each side of the head, where the pulse 
is felt. 

TEMPORAL. Not spiritual; as the 
temporal revenues of the church in Eng- 
land, called the temporals, or temporalitiea, 

TEMPORAL (in Anatomy). Pertaining 
to the temples, as the temporal arteries, 
&e. 

TENACITY. The degree of force with 
which the particles of bodies cohere or are 
held together; a term applied particularly 
to metals which may be drawn into wire, 
as gold and silver 

TENAILLE. An outwork of a fortress. 

TENANT (in Law). One who holds 
lands by any right, particularly one whe 
occuples lands or tenements at a yearly 
rent, for life, years, or will. 

TENCH. A fish with a golden body 
and transparent fina, that imhabits rivers 
and ponds. 

TENDEB (in the Navy). A small ship 
that attends a larger. 

TENDER (in Law). The offering of 
money in payment of a debt. 


TENDON ACHILLES. That which 


connects the calf of the leg with the heel. 

TENDONS. The extremities of the 
muscles. 

TENDRIL. The curling part of plants, 
as in the vine, with which they lay hold 
of any thing for support. 

TENEMENT (in Law). Ary thing 
which may be holden, particularly houses 
or any other buildings. 


TENNIS. A game with a ball, driven | 


by a racket. 

TENNIS-COURT. The place where the 
game of tennis is played. 

TENON. The square end of a piece ef 
mer. 

TENOR (in Music). The middle ‘ sea 
hetween. 


TENSE. That part of a verb which de ~ 


notes time, aw the present tense, denoting 
the time that new 1s; the preterit er seat 
the time that was: and the future, the time 








- 








that will be Some tenses Likew #9 damote Me "ie 











a 
. 
x 
4 
y 
yi 


cM 


~ 
— eon 


Ca 


= See e 


ae 
Ps x 
<< 


ed ad tind LE > Mad ake 


iises pie. ae 
sok Se he 










° or 
} time, asthe eran tense, which denotes 
am unfinished action at a certain time; the 


perfect, a finished action at any time;and 
the pluperfect, a finished action before a 
@ertain time. 

TENSION. The act of stretching or be- 
ing stretched, asthe tension of the muscles" 
when the body ia in motion, 

TENTER (in the Cloth Manufacture). 
Arailing constructed tostretch cloths upon. 

TENTERHOOK. A particular hook 
on which th_ngs are hung that are to be 
stretched. 

TENURE (in Law). The conditions on 
which lands and tenements are held. 

/ TERCE. A wine vessel con!aining for- 
ty-two gallons. ! 

TERM (in Geometry). 
or bound of a magnitude. 

TERM (in Law). A fixed and limited 
time within which courts of judicature are 
open. 

TERM (in the Universities). The fixed 
periods within which stu-ents ars obliged 
to reside for the prosecution of their 
studies. 

TERMES The white ant, a genus of 
insects, inhabitants of the East Indies, 
Africa, and Scuth America, which are 
said to exceed the common ant, the bee, 
and the beaver in their skill, ingenuity, 
and good government. They build pyra- 
midal structures ten or twelve feet high, 
that resemble villages in extent, and divide 
them off into several apartments, as maga- 
zines, ehambers, galleries,&c. They are 
no less dexterous and remarkable in their 
manner of providing themselves with food, 
for they destroy food, furniture, books, and 
timber with such rapidity, that a beam will 
be eaten by them toa mere shell in a few 


The extremity 





TERMINI. Figures used by the Romans 
Yer the support of entablatures, in the place 


_ ef columns ; the upper part consisted of the 


head and breast of a human body, and the 
Yower of the inverted frustum of a cone, 
They were so called because they were 
principally ussd as boundary marks, and 
Peacevonced their god Terminus. 

' TERMS OF AN EQUATION. The 
members of which it is composed. 


_ TERN A birdof which there are seve- 


the great, lesser. black 


; ’ 'Phey live en fish, and are 
‘sometimes ealled sea-swallows. 

TERRACE, A platform or bank of earth 
raised and breasted, particularly in fertifi- 
Cations; also a raised walk. 

TERRA FIRMA. Main land; the name 
particularly given to a country of South 
America, extending from the Atlantic te 
the Pacific Ocean to the extent of 1368 
miles* 

TERRA JAPONICA. Japan earth, the 
inspissated juice of a species of acacia. 

TERRAR, or Teraizr. A land roll, 
containing the quantity of acres, tenants’ 
names, and the like. 

TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. An artificial 
representation of the earth’s ‘surface, by 
the help of which many problems in as- 
tronomy and geography are worked. > 

TERRIER A Kind ef dog that hunts 
underground, 





TEST (in England). An cath prescribed 
by act of parliament for renouncing the 
pope’s supremacy, &c.; also the Sacramen- 
tal Test, which was formerly required as 


the qualification of taking an office, but is — 


now abolished 

TEST (in Chemistry). A term applieu 
to any substance which serves to detect 
the presence of a poisonous ingredient in 
@ composition; also a cupel or pot, for 
aeparating base metals from gold or silver. 

TESTACEA. ‘Testaceous animals, or 
shell fish; the third order of animals under 
the class vermes, in the Liangean system, 

TEST ACT (in England). An act of 
parliament which required al) persons te 
take the sacrament according to the rites 
of the church of England, on their accep- 
tance of a public office. 
repealed as relates to the sacramental test 
for which a declaration is substituted, sig 
nifying that the party will do nothing te 
the injury of the established religion of 
Engiand. 

‘TESTAMENT (in Law). The solemn 
act whereby a man declares his last will 
as to the disperal of his estate after hig 
death. 


This act is so far 















the volumes of the Holy Scriptures, that 
is the Old and the New Testament. 

TESTATOR. A man who makes his 
will. 

TESTATRIX A female whe makes 
her will. 

TESTUDO. A machine among the ar- 
cients, which served to screen the soldiers 
when they approached the walls to mine. 

TESTUDO (in Zoology). <A genus of 
animals, including the marine turtiz, the 
tiver turtle, and the land tortoise. 

TETANUS. A locked jaw. 

TETRADYNAMIA. One of the Lin- 
RBmean classes of pianis, including those 
plants the flowers of which have six sta- 
meng, four of them longer than the other 
two, as eandytufl, wallflower, cabbage, 
&a 





TETRAGYNIA. An order of plants 
under severa) classes, in the Linnewan 
System, the flowers of which have four 
pistils. 

TETRANDRIA. One of the Linnean 
classes, comprehending plants the flowers 
of which have four stamens, as the scabi- 
ous, holly, plantain, &c. 





TETRARCH. Aneiently the governor 
ef the fourt’a part of a provinee. 

YEXT. The original part of an author’s 
work, as distinguished from any note or 
eommentary 

TEXT. A paseage of seripture chosen 
as the subject of a sermon, 

TEXT (in Printing or Writing). A par- 
tieular kind of handwriting or form of 
letters, used by lawyers and others. 

THANE. A baron among the Saxons. 

THAUMATUBGUS, A worker of mira- 
elez; a t.tle given by the Roman Catholics 
some of their saints 


for the audience. i b 


THEOCRACY. A sovernmuus jess Bar 


God himeelf is the king, as that of the 


Baul. 


THEODOLITE. An instrament used 


ik surveying, for taking angles, &c. This 


instrument is supported on three staffs, 
screwed inte bell metal joints that ars 
moveable, having a limb, or a strong 
bell metal ring, upon which are three 
moveable indexes, 
sextant, within which isa spiral level, and 
over {it a telescope, all suitably adjusted 
with screws 

THEOLOGY. The study of religion, er 
the science which instructs in the know 
ledge of God and divine things. 

THEOREM. A position laid down as 
truth. 

THEORY. A doctrine which confines 
itself to the speculative parts of a subject, 
without regard’ to its practical application 
or illustration. 

THERAPEUTICS. The healing art. 

THERM. — Hot baths. 

THERMOMETER. An inetrument for 


measuring the temperature of the air, as 


respects heat and cold, founded on the 
principle that the expansions of matter 
are proportional to the augmentations of 
the temperature. The invention of the 
thermometer has been ascribed to different 
authors, to Corneliua Drebbet of Alcmaar 
by his countrymen Boerhaave and Mus- 
chinbroeck; to Father Paul, by hia bio- 
grapher Fulgenzio;to Galileo by Vincenzie 
Viviani; but Sanctorino assumes the inven- 
tion to himself, and his claim is fully 


admitted by Malpighi and Borelli. The 


first form of this invention was the air 
thermometer, consisting ef a glass tube 
connecied gt ons end witha large glass 


ball, and a1 the other end immersed in an : 
open vessel or terminating in a ball witha | 
narrow bottom. The vessel was filled with © 


a coloured liquor that would not easily 
freeze, ag aquafortis tinged with a solution 
of vitriol oy copperas. 
top being then moderately warmed, the 
air contained in it was in part expelled, 
and then the liquor pressed by the external 


airentered at the lower ball and rose toa 
certain height in the tube, according te — 
the temperature. The air being found net 


Jews before they were governed by king 


a bell metal double 


The ball at the 












se fit for measuring with atcuracy Soa i f 


variatzons of heat and cold according :. 


this form of the thermometer, which wat ve 


first adopted, alcohol or ee of wine 










e Wipeatine ‘academy, only 
ry fine cylindrical ,.aas tube, 





Tee Pes having a hellow ball at one end, and her- 
ba drs metically sealed at the other. To the tube 
ts applied a scale, divided from the middle 
into ene hundred parts, upwards and down- 
her wards. As spirit of wine is capable of a 
very considerable degree of rarefaction 
and condensation by heat and cold, when 
the heat of the atmosphere increases the 
~  gpirit dilates, and consequently rises in the 
tube; and when the heat decreases the 
spirit descends. As inconveniences were 
found te attend each cf these thermome- 
ters, a8 also that of M. Reaumur, which 
was constructed in a similar manner, Mr. 
Fahrenheit first employed mercury ror this 
purpose, which bas since been universally 
adopted. The method of constricting his 
thermometer, of which a representation is 
here given, is as follows, a small ball is 
‘blown at the end of a glass tube, of an 
uniform width throughout. The ball and 
part of the tube are then to be filled with 
quicksilver which has been rreviously 
boiled to expel the air, the open end of 
-—s the tube then being hermetically sealed, a 
Ra scale ia constructed by taking the two fixed 
points, namely, 32° for the freezing point 
and 212° for the boiling point, and divid- 
ing the intermediate space inte equa! parts, 
cna 


























ij a i 
a 


_ THISTLE. A priekly weed that infests 
corn fields. 

THORACIC. An order of fishes in the 
Linnean system, which have the ventral 

fins placed directly under the thorax. 

THORAX. The chest, situated between 

the neck and the abdomen. 

’ THOROUGH BASS (in Music). That 
- Watch includes the fundamental rules in 
~ eemposition. 

THRAVE, or THREAVE OF CORN. 
Twenty-four sheaves, or four shocks of mx 
sheaves. 

THREAD. A small line made of a few 
fibres of silk, cotton, or hemp, from which 

‘it derives tts names of si'k, cotton, or thread 


THRESHING. The beating the (ase 
eut of the ears of wheat with a flail. 
THRESHING MACHINE A mashine 
for threshing wheat, instead of the oid prac- 
tice of threshing with a flail. sy) 

THRUSH (in Ornithology). A genus of op 
birds, the turdus of Linneus, of which the te 
principal species are the missel thrush, the 
throstie or aong \hrush, in England, the 
fieldfare, and the black bird. The thrush 
or throstle, properly so called, is one of 
the finest singing birdsin this ceuntry. Its 
song, which is rich and varied, commences 
early in the season, and continuee for nine 
months, 

THRUSH (in Medicine). A A eine 
in the mouths of children. 

. THUNDER. The noise oceasioned by 
the explosion of electrical clouds, 

THUNNY.A kind of mackerel. 

THURSDAY. The fifth day ef the 
week, so called from Thor, the god of the 
Saxons and other northern tribes. 

THYME. A fragrant herb. 

TIARA, or Para Crown. An orna- 
mental cap formerly worn by the Persians, 
and since adopted by the Pope. See 
Papat Crown. ; 

TIBIA. The largest bone of the leg. 

TIC DOLOUREUX. A painful affection. 
of the nerves. 

TICK. A little insect, one species of 





‘| which, called the dog- tiek, infests dogw. 


TIDE. The regular periodical current of 
water, which when it rises is called the 
fiux, and when it goes back is the ebb or 
reflux. This is ascribed by Newton to 
the attraction of the sun and moen, put 
partucularty to the latter, owing to ao . 
proximity to the earth. et 
TIDE WAITER. A customhouge officer 
who sees to the goods landed on the quay 
TIER. A range of cannon mounted on 
one side of a deck. 
TIERCE. A measure of liquids eontain- 
ing forty-two gallons. 
TIGER. A ve ferocious beast, of the 





tribe, 
cat, under the generic name fella. 
native of the het climates of Asia, whore 


classed by ‘umes with the 
It aa 








it is comsidered as 2 scourge. It is of so 
fierce and sanguinary a nature that it is 
not to be tamed. 

TILE. A thin piece of clay in a fat 
form, dried and baked so as to fit it for 
cevering the roofs of houses, 

TILLAGE The art-and practice of cul- 
tivating the grcund, by ploughing, harrow- 
tag, rolling, ani ether weorke of husbandry. 

TILLER OF A SHIP. A piece of wood 
fastened in the head of the rudder, by 
which it is moved. In small abips and 
boats it is called the helm. 

TIMBER. The wood of trees felled and 
geagoned for the use of the carpenter, us 
the wood of the 6ak, fir, eim, ash, beech, 
chestnut, walnut, lime, sycamore, and 
bireh ; of these, however, the oak, ash, 
and elm are properly denominated timber 
trees. 





TIME. A certain measure or portion of 
eternity distinguished by the motion of the 
neavenly bodies. 

TIME (in Music). The measure of sounds 
tn regard to their continuance or duration. 

TIMEKEBPER. An _ instrument for 
- measuring time. 

TIN. A metal which is very rarely 
found native. It is one of the lightest 
metals, ite specific gravity when hammered 
being nomere than 7-299, but it isso fusible 
ag to melt ac about 442° of Fahrenheit. 

TINCTURE. A solution of any sub- 
stance in spirit of wine. 

TINMAN. A saanufacturer of tin, 

TINNING. The art of covering iron or 
copper with a coat of tin, by immersing 
the plates into melted tin. This is one of 
the most useful purposes for which tin is 
employed, as it renders iron fit for various 
uses which, on account of its tendency to 
rust, would otherwise be unavailable. 

TIN PLATE, otherwise called Wuitrx 
Inon. Iron covered with tin, 

TIPSTAFFS (in England). Officers that 
attend upon the judges of the King’s 
Bench, and also take persons into cus- 
tody. 

TIRE. The iren brace that goes round 
& wheel. 

TISSUE. Stuff made of silk and silver. 

TITANIUM. A newly discovered metal 
ef an orange red colour. It is very brittle, 
but so refractory that it can searcely be 
reduced. 

TITHE ‘in England). The teath part of 
a fruits, which is due to the parses of the 
perish. The great tithes are chiefly corn, 
hay, and wood: other things of less value 
are comprehended under the name of small 


tate which all England wes divided in 
the time of the Saxons. | 


‘TITLE (in Law). te hight: which a 
person has to the possession, or an authentic 


instrument whereby he can prove his 
right 
TITMOUSE. A smail European bird 
which feeds onthe brains of other birds 
which it attacks with prety pale 





TOAD. A reptile of unsightly appear: 


ance, which was formerly accounted ven. 
omous, but now considered as barmiees 





It is nearly allied to the frog, with which 
it is classed by Linneus under the generi¢ 
name rana. if 
TOBACCO. An herbaceous plant, re- 
markable for ita narcotic properties, whieb 





is used either in the leaf, when it chew 


ed, or cut, wie itis snavked | It Huda: 








op aes 











Ke 









“ dune Ron the iano of Hobago, and was 


mtroduced into England by Sir Waiter 
‘Raleigh. . 

TODDY. A compound spirituous liquor. 

TOGA. The mantle worn by Roman 
sitizens. \ 

TOLERATION ACT. An act passed in 
the reign of William and Mary in favour 
ef Diszenters 

TOLL. A payment in towns, inten 
and fairs for goods and cattle bought and 
sold; also on passing through a turnpike 
gate. 

TOLUFERA. A balsam of the tolu 
tree, leas healing and stimulating than the 
palm of Gilead 

TOMBAC, A metal composed of copper 
and arsenic. 

TON. , Twenty hundred weight. 

TONE. The degree of elevation which 
any sound has, so as to determine its 
acuteness or gravity. 

TONGUE. A soft fleshy viscus, which 
is the organ of taste and speech in man. 

TONIC. A medicine which braces the 
nerves. 

TONNAGE. A duty paid at a certain 
rate for every ton of goods exported a or 
imported. 

TONSURE The act of cutting off the 

‘TONTINE. A sort of Increasing annu- 
ity, oraloan given by a number of persona 
with the benefit of survivorship. 

TOPAZ. A precious stone of the colour 
of gold. 

TOPICS. Common places, or the heads 
of a discourse. 

TOPOGRAPHY. A_ description or 
draught of some particular place or tract 


_ of land, as of any particular county, city, 


town, castle, &c. 
TORPEDO. A fish which is endowed 


with a strong electric power 





TORPEDO. -A machine invented for 
~ destroying ships by explosion. 

TORRELITEH. A mineral composed 
of peroxide of cerium, silica, protoxide 
of iron, alumina, lime, and water. 

TORNADO. A sudden and vehement 
gust of wiad from all parts of the com- 
pass, frequent on the coast of Guinea. It 


—s« ReMMENCP’ very suddenly, several clouds 
a SA J 








gust of wind rushing from them strikes 


‘the ground in around apot of a few perches 


diameter, and thus proceeds for the dis 
tance of a mile or more, not in a straigh* 
line, but in all directions, tearing up all 
before it. 

TORRID ZONE. That region at the 
distance of twenty-three and a half degrees 
from the equator, where the heat of the 
sun is most violent. 

TORTOISE. An amphibious animal 
that is covered with a hard shell; there 
are tortoises both on the land and in ret 
water. 





TORTOISESHELL. The shell whica 
covers the tortoise is used ininlaying, and 
for various ornamental purposes. 

TORY. A name given to those whe 
hold high principles of government. 

TOUCAN. A bird of South America 
that has a very large bill. 





TOUCH, or Perne wa. One of the five 
senses, which is formed by the nervous 
papill# of the skin, The sensations ac- 


quired by the sense of feeling are those of © 


heat, hardness, solidity, roughness, dry- 
ness, motion, distance, figures, &c. 

TOUCH (in Coining). A trial of gold 
and silver in the Mint. 

TOUCHHOLE. The vent through whicB 
the fire is conveyed tothe powder in a 
gun. 

TOUCH-NEEDLE (among Agssayera 
and Refiners). Little bars of gold, silver 
and copper combined together in all the 
different proportions and degrees of mix- 
ture. These are used in the trial called 
the touch, to discover the purity of any 
piece of gold or silver by comparing the 


- 


being previously drawn together, when 8 











mark it Jeaves on the touchstone With 
these of the bars. 

TOUCHSTONE. A siliceous sort of 
stone used in trying metals. 


TOUCHWOOD. A sort of agaric that 
ts used as tinder. 
TOURNAMENTS. Military sports, 


where knights used to display their gal- 
lantry by encountering each other on 

horseback with spears or lances. 

TOURNEQUET. An instrument for 

stopping the flow of blood after an am- 

' putation. 

TOWER. A fortress or citadel, as the 
Tower of London 

TOXICOLOGY. 
sons. 

TRACHEA. The windpipe, a cartilagi- 
nous and membranous canal, through 
which the air passes ino the lungs. 

, TRADE WINDS. The monsoons. 

- TRAGACANTH. A ,um which exudes 
from a prickly bush, the astragalus traga- 
cantha of Linneus, which grows wild | in 
warm climates. The tragacanth is most- 
ly brought from Turkey in lumps. 

' TRAGEDY. A drama representing some 
grand and serious action, and mostly ter- 
muinating in some fatal event. 

TRAJECTORY. The path described 
by any moving body, as u comet describ- 
ing a curve. 

TRAIN. A line of gunpowder, forming 
a communication with any body that is to 
be set on fire. 

TRAMMEL. A drag net, or large fish- 
ing net; also a long net for catching birds. 

TRAMMELS. An instrument for draw- 
ing ovals on a board; also a Aine of 
shackles foy a horse. 

TRANSCRIPT. The copy of any orig- 
inal writing. 

TRANSFER. The making over stock, 
&e. from the seller to the buyer. 

TRANSFER DAYS. Particular days 
appointed for the transfer of particular 
stocks. 

TRANSFORMATION. The change out 
of one form into another, as app ied to 
insects. 

TRANSIT The passage of any planet 
just by or over a fixed star or the sun’s 
disk, particularly the transit of Mercury 
and Venus, which are interesting phe- 
nomena. 

TRANSITIVE VERB. A verb which 
in its meaning passes over to an object, as 
to love or hate. 

TRANSMIGRATION. The passing of 
the human soul out of one body into ano- 
ther, a doctrine which is aseribed to Py- 
thagorna. 


The doctrine of poi- 


“TRANSMUTATION. iN supposed po Be 
er of changing the base metals into gold 
which alchymists pretended to possess. 

TRANSMUTATION (in Chymistry) 
Any operation by which the properties of | 
mixed bodies are changed. 

TRANSPARENCY. The property of 
some bodies of giving passage to the rays 
of light, as distinguished from opacity. 

TRANSPARENCY (among Painters) 
Any painting illuminated behind, so as te 
render it perfectly visible at night. 

TRANSPORT. A vessel in which sol 
diers are conveyed by sea. 

TRANSPORTATION (in England) 
Sending away criminals into a distant 
country, either for a term of years or for 
life. 

TRANSPORTATION (in Commerce) 
The carrying of goods by land to a dis- 
tance. 

TRANSPOSITION (in Music). The 
change made in a composition by which - 
the whole is removed into a higher or 
lower key. 

TRANSPOSITION (in Algebra). The 
bringing any term of an equation over & 
the other side. 

TRANSUBSTANTIATION. The con 
version of the bread and wine according 
to the doctrine of the Romish church into 
the actual body and blood of Christ, which ° 
is supposed to be miraculously wrought 
by the consecration of the priest. 

TRANSVERSE. A cross, as @ trans- 
verse axis in conic sections. 

TRAP. A sort of mountain rock, com- 
posed of horizontal strata. 

TRAPEZIUM. An irregular quadrilate- 
ral figure. 

TRAVERSE (in Law). That which the 
defendant pleads in bar to avoid the plain- 
tiffs bill * 

TRAVERSE (in Fortification). A trench 
made quite across the mote of a place. 

TRAVERSE (in Navigation). The va. ' 
riation or alte.ation of a ghip’s course 

TRAVESTIE. The burlesque imitation 
of an author’s style and composition. 

TREACLE ‘The scum of sugar. 

TREASON in England is divided into 
High Treason and Petty Treason. High 
Treason is an offence against the king or 
his government, whether it be by imagina- 
tion, word, or ‘deed. Petty Treason ig — 
the crime of a wife killing her husband, 
ora servant his master. Treason in the 
United States, consists in overt acts, man 
ifesting a design against the government 

TREASUEER. An officerto whose care 
the treasury cf the country erof anycom- 
pany iscommitted The Lerd HighTrea 

















TREADMILL. A mill for grinding corn, 
whieh 18 moved by persons stationed on 
the main wheel. It has been introduced 
into prisons as @ sort of punishment. 





TREASURE-TROVE (in Law). Mo- 
Rey or any other treasure found hidden 


_ wnder the earth, which belongs tothe king 
or some other who claims by the king’s. 


grant or by prescription. 
_ TREASURY. The place where the 
public money is deposited. 

TREBLE (in Music), The acutest or 
highest note adapted to the voice of fe- 
males or boys. 

TREBLE NOTE. The note in the 
treble stave, placed on the line with the 


cliff. 





TREE. A plant with a woody trunk. 

TREFOIL. Three leaved grass. 

TREMOLITE. A sort of calcareous 
earth. 

TRENCHES. Ditches in fortifications. 

TREPAN. A surgical instrument, like 
asaw, for removing a broken bone from 
the skull. 

TRESPASS (in Law Any wrong 
done by one private man to another, eith- 
_ er to his person or hia property 

TRET. An allowance for waste, or 
for the dirt that may be mixed with any 
commodity 

TRIAD (in Music). The common chord, 
consisting of the third, fifth, and eighth. 

TRIAL. The examination of causes 
before a proper judge, which, as regards 
matters cf fact, are to be tried by a jury, 
as regurd mattery of law by the judge, 


aud as regards records by the record itself. 


TRIANDRIA. One of the Linnwan 


a _ ttasges, comprehending plants the flowers 
4) 4 


TRI, 


sure of + Ragland (Ril the ap ie of all] of which have three iuenane,) as the ere. 
me king’s money, &c. in the Exchequer. 


eus, giadrole, valerian, &c. 

TRIANGLE. A figure bounded by threa 
sides. 

TRIBUNE. An officer among the Ro. . 

mans, chosen from among the people to 
defend their rights. 
' TRICOCC. One of Linneus’s natu- 
ral orders of plants, comprehending such 
as have a three armed capsule, as the eu-. | 
phorbia, &c. 

TRIDENT. A three forked instrument 

TRIENNIAL. Every three years, as 
triennial parliaments, 

TRIGGER. The catch of a gun lock, 
which when pulled disengages the cock 
and causes it to strike fire. 

TRIGLYPH. A member of the Doric 
frieze. 

TRIGONOMETRY The art of mea 
suring the sides and angles of triangles. 
The business of this science is to find the 
angles where the sides are given; and the 
sides of their respective ratios when the 
angles are given. 

TRILLION (in Arithmetic). 
of billions 

TRIM OF A SHIP. Her best posture, 
proportion of ballast, and hanging of her 
masts, &c. for sailing. 

TRINITARIANS. 
in the Trinity. 

TRINITY. The doctrine of three per 
sons in the Godhead, namely, the Father 
the Son, and the Holy Ghost. 

TRIO (in Music). A piece for threes 
voices. 

TRIUMPHAL CROWN. 


A billion 


Those who believe 


A erown 





among the Romans given to a victorious 
general ; ijt was made at first of wreaths 
of laurel, and afterwards of gold. 

TRIUMVIRATE. A form of govern- 
ment in which three persons bear rule, a 
the Roman triumvirate of Pompey, Casar 
and Crassus, and afterwards that of Au 
gustus, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. 

TRIPLE CROWN. The tiara, or pp 
pal crown. 




































TRIPLE TIME (in Muley A Poh 
consisting of three measures in a bar. 
TRIPOD. The sacred seat, supported 
by three feet, on which the priestesses 
among the ancients used to deliver the 
oracles. 

TRIPOLI. A mineral of an earthy 
texture, but for the most part found con- 

derably indurated. 

TRISECTION. The dividing a thing 
mto three parts. 

TRISYLLABLE. A word cousisting 
of three syllables. 

TRITON. A sea god. 

TROCAR. An instrument used in tap- 
ping for the dropsy. 

TROOP. A certain number of horse 
soldiers. 

TROOPER. A horse soldier, 

TROPICS (in Astronomy). Circlesz 
drawn at the distance of twenty-three and 

half degrees on each side the equator, 
that on the north side called the Tropic of 
Cancer, that on the south the Tropic of 
Capricern. 

TROPICS (in Geography). The regions 
on the earth which lie within the tropical 
circles. 

TROUBADOURS. Ancient bards of 
Provence and Normandy. 

TROVER. An action which a man has 
against any one who, hawing found his 
goods, or having them unjustly in his pos- 
session, refuses to deliver them up. 

TROUGH. A hollow piece of wood, 
which serves to hold water or any other 
fluid. 

TROUT. A fish of the salmon tribe. 

TROWEL. A bricklayer’s tool for 
spreading mortar. 

TROY WEIGHT. A weight of twelve 
ounces to the pound, twenty penny- 
weights to the ounce, and twenty-four 
grains to the pennyweight, used for weigh- 
ing gold and silver. It is so called from 
Troyes, atown in France. 

TRUCE. A suspension of hostilities. 

TRUFFLES. A sort of mushrooms. 

TRUMPET. The loudest of all wind 
instruments, consisting of a folded tube, 
generally of brass 








TRUM PETER. The soldier who sounda 
the trumpet. 

TRUMPETER-BIRD. A bird of South 
America, so called from its harsh ery, like 
a ehild’s trumpet. 


TRUSS (in Surgery) An elastle ban-. 


ieee worn in cases of_hernia or 

TRUSS (among Mariners). 
for pulling a yard home to the mast. — 

TRUSS (in Commeree). 
hay or straw, containing fifty-six pounds 
of hay and thirty-six pounds of straw. 

TRUST (in Law). A right to receive 
the profits of land; and in equity to dis- 
pose of the land. 

TRUSTEE (in Law). One who has an 
estate or money put into his hands for the 
use of another. 

TUBE. Any pipe or canal which serves 
as a passage for air or any other fluid. 

TUFAS. Beds of lime. 


TULIP. A kind of plants which, for 


the diversity and beautiful arrangement of 
their colours have fetched extraordinarily 
high prices. 

TUMBRIL. A dung cart. 

TUMOUR. A preternatural or hard 
swelling. 

TUN, or TON. A vessel for wine and 
other liquors; also a certain measure of 
capacity, containing 242 gallons; also a 
weight equal to 2240 pounds, whereby the 
burden of ships is estimated. 

TUNIC. An under garment in use 
among the Romans. ; ; 

TUNING (in Music). Rectifying the 
false sounds of musical instruments, 


TUNISTEN. An opaque mineral of a — 


white colour and great weight, composed 
of lime and other earthy substances. 

TUNNEL. A _ subterraneous passage 
cut through hills, mountains, and even in 
some cases under water. 

TURBOT. A sort of fish inhabiting the 
European seas, which grows sometimes 
to thirty pounds weight. 

TURKEY. A large domestic bird, the 
young of which are exceedingly tender 
The cock is very proud and irascible, 
and struts about with his tail expanded, 
when moved either by pride or anger 





This bird is found in a wild state, tm tho 
western country. The domostia tarkes 





is the wild turkey tamed 


oy is ate 


A bilndia! ot | 














eal et SEAR PSR TAUREN | Hee 


UME 






- TUMERIO. A ra procured en an | ments, as gcuges, chisels, drilla, fermerg 


_ Indian tree, the eurcuma of Linneus, 


which is used in dyeing. 


and screw tales, with which the turnef 
works the thing into the desired form, as 


TUSCAN ORDER. An order of ar-| the lathe is turning. 


chitecture firat used in Tuscany in Italy, 
whick has but few ornaments or mould- 





TUSKS. The great teeth that stand 
out in a boar’s mouth. 

TURNER. One who follows the art of 
turning. The company of turners in Lon- 
don, was incorporated in 1603. 

TURNING. The art of forming wood, 
Ivory, and other hard substances into a 


TURNPIKE. A gate set across a road, 
through which all travellers passing either 
en horseback or in a conveyance, must 
pay toll; also the road which has sucha 
gate. 

TURNSPIT.. A sort of dog that used t» 
be taught to turn a spit before the intro 
duction of smoke jacks. 

TURPENTINE. A resinous substaw*? 
procured from different species of the pine 
and fir. The best sort grows in North 
America. The method of obtaining it is 
by making a series of incisions in the bark 
of the tree, from which the turpentine 
exudes, and falls down into holes or other 
receptacles prepared to catch it. 

. TURTLE. A species of the tortoise that 
mostly inhabits the sea. Its flesh is held 
to be a great delicacy. 

TURTLE DOVE. See Dovz. 

TUTTY A gray oxide of zine. 

TWELFTH DAY, or EripHaxny The 
twelfth day after Christmas. 

TWILIGHT. That period of light be- 
tween darknegs and the rising or setting 
of the sun, 

TYMPAN. A frame belonging to a 
printing press. 

TYMPANIUM. The drum or barrel of 
the ear, in which are lodged the bones of 
the ear. 

TYPES. Pieces cf metal cut or cast, 
which are employed in printing. 

TYPHUS. A violently contagious fever, 
accompanied with a tendency in all the 
fluids to putrefaction. 

TYPOGRAPHY. A description of all 
that relates to the use of types in the 


round or oval shape, by means of a ma-| formation of beoks; a history of the art 


thine called a lathe, and several instru- 


U 


U, the twenty-first letter of the alphabet. 
UBIQUITY. The property of being 
every where; the attribute of God. 
UDDER. The milk bag of a cow or 
ether four-footed beast. 
ULCER. A purulent wound orrunning 
sore. . 
ULLAGE., A want of measure in a cask. 
ULTIMATUM. The final conditions 
ea which any party consents to treat for 


peace. 
ULTRAMARINE. The finest sort of 





_ bimep vt prepared from lapis lazuli. 
. wo 


of printing. 


UMBEL. A aort of inflorescences like 
an umbrella. 

UMBELLATZ. One of the Linnean 
natural orders, comprehending umbel- 
liferous plants, or those which have flow- 
ers in the form of an umbel, as fennel, dill, 
&e. 

UMBER. A dark yellow colour used 
in shading. 

UMBRELLA. A kind of screen held 
over the head to keep off the san and 
rain. It was intredueed into Engiami a 
the olose ef the last century. 











UNA VOCE. Witk one voice, unani- 
mously. ; 

UNCTION. Anointing with consecrated 
eil, a practice among the Jews in conse- 
crating kings and priests; also still in use 
at coronations, and in the Romish church 
on different occasions. The anointing of 
persons who are on their deathbed is cal- 
led extreme unction. 

UNCTUOUS. Oily, or like an oint- 
ment. 


UNDECAGO® A figure having eleven | & 


sides. 

UNDER SHERIFF. 
the high sheriff. 

UNDERTAKERS. Persons who con- 
duct funerals. 

UNDERTAKING (in Law). 
gagement to do a particular thing. 

UNDERWRITER. The person who 
undertakes to insure against losses at sea. 

UNDULATION. The tremulous or vi- 
bratory motion in a liquid. 

UNICORN. An animal aaid to have 
put one horn in the forehead. 

UNIFORMITY One form of public 
worship, as prescribed by different statutes 
te be observed in England. 

UNION. The bringing of two countries 
under one form of government, as the 
Union of England and Scotland, and the 
Union of Great Britain and lreland. In 
the United States the term is applied to 
the confederation of the several states un- 
der one general government. 

UNISON. Unity of sound, mostly ap- 
plied to that which proceeds from differ- 
ent voices. 

UNIT. A figure expreasing the number 
one. 

UNITARIANS. Those who deny the 
divinity of our Saviour, and consequently 
the doctrine of the Trinity. 

UNIVALVE. A shell consisting of one 
valve or piece. 

UNIVERSITY. An ‘institution estab- 
Mashed by public authority for the educa- 


An assistant to 


An en- 











fntig diggs in the several fronitios 
In England an university consists of seve; 


ral colleges under the government of a 


chancellor, vicechancellor, proctors, and — 


beadles, besides the heads of the severa © 

houses, as in the universities of Cambridge 

and Oxford. : 
URANIUM. Anewly discovered metal 


soft and brittle, but hardly fusible before — 


the blowpipe; but with phosphate of soda 
and ammonia mejts into a grass-green 
lass. 

URETER. The membranous canal 
which conveys the urine from each kid- 
ney to the urinary bladder. “ 

URETHRA. A membranous canal 
which serves as a passage for the eee 
of the urine. 

URN. A vessel among the Romans, ia 
which they put the names of those who 
were to engage at the public games, 
taking them in the order in which they 
were drawn out. In such a vessel also 
they threw in the notes of their votes at 


‘the elections. 


URSA. The name of two northern 
constellations, namely, Ursa Major and 
Ursa Minor, the Great and Little Bear. 

URSUS. A genus of animals in the 
Linnean system, including the bear, bad- 
ger, racoon, glutton, &c. 

USANCE. A determinate time fixed 
for the payment of a bill of exchange, 
reckoned either from the day of the bill’s 
being accepted, or from the day of its 
date, and so called because it is regulated 
by the usage or custom of the place. 

USHER (in Law). An officer who has 
the care and directton of the door of a 
court or hall. 

USHER (in Schools). 
lower master. 

USHER OF THE BLACK ROD (in 
England). An officer whose business it iz 
to bear the rod before the king at the feast 
of St. George and other solemnities. 

USURY. The taking more interest for 


An assistant or 


tion of youth in the liberal arts, and con- | the loan of money than is allowed by law 


¥, the twenty-second letter in the alpha- 
bet, stands as a numeral for 5, and former- 
ly with a dash over it, thus V, for 5000, 
as an abbreviation, V. G. Verbi gratia, 
VL, videlicet, &e. 

VACANCY (in Law). A post or bene- 
fice wanting the regular officer or incum- 
bent. 

VACATION (ia Law). The period be- 
tween the end of one term and the be- 


Vv 


ginning of another: and the same ip the 
Universities. 

VACCINATION. Inoculation with 
the cow pox, intended as s preserv- 
ative against infection from the smal] 
pox. 

VACUUM in Philosophy). 
supposed te be devoid of all matter ey 
body. 


A space 





VADE MRCUM. The name of any. 





" VAGRANTS (in kaw). 
‘tng and idle persons who wander from 
place to piace. 

VALET. Formerly a young gentleman 
ef family, but now applied to a serving- 
man of low degree. 

VALLAR CROWN. A crown bestowed 
. among the Romans on a general who first 
% entered an snemy’s camp. 








VALVE, A kind of lid or coverto a 
) tube or vessel, contrived to open one way. 
be VALVES (in Conchology). The princi- 
# pal pieces of which a shell is composed; 
by their shells they are distinguished into 
univalves, for such aa have only one piece; 
bivalves, for those that have two pieces; 
and multivalves, for those that have three 
y or more pieces. 
be VALVE, Sarzty An orifice which 
allows the escape of steam when the 
7 pressure is so great as to endanger the 


Ul apparatus. 
if VAMPIRE An animal of the bat 
tribe. 
e VAN (inthe Army) The front of the 


army, or the first line. 
VAN (in the Navy). The foremost 
division of a naval armament. 
VANE. A device on the top of build- 
= .ngs to show the direction of the wind. 
VAPOUR. A watery exhalation that, 
being rarefied by heat, ascends to a cer- 
Bis tain height in the atmosphere. 
r: VASE. An ornamental urn 





Sea 
EL LTA Bae 


K, 

pe VASES (in Arehitecture). Ornaments 
| p.aced on cornices, socles, or pediments, 
: representing such vessels as the ancients 


ie _— ased in sacrifices, &c. 
. VARIATION (in Geography and Navi- 





lt strol-. 


tion). — a devisiion of the -magnetia ‘ 
needle 'm the mariner’s compass. 

- VARIETY = Any individual plant or 
animal that differs from the rest of the 
species In some accidental circumstances. 

VARIORUM EDITIONS. Editions of 
the Greek and Latin authors, with the 
notes of different critics. 

VARNISH. A thick, viscid, shining 
liquor, used by painters and other artifi 
cers to give a gloss to their works. Resin 
is the principal ccnstituent of varnish. 

VEGETABLE. An organic body desti 
tute of sense and spontaneous motion, but 
furnished with pores nd vessels, by the 
help of which it draws nourishment from 
other bodies. | 

VEGETABLE MARROW | The frnit 
of a plant of the gourd kind growing in 
Persia. Its flesh is very tender, soft, and 
of a buttery quality. 

VEIN (among Miners). A space con- 
taining ores, spar, clay, &e.: when it 
bears ore it is called a quick vein, when 
no ore a dead vein. 

VEINS (in Anatomy). The long mem- 
braneous canals which return the blood 
from the arteries to the heart. 

VELLUM. The finest kind of parch- 
ment. 

VELOCITY. That affection of motion 
whereby a moveable body is disposed to 
run over a certain space in a certain time. 

VELVET. A sort of fine shagged silk 
or cotton, 

VENA CAVA, the HotLow Vern (in 
Anatomy). The largest vein in the body, 
so called from its great eavity or hollow 
space into which, as a common channel 
all the lesser veins, except the pulmona- 
ris, empty themselves. This vein receives 
the blood from the liver and other parts, 
and carries it to the heart. 










press 


Bah. 


VENEERING A kind ef tnlaying of 
thin slices of ine woods ef different kinds 
and colours 














VENA PORTA. The great vein sitaat- 
- ed af the entrance ef the liver 









VENTILATOR A contrivance for sup- 
plying rooms with fresh air. 

YENTRICLE. A cavity of the heart or 
brain. : 

VENTRILOQUIST. One who by art, 
or by a particular conformation of organs, 
is enabled in speaking to make the sound 
appear to come from the stomach, or from 
a distance. 

VENUE (in Law). The neighbourhood 
whence juries are to be summoned for the 
trial of causes. 

VENUS. The goddess of beauty, and 
taughter of Jupiter. 


VEDAS. The ancient sacred litera- 
ture of the Hindoos, or the Hindoo 
Scriptures; the four oldest sacred books 
of the Hindoos. 

VELOCIPEDE. A sort of machine 
with two wheels, placed one before the 
other, and connected by a. beam, on 
which a person sits astride; and the 
vehicle is propelled by the muscular 
power of the rider acting upon treadles 
and levers, which commuaizate with a 
cranked-wheel axle. a4" 

VENUS. In astronomy. @ brilliant 
planet, the second in order of distance 
from the sun, and the most brilliant 
of all the planetary bodies. Her dis- 
tance from the sun is about 68,000,000 
miles. 

VERMICULITE. <A mineral which 
consists of micaceous-looking plates, 
composed of silica, magnesia, peroxide 
of iron, alumina, and water. 


VEPRECULA. One of Linneus’s na- 
tural orders, containing briarlike plants, 
as the bramble, thorn, &c. 

VERB. A part of speech which servea 
to express action, passion, or existence ; 1 
is either active, passive, or neuter. 

VERBATIM. Word for word. 

VERDEGRIS. An acetate of copper 
used as a pigment; it is the rust of brass 
gathered by laying plates of that metal in 
beds with the husks of pressed grapes, and 
then seraping it off the plates. 

VERDICT The report or determination 
of ajury upon any cause, 

VERDITER. A green paint. 






’ VERGE. In England, th 
king’s court. PRE MRM falc) 5 kay ty 

VERGER. In England, an officer of a 
court ora cathedral, who carries a rod 
before the judge or the bishop 

VERJUICE. The expressed juice of the 
wild apple or crab 

VERMES. Worms, a class of animals 
in the Linnean system, that are slow of 
motion, of a soft substance, extremely 
tenacious of life, capable of reproducing 
parts that have been destroyed, and in- 
habiting moist places. 

VERMICELLI. An Italian dish. 

VERSE. A line in poetry, consisting of 
a number of long and short syllables ; aleo 
the division of a chapter in the Bible 

VERSIFICATION. The art and prac- 
tice of making verses. 

VERSION. A translation out of one 
language into another. ¢ 

VERT. In England, every thing in a 
forest that bears a green leaf which may 
serve as a cover for deer 

VERT (in Heraldry). The colour of 
green on coats of arms, represented in 
engraving by lines drawn from the dexter 
chief to the sinister base. 

VERTEBRAS. A chain of little bones 
reaching from the neck down to the back, 
and forming the spine. 

VERTEX (in Geometry). The top of 
any line or figure, as the vertex of a 
triangle. 

VERTEX (in Anatomy). The crown ef 
the head. 

VERTICAL. Pertaining to the vertex 
or zenith: a star is said to be vertica 
when it is in the zenith. 

VERTICAL CIRCLE. A great circle 
of the sphere passing through the zenith 
and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right 
angles, 

VERTICAL POINT (in Astronomy), 
That point in the heavens which is over 
our heads, otherwise called the zenith. 

VERTICELLATS. One of the Lin- 
nean natural orders of plants, including 
those whose flowers grow in the form ofa 
whorl, as the mint, &e. 

/ERT.GO. Giddiness. 

VERVAIN. A perennial, a sort of 
mallow 

VESICLE. Any small vessels, either in — 
the animal body or in plants. | 

VESPERS. The evening prayers in the 
Romish church. 

VESPERTILIO. A genus of animals 
in the Linnwan system, comprehending — 
the species of the bat and the vampire. 

VESSEL. Any sert of utensti used for 
halding liquids. 











ee 4 >, Sa 
Y rey ee 
i Sn 


eta VESSEL (among Mariners). Every kind 
of ship, Jarge or small, that serves to carry 
gen or goods on water. © 















et eae 


olny 4 r 





VESSELS (in Anatomy). The conduits 


er canals for conveying the blood or other 


juices to the different parts of the animal 
body, as the arteries, veins, &c. 

VESSELS (in Botany). The channels 
or reservoirs which convey the gap or air 
to different parts of plants for their nutri- 
ment. 

VESTA (in the Heathen Mythology). 
The daughter of Rhea and Saturn, and 
the goddess of fire. ~ 

VESTA. A newly discovered planet. 

VESTAL VIRGINS. Priestesses to the 
goddess Vesta among the Romans, to whom 
was committed the care of the vestal fire. 

VESTIBULE. The entrance toa house, 
or an open space before a door. 

VESTIBULUM. A cavity in the bone 
of the ear. 

VESTRY. A small apartment adjoining 
a church, where the vestments of the 
clergyman are kept, and where the pa- 
rishicners assemble for the discharge of 
parochial business ; also the persons assem- 
bled inthe vestry In England, a select 
vestry is a certain number of persons per- 
manently appointed to conduct the affairs 
of the parish, who are chosen from among 
the higher orders, and fill up their own 
vacancies. 

VESTRY CLERK. A scrivener who 
keeps the parish accounts. 

VESTRYMEN. Members of the vestry 
who conduct the affairs of the parish. 

VESUVIAN. A mineral found in lava, 
especially on Mount Vesuvius, which is 
often confounded with hyacinth ; the prim- 
itive form of its crystal is a cube 

VETCH. A kind of pulse or peas, bear- 
tng a papilionaceous flower. 

VETERINARY ART, otherwise called 
Farrigery The art of managing cattle, 
and curing their diseases, whence a vete- 
rinary_ surgeon, vulgarly called a horse 
doctor or farrier, and the veterinary col- 
lege, where horses are taken in for cure, 
and persons resort to acquire practice and 
information in all that relates to tlie care 
ofanimals. The principal diseases to which 
horses are subject are the water farcy, or 
dropsy of the skin; ascites, or dropsy of 
the belly ; broken wind, supposed to arise 
from a rupture of the cells in the lungs; 
cracks in the heels, from gross habit or 
from filth ; farcy, an infection of the skin ; 


_ foot-foundering, wnen a horse is unable to 


rest on any of his feet; greasy heels, from 


weakness or ovenaovdr ; jampers, a aweil- 
tag of the bare im the roof of the mouth: | kingdom, as the Viceroy of Ireland. 


OEM ate? | 
Bo MEY ian oe 






VIC 

mange, an affection of the skin, when the 
hair falls off; staggers, a sort of lethargy, 
and mad staggers, a sort of frenzy from 
& pressure on the brain; strangles, a dis- 
ease attended with a fever, cough, and 
running at the nose; thrush, a discharge 
from the frog of the foot ; pole evil, arising 
from friction of the collar at the back of 
the ears; besides inflammations, fevers, 
dysenteries, and other disorders which 
they have in common with human sub- 
jects 

VETURINO. A hirer of horses in Italy ; 
also a guide to travellers. 

V.G. Verbi gratia, as for instance 

VIA LACTEA. The milky way. 

VIBRATION. The alternate motion of 
any suspended body, like the pendulum of 
a clock, which swings this way and then 
that. Theregular motion of the pendulum 
of a clock is 3600 vibrations in an hour 
Vibration is also a quivering motion that 
acts by quick returns. 

VICAR (in England). One that acts in 
the stead of another; more particularly 
taken for the parson of a parish where the 
tithes are impropriated. 

VICE (in Smithery). An instrument 
used for holding fast any piece of iron whiek 
the artificer is working upon. 








VICE (among Glaziers). A machine fox 
drawing lead into flat rods for case win 
dows. 

VICE. In the stead or turn; hence the 
compounds vice-gerent, vice-admiral, &c. 

VICEADMIRAL. In England, the se- 
cond commanderin a fleet ; the admiral whe 
commands the second squadron in a fleet. 

VICECHAMBERLAIN. In England, 
the officer next to the chamberlain, whe 
acts in his stead. 

VICECHANCELLOR. In England, an 
officer appointed to assist the Lord Chan- 
cellor; in the Uriversities, the superior 
acting officer, whe performs the duties of 
the Chancellor. 

VICEGERENT A governor acting with 
a delegated power 

VICEROY. The Sore lientenant ef | 


VIP: 
VICE VERSA. On the contrary, the 
side being turned or changed. 
VIDELICET, generally written Viz. 
That is, namely. 
VIET ARMIS (in Law). By force of 
arms, terms in an indictment charging a 
forcible and violent-commission of tres- 


pasa. 

VIGIL. The service used in the Romish 
cehureh on the night preceding a holyday. 

VIGILS Certain fasta preceding festi- 
vais. 

VIGNETTE. A frontispiece, or an or- 
namental picture preceding the title page. 

VILLAINS (in England). Men of base 
and servile condition, who in the feudal 
times were immediately attached to the 
land, and bound to the lord to do services 
for him. 

VINCULUM (in Algebra). A mark or 
line drawn over a quantity, thus, al, 
denoting it to be one quantity 

VINE. A plant that flourishes most in 
warm countries, as Italy, Spain, Portugal, 
and France, where its cultivation forms a 
partofhusbandry [t grows in those parts 
in the open fields, and 1s not suffered to 
rise much higher than gooseberry or eur- 
rant bushes. The fruit of the vine is there 
an important article of trade. 

VINEGAR. Wine or any other liquor 
exposed to the sun, until it is become acid. 
In this country vinegar is chiefly made 
from cider 

VINEYARD. A place set apart for the 
cultivation of the vine. 

VIOL. A musical stringed instrument. 

VIOLIN A common musical stringed 
yastrument, which requires great skill in 
the performe: to make it agreeable 





VIOLONCELLO A small bass viol. 
VIPER. An animal of the snake tribe, 
the bite of which is more or less venomous 





avery where; im Bot countries i: is almost 
- mstantly fatal 


VIOL@Y A plant bearing a blue sweet 


scented flower; also the colour of the ret 


let, or purple. 
VIRGO. The sixth sign of the zodiac, 


marked thus 12, and a constellation con- 
taining from 32 to 110 stars, according te - 


different authors. 
VIRTUOSO. One skilled in antique or 


natural curiosities ; a lover of the liberal 


arts. 

VISCERA. The intestines. 

VIS INERTL&®. The power in bodies 
that are in a state of rest, to resist any 
change that is endeavoured to be made 
upon them to change their state. This, 
according to Newton, is implanted in all 
matter. 

VISCOUNT (in England). 
next in degree to an earl. 


A nobleman 
The first vis- 


’count was created in the reign of Henry VI 


VISCOUNT’S CORONET. Has nei- 
ther flowers nor points raised above the 
circle, like those of superior degree, bu* 
only pearis placed on the circle itself. 





VISCUS. Any organ having an appr 


priate use In the human body, as th 


liver, gall, bladder, &c. ; but particularly 
the intestines. 


VISION. The sensation in the brain — 


produced by the rays of light passing on 
acting on the optic nerves of the eye. 


VISITATION (in England). An act of | 


jurisdiction, whereby the bishop once in 
three years, and the archdeacon once 
every year, visits the churches within his 
diocess or district, to see that the discipline 
of the church is observed 

VISITOR (in Law). An pal pues ie 
the government of a corporation. 

VISUAL ANGLE An angle under 
which an object is seen. 

VISUAL POINT. A point in the hori 
zontal line wherein all the ocular rays 
unite. 


VITAL AIR, now called Oxyvern 


The air of which the atmosphere is prin. 


cipally composed, which is, essential te 
the support of life in animals and plants. 
VITAL FUNCTIONS. Those functions 


or faculties of the body, on which life hb, 


immediately depends. 


VIRTREOUS HUMOUR. The pelluci@ 
body which fills the whole bulb ef ewe yas 


eye meget the crystalline lens. 



















: bet g | ’ LOL. 2 
taste. It is a sulphate generally found in 


mines’ in @ capillary state, or in a loose 


' powdery effloresconce. The three princi- 

_ pal sorts are the green vitriol, copperas, 
or sulphate of iron; the blue vitriol, or 
sulphate of copper; and the white vitriol, 
or sulphate of zine. 

VITRIOL, O11 or. Sulphuric acid. 

VITUS’ DANCE, or Sr. Virus’ Dances. 
A nervous disease accompanied with in- 
voluntary gesticulations. 

VIVA VOCE By word of mouth. 

VIVIPAROUS. An epithet for animals 
which bring forth living young. 

VOCAL MUSIC. Musical sounds pro- 
ceeding from the human voice; also com- 
positions for the voice. 

VOCATIVE CASE. The fifth case in 
Latin nouns. 

VOLATILE, An epithet for bodies that 
are apt to evaporate 

VOLATILE ALKALIES. Ammonia 
and carbonic acid 

VOLATILIZATION. The process by 
which bodies are resolved into air. 

VOLCANO. A burning mountain, such 
as Vesuvius, A°tna, and Hecla, in Europe; 

i whichsend forth flame, ashes, lava, stones, 
i smoke, &c, 
(| eae VOLTAIC BATTERY. See Bartzny 
iB VOLUME (in Music). The compass of 
a voice from grave to acute, 
VOLUME (in Literature) 
. any thing folded into the form of a book. 
aN VOLUNTARY (in Music). An extem- 
porary performance upon the organ, intro- 
duced as an incidental part of divine 
‘ service. 
/ VOLUTE. A spiral scroll in the Ionic 
Lt and Composite capitals. 
+ VOMICA. See Nux Vomica. 
, VOWEL. A letter which affords a com- 
plete sound of itself. 
a VOX POPULL 
iin versal opinion. 
i \ VULGATE. Avery ancient Latin trans- 
tation of the Bible, which was translated 





The popular or uni- 


<tee* > 
st” 


W, the twenty-third letter of the alphabet, 
composed of two V’s. It was not known 
o the Hebrews, Greeks, or Romans, being 





ey ern tribes 
WACKE. An argillacscus earth 
WADD Piumhege or “ack ‘ead. 





t, of « very caustic | 


A book, or 


¢ W. 


peculiar to the Teutones and other north- | forced into a gun, to keep im the powder 


a the Greek of the Septuagint. Itt 
the only one acknowledged by the Romaish 
church to be authentic. 

VULCAN, The son of Jupiter and Jano 
and the god of fire. He is commonly re 
presented with a hammer, anvil &e. 








VULTURE. A bird eommon in all - 
warm Climates, that lives chiefly on putrid. 
flesh, and is very useful in removing filth, — 
that would otherwise produce disease 





The turkey buzzard, common in the 
southern states, is a species of vulture sc 
useful in clearing away offensive mat. 
ter, as to be protected by law in large 
cities 


Black wadd is an ore of manganese, found 
in Derbyshire in England. 
WADDING. A stopple of paper or tow 


and shot. Bh 
WAFER. Paste made of fleur, egrs 
isinglass, &c. cut inte a thin round cake 












ead coloured, for the parpoce of seahag 
otters. : 

WAFER (in the Romish Chureh). A 
thin piece of consecrated bread used at 
the holy rite of the sacrament. 


WAGNERITE. <A rare mineral re- 
sembling the Brazilian topaz. 

WALLERITE. A variety of ortho- 
clase, found in small compact masses, 
yellowish and translucent. 

WALL-PLA'TE. In architecture, a 
piece of timber. lying on a wall, on 
which girders, joists, &c., rest. 

WARWICKITE.’ A mineral con- 
taining titanium. 


WAGES. Money paid for labour. 

WAGGON. A large kind of four- 
wheeled eonveyanee, much used in hus- 
bandry. 





WAGTAIL. A bird that is continually 
wagging its tail. 

WAIFS (in England). Goods stolen, and 
afterwards waived or abandoned, which 
are forfeited tothe king. 

WAIST. That part of a ship between 
the quarterdeck and forecastle 

WAITERS (in Law). Officers appointed 
to see that goods are not landed clandes- 
tinely. Those who go on board the vessels 
are called tide-waiters ; those who do this 
duty on shore are Jand-waiters. 

WAITS. In England, nightly musicians, 
who go their rounds in the night-time and 
play just before Christmas. 
~ WALKING LEAF. A singular insect 

of China, that has a neck longer than the 
rest of the body. 

WALLFLOWER. A plant bearing a 
sweet-scented flower. 

WALRUS. An animal of the seal kind 
inhabiting the northern seas, which in form 
resembles an ox. 





WALTZ. A particular kind of dance, 
imtreduced ints Eagland from Germany 


it. ‘is Pokey etteele 


going with measured steps in. clretes. Ne 
WAPENTAKE. The game as a@ Hen 
DRED. 


WARD (in Law). A district or portion, 


of a city committed to the ward or special 
charge, of one of the aldermen; also one 
in the care of a guardian, or in particular 
cases in England, under the special care of 
the court of Chancery. 

WARDEN (in England). One who has 
the charge or keeping of any person orthing 
by virtue of his office, as the warden of 
the Fleet, who has charge of the prisoners 
committed there ; so likewise the warden 
of a college or the warden of the Cinque 
Ports, &c. 

WARDMOTE. The court of each ward 
in the eity of London. 

WARDROBE. A place for keeping 
clothes ; also the clothes themselves. 

WARDROBE, Cuierx or tHe. In Eng- 
land, an officer who takes charge of the 
king’s wardrobe. 

WAREHOUSE. A place where mer- 
chandises are kept. 

WARNING-WHEEL. The third or 
fourth wheel of a clock, according to its 
distance from the first wheel. 

WARP. The thread extended lengthwise 
on the weaver’s loom, which is crossed by 
the workman in forming the cloth, stuff 
or silk. 

WARRANT (in Law). A writ com- 
inanding an officer of justice to take up 
any offender, 

WARRANT OF ATTORNEY. An 
authority given to an attorney by his 
client to appear and plead for him. 

WARRANT, Przss (in the Navy) In 
England is issued by the admiralty, au- 
thorizing an officer to impress seamen. 

WARRANTING (among Horsedealers) 
An assurance given by the seller to the 
buyer, that the horse sold, is free from ar 
defects at the time of sale. 

WARREN (in Law). In England, a 
franchise or privileged place for keeping 
beasts and fowls of the warren, as hares 
partridges, and pheasants. 

WART. A spongy substance growing 
near the eye of a horse. 

WASHES. A dangerous shore in Nor 
folk, England. 

WASHING (among Goldsmiths). Draw- 
ing particles cf silver and gold out of ashes 

WASHING (among Painters). Colour- 
ing a pencli design with one colour, as 
Indian ink, &e 

WASP. A stinging insect resembling a 
bee. 

WASTE (in Law) A spoli or destrag- 














| fon made in naa: ial ai lands by 


the tenant for life or years. 


WASTE-BOOK. A book containing an 
account of a merchant’s transactions in 
the order of time as.they occur. 

WASTE-LANDS Such as are notin 
any man’s occupation, that lie common. 

WATCH (in the Navy). The space of 
time during which one division of the 
ship’s crew remains on deck, to keep 
watch at night. 

WATCH (in the Police). Persons ap- 
pointed to guard the streets or particular 
places at night 

WATCH. A small portable machine, 
constructed with wheels, that serves to 
show the hour of the day. A watch con- 
sists of a spiral steel spring, which is the 
moving power: the barrel, a brass box, 
for receiving the spring when coiled up; 
the worm-wheel, which is turned round 
by a worm; the fusee, which receives the 
ehain when the watch is wound up; the 
ratchet wheel, at the lower end of the 
fusee; the great wheel, which has forty- 
eight teeth; the centre wheel, which has 
fifty-four teeth; the third wheel, which, 
has forty-eight teeth; the centrate wheel, 
which has forty-eight teeth: and the bal- 
ance wheel; which has fifteen teeth: be- 
sides the arbour of the balance wheel, 
ealled the verge, and the two pallets be- 
longing to this arbour, &c. 

WATCH-GLASS, Hour and half-hour 
giasses of sand, employed on board vessels 
to measure the period of the watch 





WATCHMAKER One who puts to 
gether the different parts of a watch, so 
as to make the whole machine act. 

WATER. A simple substance in the 
opinion of the ancients, and one of the 
five elements. It is now considered asa 
compound fluid consisting of two gases, 
hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. 

WA'TER (among Lapidaries). 
tre of precious stones. 

WATER (among Manufacturers). A 
lustre imitating waves, set on silks, mo- 
hair, &c. 

WATER (among Farriers). A filthy 
humonr tesuing from a wound in a horse. 
 WATER-BAILIFF (in Law). 

ger in seaport teens who searches sbips, 


The lus- 


and in London has soe ea) Beatie of ths 
fish brongnt t» market. 

' WATERCOLOURS. Colours made of 
water instead of cll. ‘fhe principal of the 
water-colours are as follow: White—Ce- 
ruse, white iead, Spanish whiite, flake 
white, spodium: Black—Burnt cherry 
stones, ivory black, lamp black : Green- 
Green bice, green verditer, grass green, sap 
green, verdigrise distilled : Blue—Sanders 
blue, terre blue, blue verditer, indigo lit- 
mus, smalt, Prussian blue, light blue, ul- 
tramarine, blue bice: Brown—Spanish 
brown, Spanish liquorice, umber, bistre, 
terra de Sienna burnt and unburnt: Red— 
Native cinnabar, burnt ochre, Indian red, 
red lead, minium, lake, vermilion, car 
mine, red ink, Indianlake: Yellow—Eng.- 
lish ochre, gall stones, gamboge, masticot, 
ochre de luce, orpiment, Roman ochre, 
Dutch pink, saffron water, king’s yellow, 
gold yellow, French berries. 

WATER-COURSE. Any natural or 

artificial stream of water, as a river, a 
canal, and the like. 

WATER HEN. An European bird that 
swims well, and runs swiftly on the land. 

WATER-LEVEL. A kind of level used 
in agriculture for finding the level of roads 
or grounds by means of a surface of water 
or other fluid, founded on the principle 
that water always finda its own level. It 
consists of a long wooden trough, 8s rep- 


resented underneath, which, being filled — 


with water, shows the line of level. 





WATERMAN One who plies witha 
boat upon ariver. The company of wa- 
termen in London, was incorporated in the 
reign of Philip and Mery. 

WATERMARK. The utmost limit of 
the rise of the flood. 

WATERMARK. The mark visible in 
paper, which is made in the manufacturing 
of it. 

WATER-SPOUT - An aqueous meteor, 
most frequentry observed at sea, rising af 
first in the form of a small cloud, which 


An offi- | afterwards enlarges, and, assuming the 


shape of a cylinder or sons, emits them 






5s 
py 

















- der, lightning, as also rain and hail, in 
such quantities as to inundate vessels, 
and overset trees, houses, and every- 





thing else which comes in its way. 
WAHABEE. <A follower of Abdel 
Wahab, a Mohammedan reformer, who 
flourished about A.D. 1760. 
WALDENSES. A sect of Protestants 
residing in the valleys of Piedmont, es- 
tablished by Peter. Waldo about A.D. 1180 
WAMPUM. Small beads made of 
shells, used by the North Amer. Indians 
as money; the shells run on strings, and 
are used as belts or as ornaments. 
WART-HOG. A name common to 
pachyderms of the genus .Phacochcerus, 
family Suide, dis- 
tinguished from the: {ez 
true swine by their | faerg.. 
dentition, which inssyay7) 
some respects resem- _—Ssfij 
bles that of the cle NN 
phants. They feed on. 
the roots of plants, WASSSeZaN 
which they dig up with their tusks. 
least two species occur in South Afriea. 
~ WASP. The common name applied 
to insects of various genera. Those 
best known belong’ 
to the genus Vespa.. 
They are character- 
ized by their genicu- 
Jate antennz, com. 
posed, in the males, 
of thirteen joints,the 
Inandibles strong and 
dentated, and the clypeus large. The 
females and neuters are armed with an 
extremely powerful and venomous sting 
WATER-BRIDGE. In _ stewinboilers, 
a hollow partition at the back of a fur- 
nace communicating with the other 
water spaces, and forming part of the 
heating surface. Called also water-table. 
WATER-GAS. An illuminating gas 
obtained by decomposing water. Steam 
is passed over red-hot coke, when the 
oxygen being absorbed the hydrogen 
and carbonic oxide are passed through 
a retort in which carbonaceous matter 
is undergoing decomposition, absorbing 
therefrom sufficient carbon to render it 
luminous when lighted. 
» WATER-GILDING. The gilding of 
metallic surfaces by covering them with 
a dilute solution of nitrate of mercury 
and gold, called quickwater, and then 
volatilizing the mercury by heat: The 
gold is thus left adhering to the surface, 
Peo which it is afterwards burnished. 
alled also Wash-gilding. 
-WATER-LILY. The common name 
of aquatic plants of : 4 
the genera Nym- 
phea and Nuphar, 2 
distinguished for 
their beautiful = 
flowers and large = 
floating leaves. The 
“royal water-lily is == = 
the Victoria regia. Bier 
WATER-RABBIT. An Amer. variety 
of rabbit (Lepus aquaticus), remarkable 
 achamine and diving inwater, Th 



















Le 






















is found chiefly in Louisiana 
issippi. Called also Swamp-har H 
WATERSHED. The range of high 


and rivers, shedding them off as it were 
from the roof of a house to their re- 
spective basins. ° 
WATER-TUPELO. A large species 
of tupelo growing in swamps in the 
southern parts of the U. S., the fruit of 
which is sometimes used for a preserve. 
WAXWING. The common name of 
the species of dentirostral birds of the 
genus Ampelis; sonamed 
because most of them 
have small, oval, horny 
appendages on the sec- 
ondaries of the wings o 
the color of red sealing 
wax. Only three species2z 
have been recorded, viz., = 
the Bohemian waxwing "4 
or chatterer, a migratory 7/74 S 
bird, which has a wide geographical 
range; the American waxwing or cedar- 
bird, which is confined to North Amer- 
ica; and the red-winged chatterer or 
Japanese waxwing, an Asiatic bird. 
WAX-PALM. A species of palm found 
in South America. It grows to the hight 
of 180 feet. The trunk is marked by 
rings, caused by the falling off of the 
leaves, which are 18 to 20 feet long, and 
is covered with a thick secretion,—two- 
thirds resin and one-third wax. 
WEASEL. <A burrowing nocturnal 
quadruped. The body is extremely 
slender and arched, the head small and 
flattened, the neck very long, the legs 
short, and also the tail. It is of a red- 
dish-brown color above, white beneath ; 
tail of the same color as the body. It 
feeds on mice,rats,moles,and small birds 
WEAVER-BIRD. A name given to in- 
sessorial birds of various genera. They 
are so called from the remarkable 
structure of their nests, which are woven 
in a wonderful manner 
ofvariousvegetable sub- 
stances. Some species 
build their nests sep-2 
arate and singly, and>Y 
hang them from slender & } 
branches of trees and 
shrubs, but others build 
in companies, numer- 
ous nests suspended, 
from the branches of atree being under 
one roof, though each one forms a sep- 
arate compartment and has a separate 
entrance. 
warmer parts of Asia, of Africa, and of 
Australia, none being found in Europe 
or America, 
WEDGE. <A tapered piece 
of metal or wood, used in 
splitting woods, rocks, &c.,the 
wedge being one of the me- 
chanical powers. In geom., a 
solid of five sides, viz., a rec- 
tangular base,tworhomboidal 
sides meeting in an edge, and 
ie DAaaglar anda. 


















welt a 
hice wn 


land in any district of country which | pene 
forms the source of its various streams 


They are natives of the 








be 
2, 
























be lagers sand 


we Lai 








EPING-WILLOW. A species of 
willow, the Salix babylonica, whose 
branches grow very 
long and slender, and fh 
hang down nearly in —% 
a perpendicular direc- 2 
tion. It is a native of 
the Levant,and is said =: 
to have been first== = 
planted in England by the poet Pope. 
WEEVER. Anacanthopterygious fish 
of the genus Trachinus, included among 










‘the perches. About four species are 


well known, viz., the dragon-weever, 
sea-cat, or sting-bull, about 10 or 12 
inches long, and the lesser weever, called 
also the adder-pike, or sting-fish, which 
attains alength of 5inches. They inflict 


wounds with the spines of their first 

dorsal fin, which are much dreaded. 
WEEVIL. A coleopterous insect, dis- 

tinguished by 

tion of the a ‘ { 

head, so as to ~ 

snout or pro- : 

boscis. The XY 

isalittledark Wheat-weevil (Calandra 

red beetle of granaria)s 


Their flesh is esteemed. 

the prolonga- 

form a sort of | e 

wheat-weevil 0 % 

about $ inch — 4, Insect natural size. 6, In- 





: sect magnified. c, Larva. d 
ae ts Egg (both magnified). : 


eggs on wheat, and the larve burrow 
therein, each larva inhabiting a single 
grain, great quantities of which are thus 
destroyed. 

WEND. One of a powerful Slavic 
people, now absorbed in the German 
race, which formerly inhabited the north 
and east of Germany. A remnant of 
them remains in the eastern district of 
Sachsen-Altenburg, and in the country 
between the Vistula and Persante, where 
they still speak the Wendic tongue and 
preserve their old manners and customs. 

WHALE. The general name of an 









The Greenland . 
whale is of thegZg 
genus balena, SS : 
and when fully grown is from 50 to 70 
feet in length, and from 30 to 40 feet in 
its greatest circumference. — 
WHALEBONE. Anelastic horny sub- 
stance which adheres in thin parallel 
plates to the upper jaw of the family of 
whales called Balzenids. These plates 
or lamin vary in size from a few inches 
to 12 feet in length; the breadth of the 
largest at the thick end, where they are 
attached to the jaw, is about a foot, and 
the average thickness is from four to 
five tenths of an inch. From its flexi- 














bility, strength, elasticity, and lightness, 














closely allied to the 


‘It is closely allied to 


pillars. 








FA 


go a i Tap ee Whe wae hires * hel ads eed byl Wma Gage 4 ay} 
_ WEB-PRESS. A printing-machine | whalebone is employed for many pur 
_ which takes its paper from the web or | poses. Called ~ ane 
_ roll,—much used in newspaper andsuch | also Baleen. y : 


WHEATEAR. 
A small bird of 
the genus Saxi- g 
cola, belonging gs 
to the dentiros- i 
bBo section of /y iy = Y), 
the order Inses- 4/77 "Fa 
sores. It is also Lt Ln 
known by the names of Fallowjfinch, 
Whitetail, &c. ; 

WHIMBREL. A grallatorial bird 










curlew, but consid- 
erably smaller in 
size. Itisan inhab- 
itant of most parts 
of Europe, and is 
also found in North==== | 
Africa and in sev-_—==S) 
eral parts of Asia.== 
It is known also as 
the Jack Curlew, 
and Half Curlew. 
WHINCHAT. A 
passerine bird of the 
genus Saxicola,—a 
European warbler. 


Ses 


area 






the stonechat. 


circular eddy or cur- 93 sae 
rent in a river or the sea produced by 
the configuration of the channel, by 
meeting currents, by winds meeting 
tides, &e. ane 

WHIRLWIND. Aerial currents that 
assume a rotatory, whirling, or spiral mo- 
tion, often of great and destructive vio- 
lence, but of short duration,—their oe- 
currence at sea produces waterspouts— 
on the loose sands of the desert, sand- 


WHITEBAIT. A fish of the genus 
Clupea, the C alba, long regarded as the 
fry of the shad. 
It abounds in the& 
Thames duringg* 
spring and sum- 







mer, and its flesh is 


much prized by the 
Londoners. The whitebait is a small 
fish attaining a length of 2 to 5 inches 
is pale silvery in color, with a greenish 
hue on the back. 

WHITING. A. 
sea-fish, allied to 
the cod, and val- : 
ued as an article of food. 

WHITECOAT. A seal-fisher’s name 
for the skin ofa seal-ealf, when such 
skins weigh only 60 to701bs.tothedozen. — 

WIDGEON. Amigratory fowl of the . ae 
duckkind. They “2s asi 
feed on aquatic 2 
plants, and on 
grass’ like the 
geese. TheAmer- f 
ican widgeon is Bs 
the Mareca am- S2=Ssss5> 
ericand, and a= 
often called bald-pate, 
nn the top of the head. 


























y- 
WINGS (in Portifeation) The large 


projecting sides of hornwork. 


WINNOWING. Separating corn from 


the chaff by the help ef the wind. 


WINDMILL. A mill that is put in 
motion by means of the wind acting on 


the sails, as in the subjoined figure. 


















grire 98 yards long. 


evidence in a cause 


It is cultivated in the United States. 





WINTER. That season of the year 
when, in the northern hemisphere, the 
sun is in the tropic of Capricorn, or in 
his greatest-declination from the equator. 

WIRE. A piece of metal drawn out to 

the size of a thread, or even smaller, ac- 
tording to the size of the hole which it is 
made to pass through. One single grain 
ef gold admits of being drawn out into a| sents some idea te the mind; in Militay 


WITNESS (in Law) One sworn to give 


WOAD. A plant growing in France 
and on the coast of the Baltic, from which 
a blue dye of the same name is extracted. 


WOLF. A fierce animal of the dog tribe, 
_ found in almost all cold, and temperate 
_. climates. When pressed by hunger they 
become very bold and will attack men and 





farge animals They sometimes assemble 
together npon the mountains, and encir- 
 ¢ling the deer will rush upon them and drive 
_ them over the precipices, where they are 
He kitied and khecome the prey ef tne wolves. 


purpose of engraving on copper This art 
has been carried to very great perfection, — 
and in many respects will be found te 
effect the purpose quite as well as the 
sister art of copperplate engraving. 
WOODCOCK. A wild fowl, and a bird 
of passage, which is esteemed for its flesh 





WOODPECKER. A bird, 80 called 
because it pecks holes in the bark of 
trees. 

WOOL. The covering of sheep, which 
is an important article of commerce in 
thiscountry. Much attention, therefore, is 
paid to the breed, and also to the feeding 
of sheep, to render their wool as perfect 
as possible. 

WOOLPACK. Literally, a pack of 
wool; a name for the seat of the Lord 
Chancellor in the House of Lords in Eng- , 
land. 

WOOLSTAPLER. One who deals in 
wool, and collects it for the manufacturer 

WORD. An articulate sound that repre- 


Affairs, a watchword, or peculiar word 
that serves as a token or mark for all sen- 
tinels to detect spies or other persons who — 
may Wish to intrude into a camp. 

WORM. A long winding pewter pipe, 
placed in a tub of water to cool, and 
thicken the vapours in the distillation of 
liquors 

WORM (in Gunnery). The instrument 
used for drawing the charge out of a gun. 

WRECK. The ruins of a ship at sea 
that has been dashed to pieces. 

WREN A smal] singing bird 





WRIT (in Law). A precept issuing eu 
of some court oflaw, commanding som; 
thing to he dane touching zome suit. 








foe DORIS, no word truly English, 
but is chiefly used in words of Greek 
origin, and hence it is frequently ap- 
plied to terms of a scientific character. 
 - —Jn arithmetical science, as a numeral, 
it stands for 10; when laid horizontally, 
}4, for 1,000; and, on account of its corre- 
pee with the Greek digraph Ch, 
it is used as a contraction for Christ. 
XANGTE. The name of the Supreme 
Being among the Chinese. 
XANTHIAN. An epithet pertaining 
to Xanthus,the ancient capital of Lydia, 
as the Xanthian marbles in the British 
_ Museum. 
i XANTHIC. In chemistry, an epithet 
denoting an acid composed of sulphur, 
carbon, and oxygen. 

XANTHIDIUM. A name given to 
minute organic bodies found in chalk 
and flint, supposed to be fossil Infusoria. 

XANTHINE. In chemistry, the 
yellow dyeing matter contained in 
-madder. 

XANTHITE. <A mineral of a light 
| grey or yellow color. Its constituents 
are silica, alumina, lime, peroxide of 

iron, peroxide of manganese, and water: 


neat 3°20. 
ee ANTHOGEN. In chemistry, the 
9 base of an acid, procured by the-action 
and reaction of carburet of sulphur and 

potash.—Xanthide is a compound of 

xanthogen and a metal. 4 
¢ XANTHOPHYLLE. The yellow 
4 pee ak matter or sappy exudation in 
ae plants. 
_  _XANTHOPICRINE. A bitter prin- 
_  ¢iple obtained from the bark of the 
- - xanthoxylum. 
* XANTHORAMNINE. In chemis- 
Ag try, an organic compound existing mm 
_ the ripe berries of certain species of 
‘yi Rhamnus. 

XANTHORTITE. In mineralogy, a 

yellowish variety of allanite. | 
SY XEBEC. Asmall three-masted vessel 
navigated in the Mediterranean. 
Pees 


ia 














as ae Z 
eae * 


_ XEROPHAGY. The eating of dry 
meats, a sort of fast among tho primi- 
tive Christians, epee 


XANTHOUS. In bdcecodan 2 8 a term 
n 


applied to varieties of mankind with 
yellow, red, or brown hair. 

XANTHOXYLACEZ. In botany, 
a native order of exogenous plants, 
consisting of trees or shrubs, of which 
xanthoxylum, or prickly-ash, is the 
type and genus. 

XENOTIME. <An opaque crystal 
mineral; a phosphate of yttria. 

XERASIA. In pathology, a disease 
of the hair. 

XERODES. In pathology, some- 
thing of a drying nature; a dry tumor. 

XIPHIAS. n ichthyology, the 
sword-fish.—_In astronomy, a comet 
like a sword. 

XIPHOID. In anatomy, denoting a 
ligament or cartilage connected with 
the sternum, resembling a sword. 

XIPHOSURA. In malacology, a 
family of Crustaceans with sword- 
shaped tails. 

XYLIDINE. In chemistry, an arti- 
ficial organic base or alkaloid, consist- 
ing of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. 

XYLO-. A. prefix tonumerous words 
connected with mechanical science and 
the arts, of which wood is the chief 
material. 

XYLOBALSAMUM. The wood of 
the balsam tree; a balsam obtained by 
decoction of the leaves of the Amyris 
Gileadensis. 

XYLOGRAPHY. The art of en 
graving on wood; wood-engraving. 

XYLOCHLORE. An _ olive-green 
crystalline mineral, closely resembling 
apophyllite. 

XYLOIDINE. In chemical science, 
a term applied to paper after it has 
been immersed in strong nitric acid, 
and washed in distilled water; the 
paper then assumes the toughness of 
parchment, and is so combustible as to 
serve for tinder. 

XYLOLE. In chemistry, a hydro- 
carbon found among the oils separated 
from crude wood-spirit by the addition 
of water. 

XYLOTILE. In mineralogy, an 
opaque green mineral, consisting of 
silver, iron, and magnesia. 

XYLORETINE: In chemistry, a 
erystallizable compound fonnd on the 
remains of pine trees. 

XYLOPYROGRAPHY. The art or 
practice of engraving on charred wood. 

XYPHIRRHYNCHOUS. A family of 
fishes, of which the sword-fish is the 


type. : 
XYSTER. In surgery, an_instru- 
ment for scraping and shaving bones. 





Y, the twenty-fifth letter of the 
English alphabet, is taken from the 
Greek v. At the béginning of words, 
it is called an articulation or consonant. 
In the middle and at the end of words, 
y is precisely the same as %. It is 
sounded as % long, when accented, as 
in defy, rely; and asi short, when un- 
accented, as in vanity. At the begin- 
ning of words, y answers to the German 
and Dutch j. 

YAPON. In botany, the name of a 
South Sea Tea, the Cassine, the pro- 
duce of the Ilex cassine, which is ap- 

lied medicinally, and used as a tea. 

tis the produce of the southern states 
of South America. 

YARRAWARA. In botany, a tree 
of New South Wales, one of the largest 
of the Eucalypti, which produces ex- 
cellent timber. 

YEAR. In chronolgy and natural 
philosophy, an important division of 
time, embracing the four seasons, and 
determined by the revolution of the 
earth in its orbit.—The civil year is the 
year of the calendar, i.e., 12 months, or 
365 days in common years, and 366 in 
leap years, beginning with the 1st of 
January.—The sidereal year is the space 
of time the sun takes in passing from 
any fixed star till his return to it again; 
the length of this is 365 days 6 hours 
9 11”.—A lunar year is the space of 
twelve lunar months.—The Julian year 
consists of 365} days. Julius Cesar or- 
dered that the civil year should consist 
of 365 days for three successive years, 
and the fourth of 366 days. 

YEAST. A substance generated dur- 
ing the vinous fermentation of vegeta- 
ble juices and decoctions, rising to the 
surface in the form of froth. 

YELLOW. The lightest and warm- 
est of the prismatic colors, situated in 
ne solar spectrum between red and 

ue. 


Z. 


ZAFFRE. In chemistry, the re- 
siduum or impure oxide of cobalt, after 
sulphur, arsenic, and other volatile 
matters have been expelled by calcin- 
ation. . 

ZAMITE. In geology,a fossil zamina, 
which is a kind of palm. 

ZAMTITE. A hydrous carbonate 
of nickel of an emerald-green color. 

ZAPHARA. In the arts, a mineral 
used by potters to make a sky color. 

ZARATHAN. In pathology, a hard 
tumor of the breast,resembling a cancer. 


om, 


YENITE, An opaque mineral ofa 


black color, with a shade of brown or 


green, consisting of silica, lime, pro- 


toxide of iron, protoxide of manganese 
alumina, and water: sp. gr. 3°99. 


YERBA. The native name for mate! 


or Paraguayan tea. 

YEZIDEES. <A small nation border- 
ing on the Euphrates, whose religion is 
said to be a mixture of the worship of 
the devil, with some of the doctrines of 


the Magi, Mohammedans, and Chris- W 


tians. 

Y-LEVEL. In surveying, an instru- 
ment for measuring altitude and dis- 
tance. 

YONI. The Hindu name for the 
female power in nature, represented 
by an oval. 

YTTRIUM. A peculiar metal, dis- 
eovered in the state of an oxide in 
Sweden; when heated to redness in the 
air, it takes fire, burns with splendor, 
and is converted into yttria. 

YTTROCERITE. A mineral which 
occurs crystallized and massive, and 


whose constituents are fluoric acid, 


yttria, oxide of cerium, and lime: sp. 


gr. 3°44, 
YTTROCOLUMBITE. The name 


of a mineral, of which there are three | 


species—the yellow, brown, and black. . 


YTTROTANTALITE. A mineral | 


containing yttria and oxide of colum- 
bium. , 

YU. In mineralogy,nephrite or jade. 

YUG. In Indian mytholegy, one of 
the ages into which the Hindoos divide 
the duration or existence of the world. 

YULAN. A beautiful flowering tree 
of China; the magnolia yulan. 

YULE. A name givenin many parts 
of England, and generally in Scotland, 
to the festival of Christmas; whence 


yule-log, a large log of wood placed on | 


the fire during the Christmas merry 
meetings. 


ZARNICH. A genus of fossils that 
burns with a whitish flame. ' 

ZEA. A genus of important grasses, 
Indian corn or maize, extensively culti- 


vated in warm countries as an article 


of rood. 


ZEBRA. A wild animal of Africa, ¥ 
somewhat resembling anass, but larger, - 


and beautifully striped. 


ZEBRA-WOOD. The wood of atree 


of Brazil and Rio Janeiro, of an orange 


and dark-brown color, variously mixed, 


x 






















7 


» 
¥ 
s 
; 
i 


pips, inte 


oa 
= 


maf 
eet - 
° 


Pia aes 

























3 


id 


and a fatty excrescence or hump on its 
shoulders. apd 

ZECHSTEIN. Inmineralogy, amag- 
nesian limestone lying under the red 
sandstone. 

ZEND. The ancient Persian tongue 
the language in which the Avesta is 
written. 

ZEND-AVESTA. The sacred book 
or scriptures of the ancient Persian 
religion; properly the Avesta or sacred 
text, and the Zend or translation into a 
more intelligible language, 

ZENITH. In natural philosophy and 
ouranology, that point in the visible 
celestial hemisphere which is vertical 
to the spectator; the point directly 
overhead, and opposite to the nadir.— 
Zenith distance is the distance of a star 
or planet from the zenith, measured on 
the vertical circle passing through the 
zenith.—Zenith sector is an astronomical 
instrument for measuring, with great 
accuracy, the distances from the zenith 
of stars which pass near that point. 


ZEOLITE: In mineralogy, a family , 
of minerals, consisting of silica, alu-. 


mina, lime, and water; natrolite. 

ZERO. In meteorology, the point at 
which the graduation of the ther- 
mometer commences.—The zero of 
Reaumur’s and of the Centigrade ther- 
mometersis the freezing-point of water ; 
that of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, 32° 
below the freezing-point. 

ZETETICS. A partofalgebra which 
consists in the direct search after un- 
known quantities. 

ZEUXITEH. A greenish-brown min- 
eral, consisting of silica, alumina, pro- 
toxide of iron, lime, and water: sp. gr. 
3°0; H= 425. 

ZIGZAG. An ornament in Gothic 
architecture; another name for the 
chevron. 

ZIGZAGS. ‘In fortification, trenches 
or paths with several indented wind- 
ings, so cut that the besieger can not 
be enfiladed in his approaches. 

ZIMOME. In chemistry, that part 
of the gluten of wheat whick is insolu- 
ble in alcohol. 

- ZINC. A metal of a bluish-white 
color, brittle when cold, but malleable 
when heated; much used in the manu- 
facture of brass‘and other alloys. It is 
found in solid masses, sometimes in 
six-sided prisms, having the ends termi- 


neted in pentagons. 


ZINCOGRAPHY. The art of draw- 
ing upon, and printing from, plates of 


ay ZAIN, 

_ ZINGIBERACEZ.: A nat. order of 
aromatic endogenous plants, of which 
_ zingiber is the type. 


ZINKENITE. A crystallized min- 


_ eral containing antimony, sulphur, lead, 


‘and copper: sp. gr. 5°30; H=3—3'5. 


ZEBU. The Indian bull or cow, re- 
' markable for its long pendulous ears, 


867 


ZIRCONIA. In mineralogy, & rare 
earth extracted from zircon and hya- 
cinth.—Zirconium is the metallic base 
of zirconia. 

ZOANTHORIA. In botany and 
zoology, a class of zoophytes; animal- 
flowers. 

ZOANTHROPY. In pathology, a 
species of monomania, in which the 
patient believes himself transformed 
into one of the lower animals. 

ZOARCHIDA. A family of the 
acanthopterygious fishes, of which 
zoarchus is the type and genus. 

ZODIAC. In astronomy, an imagi- 
nary zone or belt in the heavens, ex- 
tending about 8° or 9° on each side of 
the ecliptic. It is divided into twelve 


- equal parts, called signs.—Zodiacal light 


is 2 faint nebulous brightness which 
aCCUINpau... the sun immediately be- 
fore sunrise or after sunset. 
ZOIATRIA. In pathology, the treat- 
ment of the diseases of the lower ani- - 


mals. 

ZOISITE. A grey crystalline min- 
eral, consisting of silica, alumina, lime, 
and protoxide of iron: sp. gr. 3°32; 
H=6°25. 

ZONE. In geology, a division of the 
earth’s ‘surface by means of parallel 
lines. The zones are five in number, 
viz., the torrid zone, two temperate zones, 
and two frigid zones. 

ZONNAR. A belt or girdle, which 
the Christians and Jews in the Levant 
are obliged to wear, to distinguish 
them from the Mohammedans. 

ZOO-. In natural history, a prefix to 
compound words relating to animals or 
animal life. 

ZOOCHEMICAL. Pertaining to the 
chemistry of animal organization. 

ZOOCHOMY. That science which 
pertains to Animal chemistry. 

ZOOGEMY. The doctrine of animal 
formation. 

ZOOGRAPHY. In natural history, 
a description of animals. 

ZOOLITE. In geology, the fossil re- 
mains of a petrified animal. 

ZOONOMY. In natural history, 4 
treatise on the laws of animal life; the 
structure and functions of animals. 

ZOOPATHOLOGY. A treatise on 
the diseases of animals. 

ZOOSPORE. In zoology. a moving 
spore, provided with cilia or vibratile 
organs. 

ZURLITE. The name of a recently- 
discovered Vesuvian mineral. 

ZYGOMA. In anatomy, a bone of 
the upper jaw; the process of the cheek 
bone. 

ZYMIC. In chemistry, an epithet. 
denoting an acid procured from a fer- 
mented substance, as leaven. 

ZYMOSIS. In med., amorbid action, 
as of the blood, supposed tobe caused 
by fermentation. 





ZEBBA An Afriten animal of 
horse tribe, about the size of a mule 
is beautiful, swift, and wild. 





ZOOLOGY. That branch of natural his- 
tory which treats of animals. That which 
treats of quadrupeds is also called by the 
general name of zoology , to distinguish it 
from ornithology, which treats of birds; 
ichthyology, which treats of fishes; ento- 
mology, which treats of insects; helmin- 
thology, which treats of worms ; erptology, 
which treats of creeping things. 

General zoology comprehends the whole 
animal kingdom, as this class of natural 
objects isstyled by Linneus. Itis divided 
into six classes; these classes are subdivided 
into orders, and the orders ‘nto genera, and 
the genera into species. 

The first class, Mammalia, comprehends 
seven orders, namely, the primates, bruta, 
fere, glires, pecora, belluine, and cete. 
Under the Primates are four genera, name- 
ly, homo, man; simia, the ape, baboon, 
and monkey; lemur, the lemur; vesper- 
tilio, the bat. Of the Bruta there are the 
following genera, namely, bradypus, the 
sloth; myrmecophaga, the ant-eater; dasy- 
pus, the armadillo; rhinoceros, the rhino- 
eeros; sokotyro; elephias, the elephant; 
trichechus, the morse and walrus, and the 
manis. The Fere consist of ten genera, 
namely, phoca, the seal; canis, the dog, 
the wolf, she fox, and the hyena; felis, 
the lion, tiger, leopard, tiger-cat, the lynx, 
and the cat; viverra, the weasel, the shank, 
the civet, the genet, and the fitchet; mus- 
tela, the otter, the marten, the ferret, the 
polecat, the ermine, and the stoat; ursus, 
the bear, the badger, the racoon, and the 
glutton; didelphis, the opossum, the mar- 
mose, the phalanger, and the kanguroo, 
talpa, the mole; sorex, the shrew; erina- 
ceus, the hedgehog. The Glires consist of 
histrix, the porcupine; eavia, the cavy;, 
eastor, the beaver; mus, the rat, musk-rat, 
and the mouse; aicctomys, the marmot; 
iures.the squirret mvoxus.the dormouse; 


E 





dipus, the jarteat tevad the hare eu i 
rabbit; and the hyrax. The Peeora eca 
sist of camelus, the camel and the Namar 
moschus, the musk; cervus, the stag, the 
deer, the moose or elk; camelopardalis, 
the camelopard or giraffe; antilopus, the 
antelope; capra, the goat; ovis, the sheep, 
and bos, the ox. The Belluinz consist of 
equus, the horse, the ass, and the mule; 
hippopotamus, the river-horse; tapir, the 
tapir; and sus, the hog. The Cetw consist 
of monodon, the monodon; balena, the 
whale; physeter, the cachelot; delphinus, 
the porpoise, the dolphin, and the grampus. 

The second class, Aves, is divided into 
six orders, namely accipitres, pice, anseres, 
gralle, galline,and passeres. The Aceipi- 
tres consist of four genera, namely, vultur, 
the vulture and the condur; falco, the eagle, 
the kite, the buzzard, the falcon, and the 
hawk; strix, the ow); lanius, the shrike, 
the butcher-bird, and the woodchat. The 
Pice consist of the following genera, 
namely, ramphastos, the toucan; momotus, 
the motmot; psittacus, the parrot, the ma- 
caw, the parroquet the cockatoo, and the 
lory; buceros, the hornbill; crotophaga, 
the ani; glaucopis, the wattle-bird; corvus, 
the crow, the rook, the raven, the jackdaw, 
and the jay; coracoas, the roller; oriolus, 
the oriole; gracula, the grackle; paradisea, 
the bird of paradise; buceo, the barbet; 
trogon, the curucui; cuculus, the cuckoo; 
yurex, the wryneck; picus, the woodpecker; 
sitta, the nuthatch; todus, the toddy;alcedo, 
the kingfisher; galbula, the jacama; me- 
raps, the beé-eater; upupa, the hoopoe; 
certhia, the creeper; trechilus, the hum- 
ming-bird; buphaga; and scythrops. The 
Anseres consist of anus, the swan, the 
goose, the duck, theshoveler, and the teal, 
mergus the merganser, the goosander, the 
dunn-diver, and the smew; alca, the auk 
or razorbill; apterodytes, the penguin; pro- 
cellaria, the petrel, diomedea, the aiba- 
tross or man-of-war bird, pelicanus, the 
pelican, the cormorant, the shag, the crane, 
the gennet, and the booby; plotus, the — 
darter; pheton, the tropic bird; colymbus, 
the guillemot, the diver, and the grehe; 
larus, the gull, and the tarrock or kittiwake; 
sterna, the tern; rynchops, the skiznmer. 
The Gralle consist of the phoenicopteros 
the flamingo; platalea, the spoonbill; pa: 


lamedea, the screamer; mycteria, the ja. in 


bira; cancroma, the boatbill; scopus, he 
umbre; ardea, the heron, the crane, the 
stork, and the bittern; tantalus, the ibie; 
corrira, the courier; scolopax, the curlew, 
the whintril, the snipe, the woodcock, the 
godwit, and the red-shank; tringa, ihe 


sandpiper. the acl and the hal 











« 


. 
"Es 


am 





























0 epee the. onan bhe the dotterel ; 

_yecurvirostra, the avocet; hematopus, the 
_ staspie or pied oyster, and the catcher; 
giarcola, the pratincole ; fulica, the galli- 
nule, the moorhen, and the coot; vaginalis, 
the sheath-bill; parra, the jucamah s rallus, 


the rail, the crake or land-rail, the brook- 
ouzel or water-rail, and the soree; psophia, 
the trumpeter. The Galline consist of the 
olis, the bustard; struthio, the ostrich; and 
the cassowary or emeu; didus, the dodo; 
pavo, the peacock; meleagris, the turkey; 
penelope, the guam and the yacow; crux, 
the curassow; phasianus, the pheasant; 
numidia, the pintado or guinea-hen; te 

trao, the grouse, the moorcock, the par- 
tridge, the quail, and the tinamon. The 
Passeres consist of columba, the pigeon, 
the ring-dove, the turtle-dove, &c.; ajauda, 
the lark; sturnus, the stare or starling ; 
and the crake or water-ouzel; turdus, the 
thrush, the fieldfare, the blackbird, andthe 
ring-ouzel; ampelis, the chatterer; colius, 
the coly; loxia, the grossbeak; the crossbill, 
and the hawfinch; emberiza, the bunting; 
tanagra, the tanager; fringilla, the finch, 
the chafhnch, the siskin, the redpole, the 
linnet, the twite, and the sparrow; phyto- 
toma, the phytotoma; muscicapa, the fly- 
catcher; motacilla, the wagtail or warbler, 
the nightingale, the hedge-sparrow, the 
wren, the white-throat, flie wheat-ear, and 
the red-start; pipra, the minnakin; parus, 
the titmouse; hirundo, the swallow and 
the swift; caprimulgus, the goatsucker. 

Amphibia, the third class, is divided into 
two orders, namely, reptilia, reptiles; and 
_ Serpentes, serpents. "The Reptilia consist 
of the following genera, namely, testudo, 
the tortoise and the turt.s; rana, the toad, 
the frog, and the natterjack; draco, the 
flying dragon; lacerta, the crocodile, the 
alligator, the lizard; the guana, the newt, 
the salamander, the chameleon, and the 
eft; syren, the syren. The Serpentes con- 
sist of crotelus, the rattle-snake; boa, the 
boa constrictor; coluber, the viper and 
the asp, anguis, the snake and the blind- 
worm; achrocordus, the warled snake; 
the amphisbeena; and cecilia. 

Pisces, the fourth class, is divided into 
six orders, namely, apodal, jugular, thora- 
cic, abdominal, branchiostegous,chondrop- 
wrigious. The Apodal order contains the 
following genera, namely, murena, the 
eel ; anarhieas, the wolf-fish ; xiphias, the 
sword-fish; ammodytes, the taunce; gym- 
_ hotus, ophidium; stromateus; sty!ephorus, 


&e. Phe jugular order contains the fol- 


owing genera, namely, callionymus, the 


sreecncts pone the ct bull or Wwea- 


re 
i 23S. 


‘fish, hake, barbot, and roskling; blenniua, 
the blenny, &¢. The Thoracic order con 
tains the following genera; echineis, the 
sucKing-fish; gobius, the goby; coltus, the 
bull-head, father-lashey, and miller’s- 
thumb; zeus, the John-doree; pleuronectes, 
the flounder, plaice, dab, sole, smeardab, 
pearl, and turbot; sparus, the gilt-head and 
the pudding-fish; labrus, the wrasse, gcld- 
finny, the camber, and the cook; perea, the 
perch, basse, luffe, black-fish, and squirrel- 
fish; seomber, the mackerel, thunny, sead, 
and yellow-tail; trigla, the gurnard, piper, 
tub-fish, &e. The Abdominal order con- 
tains the following genera, namely, cobi- 
tis, the loche and the mud-fish; salmo, the 
salmon, trout, salmon-trout, buil-trout, 
charr, smelt, gurniad, and lavaret; fistyla- 
ria, the tobacco-pipe-fish; esox, the pike 
and gar-fish; mugel, the mullet; excocoe- 
tus, the flying-fish, clupea, the herring, 
pilchard, sprat, shad, and anchovy; cypri 
nus, the carp, barbel, gudgeon, tench, gold 
fish, dace, roach, bleak, bream, minnow 
graining, &c. The Branchiostegous orde 
contains the following genera: tetrodon 
the sun-fish ; syngnathus, the pipe-fish 
and needle-fish; lophius, the fishing-frog, 
and angler or frug-fish, &c.. The Chon- 
dropterigious order contains the following 
genera, namely, accipenser, the sturgeon, 
chimera, the sea-monster; squalus, the 
shark, dog-fish, tope, sea-fox, and angel- 
fish; pristis, the saw-fish; raia, the ray, 
skate, thornback; petromyzon, the lam- 
prey ‘and the pride; gastrobranchus, the 
hag or hag-fish. 

Insecta, the fifth class, is divided into 
seven orders, namely, coleoptera, hemip- 
tera, lepidoptera, neuroptera, hymenop- 
tera, diptera, and aptera. The order Co- 
leoptera contains the following genera, 
namely, scarabeus, the beetle; dermestes 
the leather-eater; ptinus, the deathwatch 
forficula, the earwig ; lampyris, the fire- 
fly ; hydrophilus, the water-clock; &c. The 
order Hemiptera contains blatta, the cock- 
roach; gryllus, the locust, grasshopper, and 
cricket; fulgora, the lantern-fly; notonecta, 
the boat. fly; nepa, the water-scotpion; ci- 
mex, the bug ; aphis, the plant-louse; coc- 
cus, the cochineal, &c. The order Lepi- 
doptera contains papilio, the butterfly - 
sphinx, the hawk-moth; phalena, the 
moth. The order Neuroptera contains li- 
bellula, the dragon-tly; ephemera, the day 
fly; myrmeleon, the lion-amt, &e. The 
order Hymenoptera contains cynips, the 
gall-tly; teuthredo, the saw-fly; sirex, the 
tailed wasp; ichneumon, the ichneumon 
chrysis, the golden fly 5 veaya, the wan 
épis, the bee; fermica the ant or emene. 





the gad-fiy and breeze ; tipula, the crane- 
fly ; musea, the fiy ; culex, the gnat ; bom- 
bylius the humblebee, &¢c. The order 
Apter. contains podura, the spring-tail ; 
termes, the white ant; pediculus, the 
louse and crab-louse; acarus, the tick, har- 
vest-bug, and itch-mite ; aranea, the spi 
der; scorpio, the scorpion; cancer, the 
erab, lobster, prawn, shrimp, and squill ; 
pulex, the flea, &c. 

The sixth class, Vermes, is divided into 
five orders, namely, intestina, mollusca, 
testacea, zoophytes, and infusoria. ‘The 
order Intestina contains the following ge- 
nera, hamely, fasciola, the gourd-worm or 
fluke; tenia, the tape-worm; godius, the 
hair-worm; lumbricus, the earth-worm, the 
dew-worm, and the lug; hirsudo, the leech; 
and sipunculus, the tube-worm, &c. ‘The 
order Mollusca contains laplisia, the sea- 
hare; doris, the sea-lemon; actinia, the 
sea-daisy, sea-marigold, and sea carnation, 
sepia, the cuttle-fish; asterias, the star-fish 
and sea-star, echinus, the sea-urchin, &c. 
The order Testacea contains lepas, the 
acorn-shell, arca, the ark; conus, the cone; 
turbo, the wreath; helix, the snail ; halio- 
tis, the sea ear; dentalium, the tooth-shell; 
ostrea, the oyster; cardium, the cockle; 
mytilus, the mussel; argonauta, the sailor; 
buccinum, the whelk, &c. ‘The order Zoo- 
phytes contains spongia, the-sponge; isis, 
the coral; hydra, the polype; tubipora; the 
tubipore, &c. ‘The order Infusoria con- 
tains the genera voticella, monas volvox, 
gonium, &c. 

CUVIER’S ARRANGEMENT. 


DIVISION I. VERTEBRATED ANIMALS, or 
those having ¢ vertebral column or back bone. 
DIVISION Il, MOLLUSCA, animals of soft tex- 


ture. 
DiVISION 11], ARTICULATED, or Jointed ani- 


mals. 
DIVISION IV. ZOOPHITES, animal plants, or 
radiated animals. 


DIVISION I. VERTEBRATED ANIMALS. 
Four classes.——Clase 1. Mammalia, animals which 
give suck. Order I, Bimana, or two-handed; man 
only. Order I1, Quadrumana, or four-handed; mon- 
keys of all kinds. Order III, Carnassiers, or flesh- 
eating. Subdivision J, Cheiroptear; winged-hands; 
asthe bat. Subdivision II, Insectivora; living on in- 
sects; as the hedge-hog, shrew-mouse, and moie. 
Subdivision If], Carnivora; carnivorous. A. Planti- 

ade; which walk on the aoles of the feet; as the 
sees raccoon, badger, and glutton. B. Distterede; 
which walk on the toes; as (a) weasels. (6) The 
cog kind; domestic-dog, wolf, fox. (c) Civet-cat. 
{d) Hyena. {e) The cat kind; lion, tiger, leopard, 

ther, lynx, commoneat. ©. Some of the amphi- 
fous; as seals and walrusees. D, Marsupial or 
uched animals; az kangarcos and opossums. Or- 
Ges iV, Rongeurs, rodentia, or gnawers; as castors, 
beavers, vate, mice, marmots, squirrels, porcupines, 
hares, rabbits, guinea-pigs. rder V, Edentes, 
edentata, or toothless: as the sloth, armadillo, pan- 
golin, ormithorynchus. Order VI, Pachydermata, or 
Abick skinned; as the elephant, hippovotamus, E * 
Shinoceros, horse, ass, vebre, qaagga Order Vil, 
Rumfaant; os the deer, antelope, goat, sheep, cow, 
paftalo, Grder VIII, Cetecea, the whale-tribe,—- 


1 and prosens, 





" Mad sina y : x 
Class Il, Birds. Order ., Birds of rey. Gabdivn 
sion J, Diurnal: as the vuiture, eayie, faicon, hawk, 
Subdivision IT, Nocturnal; as the owt. 
Passereax, or the eparrow tribe: as the 1 e, swal- 
low, thrueh, sparrow, crow, wren. Order II], Grim. 
peurs, or climbers: ae the woodpecker, euckoa, teucan, 
parrot. Order IV, Gallinxces: the gallinaceous a 
ultry tribe; as the peacock, turkey, pienents barn 

oor fowl, partridge, pigeon. Order V, Echaasiers, 
the stilted or waders: as the ostrich, cassowary, ple 
ver, crane, heron, stork. Order VI, Palmipedes, or 
web-footed: as the pelican, duck, swan, and 
—-Clase Wl, Reptiles: Order 1, Cheloniens, or 
tortoises, Order Il, Sauriens, the lizard tribe: as the 
crocodile, lizard, gecko andchammelion. Order III, 
Ophidiens, the serpent tribe: including the bea con- 
Strictor, and such serpents as are not Venomous, as 
well as the venomous serpents. Order 1V, Batrici- 
eas, the frog tribe: including frogs, toads, salaman- 
ders, the proteus, and syren.——Clase IV. Fishes. 
Series 1, Chondropterygiens, or the cartilaginous; as 
the lamprey, shark,skate, thornback, sturgeon, 
ries Il, Asseux, the bony, whose divisions are prin- 
cipally taken from the gills, jawa, or fins, and are, 
Order 1, the Plectoguathes: as the sun-fish, trunk-fish, 
Order Il, the Lophobranchew: as the pipe-fish, and pe- 
gasus. Order Ill, the Malacopterygiens: as the sal- 
mun, herring, sein-fish, pike, carp, loche, silurus: 
cod, turbot, sole, remora, eel, OrderlV, the Acan- 
thopterygiens; asthe perch, mackerel, dolphin. 

DIVISION Il, MOLLUSCA. Six Classes, prince 
pally constituted from the organs, and mode of pro- 
gression.—_— Claea |, the Cephalopedes; as the cuttle- 


fieh and nautilua.——Class Il, the Pteropodee; aa - 


the clio, cleodore, andhyalea. Clasa Ill, the Gaster- 
opodes; as the slug, snail, and limpet.——Clase IV 
the Acephates, (without’ heads); ea the oyster and 
muscle,—- Class V, the Brachiopodee; as the lingula, 
and terebratula, Class V1, the Cirrhopodes; as 
the barnacle. ; 
DIVISION IIl, ARTICULATED ANIMALS. 
Pour classes.——Class I, Annelides, or worms. 
Order I, the Tubicoles, forming a caleareous tube 
areund them: as the scopula, sabella, and terebella. 
Order IJ. the Dorsibranches, the limbs diffused over 
the body; as the nereide and aphrodite. 
the Abranches, (without limbs); as the earth-worm 
and leech.——Class Il, the Crustaceous. Five or- 
ders, formed from the number, or position of their 
organs of motion. OrderI, the Decapodes: as the 
crab, lobster, and prawn, Order II, the Stomapodes: 
as the equill, Order IIS, the Amphipodes: as the 
marus, Order IV, the Isopdes: as the wood- 
Jouse. Order VY, the Branchiopodes; as the mono 
cullus.——Clase N11, the Arachnides, or spice tribe. 
Two orders, formed from respiration being effected 
by pulmonary cells; or by trachew, or-openings in the 
skin. Order I, the Polmonaires; as theapider, taraa- 
tula and scorpion. Order II, the Tyachoanies: as 





the phalangium, and mite.——Class 1V, Insects. — 


Twelve orders, derived principally from the number 
of their feet and wings. Order , the Myriapodes, 
have numerous feet: as the ulus, centipes, Order KI, 
the Hysanoures, having appendages to their tails: as 
the lepisma, or wood-fish, and podura. Order III, 
the Parasites: as the louse. Order IV, the Succurs: 


aa the flea. Order V, the Coleopteres, having cased — 


wings: as the carabus, beetle, lady-bird, glow-worm, 
Order VI, the Orthopteres, having straight wings: 
as the earwig, locust, grasshopper, and mole cricket. 
Order VII, the Hemipteres, or half-winged: as the 
bug, the water scorpion, lantern-fly, aphis, and 
cochineal. Order VIII, the Neuropteres, having 
net-work wings: as the dragon-fly, and ephemera. 
Order IX, the Hymenopteres, having membrenoas 
wings: as the ichneumon, ant, sphex, wasp, and bee. 


Order X, the Lepidopteres, having scaly wings: aa — 
Order xi, the Rhipl teres, 


the butterfly, and mot 
having fan-like win, 


gnat, anc house-fly, 


DIVISION IV. ZOOPHITES, Four classes 
—— Clase |, the Ecnynodermes; spinedekin; as the 


starfish, and echinus.——Claee II, the Int 


or inteatinal animals: as the tenia, ascaris, andhydéa- , 


tid.——Clase Ill, the Acalephee, or aea-nettle aa 
the sea-anemony, and ada 


Polypes, or many-tooted: as the bydra, barichen 

Sail eke Lees V, the lahameree found 

animal and vegetable infusions: es the wheel canine, 
> ; pe 


AY 


Order I, — 


Order III, - 


ge: as the xenos, and stylops 
Order XII, the Dipteres, having two wings: as the 


usa.—-—Ciases IV, the ue 





7 


mat, 


Ut 


Boh de 
aa 

































GEOGRAPHICAL VOCABULARY. ye 


a 


_ Weather-tide. Tho tide which sets against the lee-side of a ship, impelling 


her to windward. 
Weigh. To raise or lift so that it hangs in the air, as an anchor. 
Well. An inclosure in the middle of a ship’s hold, around the pumps, from 
the bottom to the lower deck, to preserve them from injury. 
Wheel. A circular frame having antics on the periphery, and an axle on 
which are wound the, tiller-ropes, connecting with the rudder. 
Wheel-house. A small house on deck, which contains the steering-wheel. 
Wheel-rope. A rope which connects the steering-wheel and the rudder. 
Windbound. Prevented from sailing by a contrary wind. 
Windlass. The machine in a merchant vessel used in weighing anchor. 
Windward. The point from which the wind blows. 


Yacht (pron. Yot.) A sea-going vessel, used for pleasure-trips, racing, &c. 
Yard. A long, slender piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended upon 
the mast, by which a sail is extended. 


Yard-arm. Either half of a ship’s yard, from the center or mast to the end. 
Yaw. A movement of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course. 





GEOGRAPHICAL VOCABULARY. 


Geography. A description of the surface of the earth. {and animals, 
Natural, or Physical Geography, treats of land, water, atmosphere, plants, 
Political Geography, treats of the divisions of the earth made by man. 
Mathematical, or Astronomical Geography, treats of the form, size, motion, 
~ and imaginary lines of the earth. 

Empire. A country governed by an emperor. 
Kingdom. A country governed by a king or queen. 
Republic. A country governed by men chosea by the people. 
State. A division of a country with a form of government peculiar to itself. 
County. The largest division of a state. 
Town. A division of acounty. ‘ 
City. A town invested with increased rights and privilege, 
Capital. The seat of government. 
President. ‘The chief magistrate of a republic. 
Governor. The chief officer of a State. 
Mayor. The chief officer of a city. 
Metropolis. The largest and chief city in a country. 

eaport. A harbor large enough for large vessels. 
Cardinal Points. Fixed or chief points— north, east, south, and west. 
Map. <A drawing of the whole or a part of the earth’s surface. 
Artificial Globe. A ball representing the surface of the earth. 
Mariner’s Compass. A box with a needle which always points north. 
Earth. A planet; a very large opaque body. 
Axis. An imaginary line through the earth from north to south. 
Poles. The ends of the earth’s axis. 
Meridian Cireles. Circles round the earth passing through the poles, 
Meridian. Half of a meridian circle. 
Longitude. Distance east or west from any given meridian. 


Hemisphere. Half a globe or sphere. 


Degree. The 365th part of a circle. 

Minute. In geography the 60th part of a degree, or one geographical mile. 
Equator. A circle dividing the earth equally between the poles. 

Latitude. Distances from the equator. 

Zone. Belt or girdle. 

Frigid. Frozen, or very cold. 

Torrid. Violently hot. 

Temperate. Between two extreme ‘ 
Arctic. Northern. 

Antarctic, Southern. 





‘4 


GEOMETRICAL DEFINITIONS. ~ 


Cancer. One of the twelve signs of the zodiac. 
Capricorn. One of the twelve signs of the zodiac. 
Zodiac. A broad circle in the heavens, containing the twelve signs. 


Parallels. Lines running in the same direction, and at all points equally 


Continent. The largest division of land on the earth. [distant 
Island. Land surrounded by water. 

Peninsula, Land almost surrounded by water. 

Isthmus. <A strip of land joining a peninsula to the main land. i 
Cape. A point of land projecting into the water. 

Promontory. A high point of land or cape projecting into the sea. 
Mountain. A large mass of earth and rock elevated above the surrounding 
Chain. Mountains connected together. {country. 
Volcano. A burning mountain. 

Crater. Opening in the top of a volcano. 

Hill. An elevation less than a mountain. 

Valley. Land between hills or mountains. 

Plain. Flat, level country. . 
Desert. A barren tract of land. 

Shore, or Coast. Land bordering on the sea. 

Ocean. The largest body of water on the earth. 

Sea. <A branch of the ocean partly inclosed by land. 

Guif, or Bay. A portion of a large body of water extending into the land. 
Strait. A narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water. 
Sound. A strait which can be sounded by lead and line. 

Channel. Similar to a strait. 


Lake. A large body of fresh water, almost or wholly surrounded by land. — 


River. A stream of water flowing through the country in an open channel, 

Source. The place where the river begins to flow. } 

Mouth. The place where a river discharges its waters into some other 
large body of water. . 

Branch. A river flowing into a larger river. ; 

Frith. A narrow arm of the sea into which a river empties. 

Archipelago. A sea interspersed with numerous isles. 


GEOMETRICAL DEFINITIONS. - 


Angle. An opening between two lines that meet in a point. 

Right Angle. A straight line perpendicular to another. 

Obtuse Angle. An angle wider than aright angle. 

Acute Angle. An angie less than a right angle. 

Triangle. A figure with three sides and three angles. 

Equilateral Triangle. An angle having all sides equal. 

Isosceles Triangle. An angle having two of its sides equal. 
“Scalene Triangle. An angle having all its sides unequal. 

Right-angled Triangle. A triangle having one right angle. 

Obtuse-angled Triangle. A triangle having one obtuse angle, 

Acute-angled Triangle. A triangle having all its angles acute. 
Quadrangle, or Quadrilateral, is a four-sided figure, and may be 2 

Parallelogram, having its opposite sides parallel. 

Square, having all its sides equal and all right angles. 

Rectangle, having a right angle. 

Rhombus, or Lozenge, having all its sides equal and no right angles 

Rhomboid, a parallelogram with no right angles. 

Trapezium, having unequal sides, 

Trapezoid, having only two sides parallel. 

Polygon, a plain figure having more than four sides. 

Pentagon, having five sides. Octagon, having eight sides 

Hexagon, having six sides. Nonagon, having nine sideg 

Heptagon, having seven sides Decagon, having ten sides, 














& hr 


 DIOPIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS. 878 


es DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS. 
A. ‘By; for. 


Accellerando. Accelerating the movement. 

Accompaniment. A part added to a principal one by way of enhancing the 

effect of the Ook lanes 

Adagio. A very slow degree of movement. 

Adagissimo. Extremely slow. aN 

Ad libitum. At will, or discretion. This expression implies that the time 

j of some particular passage is left to the pleasure of the performer; 
or that he is at liberty to introduce whatever embellishmert= hig 
fancy may suggest. . 

Affettuoso. Afiectionate; tender. 

Agitato, or Con agitazione. With agitation; anxiously. 

Al, All’, or Alla. ‘To the; sometimes, in the style of. 

Allegremente. With quickness. 

Allegretto. Somewhat cheerful, but not so quick as Allegro, 

Allegretto scherzando. Moderately playful and vivacious. 

Allegrezza. Joy; as, Con allegrezza, joyfully, animatedly. 

Allegrissimo. Extremely quick and lively. 

Allegro. Quick; lively. A term implying a rapid and vivacious move- 
ment, but which is frequently modified by the addition of other 
words; as, Allegro agitato, quick, with anxiety and agitation, &c. 

Ai segno, or Al seg, signifies that the performer must return to a similar 
character in the course of the movement, and play from that place 
to the word jine, or the mark ~—<~ over a double bar. j 

Andante, implies a movement somewhat slow and sedate. This term is 
she 8 modified, both as to time and style, by the addition of other 
words. 

Andantino. Somewhat slower than Andante. 

Animato, Con anima, or Animoso. With animation; in a spirited manner. 


7 
ret 


_A piacere, or A piacimento. At the pleasure of the performer. 


Appoggiatira. A note of embellishment, generally written in a small 
character. 

Appoggiato. Dwelt; leaned upon. 

Aria. An air, or song. 

Arioso.. In tho style of an air. . 

Arpeggiando. ) Passages formed of the notes of chords which are taken 

Arpeggiato. bin rapid succession, in imitation of the harp, are said to be 

Arpeggio. in arpeggio. nn 

Assai. Very; extremely. This adverb is always joined to some other 
word, of which it extends the signification; as, Adagio assai, very 
slow; Allegro assai, very quick. } 

A tempo, or A tem. In a regular time. 

A tempo giusto. In strict and equal time. 

Attacca, or Attacca subito. A direction that the performer must directly 
commence the following movement. : ' 


Ballad. A short and familiar song. 

_Barearolle. Airs sung by the Venetian gondoliers or boatmen. 

Beat. One of the principal graces in music. 

Ben. Well; as, Ben marcato, well marked. This expression indicates 
that the passage must be executed in a clear, distinct, and strongly 
accented manner. 

Bis. Twice. A term which indicates that a certain passage, distinguished 

by a curve drawn over or under it, must be performed twice. 


i Brillante. An expression indicating a showy and sparkling style of per- 


formance, 
Brio, or Brioso. With brilliancy and spirit, : an 


|  Brise. Sprinkled; broken into arpeggios. 


7* iy 
DETR AN Ss eames COOLER Be ie PAS AMY 













































ee oy 
¥ y. 


874 DIOTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS. _ 


Cadence. A close in melody or harmony; an ornamental and extempora- 
neous passage introduced at the close of a song or piece of music. ! 

Cadence parfaite. _A perfect cadence. } is 

Cadence rompue. An interrupted cadence. ' 

Cadenza. A cadence, or close, at the termination of a song or other move- 
ment, introducing some fanciful and extemporaneous embellishment. 

Calando. Gradually diminishing in tone and quickness. Se Ne 

Calore. With much warmth and animation. ule af fas 

Canone. A canon or catch for several voices or instruments. 

Canon. <A species of interrupted imitation. 

Cantabile. ina graceful and singing style. 

Cantante. A part to be executed by the voice. 

Capella, Alla. In the church style. 

Capo. The head, or beginning. va: take 

Capriccio. A fanciful and irregular species of composition. 

Catch. A vocal piece in several parts, of a humorous character. 

Cavatina. An air of one movement or part only, occasionally preceded by 
a recitative. ' 

Chant. A song or melody; the vocal part. 

Che. Than; as, Poco piu che andante, rather slower than Andante. 

Chromatic. Proceeding by semitones, or formed by means of semitones. 

Coda. A few bars added at the close of a composition, beyond its natural 
termination. 

Colla parte. A direction that the accompanist must follow the principal 
part in regard to time. 

Con. With; as, Con espressione, with expression; Con brio, with bril- 
liancy and spirit. 

rents aueneern agreement. A selection of pieces is sometimes so 
called. ' 

Concerto. A composition intended to display the powers of some articular 
instrument, with orchestral accompaniments, 

Con dolecezza. With sweetness. 

Con dolore. Mournfully, with pathos. ; 

Con gravita. With gravity. - 

Con grazia. With grace. _ 

Con gusto, or Gustoso. With taste. | 

Con impeto. With impetuosity. 

Con moto. In an agitated style; with spirit. 

Con spirito. With quickness and spirit. ~ 

Sie nenaes or Cres. With a gradually increasing quantity of tone. 

a. V- 

Da capo, or D. ©. From the beginning. An expression which is often 
written at the end of a movement to indicate that the performer 
must return to and finish with the first strain. 

Dal. By; as, Dal segno, from the sign,—a mark of repetition. 

Decrescendo. Gradually decreasing in quantity of tone. 

Delicatezza. Delicacy; as, Con delicatezza, with delicacy of expression. 7 

Delicato. Delicately. ra 

Diatonic. Naturally; that is, according to the degrees of the major or 
minor scale, or by tones and semitones only. Natl 

Diluendo. A gradual dying away of the tone till it arrives at extinction. i ao 

Diminuendo, or Dim, implies that the quantity of tone must be gradually Mae 
diminished. i ea 

Di molto. An expression which serves to augment the signification of tue i Om 
word to which it is added. | 

Divertimento. A short, light composition, written in a familiar ana 
pleasing style. 

Dolce, or Dol., implies a soft and sweet style. 

Dolcezza, or Con dolcezza. With sweetness and softness. 

Dolcemente. In a sweet and graceful style. 

Doloroso. Ina soft and pathetic style. 







. 1s " a 5% ago No ii 
yrs hivig, 6 Ciel rat idl aes ae 















_ DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS. 


_ E,or Ed. Tho Italian conjunction and; as, Flauto e violing, Tute, and 
. violin; Nobilimente ed animato, with grandeur and spirit. 

‘ Elegamente, or Elegante. With elegance. 

- Eleganza. With elegance; gracefully. 4 

Energico, Con euergia, or Energicamente. With energy. 

Espressivo, or Gun espressione. With expression. | 

Estravaganza, Extravagant and wild, as to composition and performance. 


Facilita. A facilitation; an easier adaptation. 

Fantaissie. : A species of composition in which the author gives free 

Fantasia. §scope to his ideas, without regard to those systematic forms 

which regulate other compositions. 

Finale. The last piece of any act of an opera, or of a concert; or the last 
movement of a symphony or sonata, in the German style. 

Fine. The end. : 

Forte, or For, or simply f. Loud. x 

Fortissimo, or ff. Very loud. 

Forzando, or Forz, or fz, implies that the note is to be marked with pecu- 
liar emphasis or force. 

Fuoco, Con. With intense animation. 

Furioso, or Con Furia. With fire. 


Gaiement. In a cheerful and lively style. 

Gallopade. A galop; a quick German dance-tune. 

Galop, or Galoppe. A quick species of dance, generally in 2-4 time. 

Giusto. In just and exact time. 

Graces. Occasional embellishments, sometimes indicated by the composer, 
sometimes spontaneously introduced by the performer. The mosf 
important of these are the Appoggiatura, the Turn, and the Shake. 

firandioso. In a grand and elevated style. 

firan gusto. In an elevated, grand style. 

hravamente. Dignified and solemn. 

krave. The slowest degree of movement; also, a deep, low pitch, in the 
scale of sounds. 

Gravita. Gravity; as, Con gravita, with gravity. 

Gruppetto. A group of notes; a turn. 

Gruppo. A turn, or grace. 

Gusto, Gustoso, or Con gusto. With taste; elegantly. 

Il. The. é 

Initazione. An imitation. 

Impetuoso. With impetuosity ; impetuously. 

Impromptu. An extemporaneous production. 

Improvisare. To compose or sing extemporaneously. 

In. In; as, In tempo, in time. 

Innocente, or Innocentemente. In an artless and simple style. 

- Interlude. An intermediate strain or movement. 

Intrada, or Introduzione. A short introductory mevement. 

Istesso. The same; as, Istesso tempo, the same time. 


Larshetto indicates 2 time slow and measured in its movement, but lesa 
so than Largo. 
Larghissimo. Extremely slow. 
Largo. A very slow and solemn degree of movement. 
Legato. In a smooth and connected manner. 
Legatissimo. Exceedingly smooth and connec 
Legerement. With lightness and gayety. 
Leggiardo. Light; gentle. 
Leggieramente. Lightly; gently. 


es 















$76 “DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS. 


Leggiero, or Con leggierezza. With lightness and facility of execution. __ 

Leggierissimo. With the utmost lightness and facility. 

Lentando. With increasing slowness. ; 

Lentemente, or Lento. In slow time. t 

Liaison. Smoothness of connection; also, a bind or tie. 

Loco. This word implies that a passage is to be played just as it is written 
in regard to pitch. lt generally occurs after 8va alta, or 8va bassa. 

Ma. But; as, Allegro ma non troppo, quick, but not too much so. 

Maestoso. With majestic and dignified expression. 

Main. The hand; as, Main droite, Main gauche, or M. D., M. G., the right 
or left hand in piano music. ‘ 

Mareato. In a marked and emphatic style. 

Marcia. A march. 

Marziale. In a martial style. - 

Melange. A composition founded on several favorite airs; a medley. 

Meme. The same; as, Meme movement, in the same tune. 

Mesto. Mournfully; sadly; pathetically. 

Mestoso. Sadly; pensively. 

Hetronome. An ingenious instrument for indicating the exact time of a 
-Inusical piece by means of a pendulum, which may be shortened or 
lengthened at pleasure. 

Mezzo. In a middling degree or manner; as, Mezzo forte, rather lond; 
Mezzo piano, rather soft. 

Mezao caratiere implies a moderate degree of expression and execution. 

Moderato. With a moderate degree of quickness. 

Molto. Very; extremely; as, Molto aliegre, very quick; Molto adagio, 
extremely slow. : ; 

Morceau. A piece, or musical composition of any kind. 

Mordente. A beat, or transient shake. 

Morendo. Gradually subsiding in regard to tone and time; dying away. 

Mosso. Movement; as, Piu mosso, with more movement; quicker. 

Moto, or Con moto. With agitation. 

Movimento. Time; mévement.: 


Nobile, or Nobilemente. With nobleness; grandeur. ee 
Notéturno. A composition, vocal or instrumental, suitable for evening ri 
recreation, from its elegance and lightness of character. ; 


0. Or; as, Flauto o violino, flute or violin. 
Obligato, or Obligati.. A part or parts of a composition, indispensable to 

its just performance, and which, therefore, can not properly be 

omitted. Ps) 
Ottava, or 8va. An octave. This word is generally joined with Alta, or 

Bassa. The first signifies that the passage to which it is applied 

must be played an octave higher than it is written; the second, that 

it must be played an octave lower. 


Passionate. In an impassioned manner. eeNy 

Patetico. Pathetically. ati 

Pathetique. Pathetic. TAM 

Pastorale. A soft and rural movement. ' Weeds: 

Pedale. A pedal er stationary bass. In piano music this term implies  __ 
Shee the performer must press down the pedal which takes off the 

ampers. 

Perdendo, Perdendose, or Perden. Either of these terms implies a gradual 
diminution, both in quantity of tone and speed of movement. 

Peu. A little. 

Phrase. A short musical sentence containing an incomplete idea. 

Piacere. Will; pleasure; as, A piacere, at- the performer’s pleasure in 
regard to time. 


Piano, or p. Soft.  Pianissimo, or pp. Extremely soft, 














‘A 








Ne ae oe oe 


t 










ta. xn adverd of augmentation; as, Pin presto, quicker; Pin piano, 

Plantivo. Expressively; plaintively. [softer. 

Plus. More; as, Plus anime, with greater animation. 

Poco. A little; rather; somewhat; as, Poco presto, rather quick; Poco 
piano, somewhat soft. 

Poco a poco. By degrees; gradually; as, Poco a poco crescendo, louder 
ei louder by degrees; Poco a poco diminuendo, softer and softer 

y degrees. 
Poi. Then; as, Piano poi forte, soft, then loud. 


_Polacea, A slow, Polish dance, in 3-4 time, of a peculiar rhythmical 
Polonaise, construction, as the melodical members usually terminate on 
Polonoise. }) the third erotchet of the bar. 


Pomposo. In a grand and pompous manner. 

Portamento. The manner of sustaining and conducting the voice; a glid- 
ing from one note to another. - : 

Possibile. Possible; as, Piu forte possibile, as loud as possible 

Potpourri. A fantasia on favorite airs, 

Precipitato. In a hurried manner. 

Precisione. With precision ; exactitude. 

Preludio. A prelude or introduction. 


-Premiere. First; as, Premiere fois, first time. 


Prestissimo. ‘he most rapid degree of movemens 

Presto. Very quick. 

Primo. First; as, Violino primo, first violin; Tempo primo, in the first 
; or original time. 


uasi, In the manner or style of; as, Quasi allegretto, like an Allegretto. 
uieto. With calmness or repose; quietly. 


Raddolcendo, or Raddolcente. With augmented softness. 

Rallentando implies a gradual diminution in the speed of the movement, 
and a corresponding decrease in the quantity of tone. 

Rapido. Rapidly. 

Refrain. A burden, or tag-end to a song. {emphasis, 

Rinforzando, Rinforzato, or Rinf., or Rf. With additional tone and 

Romance. A short, lyric tale. [words, 

Romanza. Set to music: ora simple and elegant melody suitable to such 

Rondeau, or Rondo. A composition of several strains or members, at the 
end of each of which the first part or subject is repeated, 

Ritenente, Ritenuto. A keeping back; a decrease in the speed of the 
movement. 


\ 


Scherzando, Scherzante, Scherzoso, or Scherz. In a light, playful, and 
Sportive manner. , ‘ 

iehaan : A sign; as, Al segno, return to the sign; Dal segno, repeat from 

% e sign. 

Segue, or Seguito. Now follows; or, as follows; as; Segue il coro, the 
chorus follows; Segue la finale, the finale now follows. It is also 
used in the sense of in similar or like manner, to show that a subse- 
quent passage is to be played like that which precedes it. 

S«wzplice, or Semplicemente. With simplicity; artlessly. 

Sempre. Always; as, Sempre staccato, always staccato or detached; 
Sempre forte, always loud; Sempre piu forte, continually increasing 
in force. - ; 

Serioso.’ In a serious style. ww 

Serpeggiando. Gently and silently creeping onward; quietly advancing. 

Sforzato, Sforzando, or Sf. implies that a particular note is to be played 
with emphasis. 

Siciliani. A movement of a slow, soothing, pastoral character, in 6-8 time, 
resembling a dance peculiar to the peasantry of Sicily. 

Sinfonia. A symphony or orchestral composition in many parts. 




















378 DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS. 


Slentando. A gradual diminution in the time or speed of the movement 


Smorzando. A gradual diminution as to tone, 
Soave. Ina soft, sweet, and delicate style. 
Soggetto. The subject or theme. 


Soli, plural of Solo, implies that two or more principal parts play or sing 


together. Such parts, of course, are never doubled. 


Solo, or Sola. Alone. 
Solo. A composition, or even a passage, for a single voice ‘or instrument. 


Sonata, or Sonate. A composition consisting of several movements, gen- — 


erally for a single principal instrument, with or without accompani- 


Sostenuto, or Sost. Sustained; continuous in regard to tone. [ments, 
Spirito, or Con Spirito. With spirit. 
Spiritoso. With great spirit. [from one another. 


Staccato, implies that the notes are to be played distinct, and detached 
Stesso. The same. i 
Subito. Quickly; as, Volti subito, turn quickly. 


Suite. A series; « collection; as, Une suite de pieces, a series of lessons. 


Syncopate. In a constrained and syncopated style. 

Syncopation. The connecting the iast note of one bar to the first note of 
the next, so as to form but one note of a duration equal to both. 
This displaces the accent, and produces a peculiar effect. 


Tacet, implies that, during a movement, or part of a movement, some par- 
ticular instrument is to be silent; as, Flauto tacet, the flute is not ta 
Tanto, or Ton. Not so much; not too much. {play. 

Tardo. Slowly; in a dragging manner. 

Tema. A subject or theme. 

Tempestoso. In a tempestuous manner. 

Tempo comodo. In a convenient degree of movement. 

Tendrement. Affectionately; tenderly. ; 

Teneramente, Tenero, or Con tenerezza. Tenderly. 

Tenuto, or Ten, implies that a note, or notes, must be sustained or kept 

Theme. <A subject. [down the full time. 

Timoroso. With timidity and awe, Pas 

Tranquillo, Tranquillamente, or Con tranquilleza. Tranquilly; composedly. 

Tremendo. With a tremendous expression; horribly. 

Tremando, Tremolate, or Tremolo, implies the reiteration of a note or 
chord with great rapidity, so as to produce a tremulous kind of motion. 

Yrillando. A succession of shakes on different notes. 

Trille, or Trillo. A shake. 

Trio. A piece for three voices or instruments. This term also denotes 4 
second movement to a waltz, march, minuet, &c., which always leads 
back to a repetition of the first or principal movement, 

Triplet. A group of three notes, arising from the division of a note into 
three equal parts of the next inferior duration. 

Tutta forza. With the utmost vehemence; as loud as possible. 

Tutii. A term used to point ont those passages where all the voices or 

é instruments, or both, are to be introduced. 


Un. <A; as, Un poco, a little. 

Veloce, or Con velocita, In rapid time, 

Velocissimo. "With extreme rapidity. 

Vibrante. A peculiar manner of touching the keys of the piano. 
Vigoroso, or Vigorosamente. Boldly; vigorously. Aa 
Vistamente, or Vite. With quickness. 

Vivace, Vivamente, or Con vivatica. With briskness and animation. 


Vivacissimo. With extreme vivacity. Vivatica. Vivacity. 
Vivo, or Con vivezza. Animated; lively. Voce. The voice. 
Volvante. Ina light and rapid manner. [playing, &e. 


Volta. Time of playing a movement; as, Prim volta, the first time of 
Yolti suite, ‘Turn over quickly, oon Bie 












Pes: 
WW 
hy 
























Se Barnabas ? (Heb.) Son of prophecy, 





- AVarie (Sax.) All-rich; all-powerful. 





os 
i 
‘ 


oe. 
abe 


 Archela‘us (Gr.)’Ruler of the people. 


_ Ar’nold (Sax.) Strong as an eagle. 









o = 
\, 


DERIVATION OF OBRIGTIAN NAMES 9 





ss CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN, 
WITH THEIR DERIVATION AND SIGNIFICATION. fs AY 


NAMES OF MEN. 


Aer’on (Heb.) Very high; lofty. Barthol/omew (Heb.) A warlike son. 

Ab/diel (Heb.) The servant of God. Bas‘il (Gr.) Kingly; royal. 

A’‘bel (Heb.) Breath; vanity. Ben/edict (Lat.) Blessed. 

Abi‘athar (Heb.) Father of plenty. Ben‘jamin (Heb.) Son of the right. 

Abi’el (Heb.) Father of strength. Beno/ni (Heb.) Son of my sorrow. 

Abi/jah (Heb.) Jehovah is a father. | Beri/ah (Heb.) In calamity. 

Ab’ner (Heb.) Father of light. Ber’nard (Sax.) A brave man. 

A’braham(Heb) Father of a multitude} Bertram (Ger.) Bright raven. 

A’‘bram (Heb.) Father of elevation. Bethu/‘el (Heb.) Man of God. 

Ab’salom (Heb.) Father of peace. Bon/iface (Lat.) A benefactor 

Ad‘am (Heb.) Man; earth-man. Bri’an (Celt.) Strong. 

A’din (Heb.) Tender; delicate; soft.| Cadwallader (Brit.) Valiant in war. 

Adolphus (Sax.) Successful helper. | Cesar (Lat.) Hairy; or, blue-eyed. 

Adoni‘ram (Heb.) Lord of height. Ca/leb (Heb.) A dog. 

Alan (Slav.) A hound; harmony. Cal/vin (Lat.) Bald. 

-Ce’cil (Lat.) Dim-sighted. 

Charles (Sax.) Manly; noble-spirited. 

Christopher (Gr.) Bearing Christ. 

Clar’ence (Lat.) Illustrious. 

Clem/ent (Lat.) Mild-tempered. 

Con’/rad (Sax.) Bold in counsel. 

Con’/stantine (Lat.j Resolute; firm. 

Corne‘lius (Lat.) Signification uncer- 

Cuth‘bert (Sax.) Renowned. _[tain. 

Cy’rus (Pers.) The sun. 

Dan‘iel (Heb.) A judge from God. 

Dari‘us (Pers.) Preserver. 

Da/vid (Heb.) Beloved. 

Deme’trius (Gr.) Belonging to Ceres. 

Den‘is : (Gr.) Belonging to Dionysos 

Dennis or Bacchus, god of wine. 

Dex'ter (Lat.) The right hand. 

Dionys‘ius (Gr.) The same as DENIs. 

Don/ald (Celt.) Proud chief. 

Dun‘can (Celt.) Brown chief, 

Eb’/en (Heb.) A stone. 

Khene’zer (Heb.) The stone of help. 

Ed’gar (Sax.) Successful warrior. 

Ed’mund (Sax.) Successful protector. - 

Ed’ward (Sax.) Guardian of property. 
d’win (Sax.) Successful in war. 

HEN (Sax.) Bright eye: 

Elbert (Sax.) All-bright; illustrious 

Eldred (Sax.) Terrible. — 

Elea/zer (Heb.) Whom God helps. 

Eli (Heb.) A foster son. 

Eli/ab (Heb.) God is his father. 

Elias (Heb.) Jehovah is my God. 

Eli/hu (Heb.) God the Lord. 

Elijah (Heb.) Strength of the Lord , 

Eli’sha (Heb.) God my salvation. 

Eli/zur (Heb.) God is my rock. ; 

Elnathan (Heb.) God gave. 

Emman/‘uel (Heb.) God with us. 

Ene‘as (Gr.) Praised: commended. 











Al’bert (Sax.) All-bright; illustrious. 

Alexan’der (Gr.' A helper of men. - 

Al'fred(Sax.) All peace; protecting all 

Aang Oley) The same as ALAN. 

Allen See: ALAN. 

Alon’zo (Ger.)The same as Alphonso. 

Al’pheus (Heb.) Exchange. 

Alphon’so (Ger.) All ready; willing. 

Al’vah (Heb.) Iniquity. 

Al’van (Heb.) Unrighteous. 

Alvin, Al’win (Sax.) Conquering all. 
_ Amari‘ah (Heb.) Jehovah promised. 

Am/asa (Heb.) A burden. 

Am’brose (Gr.) Immortal; divine. 

Am/‘mi (Heb.) My people. 

A’mos (Heb.) Strong; courageous. 

An‘drew (Gr.) Manly; courageous. 

Androni’cus(Gr.) A conqueror of men. 

An/selm (Ger.) An heroic defender. 

An‘thony (Lat.) Praiseworthy. , 


Ar'chibald (Ger.) Boldness. 
A’riel (Heb.) Lion of God %valiant. 


Ar‘temas (Gr.) Gift of Artemis or Mi- 

Ar’thur (Brit.) High; noble. {nerva. 

A’sa (Heb.) Healer; physician. 

As‘ahel (Heb.) Made of God. 

A’saph (Heb.) A collector. 

Ash’bel (Heb.) Fire of Bel. 

Ash’er (Heb.) Happy; fortunate. 

Ash/ur (Heb.) Black; blackness. ; 

Augus‘tus (Lat.) Exalted; majestic. 
ugus’tine : (Lat.) Belonging to Au- 

Aus’tin gustus. 

Bald’win (Sax.) Bold; courageous. 

Barachi’as(Heb.) Jehovah has blessed 


Barnaby § — or exhortation. 


xt 


880 DERIVATION OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. | 


E/noch (Heb.) Initiated; instructed. 
Enos (Heb.) Man: ~ 

FE’/phraim (Heb.) Very fruitful. 
Eras’mus (Gr.) Worthy to be loved. 
Eras‘tus (Gr.) Lovely; amiable. 
Er/nest (Ger.) Earnest. 

E’/sau (Heb.) Covered with hair. 
E’than (Heb.) Firmness; strength. 
Eugene’ (Gr.) Well-born; noble. 
Euse’bius (Gr.) Religious; godly. 
Eus‘tace (Gr.) Standing firm. 

Ev’an (Brit.) Gracious gift of God. 
Ev’erard (Ger.) Fierce as a wild boar. 
Eze’kiel (Heb.) Strength of God. 
Ez’'ra (Heb.) Help. 

Felix (Lat.) Happy; prosperous. 
Fer’dinand (Ger.) Brave; valiant. 
Fernan’do (Sp.) Same as Ferdinand. 


- Fran’cis (Fr.) Free. 


Frank (Fr.) Contraction of Francis. 
Fred/erick (Ger.) Peaceful ruler. 
Ga‘briel (Heb.) Man of God. 
Gama/liel (Heb.) Recompense of God. 
Geoffrey (Sax.) Good protector. 
George (Gr.) A husbandman. 
Ger’ald (Ger.) Strong with the spear. 
Gid/eon (Heb.) A destroyer. 

Gilbert (Sax.) Bright as gold. 

Giles (Gr.) A little goat. 

God/dard (Ger.) Pious; virtuons 
Godfrey (Sax.) Good protector. 
God/win (Sax.) Good in war. 
Greg’ory (Ger.) Watchful. 

Griffith (Brit.) Having great faitr. 
Gusta/vus (Sw.) A warrior; hero. 
Guy (Fr.) A leader. 

Han/nibal (Punic.) A gracious lord. 
He’man (Heb.) Faithful. 

Hen’ry (Ger.) Rich lord. 

Her’bert (Ger.) Glory of the army. 
Her’cules (Gr.) Lordly fame. 
Her’man (Ger.) A warrior. 

ae Stat (Heb.) Strength of God. 
Hilary (Lat.) Cheerful; merry. 
Hi/ram (Heb.) Most noble. 

Hor’ace (Lat.) Signification uneertain 
Hora/tio (Lat.) Significat’n uncertain 
Hose’a (Heb.) Salvation. 

How’ell (Brit.) Sound; whole. 
Hu’bert (Sax.) Bright; handseme. 
Hugh (Dutch./ High; lofty. 
Humph/rey (Sax.) Protector of home. 
Ich’abod (Heb.) Glory has departed. 
Igna‘tius (Gr.) Ardent; fiery. 
Imman/uel (Heb.) God with us. 
In’gram (Ger.) A stalwart youth. 
Vra (Heb.) Watchful. 


- Vsaac (Heb.) Laughter. 


Isa/iah (Heb.) Salvation of the Lord. 
Is‘rael (Heb.) A soldier of God. 
Ith’iel (Heb.) God is with me. 


‘Lew’is (Fr.) Defender of the people. 







Ja‘bez (Heb.) He willcause pain 
Ja/cob (Heb.) He will supplant. Seay 


James (Heb.) He will supplant. © m 

Ja/red (Heb.) Descent. OF Se Ri hy 
ga’/son (Gr.) A healer. 5 A 
Jedidi/ah (Heb) Beloved of the Lord, 2 


Jeffrey (Sax.) At peace with God. 

Jeremi/ah (Heb.) Exalted of the Lord. 

Jerome’ (Gr.) Having a holy name, 

Jes'se (Heb.) Wealth. 

Jo/ab (Heh.) Jehovah is his father 

Job (Heb.) Afflicted; persecuted. 

Jo’el (Heb.) The Lord is God. 

John (Heb.) Gracious giftof God. * =. = © 
Jo/nah (Heb.) A dove. ae 
Jonathan (Heb.) Gift of Jehovah. ay 
Jo/seph (Heb.) He shall add. k oe 
Josh‘ua (Heb.) Lord of salvation. } ie) 
Jo’‘tham (Heb.) The Lord is upright. 

Ju/dah (Heb.) Praised. » 

Jw lizn (Lat.) Belonging to Julius. 





Julius (Gr.) Soft-haired. | 


Justin (Lat.) Just. ey 
Ken/elm (Sax.) Defender of kindred. us 
Ken/neth (Gael.) Leader; commander oid 
La‘ban (Heb.) White. if 
Lambert (Sax.) A keeper of lambs. 
Lan/celot (Ital.) A little angel. 
Law’'rence (Lat.) Crowned with laure] ~ 
Lem‘uel (Heb.) Created by God. 
Leon/ard (Sax.) Brave as a lion. 
Leopold (Ger.) Bold as a lion. 

Le/vi (Heb.) Adhesion. 


































Linas (Gr.) Flaxen-haired. 
Li/onel (Lat.) A little lion. 
Loam’mi (Heb.) Not my people. 
Loren’zo (Ital.) Crowned with laurel, 
Lot (Heb.) A veil; covering. 

iiu’bin (Sax.) Beloved friend. 
Lucius (Lat.) Born at break of day. 
Luke (Lat.) A contract’n of Lucanus. 
Lu‘ther (Ger.) Illustrious warrior. 
Lyeur’gus (Gr.) Wolf-driver. 
Malachi (Heb.) Message of the Lord. 
Manas‘seh (Heb.) Forgetfulness. 
Marcellus (Lat.) Dimin. of Mareus. t 
Mar’cius (Lat.) The same as Marcus, Bae ey 
Marcus, Mark (Lat.) A hammer. Nat 
Mar/maduke (Sax.) A mighty noble. 
Mar’tin (Lat.) Martial; warlike. 
Mat/thew (Heb.) Gift of Jehovah. - 
Matthi/as (Heb.) Gift of fhe Lord. PHIM 
Mau’rice (Lat.) Sprang of a Moor. Hit 
Mer/edith (Celt.) Sea-protector. re NaH 
Micah (Heb.) Who is like the Lord? — Pies’ 
Mi/chael (Heb.) Who is like God? ~ “A 
Miles (Lat.) A soldier. } 
Mor’gan (Brit.) Born on the sea. 

Mo/ses (Egypt.) Drawn out of water 
Na/hum (Heb.) Consolation. 























































Na’than (Heb.) A gift; given. 
Nathan‘iel (Heb.) The gift of God. 
Neal (Lat.) Dark; swarthy. 
Nehemi/ah (Heb.) Comfort of God. 
Nicholas (Gr.) Victory of the people. 
No’ah (Heb.) Rest; comfort. 
No’el (Heb.) Born on Christmas day. 
Nor’man (Ger.) Native of Normandy. 
Obadi/ah (Heb.) Servant of the Lord, 
O’bed (Heb.) Serving God. 

.  Octa/vius (Lat.) The eighth-born. 
Oliver (Lat.) An olive-tree. 
Ores‘tes (Gr.) A mountaineer. 

Orlan‘do (Ital.) Counsel for the land. 
¢ Os‘car (Celt.) Bounding warrior. 
QOs/‘mund (Ger.) Protection of God. 

Oswald (Ger.) Pover of God. 

Ow’en (Celt.) Young warrior. 
Qzi’as (Heb.) Streneth of the Lord. 
Pat’rick (Lat.) Noble; a patrician. 
Paul (Lat.) Small; little. 

Peleg (Heb.) Division. 

Per’egrine (Lat.) A stranger. 
Pe’ter (Gr.) A rock. 

Philan’der (Gr.) A lover of men. 
Philemon (Gr.) Loving; friendly. 
Philip (Gr.) A lover of horses. 
Phin’eas (Heb.) Mouth of brass. 
Pol/yearp (Gr.) Much fruit. 
Ptol’emy (Gr.) Mighty in war. 
Quin’tin (Lat.) The fifth. 

Ralph (Sax.) Helpful in counsel. 
Raph’ael (Heb.) The healing of God. 

4 Ray’mond (Ger.) Strong protector, 

_3R _ Reg’‘inald (Sax.) Strong ruler. 
Reu’ben (Heb.) Behold, a son. 

_ Reuw’el (Heb.) Friend of God. 
Reyn/old (Sax.) Strong ruler. 
Rich/ard (Sax.) Rich-hearted. 
Rob/ert (Ger.) Bright in fame. 
Rod’erick (Ger.) Rich in fame. 
Ro’dolph (Sax.) Aiding in counsel. 
Rog’er (Ger.) Famous with the spear. 

f 
eee a i (Ger.) Fame of the land. 
Ru‘dolph (Sax.) Famous hero. 

Rw fus (Lat.) Reddish; red-haired. 


Ab‘igail (Heb.) My father’s joy. 
“§ A’da (Sax.) Happiness; rich gift. 

a eet (Ger.) Of noble birth; a 
is Ad’eline § princess. 

_  Ad’ela (Gor.) The same as Adaline. 
Ad’elaids (Ger.) Same as Adaline. 
Ade’lia (Ger.) The same as Adaline. 
Ag’atha (Gr.) Good; kind. 

Ag’nes (Gr.) Chaste; pure. 

Alber’ta (Ger.) Feminine of Albert. 
Alethe’a (Gr.) Truth. 


DERIVATION OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. 


Ru’pert (Sax.) Bright in fame. 
Sam/son (Heb.) Splendid sun. 
Sam/uel (Heb.) Heard of God. 

Saul (Heb.) Asked for. 

Se/ba (Heb.) Eminent. 
Sebas’tian(Gr.) Venerable; reverend. 
Seth (Heb.) Appointed. 

Si/las (Lat.) A contract’n of Silvanus, 
Silva/‘nus (Lat.) Living in a wood. 
Silves’ter (Lat.) Living in the woods. 
Sim/eon } (Heb.) Hearing with ac- 
Si/mon ceptance. Z 

Sol’/omon (Heb.) Peaceable. 
Ste’phen (Gr.) A crown or garland. 
Sylva/nus (Lat.) A lover of the woods. 
Sylves‘ter (Lat.) Living in the woods. 
Thad’/deus (Syr.) The wise. 
The‘obald (Sax.) Bold for the people. 
The’odore (Gr.) The gift of God. 
Theoph’ilus (Gr.) A lover of God. 
The/ron (Gr.) A hunter. : 
Thom/as (Heb.) A twin. 

Tim/othy (Gr.) One who honors Ged. 
Tobi/as (Heb.) Pleasing to Jehovah. 
Tristram (Lat.) Grave; pensive; sad. 
Ulys’ses (Gr.) A heter. 

Ur‘ban (Lat.) Courteous; polished. 
Uri‘ah (Heb.) Light of the Lord. 
U’rian (Dan.) A husbandman. 

Uriel (Heb.) Light of God. 
Val’eniine (Lat.) Strong; powerfal. ' 
Vie’tor (Lat.) A conqueror. 

Vin’cent (Lat.) Conquering. 

Viv‘ian (Lat.) Lively; living. 
Wal'ter (Ger.) Ruling the host. 

W il’liam (Ger.) Resolute helmet. 
Win’fred (Sax.) Win peace. 

Zab'diel (Heb.) Gift of God. 
Zacche’us (Heb.) Innocent; pure. 
Zachari/ah : (Heb.) Remembered o 
Antes the Lord. 
Zebedee ¢ (Heb.) Gift of the Lord. 
Zedeki/ah (Heb.) Justice of the Lord. 
Zelo'tes (Gr.) A zealot. 

Ze'nas (Gr.) Gift of Jupiter. 
Zephani’‘ah (Heb.) Hid of the Lord. 


NAMES OF WOMEN. 


Alice (Ger.) Noble birth; a princess, 
Almi/ra (Ar.) Lofty; noble. 

Althe/a (Gr.) A healer. 

Ani‘abel (Lat.) Lovely; amiable. 
Aman/da (Lat.) Worthy to be loved. 
Ame‘lia (Ger.) Busy; energetic. 
A’my (Lat.) Beloved. 

Angeli’na (Gr.) Angelic; lovely. 


rege (Heb.) Grace;—the same as 
Anhe Hannah. 





\ yk 
Alin : p = 


882 


Annette!(Heb.) French form of Anne. 
Antoinette’ (Gr.) Dimin. of Antonia. 
Anto’nia (Lat.) Inestimable. 
Arabella (Lat.) A fair altar. 
Augus’ta (Lat.) Fem. of Augustus. 
Aure’lia (Lat.) Fem. of Aurelius. 
Auro‘ra (Lat.) Morning; brightness. 
Azu’hba (Heb.) Deserted. 
Bar’bara (Gr.). Foreign; strange. 
Be’atrice (Lat.) Making happy. 
Bertha (Sax.) Bright; beautiful. 
Blanche (Teut.) White; fair. 
Bridg’et (Celt.) Strength. 
Camilla (Lat.) Attendant at sacrifice 
batidinta (Ger.) Fem. of Carolus. 
ath’arine 
Cath/erine } (Gr.) Pure. 
Cecilia (Lat.) Feminine of Cecil. 
Ce’lia (Lat.) Feminine of Coelius. 
Celes’tine (Lat.) Heavenly. 
Charlotte (Fr.) Feminine of Charles. 
Chlo’e (Gr.) A green herb; blooming. 
Clar’a (Lat.) Bright; illustrious. 
Claris’sa (Lat.) A variation of Clara, 
3/ 
1p aed : (Lat.) Mild; gentle. 
Con’stance (Lat.) Constant; firm. 
Cora (Gr.) Maiden; daughter. 
Corde‘lia (Lat.) Warm-hearted. 
Corin’na (Gr.) Maiden. 
Corne‘lia (Lat.) Fem. of Cornelius. 
Cyn‘thia (Gr.) Belonging to Cynthus. 
Deb/orah (Heb.) A bee. 
De'lia (Gr.) Belonging to Delos. 
Dian’a (Lat.) Goddess. 
Dian’‘tha (Gr.) Flower of Jove; a pink 
Di/nah (Heb.) Judged. 
Do'ra (Gr.) A gift. 
Dor’cas (Gr.) A gazelle. 


Dorothe/a ; (Gr.) The gift of God. 


Dorothy 
Drusilla (Gr.) Dewy eyes. 
E’/dith (Sax.) Happiness. 
Ed/na (Heb.) Pleasure. 
Eleanor (Sax.) All-fruitful. 
Eli’za (Heb.) Contr’n of Elizabeth. 
Eliz’/abeth (Heb.) Worshiper of God. 
Ella (Gr.) Contraction of Eleanor. 
Ellen (Gr.) Diminutive of Eleanor. 
Kl'sie (Sax.) Diminutive of Alice. 
Emeline ; (Ger.) Energetic; indus- 
Emmeline trious. 
Em/ily (Lat.) The same as Emeline. 
Em’ina (Ger.) The same as Emeline. 
Ernes‘tine(Ger.) Fem. dim. of Ernest. 
Jena (Pers.) A star; good fortune. 
‘Eth’eiind 3 + 
Bihelin'da § (92%) Noble. 
Eudo’ra (Gr.) Good gift. 
Euge/nia (Gr.) Well-born; noble. 
~ Ewnice (Gr.) Happy victory. 


Ss Sept sere che eg el Pee ae ae 
ar '° a) TE Le Se 7 


+ Eveli/na 


Sue a 


DERIVATION OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. 


Euphe'mia (Gr.) Of good report. 
E’va, Eve (Heb.) Life. 
Evan’geline(Gr.) Bringing glad newa& 


Eveline i (Heb.) Diminutive of Eva. 


Fan/ny(Ger.) Diminutive of Frances. 
Felicia (Lat.) Happv; happiness. 
Vide'lia (Lat.) Faithful. 

Flo’ra (Lat.) The goddess of flowers. 
Flor’ence(Lat.) Blooming; flourishing 
Fran/‘ces (Ger.) Feminine of Francis. 
Georgian’a (Gr.) Fem. of George. 
Gertrude (Ger.) All truth. 

Grace (Lat.) Grace; favor. 

Han’/nah (Heb.) The same as Anna. 
Har'riet (Ger.) Fem. dim. of Henry. 
Hel’en (Gr.) Light; alluring. 
Henriet/ta (Ger.) Fem. dim. of Henry. 
Heph’zibah (Heb.) My delight in her. 
Hester (Pers.) A star; good fortune. 
Hono’ra (Lat.) Honorable, 

Hul/dah (Heb.) A weasel. 

Ida (Sax.) Happy; happiness. 

Inez (Gr.) Chaste; pure. 

Tre/ne (Gr.) Peace; peaceful. 
Cae P| : (Sp.) Worshiper of God. 
Jane (Fr.) Feminine of John. 

Janet’ (Fr.) Diminutive of Jane. 
Jeannette’ (Fr.) Diminutive of Jane. 
Jemi/ma (Heb.) A dove. 

Jeru’sha (Heb.) Possessed; married. 
abe “, : (Lat.) Feminine of John. 
Josephine (Fr.) Feminine of Joseph. 
Judith (Heb.) Praised. 

Ju‘lia (Lat.) Feminine of Julius. 
Julian’a (Lat.) Feminine of Julian. 
Juliet (Fr.) Diminutive of Julia, 
Katiore ¢ (Gr) Pure; —the same 
Kath’erine as Catharine. 
Ketu’rah (Heb.) Incense. 

Kezi/ah (Heb.) Cassia. 

Lau'ra (Lat.) A laurel, or bay-tree. 
Lavin‘ia (Lat.) Of Latium. 

Leono’ra (Gr.) The same as Eleanor. 
Leti’tia (Lat.) Happiness. 

Lilian, Lil/ly (Lat.) Lily. 

nde (Gr.) Good; desirable. 

oat ; (Fr.) Feminine of Louis. 
Lu’cia (Lat.) Feminine of Lucius. 
Lucin‘da (Lat.) Shining; brilliant. 
Lucre’tia (Lat.) Gain. 

Lu‘cy (Lat.) Feminine of Lucius. 
Lydia (Gr.) A native of Lydia, Asia, 
Mabel (Lat.) Contraction of Amabel. 
Mad’eline (Fr.) Same as Magdalene. 
Mag’dalene (Heb.) Belong to Magdala 
Mar’cia (Lat.) Feminine of Marcius, 
Mar’garet (Gr.) A pearl. 























a tg aks” eal le 


— ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 883 


Mari’a (Lat.) A form of Mary. 
Marianne’(Fr.)From Mary and Anne. 
Mar‘ion(Fr.) A familiar form of Mary. 
Mar’tha(Heb.)Sorrowful; melancholy 
Ma’ry (Heb.) Bitter; star of the sea. 
Matil/da (Ger.) A heroine. 
Maud (Ger.) Contraction of Matilda. 
/ 
ee eo : (Heb.) Benefited of God. 
Melicent (Lat.) A sweet singer. 
Melis‘sa (Gr.) A bee. 
Miran’da (Lat.) Admirable. 
Mir’iam (Heb.) The same as Mary. 
My’ra (Gr.) She who weeps or laments 
Nan/cy(Eng.)A familiar form of Anne 
No‘ra (Ital.) Contraction of Honora. 
Octa/via (Lat.) Feminine of Octavius. 
J 
eeee : (Lat.) An olive. 
Olym’pia (Gr.) Heavenly. 
/ 
Bene } (Lat.) Fem. of Paulinus. 
Penel‘ope (Gr.) A weaver. 
Per’sis (Gr.) A Persian woman. 
/ 
es a : (Gr.) Pure; radiant. 
Philip’pa (Gr.) Feminine of Philip. 
Phillis } (Gr.) A Hoaeh 
Pol’iy(Eng.) Variation of Molly, from 
Priscil/la(Lat.)Somewhat old. [Mary 
Prudence (Lat.) Foresight; prudence 


-Ra/chel (Heb.) A ewe. 


Rebee’ca(Heb.)Of enchanting beauty. 
Bho/’da (Gr.) A rose. 
Ro‘sa (Lat.) A rose. ° 


Hiab 0) i om 


Ros‘alie (Fr.) Little blooming rose. 
Ros‘alind (Lat.) Beautiful as a rose. 
Ros/amond (Ger.) Rosy BPS 
Roxan’‘na (Pers.) Dawn of day. 
Ruth (Heb.) Beauty. 
Sabi‘na (Lat.) A Sabine woman. 
Salome’ (Heb.) Peaceful. 
Sal’va (Lat.) Safe. 
f 

eens : (Heb.) A princess. 
Seli/na (Gr.) Parsley. 
Sere’na (Lat.) Feminine of Serenus. 
Sela : (Gr.) A propketess. 
Sophi/a (Gr.) Wisdom. 
Sophro/nia (Gr.) Of a sound mind. 
oe (Lat.) A star. 

u/san ; 
Susanna } (Heb.) A lily. 
Tab/itha (Syr.) A gazelle. 
Theodo’ra (Gr.) The gift of God. 
Theodosia (Gr.) The gift of God. 
There’sa (Gr.) Carrying ears of corn. 
Tryphe’na (Gr.) Delicate; luxurious, 
Trypho’sa (Gr.) Luxurious; dainty. 
Ulrica (Ger.) Rich. 
Ura‘nia (Gr.) Heavenly. 
Ur’sula (Lat*) A she-bear. 
Vale‘ria (Lat.) Feminine of Valerius 
Victo’ria (Lat.) Vietory. . 
vee (Zrse.) Feminine of David. 
Vilolet : (Lat.) A violet. 
Virgin‘ia (Lat.) Virgin; pure. 
Vivian (Lat.) Lively. 
Wilheimi/na (Sax.) Fem. of William 
Win’ifred (Sax.) A lover of peace. 
Zeno’bia (Gr.) Life from Jupiter. 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 
'  - WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING MODERN NAMES. 





ANCIENT. 


COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. 
Scandinavia (skan-de-na/ve-ah)-...--.-- 


MODERN. 


eV ee Pah ete Sweden and Norway. 


Chersonesus Cimbrica (ker-so-né/sus sim/bre-kah) Jutland, part of Denmark. 


Sarmatia (sar-mé/she-ah) .-........--- 


we ope ep Poland, part of Russia. 


Britannia (bre-tan’ne-ah), or Albion (al/be-un).......0...-.... Great Britain. 
Caledonia (kal-e-do'noe-ah): 25.5555 as ss cnc ne cote ose cseeecodscss oc Scotland. 
MSUBCMIA (CN -DEI Ne-2D) oo 555 \siet doce sedecd costae a nse ema else ce Sats Treland. 


Germania (ger-ma/ne-ah).....-.--.--- 
Gallia (gal/le-ah), or Gaul (gawl)-.-.--. 
Helvetia (hel-vé/she-ah)........-.---- 
Hispania (his-pa/ne-ah) ......,-------- 
Lusitania (lu-se-ta/ne-ah)....,,-----.- 
Rhetia (ré/she-ah)...........-....---- 
Vindelicia (vin-de-lish’e-ah) .........- 
Noricum (nor’e-kum)......-...--- Arse 


en yeee Germany, north of the Danube. 
Sees anes France and the Netherlands. 
ais Eater ae eee aie Switzerland. 
Danton patetetae Seale sce a eel Pain. 
Jie cea tea e dest tebe <a fee Portugal. 
Suita tatAaticeree we win wwe est Tyrol, &e. 
3.8 Pw | ar en eee Part of Bavaria. 
...---Part of Bavaria and of Austria. 
cull (il-lir’e-kum) eeeer ess este aeessaeenseorseoneeaen Sescebart of Austria 


See bee Was 27) oye bly mena 


Sy Seka eae coe 
Fst A ROMA ys Cb bit 2 


384 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 

ANCIENT. COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. MODERN, 
Pannonia (pan-nd/ne-ah)...............--- Part of Austria and of Hungary. 
Dacia')(da/she-ah) 05... es eee tees Part of Hungary and of Turkey. 
Moesia (mé/ze-ah), Thrace (thras), Macedonia (mas-e-dd/ne-ah), and 

Epirus’ (6:pi' rus). de seca la ne sae he © sae ae ee Part of Turkey. 
Grecia (gré/she-ah), Greece (grés) ..--.-.--..--- Greece and part of Turkey. 
Peloponnesus (pel-o-pon-né@‘suS) .....-...--...----+---+-+-------- The Morea. 

COUNTRIES OF ASIA. 
Asia Minor (a’/she-ah mi’nor) ....-.... S20 eae Natolia, Caramania, &o. 


Syria (sir’e-ah), Phoenicia (fe-nish’e-ah), Judea (ju-dé/ah) ... Part of Turkey. 

Armenia (ar-mé/ne-ah), Mesopotamia (mes-o-po-ta/me-ah)....Part of Turkey. 

Assyria (as-sir’e-ah), Babylonia (bab-e-l6’ne-ah).......-...-. Part of Turkey. 

Colchis (kol’kis) Lberia (i-bé/re-ah), aud Aibania (al-ba/ne-ah), Georgia, Min- 
grelia, and part of Circassia. 


Arabia (a-1a‘be-ah) ..&. 2s 5. Ses Se See eee Dee eee eae See Arabia. 
Persia (per’se-ah), Media (mé/de-ah), Parthia (par’the-ah) ........--- Persia. 
Bactria.(baktre-ah) o. 522232225 os ee reine ee eee eee . Afghanistan. 
Scythia (sith’e-ah)..-......--- eockwicn We s sae be Raeemeee Siberia and Tartary. 
COUNTRIES OF AFRICA. 
Exypt-(6' gipt) . so. secces ae 3 Egypt. | Mauritania(maw-re-ta/ne-ah) Algiers, 
Libya (lib’yeh) 3. ees aces eee Barea. Morocco, &c. fyssinia, &c. 
Africa (af’re-kah)..-... Tripoli, Tunis. | Ethiopia (6-the-d’/pe-ah), Nubia, Ab- 


Numidia(nu-mid’e-ah) Tunis, Algiers. | Getulia (je-ti’le-ah) . . ..Biledulgerid. 
SEAS, GULFS, STRAITS, AND LAKES. 


Adriatic (i-dre-at/ik) Seai2. sc 5 sd.2. 2 eos ee se cone ene ee Gulf of Venice. 
JEgman.(e-ge’an) ‘Sea. 22.05 Soon ob ano eee naciemn fac tm eae Archipelago. 
Aquitanian (ak-we-ta/ne-an) Ocean .........-.----.---------- Bay of Biscay. 
Arabian (a-ra/be-an) Gulf... 2.27 ec denen swede oe eee Red Sea, 
Argolic (ar-goVik) Gulf. 2232-520 525 sil sSe se secon cee Gulf of Napoli. 
Asphaltites (as-fal-ti‘téz) Lake ... 3.3. -2 2.2202 can ones wees Dead Sea, 
Atlantic (at-lan’trik) Ocean. 2722 2-- 2-2 -c-cc cnet oe nee eee eee Atlantic. 
Benacus (be-na/kus) Lake-... 2.60250. 022. 2. ree ans ope eee ee Garda. 
Bosphorus (bos‘fo-rus) (Cimmerian—sim-m6’re-an) ..----.-.. Strait of Caffa. 
Bosphorus (bos’fu-rus) (Thracian—thra/shan)..-... Strait of Constantinople. 
Brigantinus (briz-an-ti/nus) Lake ...2~.- 252.0. 5552.5 sc ieanee anes Constance. 
Caspian (kas’pe-an) Sea... oss sce. oe owe ae = ones eke sane sae Caspian. 
Codanian (ko-da‘ne-an) Gulf... 2.252. S05 Sano. s cc ceeweceasasecne Baltic Sea. 
Corinth (kor‘inth)> Gulf. of. 3-2. s occa paug ns See Gulf of Lepanto. 
Enx‘ine:(yiiks'in) Sea. .....2.52s.5 ssessmense = <= een ee nee Black Sea. 
Galilee (fal4-le); Seal Ofo.2 tic. oo. onion cee eee eee ee ee Tabaria. 
Gallic. (gal/lik) Strait cau. teen's co ressanateee nek eee Strait of Dover. 
Gallic galilik):. Gulf, i csceccwe snes cease ce tace= mee eee Gulf of Lyons. 
Gangetic (gan-jet/ik) Gulf... --ia. 0. ens hee. ene eee Bay of Bengal. 
Gennesareth (jen-nes‘a-reth) Lake of.............-..-------------- Tabaria. 
Hellespont (hel/les-pont) :.- <5. 3 s- -. as ucnee ccm as as se eee Dardanelles. 
Hercules (her’ku-léz), Strait of..............---s...08-- Strait of Gibraltar. 
Hibernian (hi-ber’ne-an) Strait... -- 25.02 5.22 <- oce ee eees oneees Trish Sea. 
JTonian:(@-0'nle-an) Seas. sc.4. seh < ac Wee cece + oa ew eee Part of Gulf of Venice. 
Larius (ia/re-us) Lake... asso escapee sc-sc eres seenenenne es eam Como. 
Ligustic (le-gus'tik) Gulf... -...--. 22... -3-2 -sepenweeeeemer eee Gulf of Genoa. 
Leman (16'man) Lake.:oisss+ Sco sseercens o~pskne cube en eaenne Geneva. 
Mediterranean (med-i-ter-ra/ne-an) .......-..-...-----.----- Mediterranean. 
Palus Meotis (pa/lus me-0’tis).......-.-.-. CO eg en vee Sea of Azof, 
Propontis (pro-pon’ tis). 2.3. 2-2 sce. e ene panee nen eeenee ee eae Marmora. 
Saronic (sa-ron/ik- gulf). <2 5 oo cose sco ve perce eeetne Serene Gulf of Engia. 
Sicilian (se-sil’yan) Straif..-- 0... coe satel eee ececeer Strait of Messina. 
Syrtis.(sir'tis) Major 225.2 te cces eae ce ce aeacedemeer eevee as Gulf of Sidra. 
Thormaie.(ther-ma'1k) Gulfios.. Conc e Set escae Seer eraseeee Gulf of Contessa. 
Tiberias (ti-be’re-as), Sea+0f. loo. ccc ok ccc ose ebeeeetccc cceecaeee Tabaria. - 


Verbanus (ver-ba/nus) Lake ...rssecvereseorereverseseserecsrees Mhagelore, 















aes) 9 FT) © 






Love oe bt a 
ui F 


ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 888 
; ISLANDS. 

ANCIENT. Y MODERN. ANCIENT. MODERN. 
gina (é-ji‘nab) ...........--- Engia. | Lemnos (lem/nos)........- Stalimene. 
Kolian (é-6'le-an) Isl’ds, Lipari Isl’ds. | Lesbos (les'bos)........--.-.- Metelin. 
Amorgos (a-mor’gos) .....-.- Amorgo. | Leucadia (lu-ka/de-ah)....St. Maura. 
Anaphe (ama-fe).........-- Namphio. | Lipare (lip’a-re)...........--- Lipari. 
Andros (an’dros)...........-. Andro. | Melite (mel‘i-te) ..........-..- Malta 
Aradus (ar‘a-dus)...........-. Larek. | Melite (mel/i-te)..........-..- Meleda. 
Baieares (bal-e-a/réz), Majorca, Mi- | Melos (m6/los) ............--2.- Milo. 

norcea, and Ivica. Mona (m0d’nah) ....--..---- Anglesea. 
Calymna (Ka-lim‘nah) .....- Calmina. | Monabia (mo-na/be-ah) ......... Man. 
Capracia (ka-pra’re-ab) ..--. Gomera. | Myeonus (mic/o-nus) ......-. Myconi. 
Caprem (xa/pre-6) ........----. Capri. | Nax’os (naks/os).-..........-- Naxia. 
Uarpathus (kar’pa-thus) ..Scarpanto. | Nisyros (ni-si/ros) ..........-.- Nisiri. 
Cephalenia (sef-a-lé‘ne-ah), Cefalonia. | Olearos (0-l"/a-ros) -..-.-- Antiparos. 
CS UES) 0) ee a Aig. | Paros (Paros) es oe oes uo Paros, 
COGN KYO) S29255 Soy. ec. Scio. | Patmos (pat/mos) ..........-- Patino. 
Cimolus (si-m6'lus).....- Argentiera. |:Psyra (si‘rah).......<...-..-- Ipsara. 
Corcyra (kor-si/rah)........--. Corfu. | Rhodes (rdds)..........-.--. Rhodes. 
Corsica (kor’se-kah).......-. Corsica. | Salamis (sal/a-mis) ....--..--. Colouri. 
CEU ASG) ees ee Stanchio. | Samothrace(samothra/se)Samothraki 
Sree (RLOt) a.ooe o-oo < =. oo Candia. | Samos (sa’mos).....-..-.----- Samos. 
Crepsa (krep’sah)..........-. Cherso. | Sardinia (sar-din’e-ah) ...-. Sardinia. 
Cyprus (si/prus)...........-. Cyprus. | Scyros (si’/ros) .-.-....--...---- Syra. 
Cyth’nus (sith’nus)........-. Thermia. | Seriphus (se-ri/fus)..-....... Serpho. 
Cythera (si-thé’rah).-......--- Cerigo. | Sicily (sis’e-le).........-....-- Sicily. 
Delos: (déIos) 222-2223. 60..28- Delos. | Siphnos (sif’nos) .......--.- Siphanta 
Ebusus (eb/u-sus)............-- Ivica. | Stoechades (sték’a-déz)....... Hieres, 
Eukoea (@-b6/ah).......-- Negropont. | Strophades (strof'a-d6éz)...-. Strivali. 
Fortunate(for’tu-nate)Isles,Canaries. | Syros (sI’ros) -.........-...---- Syra. 
Hesperides(hes-per’e-d6éz) ..Bissagos. | Tenedos (ten’e-dos) ......-- Tenedos. 
Hibernia (hi-ber’ne-ah).-.... Treland. | Tenos (t@’nos) .........<....--- Tino. 
Tearia (i-ka‘re-ah) .......... Nicaria. | Thasos (tha’sos).........-.--. Thaso. 
MiVaiiie VA een Soe wee ca okies Elba. | Thera (thé/rah)...........- Santorin, 
Imbros (im‘bros) -.........-.- Imbro. | Thule (thile).-.-...-. Shetland Isles. 
MINTER OS ois oat sore wks oc heaeialk Nio. | Vectis (vek’tis)......- Isle of Wight. 
Ithaca (ith’a-kah) ........... Theaki. | Zacynthus (za-sin’‘thus)....... Zante. 
RIVERS. 
SARMATIA. 

Sorysthenes (bo-ris/tiae-néz) Dnieper. | Tanais (tan‘a-is).........- pe Don. 
lypanis (bip’a-nis) .......-.-.-.. Bog. | Taruntus (ta-run’‘tus) .....--. Dwina. 
Brahh) sods ce cosa es oo bo ea st Volga. | Tyras (ti/ras) ...........-.- Dniester, 

Bubo (ra’bo) ......-.--...-- Niemen. 

GERMANY. 
MPEMMAE TUS) foe 2 veh oan vc ow ened Elbe. | Rhenus (ré/nus) ...........-.- Rhine. 
Amisia (a-mizh’yah) ..... spaSede Ems. | Viadrus (vi/a-drus) .........--- Oder. 
ister (is'tr) 2.2.2.2... .--Danube. | Visurgis (vi-sur‘jis) ......-.-. ‘W eser. 
icenus (m6/nus) ..........--- Mayne. | Vistula (vis/tu-lah).......... Vistula, 
. . GAUL. 
Beer Prat) oc 5626s ct ts - Saone. | Mosel’la (mo-sel/lah) ......-. Moselle, 
Garumna (ga-rum/nah)..... Garonne. | Rhodanus (rod‘a-nus) ......-- Rhone. 
BE READ oa tect see 5 Loire. | Scaldis (skal‘dis) ........... Scheldt. 
Mosa (mo/sah) ............--- Meuse. } Sequana (sek’/wah-nah)........ Seine. 
SPAIN. 

Anas (f/nas) ...........--- Guadiana. | Iberus (i-bé/rus)......-........ Ebro. 
Botis (bé'tis).......-. Guadalquiver. | Minius (min’e-us) ...........- Minho. 


Durius CGU'TO-UR). covcceccees: uero, Tagus (ba/ZUS)..--eceeeccerer > LAGU 


#8 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
ILLYRICUM, DACIA, &c. 

ANCIENT. MODERN. ANCIENT. MODERN. 
Panubius (da-nfi’be-us) ...-.Danube. | Pyretus (py-ré/tus)..........-Pruth. 
Dravus (dra/vus) .......------ Drave. | Savus (88/vus) .-: +. .ccceceesere Save. 
Hebrus (hé/brus)........--- Marizza. | Tibiscus (ti-bis’/kus) .........- Theis. 
nus (8/nus) ..--.-..-.2---.- 228 Inn. 

ITALY. 
Addua (ad/du-ah)..........-..- Adda. | Metaurnus (me-taw’rus) ...-.-. Metro. 
Anio (A/ne-o) .-.....---...- Teverone. | Mincius (min/se-us).--....--- Mincio. 
Arnus (ar/nus) <.0-<. ecole. Arno, | Padus (pa/dus)< .- ici .e-seeeene- Po. 
‘Athesis (ath’e-sis) .-.-.....--- Adige. | Rubicon (ri’/be-kon) -.--. Fiumecino. 
Aufidus (aw’fe-dus) ........-. Ofanto. | ‘Tiber (ti ber) = 22.2. see. ee eee Tiber. 
Eridanus (e-rid/a-nus).-.......--. Po. | Ticinus (ti-si/nus).......-..-- Ticino. 
Medoacus (me-d0/a-kus)-....-. Brenta. | Vulturnus. (vul-tur/‘nus) ... Volturno, 

GREECE. 
Achelous (ak-e-16/us), Aspro Potamo. | Eyenus (e-vé/nus) ..-......--. Firari. 
Alpheus (al-f6/us) ......-----.- Alfeo. | Haliaemon (ha-le-ak’mon) ..Jenicoro. 
Astreus (as-tré/us) ...-.---- Vistriza. | Peneus (pe-né/us) --.......-.- Peneo. 
Axius (aks’e-us)...-.-.--.--- Vardar, | Strymon (stri/mon)........- Strimon. 
EKurotas (i1-r0’/tas)......--.---- Basili. 

ASTA. 
Araxes (a-raks/6z) .........---- Aras. | Hydaspes (hi-das’p6éz)......-.. Behat. 
Caicus (ka-i’/kus) .......-.. Germaisti. | Jaxartes (jaks-ar'téz).-.....-..-. Sir. 
Calycadnus(kal-e-kad/nus) Kalikdoni. | Jordan (jor’dn).....--....--- Jordan 
Caystrus) ka-is/trus) ...Minderscare. | Lyeus (li’/kus) ..-..-......-- Tonsalu. 
Cyrusi(sl rus) oe a eee Kur. | Meander (me-an/dr).......- Meinder. 
Daix (da/iks), or Yaik (ya#ik).-.Ural. | Orontes (o-ron’téz) .-....--- Orontes. 
Etymander(et-e-man’der)..Hirmend. | Oxus (oks/us)...---.-.....---- Jihon. 
Eulseus(a-16/us), or Ulai(ii/la-1)Karasu. | Phasis (fa/sis) -.......-.....-- Rione. 
Euphrates (u-fra/téz) ....Euphrates. | Pyramus (pir’a-mus) -..-.--- Geihoun. 
Granicus (gra-ni/kus). --..--- Ousvola. | Sangarius (san-ga‘re-us)..... Sakaria. 
» Halys (ha/lis)........--- Kizil-ermak. | Thermodon (ther-mo/dn) ...Termek. 

Mermus (hur’mus)..-....---- Sarabat. | Tigris (ti/gris) .........-....- Tigris. 

AFRICA. 
Bagradas (bag’ra-das)..... Mejerdah. | Nile.(nil) ..-. 2c .cceeeen eee eee Nile. 
Daradus (dar’a-dus).......-- Senegal. | Stachir (sta/chir).1..--..... Gambia. 
Miger (nijr) sss Se oe eee Nijer. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 


GREAT BRITAIN. 
que (a/kwe) Solis, or Cal/ide... Bath. | Durovernum (-ver‘num), Canterbury. 
Camboricum (kam-bor’e-kum), Cam- | Londinum (lon-di‘num) -.... London. 
Cantabrigia(kan-ta-brij’e-ah), [bridge | Londinium (lon-din’e-um) ... London. 
CastraAlata(kas'traala’/ta)Edinburgh | Luguyallum (lu-gu-val/lum), Carlisle. 


Eboracum (e-bor/a-kum, or Oxonia (oks-0/ne-ah)--..-..-- Oxford. 

eb-o-ralikum) Jussi eee York. | Theodorunum(theod-o-rt/num) Weils 

SPAIN. i 

Asturica (as-tii’re-kah) ..... Astorga. | Hispalis (his’pa-lis) ....-..... Seville. 
Barcino (bar’se-no) ....... Barcelona. | Herda (i-ler’dah).-...-..-.--- Lerida. 
Bilbilis (bil/be-lis)........ Calatayud. | Italica (i-tal’e-kah) ..---- Santiponte. 
Cesar (sé/zr) Augusta ..-.-. Saragossa. | Malaca (mal/a-kah)..-.....-.- Malaga. 
Calagurris (Kal-a-gur’ris) .Calahorra. | Munda (mun/dab)..-...-.-...- Monda. 
Callo(kalle):. 5. 2 oe ee Oporto. | Numantia (nu-man‘te-ah)...... Soria. 
Calpe (kal’pe).-.--.-.----- Gibraltar. | Olisippo (o-le-sip’po).......-.. Lisbon. 
Carthago(kartha/go)NovaCarthagena | Pompelo (pom’pe-lo)..-.. Pampeluna. 
Complutum (kom-pla‘tum)...Alcala. | Saguntum (sa-gun/tum)..Morviedro. 
Conimbrica (ko-nim’bre-ka) Coimbra. | Segovia (se-g0/ve-ah)-.....-- Segovia, 
Corduba (kor’du-bah) ...... Cordova. | Tarraco (tar/ra-ko)....... Tarragona. 


Gades (ga/déz) ..........+.----Cadiz. | Toletum (to-lé‘tum) ......... Toledo 








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ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. $8? 
GAUL. 
ANCIENT. MODERN.” ANCIENT MODERN. 


Aquz Sextix (i/kwé seks/te-é).. Aix. 
Argentoratum (ar-jen-to-1a/tum), 








Forum J ulii (fo’rum ja’le-1)..Frejus. 
Geneva (je-né/vah) .......-..- Geneva. 


Strasburg. | Limonum (li-m0/num) ..... Poictiers. 

Avaricum (av-a-ri/kum)...-. Bourges. | Lugdunum (lug-di/num)...--. Lyons. 
Avenio (a-vé/ne-c)....--..-. Avignon. | Lutetia (lu-té/te-ah) ....-....-.. Paris. 
Aventicum (av-en-ti/kum), Avenches. | Moguntiacum(mo-gun-ti/a-kum) Metz 
Augus‘ta Teyero/rum .....-.-. ‘Treves. | Narbo (nar’bo) ........-.. Narbonne. 
Bibracte (bi-brak’te).-....... Auntun. | Nemausus (ne-maw’sus)..... Nismes. 
Burdigala (bur-dig’a-la)...Bordeaux. | Rotomagus (ro-tom/a-gus). . . .Rouen. 
Colo/‘nia Agrippi/na--....-... Colegne. | Tolosa (to-l0’/sah).......... Toulouse. 

ITALY. : 
Agrigentum (ag-re-jen/tum) Girgenti. | Mediolanum (me-de-o-]4/num), Milan. 
Alba Longa (al/bah lon’gah), Albano | Mutina (mii’te-nah).......-. Modena. 
Ancona (an-k6/nah)......-!- Ancona. | Mantua (man’tu-ah)......... Mantua. 
Antium (an’te-um) ........-.. Anzio. | Neapolis (ne-ap’o-lis) ........ Naples. 
Appii (ap’pe-i) Fo/rum..Fossa Nuova. | Messana (mes-sa/nah) ...-.-- Messina. 
Aquileia (ak-we-lé’/yeh) .... Aquileia | Ostia (os’te-ah)..............-- Ostia. 
Aquinum (a-kwi/num)..----- Aquino | Pestum (pés/tum)..........--.- Pesti. 
Ariminum (a-rim/e-num)..... Rimini. | Panormus (pa-nor’mus) -...Palermo. 
Arpinumi (ar-pi/num) --....-- Arpino. | Parma (par’mah) ..........-- Parma. 
Augus’ta Taurino’/rum.....-..- Turin. | Parthenope (par-then‘o-pe) .. Naples. 
Pele (pa e-b)-2 os... SS. Baia. | Patayium (pa-ta/ve-um) ...--.- Padua, 
Beneventum (-e-ven’tum), Benevento. | Perusia (pe-ri’se-ah) ....--- Perugia. 
Bononia (bo-nd/ne-ah) .....- Bolopna. (or say (pl se). 62s eee eo Sak Pisa. 
Brundusium (-da/ze-um) .-.Brindisia, | Placentia (pla-sen‘te-ah) ...Placenza. 
Caieta (ka-e-é'tah) .-..-...--- Cajeta. | Preneste (pre-nes’te)..... Palestrina. 
Callipolis (kal-lip’o-lis) -..-. Gallipoli. | Puteoli (pu-té’o-li)......... Pozznolo. 
Canusium (ka-ni’/se-um) ...-. Canosa. | Ravenna (ra-ven’/nah)...--. Ravenna 
Capua (kap’u-ah)........-.... Capua. | Rhegium (ré/je-um) ......-... Reggio. 
Caralis (kar’a-lis)...-.-.-. .. Cagliari. | Salernum (sa-ler/num) ...-.- Salerno. 
Catana (kat/a-nah) .......... Catania. | Scyllaceum (sil-la-sé/um) . Squillace. 
Centum Cellx (sel/lé), Civita Vecchia. | Sena (sé/nah) .........-.....-- Siena 
Plusium (kli/se-um).......-.. Chiusi. | Spoletium (spo-lé/te-um) - ...Spoleta 
Comum (k6/mum)..-.-....-.--- Como. | Tarentum (ta-ren’tum) ..... Tarento. 
Cosentia (ko-sen/te-ah) ..... Cosenza. | Tergeste (ter-jes’te) .... ..-. Trieste. 
Crotona (kro-t0/nah)........ Crotona. | Tibur (ti/br) ............ ec. Tivoli. 
Drepanum (drep’a-num) .-..Trapani. | Ticinum (ti-si/num)...... ..2...Pavia 
Faventia (fa-ven’te-ah) -..... Faenza. | Tridentum (tri-den‘tum)......Trent. 
Florentia (flo-ren’te-ah) . ...Florence. 2 usculum (tus’/ku-lum).... Frascati 
Genua (jen’u-ah) ............- Genoa. Venafrum (ve-na/frum)..... Venafro. 
Hadria (ha/dre-ah)...<.....--- Adria, | Venusia (ve-nii/se-ah) .....-- Venosa 
Hydruntam (hi-drun‘tum) ..Otranto. | Vercelle (ver-sel/lé) ........ Vercelli. 
Interamna (in-ter-am’‘nabh) - -. . Terni. Verona (ve-ro'nah) 22.2. Verona 
Leontini (le-on-ti/ni) .....--- Lentini. Vicentia (vi-sen‘te-ah) .....- Vicenza 
Lilybxum (iil-e-bé/um)...--- Marsala. | Volsinium (vol-sin’e-um)....Bolsena. 
. MACEDONTA. 
Amphipolis (am-fip’o-lis) ....Hmboli. | Edessa (e-des/sah) ..-......-- Edessa. 
Apollonia (ap-ol-lo’ne-ah) -. - - - Polina. | Pella (pel/lah) .----.-....--- Jenitza. 
Berga (be-ré/ah)...........--- Veria. | Potidzea (pot-e-dé/ah) ....Cassandra. 
Dium (di/um) ...-.-..-- oa Standia. | Stagira (sta-ji/rah).....-.-.-.. Stavros, 
Dyrrachitim (dir-rak’/e-um), Durazzo. | Thessalonica(thes-a-lo-ni/ka) Salonica 
GREECE. 

Actium (ak’te-um)............. Agio. | Cenchrea (sen/kre-ah) ....-.- Kenkri 
Anticyra (an-tis’e-rah), Aspro-Spitia. | Chalchis (kal/sis) ....-...- Negropont. 
MERON (A0'P0s)..22.\ 2)... -..... Argo. | Corone (ko-r6/ne)........----- Coron 
Athens (ath’enz) .........--- Athens. | Corinth (kor‘inth) .......--. Corinth. 
Wlis (aw’lis)......... Megalo-Vathi. | Cyllene (sil-lé’ne)......... Chiarenza. 





888 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
GREECE. 

ANCIE MODERN. - ANCIENT. MODERN, 
Delphi (del’f) Sh awe Sy ake FPS Castri. | Nicopolis (ni- kop/o-lis)...--- Prevesa. 
Eleusis (e-li/sis).....--....-. Lepsina. | Messene (mes-sé/ne) . ..Macra-mathia. 
Epidaurus (ep-e-daw’rus) ... Pidaura. | Nauplia (naw’ple- ah) tahoe Napoli 
Lacedxmon(las-e-dé’mon) Paleo-chori | Patrw (DWOE6) shoo eee Patras 
Larissa (la-ris/sah) ........-- Larissa. | Pharsalia (far-sa/le-ah) -..-.--- Farsa. 
Leuctra (lak/trah)......-- Livadosta. | Pylos (pi/los).....-.----.-- Navarino. 
Methone (me-th0o/ne)......--- Modon. | Sicyon (sis’e-on) .-....------ Basilico. 
Megara (meg’a-rah) .......-- Megaro. | Sparta (spar/tah)-.....-- Paleo-chori. 
Naupactus (naw-pak’tus) . - -Lepanto, Thebes (thébs) .......-.-..--.. Thiva. 

ASIA MINOR. 
Abydos (a-bi/dos).........--- Nagara. | Halicarnassus (-kar-nas/sus), Bodrum. 


Adramyttium (-mit’e-um) - .Adramiti. 


Amasia (a-ma/se-ah) .......- Amasia. 
Amisus (a-mi’sus)......---- Samsoun. 
Ancyra (an-si/rah) ....------ Angora. 
Antioch (an/te-ok) .......-. Akshehr. 
Apamea(-mé/ah) Aphiom-Karahissar. 
Attalia (at-a-li/ah) .....-..--- Satalia. 
Berisa (be-ri/sah) .........---- Tocat. 
Cxsarea (séz-a-ré/ah) ....- Kaisarieh 
Cerasus (ser’a-sus) .--..--- Keresoun. 
Chalcedon (kal-sé/dn) . . . .Kadi-Keni. 
Chrysopolis (kri-sop’o-lis) ...Scutari. 
Clazomene (kla-zom/e-né) ... Vourla. 
Colossx (ko-los’sé) ....-..... Chonos. 
Constantia (-stan’te-ah) ...Constanza. 
Ephesus (ef’e-sus) .-....--: -Ajasolue. 


Eupatoria(a-pa-to/re-ah), Tchernikeh. 
SYRIA, 


Antioch (an’te-ok).......... Antioch. Epiphania (ep-e-fa- nyah). .--Famieh. 
Apamela (ap-a-mé/lah) --..-.. Famieh. | Hierapoiis (bi-e-rap’o-lis), Bambouch. 
Arbela (ar-bé/lah) .........---- Erbil. | Laodicea (la-od-e-sé/ah) ..-.. Latakia. 
Babylon (bab/e-lon)..... near Hellah. | Nisibis (nis/e-bis) .........-- Nisidin. _ 
Berea (be-ré’ah) .......-.--- Aleppo. | Tadmor (tad’ mor) one eke Palmyra, 
Berytus (ber’e-tus) -........ Beyrout. | Samosata (sa-mos/a-tah) ....Samisat. 
Ctesiphon (tes/e-fon) ...---.- Modain. | Sarepta (sa-rep/tah)......... Sarfend. 
Eebatana (ek-bat/a-nah)...Hamadan. | Seleucia (se-li/se-ah) .......- Bagdad. 
Edessa (e-des/sah) ........---- Ourfa. {:Sidoni(sV'dn)s = ss-.3+eee eee Saida. 
Emesa (e-mé/sah) ............- Hems. |} Tripolis (trip’o-lis) .......... Tripoli. 
Heliopolis (he-le-op’o-lis)..... Balbec. | Tyre (tir)... ose seers ceae eee sur. 
PALESTINE. 
Arimathea (ar-e-ma-thé/ah)...Ramla. | Jerusalem (je-roo’sa-lem), Jerusalem. 
Azotus (a-Z0'tus)-. 22.2.0. 2. “Ezdoud. | Jezreel (jez're-el)......... Ezdraelon. 
Bethlehem (beth/le-hem),Bethlehem. | Nazareth (naz‘a-reth) ..... Nazareth. 
Bethsan (beth’san) .......-..- Baisan. | Ptolemais (tol-e-ma/is).....---. Acre, 
Emmaus (em/ma-us)........- Amoas. | Samaria (sa-m4&/re-ah)......- Sebaste. 
Gaza(ea'zah) 5st eee Gaza. Scythopolis (si-thop’o-lis) . ...Baisan. 
Hebron (hé/bron) ........-. El Khail. | Sephoris (sef/o-ris) ....-..- Sephouri. 
Jericho (jer’e-ko) ..........- Jericho. | Sychar (si/kar) -...........- Nablous. 
AFRICA, 

Abydos (a-bi/dos) .........- Madfune. Lycee (li-kop’o-lus)......--. Suit. 
Arsinoe (ar-sin’0-€) ......-...-- Suez.-| Gia*(eah)e eer fee Tripoli. © 
Ceesarea (S@z-a-16/ah).....- Shershell. | Ptolemais (tol-e-ma/is) ....Tolometa. 
Canopus (ka-no'pus) ...-.-.. Aboukir. | Syene (si-6/ne).......-.....--- Syene. 
Citta-(siritah): c2.-< 224, Constantina. | Tingis (tin'jis).....-...-.-.- Tangier. 
Darnis (dar/nis) ...--..-...--. Derne. | Utica (a@’te-kah) ...... .-Boo-Shatter. 
Heliopolis (he-le-op’o- -lis) .-.Matarea. | Zama (z@’Mah)... scaceccecee- LaMalk 


Iconium ,.(i-k6/ne-um).-..---- Konieh. 
Laodicea (la-od-e-sé/ah) ..-Eski-hissar. 
Mazaca (maZ/a-kah).......Kaisarieh. 
Miletus (me-lé/tus) .....--.-- Palatia. 
Nicomedia(nik-o-me-di/ah)Is-Nicmid. 
Paphos (pa/fos) ..-.-.:--...--- Bafta. 
Patara (pat/a-rah) .....2..27- Patera. 


Perga (per-gah) 
Pergamos (per’ga-mos) ....Pergamo. 
Philadelphia (-del’fe-ah), Alah-Shehr. 


Salamis (sal/a-mis) .....-- Constanza. 
Sardis: (sar'dis) 22.222. ceneeeees Sart. 
Seleucia (se-lii/se-ah)........ Selefke. 
Tarsus (tar’sus)\soseeee eee eee Tarso. 
Telmissus (tel-mis/suz)....-.-- Macri. 
Thyatira (thi-a-ti/rah)..... Akhissar, 
Trapezus (tra-pé/zus)...--. Trebizond. 


MESOPOTAMIA, &e. 








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390 NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN BRIDGE. 


BRIEF HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE 


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William C. Kingsley has plans and estimates drawn, 1865. — 
Slenry C. Murphy introduces act of incorporation in Senate of 
New York, January 25, 1867. Act passed, April 16, 1867. 
Act transferring Bridge to the two cities passed, June 5, 1874, 
Company organized, May, 1867. 
John A. Roebling appointed engineer, May 23, 1867. _.. 
John A. Roebling died, July 22, 1869. 
Washington A. Roebling appointed engineer, July 1869, 
Work commenced at the Brooklyn tower, January 3, 1870. _ 
Brooklyn caisson towed to its berth, May, 2, 1870. 
First blocks laid on it, June 16, 1870. : 
Excavation under it commenced, July-10, 1870. 
Fire in the Brooklyn caisson, discovered, December 2, 1870. 
Great fire in the Brooklyn caisson discovered, December 2,1870. 
Engineer Col. Roebling partially paralyzed, December 2, 1870. 
Caisson filled and finished, March 11, 1871. 
New York caisson towed to its berth, October, 1871. 
Filled and finished in May, 1872. 
Brooklyn tower completed, May, 1875. 
New York tower completed, July 1876. 
First wire rope stretched over the river, August 14, 1876. 
First crossing on the wire, August 25, 1876. 
Foot-bridge finished and crossed, February 9, 1877. 
First cable wire run over and regulated, May 29, 1877. 
Running and regulating cable wires commenced, June 11,1877, 
Last wire run over, October 5, 1878. 
Strand broke loose, June 14, 1878. 
Henry C. Murphy died, December 1, 1882. 
Bridge opened, May 24, 1883. 
Cars commenced running, September 24, 1883. 
Length of New York approach, 1562} feet. 
Length of Brooklyn approach, 971 feet. 
Size of anchorages at base, 129 x 119 feet. 
Size of anchorages at top, 117 x 114 feet. 
Hight of anchorages in front, 85 feet. i 
' Hight of anchorages in rear, 80 feet. 
Weight of anchorages, about 60,000 tons each. : 
Weight of anchor plates, each 23 tons. © : 
Length of each land span, anchorage to tower, 930 feet. 
Size of Brooklyn eaisson, 168 x 102 feet. 
Thickness of top of Brooklyn caisson, 15 feet. 
Depth of Brooklyn foundations below. hich-water mark, 441 ft, 








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KuW Yor AND BROORLEN BRIDGE, 81 


Timber and iron in eaisson, 5,253 cubic yards. 

Concrete filled into Brooklyn caisson, 5,669 cubic feet. | 
Size of New York caisson, 172 x 102 feet. 

Thickness of top of New York eaisson, 22 feet. 

Depth of New York foundations below high-water mark, 783 ft. 
Weight of New York caisson, 7,000 tons. 

Concrete filled into New York caisson, 7,000 tons. 

Bolts and angle irons of New York caisson, 250 tons. 

Size of towers at high-water mark, 140 x 59 feet. 

Size of towers at top, 1386 x 53 feet. 

Hight of roadway at towers, 119 feet. 

Hight of arches above roadway, 117 feet. 

Hight of towers above roadway, 159 feet. 

Potal hight of towers above high-water, 271 feet 6 inches. 
Total hight of Brooklyn tower, base to summit, 316 feet. 
Total hight of New York tower, base to summit, 350 feet. 
Width of opening through towers, 33 feet 9 inches. 

Cubic yards of masonry in New York tower, 46,945. 

Cubic yards of masonry in Brooklyn tower, 38,214. 

Length of main span, tower to tower, 1595 feet 6 inches. 
Hight of main span above high-water mark, 135 feet 6 inches. 
Number of cables, 4. 

Diameter of cables, 15 feet 9 inches. 

Length of each cable, 3,578 feet 6 inches. 

Number of wires in each cable, 5,434. 

Number of wires in the four cables, 21,736. 

Total length of wire in each cable, unwrapped, 3,515 miles. 


Total length of wire in the four cables, unwrapped,14,060 miles. | 


Weight of wire, one pound to nearly 11 feet. 

Greatest length of cable wire run in one day, 88 3-5 miles. 
Length of wrapping wire on each cable, 243 miles 943 feet. 
Weight of 4 cables, wrapped, 3,5883 tons. 

Ultimate strength of each cable, 12,200 tons, 

Greatest load that can come cn one cable, 3,000 tons. 
Number of suspenders from each cable, main span, 208. 
Number of suspenders from each cable, land spans, 86. 
Strength of asingle suspender, 70 tons. 

Greatest weight in a single suspender, 10 tons. 

Number of postbands, each land span, one cable, 35. 

Number of overfioor stays, 482. 

Total length of bridge, 5,989 feet. 

Full width of flooring, 85 feet. 

Grade of roadway, 3} feet in 100. 

Natural elevation above high-water, Brooklyn terminus, 61} ft. 
Natural elevation above high-water, New York terminus,384 ft. 
Weight of the whole suspended structure, 6,740 tons. 
Maximum weight to be got in it, 1880 tons. 

Maximum weight of roadway and traffic in cables, 6,920 tons, 
Maximum weight of roadway and traffic on stays, 1190 tons, 


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1, Simple overhand 
knot. 
2, Slipknot, seized. 
3. Single bowknot. 
4.Square knot, or 
ruf-knot. 
5.Square bowknot. 
6.Weaver’s knot. 
7.German, or fig- 
ure-of-8 knot. 
8.T wo half-hitches 
or artificer’s knot 
9. Double artificer’s 






knot. 
10.Simple _—_galley- 
knot. 
11.Capstan, or pro- 3 
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12. Bowline-knot. 

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14. Clove-hitch. 

15. Blackwall hitch. 

16. Timber-hitch. 

17. Bowline-bight. 

18, Running bowline 

19.Catspaw. 

20. Doubled running 
knot. 

21.Double knot. 

22.Sixfold knot. 

23. Boat-knot. 

24,Lark’s head. 

25.Lark’s head. 

26.Simple boat-knot 

27. Luop-knot. 

28.Double Flemish 
knot. 

29.Running-knot, — 
checked. 

30.Crossed running 
knot. 

31. Lashing-knot. 

32. Rosette. 

33.Chain-knot. 

34. Double chain- 
knot. 

35.Double running- 

knot,with check- 


not. 
36. Double twist- 


not. 
37. Builders’ knot. 
38.Double Flemish 
knot. 
39.English knot. 
40,Shortening knot. 
41.Shortening knot, 
42.Sheepshank. 
43. Dogshank. 
44, Mooring-knot, 
45. Mooring-knot. 
46, Mooring-knot. . t 
47,Pigtail worked , 44 45 
., onend of arope. . } 
48.Shroud-knot. 
49.4 knot used by 
sailors in making 
fast to a spar or a : 
bucket before it is : . 
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through the loop, will not jam therein. ] —5), A granny’s knot.—5l. A weaver’s knot. 
—_—>-——. 


The principlo of tying all kinds of knots is, that no two parts which 


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‘& 7 vous OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE. 


— os 
CONDENSED RULES APPLICABLE TO REFERENCES ON 
OPPOSITE PAGE. 
— 
Trace each motion to its respective references on the next page, and you 
master at a glance the intricacies of Parliamentary usages, comprising some 


three hundred points of order :— 


Motion:to adjourn 17... 1e2.i as. sess peace eveen weaeEee 1-6 * 3B ahi 
Motion to determine time to.which to adjourn............. 2atAatIl_x 
Motion ‘to amend es . <<... < sickice '- eee ve sialeereiner aie axe eee 3atAaIx 
Motion to amend an amendment.....2--....0.Geccc~ ences 3a*AatIlx 
Motion to amend the rules.......--....... Cee ee ee 3atAbIIx 
Motion to appeal from Speaker’s decision in re indecorum..1 a ¢ A a II y 
Motion to appeal from Speaker’s decision generally........ 3a*AatIly 
Call to orders. [5.7.3 nas ann cee ae PE ee ee ce a la*AaTily 
Motion to close debate on question.....-.......-...--.-..-- latAbIIx 
Aiosion to COmMMIty oo eee ee ee ovine ow ay neeels's ogee 3btAaIx 
Motion to extend limits of debate on question. ........2..-- latAaI[_x 
Leave to continue speaking after indecorum...............- la*Aalzx 
Motion that...do lie on the table.-...-...-......-.eeseeeee lia'*-O ia the 
Motion to limit debate on question. .................------- latAbITx 
Objection to consideration of question...................-- la*ADbTIily 
Motion for:the orders of the day. -22..~....c.sstexecceoubes la*AaTIily 
Motion to postpone to a definite, time...........--------.-- 4atAatiIi[_x 
Motion to postpone indofinitely...................--..002-- 3 b* A aH x 
Motion for previous question :-- viz. eek ba cee eee eee la*AbITx 
Questions touching priority of business............-....--- latAatIix 
Questions of privilege....iic2 ac. tees eo cec wena sewtee peers 3atTA@ILx 
ending Papers. ull... Ae ewueh ee eee eke eee ee la*AatIx 
Motion to reconsider a debatable question...............-- 3b* Ballz ¥ 
Motion to reconsider an undebatable question.............. la*Batz 
motion to: refer a question ’::.2-.. poceeeesv nose eneee aiexe soot Ae flex 
Motion that committee do now rise ...........eeeeeeeeeeeee la*Ballx 
Question whether subject shall be discussed.........-.---- la*ADbTIily 
Motion to make subject a special order........-...-.--+--- 3aftAbIIx 
To substitute in the nature of an amendment............-. 3afAatIi[_x 
Motion to suspend the rulesacizek tacos ee ua ee GbE eee eens oe la* BObILx 
Motion to take from the table. 2... 0200 cie cesecet eaves la*CaIix 
To take up question out of its proper order ...........-.-.- lia* Abate 
Motion to. withdraw a motion. =. .0....2s-0.sencencdcceccees la*AaIx 
Questions of precedence of questions........-..---.-.+----- 56789 10 12 
Forms in which questions may be put..........-...--- 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 





RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCHDURE. 


1, Question undebatable: sometimes remarks tacitly allowed. 

2. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. 

8. Debatable question. 

4, Limited debate only on propriety of postponement. 

a. Does not allow reference to main question. 

b. Opens the main question to debate. 

*, Can not be amended. 

t. May be amended. 

A. Can be reconsidered. 

B. Can not be reconsidered. ; 

C. An affirmative vote on this question can not be reconsidered. 

b. Requires two-third vote unless special rules huye been enacted. 

a. Simple majority suffices to determine the question. 

II. Motion must be seconded. 
Il. Does not_require to be seconded. 

x. Not in order when another has the floor. 

y- Always in order though another may have the floor. 

z. May be moved and entered on the record when another has the fivor, 
but the business then before the assembly may not be put aside. The mo- 
tion must be made by one who voted with the nrevailing side, and on the 
same day the original vote was taken. 

5. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be made; ranks first. 
LO adjourn without limitation; second. 

. Motion for the Orders of the Day; third. 
. Motion that...do lie on the table; fourth. 
. Motion for the previous question; fifth. 

10. Motion to postpone definitely; sixth. 

12. Motion to commit; seventh. 

13. Motion to amend; eighth. 

14. Motion to postpone indefinitely; ninth. 

15. On motion to strike out words, ‘‘Shall the words stand part of the 
motion?” unless a majority sustains the words they are struck out. 

16. On motion for previous question the form to be observed is, “Shall 
the main question be now put?” This, if carried, ends debate. 

17. On an appeal from the Chair’s decision, ‘‘Shall the decision be sus- 
tained as the ruling of the house?” The chair is generally sustained. 

18. On motion for Orders of the Day, ‘Will the house now proceed to the 
Orders of the Day?” This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions. 

19. When an objection is raised to considering question, ‘Shall the ques- 
tion be considered?” objection may be made by any member before de- 
bate has commenced, Lut not subsequently. 


Comoran 


I 


OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS, 





Allow, for expect, imagine, doubt not ; as,“ allow he with suc. 
cecd.” “I alow he will be in town to-morroy.” 

Allow, for intend, design, purpose ; 28, ‘1 allow to go on Monday.” 
“ They allow to return next week.” 

A power, for a large amount or quantity, a great number ; as, 
‘He has a power (a great amount or quantity) of money; a power 
‘great number) of friends,” etc. 

After a bit, for soon or presently ; as, “‘I will be there after a 
bit.” ‘He will be along after a bit.” sai 

Ary, for either; as, ‘Take ary one of them.’ ‘“ Ary one of you 
may go.” 

Above my bent.—“ That is altogether above my bent,” for, 
‘out of my power,” “ beyond my strength,” “ beyond m~ cana- 
city.” 

All aiong of, as, ‘‘ That was all along of you,’ for, “‘ that was 
all your fault.” 

Anyhow, when used too frequently, suggests that one is in 
the habit of talking ‘‘anyhow.” No how is still more liable to 
objection. 

A’ry, na’ry.—“ I haven’t a'ry one,” “TI have na’ry one.” Say 
‘‘T have neither,” “ I haven’t either,’ ‘I have none.” ‘I haven’t 
got na’ry red.” Very low. Say “TI have not one cent.” 

As how.—“‘ He said as how you was to doit.” Say “he said 
that you were to do it.” 

_At loggerheads is uncouth. If roughness of expression 1s 
not desired, say “at variance,” or, ‘‘ on ill terms,” or speak of a 
disagreement, a misunderstanding, or a quarrel. 

Any, for at all ; as, ‘‘He was not injured @eny,” “ He cannot 
see any from the effects of the accident,” . 


398 











OBIHOLIONABLA WORDS AND THRMG, 808 

Averse from, for averse to; as A miser is averse from nothe 
ing so much as from parting with his money.” 

Allot on, or ’lot on, for rely on, count on, or upon; as, “TI alleé 
on, or "lot 01 his ability and readiness to aid me.” 

Among, for with ; as, ‘‘ The deception passed among each of the 
company.” ‘The money was current among every one of the 
banks.” 

Among, for between, where two only are referred to; as ‘‘ He 
divided it among the two.” “John and George were the persona 
among whom the estate was equally divided.” 

A little ways, for a little way, a short distance ; as “I will goe 
tittle ways with you.” “ He is a little ways in advance of us.” 

Awful, for disagreeable, ugly, disgusting, etc.; as, ‘ This is awfut 
(disagreeable) medicine.” ‘He has an awful (ug, countenance.” 
His conduct was awful (disgusting).” 

Ain’t, for are not, am not ; as, ‘‘ Ain’t (are you not) going to the 
city ?” “T ain't (am not).” 

After, for for ; as, “‘He has no regard after his father’s con 
mands.” 

A good little bit, for @ considerable time, a considerable distance, 
etc.; as, ‘‘ He has been gore a good little bit.” ‘He is a good litile 
bit ahead, or in advance of you.” 

A long mile, for @ Uittle over, or a little more than a mile ; as, “1% 
is a long mile to the city.” 

As good’s go, as good’s do it, etc., for may as well go, might 
as well do it, etc.; as,  You’d as good’ s go (you may as well go) as stay,”* 
“You'd as good’s do tt (you might as well do it) as not.” 

Budge, for move off, stir ; as ‘‘ You have no right here—yom 
must budge (move off).” ‘I will not budge (stir) an inch.” 

Between, or betwixt, for among or amongst, where more thar 
two are referred to; as, ‘“‘ Let this be divided detween the three.” 

Bad box.—“ He is in a bad box” has a vulgar air. Say baé 
predicament, or unpleasant situation. 

Bamboozle gives the impression of disrespect from which 
deceive and mislead are free. 

Barking up the wrong tree is an expressive and comical 
back-woods phrase which is not found in cuitivated circles. 

Bran new, or brand new is condemned by some writers. It 
seems unobjectionable as a colloquialism, but should pot be us4 
too freely where dignity is to be regarded, 


i] 





1 





400 INXACGURATH TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS, 


Balanco, for remainder ; as, “I move to retain the first section 
of the bill, and to strike ‘out the balance.” “TI spent a part of the 
evening with a friend, and the balance at home.” “A part of the 
army were killed, and the balance taken prisoners.” 

Be, for are, or am; as, “ Be (are) you going to church? I be 
(am).”’ 

Be to be, for am to be, or must be; as, “I be to be there at the 


hour appointed.” 


| 


Bad, for i ; as, “The patient is very bad.’ ‘‘ My friend is not 
so bad to-day as he was yesterday.” 

Bimeby, for by and by, or (which is, perhaps, in better use), 
presently, soon, ina short time; as,“I shall be there bimeby.” “If 
you will come dimedy, I will return with you.” 

Back, for ago; as, “It was almost two years back.” “It was 
along time back, that I read the history of Cromwell.” 

Bravely, for well, or intimately ; as,“ I knew him bravely.” “ He 
knew me bravely before I came to the city.” 

By Jupiter, By Jove, By Jimini, and the tike, are oaths by 
heathen gods. 

Bother, bother it, botheration, plague on it, plague take tt, 
plague, show the disposition to say worse things; only the will is 
not equal to the attempt. ‘ Avoid even the appearance of evil.” 
This should be enough on this point, without citing other illus- 
trations. 

Bain’t, for are not ; as, ‘They dain’t at home.” 

By good right, for by right ; as, ‘‘ He is entitled, by good rijhte 
to the whole amount.” 

Better, for more; as, ‘It is better than a month since I saw 
him.” “TI have resided Jettcr than seven years in the city.” 

Calculate, for purpose, design, intend ; as, “I calculate to go a 
journey.’ ‘I calculate to return in the spring.” 

Calculation, for intention or design ; as, “ It is my calculation to 
visit him on my return.”’ 

Conceived, for expressed ; as, ‘‘ His letter was conceived in the 
following words.” 

Cleverly, for quite well, or in good health; as, “‘ How is your 
friend to-day ? He is cleverly ; or he is getting along cleverly.” 

Cave in.—Low. Say give up, submit, or yield. 

Considerable of, for a considerable ; as, ‘‘ He is considerable of - 
a poet,” instead of ‘ He is a Lasoo bok poet,” ; 








> ee 





‘ 


OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS, 401 


*Cute.—Say acute, keen, sharp, intelligent. The American use of 
this word corresponds nearly with the English idea of clever. 

Chance, for an appearance, prospect, or probability ; as, ‘There 
is a chance,” or, as many say, “a smart chance,” or, ‘a right smart 
chance of a shower.” 

Call to be.—‘‘ You have no call to be angry with me.” Say 
** no occasion to be,” or, ‘‘ no reason for being.” 

Chicken fixins is a frivolous expression for which tries, 
small matters or little things may be advantageously substituted. 

Clever, as generally used in the United States, signifies good 
natured, kind, accommodating. In England it signifies smart, ready, 
quick, apt. This is its proper meaning. 

Curry favor has an air of disrespect. 

Cut.—It is an ungracious act to “cut” an acquaintance; but 
it is more ungracious to speak of it under that term. 

Clear out, for go away, be gone ; as, ‘ You have been here long 
enough ; so, clear out.” 

Curious, for excellent ; as, ‘‘ These are curious apples.” ‘‘ This 
is curious wheat.” 

Carry, for take or lead ; as, ‘‘ Carry the horse to water.” 

Come of, for overcome ; as, ‘‘ He will soon come of that habit.” 

Confide on, for confide in ; as, ‘You may confide on his honor.’? 
‘“‘They confide on what he says.” 

Cahoot, for partnership or company ; as, ‘‘ They do business in 
exhoot (company).” A very common vulgarism in the West. 

Chunk, for piece ; as, ‘“‘ He has a chunk of bread.” 

Comeatable, for approachable ; as, ‘‘ European monarchs are 
not easily comeatable.” 

Crack’d up, for- represented, recominended ; as, “I found him 
by no means what he was crack’d up (represented) to be.” “ He 
was crack’d up (recommended) to me as a skillful teacher.’’ 

Chomp, corrupted from champ, to chew loudly, greedily; as, “‘ The 
horse chomps his bit.’ “ They chomp their food.” 

Clip it, for to run with speed ; as, “You can get there before 
the coach starts, if you clip tt.” “ He was obliged to el zt, or he 
would have been too late.” 

Cut, for to run > as, “ Cut on.” ‘Cut ahead.” 

Different than, for different from; as, “ This is very different 
than that.” 

. Done, for did, as, “‘ He done the work.” 


408 INACCURATH TERMS AND BXRPRESSIONS, 


Dicker is a colloquialism of wide currency for bargain or trade: 
It is not admitted in books nor favored in polite society. 

Dreadful fine is a contradiction. Say very fine. Dreadful, 
like awful, is often misapplied in this way to qualify words of the 
contrary significance. 

Do don’t, done gone, together with you uns, are vulgarisms 
of the Southern plantation which it should be the first business of ; 
those addicted to them to disuse. f 

Don’t ought, for ought not ; as, “‘ You don’t ought to return evil 
for evil.” 

Don’t know as I shan’t, for do not know but I shall; as, 
‘Shall you go to Boston to-day ? I don’t know as I shan’t.” 

Done come, for come; as, “You may now go and dine, as 
your brother is done come.” 

Differ with, for differ from; as, ‘‘ My plan differs with yours.” 
“The Latin language differs with the Greek.” 

Derights, or torights, for presently or directly ; as, “ He will 
be here derights.” ‘I will do it torights,” 

Dump, for unload ; as, You may dump your cart in the’yard.” 

In Dickens we have a diminutive of divil (vulgarly pronounced 
div’), the process of corruption being Devilkins, Divitkins, Dilkins, 
or Divkins, Dickins or Dickens. 

Disremember, for forget, or do not remember; as, “I know him, 
but I disremember his name.” 

Dragged out, for fatigued, exhausted ; as, “I have been so 
much deprived of my rest, of late, that I am dragged out,” or, as 
some qualify the phrase, by way of emphasis, “ fatrly,” or ‘ com- 
pletely dragged out.” ge 

Done up brown, for handsomely, thoroughly, effectually, or 
adroitly done ; as, ‘‘ His defence of the prisoner was done up brown.” 
A very low phrase. So, in the other tenses of the verb; as, ‘“‘ He 
will do it up brown.” “ He did tt up brown.” 

Dreadful, for very, exceedingly, extremely ; as, “ He is dreadfus 
kind.” ‘She is dreadful neat.” ‘‘ We are dreadful thirsty.” 

Dassent, to venture, for dares not, dare not; as, ‘He dassent 
(dares not) approach the cage.” ‘‘ We dassent (dare not) disobey 
our instructions.” 

EH’enamost, for almost ; as, ‘‘ He is e’enamost through with the 
work.” ‘He is eenamost persuaded to be a Christian.” <A gross - 
corruption, - 














OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 403 


Extras, for superfluities, should be allowed but limited use. 
It is generally frivolous. In some cases, as in hotel bills and 
house builders’ bills, the objection is much less to the word than 
to the items included under it. 

Furnentz, or fornenst, for opposite, or opposite to; as, “ He 
lives furnentz the college.” ‘I stood directly furnentz him.” 

Fixed, for repaired ; as, “ He fixed my watch.” 

To fix is to make fast, or permanent ; to set imimovably, etc.: hence, 
to fiz a watch is to stop it, or prevent tt from“ going ;’’ which, it 
must be admitted, is a very unsatisfactory mode of repairing that 
article. 

Fiz, to prepare, to arrange, to adjust, to settle ; as, To fix (prepare) 
the room; to jix (arrange) the furniture ; to jix (adjust) the harness ; 
to fix (settle) the difficulty, though not thus defined in the English 
dictionaries, is, nevertheless, allowable, according to Webster and 
Worcester, both of whom give these several definitions of it, but 
as peculiar to the United States. 

Neither of these, however, signifies to mend, or repair what is 
broken or worn out, nor have I been able to find any authority for 
this use of the term jiz. 

Fix, as a noun, for state, situation, condition ; as, ‘‘ He is in a bad 
jiz.” “ They were in a worse jix than they ever were before.” 

For, for of; as, ‘‘ He was accused for transcending his orders.” 
“ There is no need for his assistance.” 

For good and all, for absolutely, entirely, forever; as, “ He has 
left the country for good and ail.” A low colloquial phrase, 

Fotch, for fetch, or bring; as, ‘ Will you fotch the water?” 
“ Fotch the trunk up stairs.” 

Firstly, for jirst; as, Firstly, let us call the roll.” ‘ He was 
willing to join the expedition ; but said he must jirstly obtain the 
consent of his parents.” . 

Fizzle should be applied only to -nglorious failures, such as 
may be properly spoken of in ridicule. In other cases, say fail, 
come to nothing, or something that is not comtemptuous. 

Flare up.— When the subject was mentioned he flared up.” 
Say ‘‘ flew into a passion,” “was enraged,’’ “‘ became violently ex- 
cited,” or ‘became very angry,” or ‘got- mad.’ Many would 
condemn the last. But it seems idiomatic, and is expressive. 

Full chisel.—“ He went full chisel” is an absurd expression, 
Say “as fast as he could,” or, “he ran his best.” 





404. INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 


~~ 


Foot.—“This pole is twelve foot long.” Say “twelve feet 
tong.” Itis Seog however, to say ‘‘ a twelve foot pole, ks 
five inch pipe,” etc 

Flunk.—‘ He flunked out” is .ow. ‘‘He sneaked out,” or 
‘‘he backed out,” are better expressions to denote a mean or 
cowardly abandonment of an enterprise. If the act was not mean 
or cowardly, say “‘he gave up,” ‘he retired from the enterprise,” 
* he abandoned the design,” etc. 

Sepuon, for skill, capacity, exergy; as, ‘He is a man of 
gumption.’? “Some have more gumption than others.” 

Gone up, gone up the spout, played out, are of the lowest order 
of slang. The last is gambler’s slang. There is never any occa- 
sion for the use of such expressions. 

Gump, for s¢mpleton, blockhead; as, “ He isa great gump.” “I 
would not intrust the business to such a gump.” 

Good chunk of, for good sized ; as, ‘‘ You have a good chunk of 
ahorse.” He is a good chunk of a boy.” 

Grand, for good, excellent ; as, “He is agrand fellow.” “This 

‘is grand news.” 

Gab, for loquacity, prate, idle talk; as, I will have no more of 
your gab.” “He was full of his gab the whole evening,” 

Grub, as a noun, for food, a meal or lunch ; as, “ Wait till.I tate 
a little grub.” “ Have you had your grub this morning ?” 

Heap, as an adverb, for much, very much, far; as, “1 think a heap 
(much or very much) of him.” “T like him a heap (far) better than 
I do his brother.” 

Hadn’t ought, for ought not; as, “ You hadn’t ought to address 
one in so rude a manner.” 

His’n, for his or his own; as, ‘This house is mine; that is 
his'n.” 

Your’n, our'n, their'n, her’n; are similar contractions, and equally 
objectionable. 

Hain’t, hasn’t, for have not, has not; as, “ They hain’t (haw 
not, determined whether they will move into the country.” “He 
hasn’t (has not) been in the city these two weeks. 

Head over heels, for headlong, or heels over head ; as, “He 
~imbled head over heels into the water.” 

He'll, for he will; as, ‘‘ If he'll visit his friend, he’l/ be tendered 
a conveyance; and he’! meet with a welcome as cordial as he'@ 

receive during his journey.” 












Te Clg 3 tat A Dg, 2 Ame ieaias Aeros cee wg 2 EEE eno 
Ce ee oe ; ve eae | 


¥ ma 
" 


wit 


OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 405 


Have got to go, etc., for must go, am obliged to go, am compelled 
to go, etc.; as, “‘I have got to go into the country.” ‘‘I have got to 
wait till I receive a letter.” ‘I have got to obey the orders of my 
commander.” 


He’s, for he is ; as, ‘‘ He’s an eloquent speaker.” ‘‘He says he’s 
seen what he’s described, and he’s generally believed.” 

The contractions, l’m, I’d, I'U, thow rt, thowdst, he’s, he'll, he'd, 
she’s, she'll, she'd, "tis, we've, we'll, wed, we're, you've, yowll, you'd, 
you're, they've, they ll, they'd, theyre, who'll, hain’t, shaw’t, and some 
others, are perhaps allowable in familiar conversation, and occa- 
sionally in poetry, but should be avoided in prose, 

Hoped, for helped; as, “‘Who hoped you to get it?’ “Ha 
hoped me out of the difficulty.” . 

Het, or heat, for heated ; as, “The iron is het.” “The water 
is heat.” 


Hait, for whit, particle, any at all; as,“ They had an abundance, 
but would not give him a hat (any at all).” ‘You have been so 
disobedient, you ought not to have one hait (whit or particle).” 

Half an eye.—“ I perceived with half an eye” is objectiona- 
ble. With a glance expresses the sense intended by half an eye. 

Helter skelter, hurly burly, pell mell, topsy turvy, and similar 
expressions, are colloquialisms. They should not be used except 
in writings of a very light character. 


“ How’s yourself, this morning,” savors of the familiarity 
that breeds contempt. Say “good morning.” ‘ Howdo you do 2” 

Housen, for houses ; ‘‘ as, “ He is the owner of several housen.” 
‘‘The enemy burned all the houwsen in the city.” 

Hunk, for piece; as, ‘‘ He has a hunk, or a large hunk of bread.” 
Interior of New England. 

Have went, has went, etc., for have gone, has gone, etc.; as 
“ Whither have they went 2?” “He has went in the steamboat.” _ 

Honorary, for honorable ; as, “ His conduct was very honorary.” 
* Tt was an honorary action.” 

In, for into, with verbs of action; as, “He got i the coach.” 
‘He went iz the house.” ‘‘He broke it 7 pieces.” 

Incident, for able ; as, “‘ Man is éncfdent to numerous evils.” 

Tp “ Jew down.”—To speak of ‘ Jewing down” in connects 
tion with trying to get a seller to reduce the price of his goods, is 
to speak very offensive, 





406 INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 


Iily, for wi, as, ‘They seem to be tly disposed.” “ He be- 
haved very <J/y towards his friend.” 

In, for for; as, ‘I have not seen him ¢” six weeks.” 

Jam up, used adjectively ; a low barbarous phrase, which it is 
difficult to define by an exact equivalent ;- but as nearly as can be 
gathered from observation, signifying good, very exceilent ; as, “‘ His 
credit is jam up.” ‘These apples are yam up.” 

Ju, for did you ; as, “Ju see the elephant?” ‘‘ Ju evar see the 
like?” ‘ Ju know the man?’ 

Jounce, for jolt, shake (both as a noun and a verb); as, ‘A 
hard trotting horse jounces the rider.” ‘The axle broke, and we 
all came down with a jounce.” 

Know’d, for knew ; as, “I know'd him when he was a boy.’ 
*“T know’d when he arrived.” 

Knew, for known ; as, “I have knew him these twenty years; 
and I must say, I have never Anew an honester man.” 

Kotch’d, for catched, or caught; as, “ They who set traps for 
others, often get kotch’d themselves.” : 

Kin, for can ; as, ‘“ Kin you read the French? I cm not.” 

Lit, for lighted, to set fire to; as, “He it the candle.” “ The 
lamp was Wit.” ‘‘The city was Xt with gas.” 

Lit, for ghted, or alighted ; to descend, to fall on, to stoop from 
Sight ; as, “The traveller Wt from his carriage.” ‘The arrow lit 
on the house.”’ “The bird %é on the tree.” 

La, Law, and Lawk are vicious pronunciations of Lord, 
‘**Lauk a mercy on me” is ‘‘ Lord have mercy on me.” 

~ Like, for as, that, as though ; as, “ He strikes Uke (as) I do.” 
**T feel Like (that) I ought to forgive him.” “He looks dike (as 
though) he could endure fatigue.” 

Lay, as a noun, for bargain, price, terms ; as, ‘I refused to pur- 
chase the articles at such a lay (bargain).” “I sold the property 
at a good lay (pree).”’ “He bought his goods on the same lay 
(terms) that I did mine.” 

Leave me be, for Jet ime be, leave ine alone, let me alone ; as, ‘‘ He 
had a good situation, and I concluded to leave hun be (let hum be) ; 
t. ¢., permit him to stay, or remain where he was. ‘As I wish 
to sleep a little, you will please leave me be (leave me alone); 7. e., 
by myself, without company. “If you are unacquainted with 
type, just leave it be (let tt alone) ; 2. ¢., do not touch it, do not med- 
dle with it.” é 





OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 40’ 


Loss, for Jose ; as, ‘‘ Where did you Joss it?’ “You will Joss 
more than you will gain by the enterprise.” 

Lot, contracted from allot, as a verb, for design, Niger, purpose ; 
as “I /o¢t to return inthe autumn.” ‘‘We’lot to be there at the 
time appointed.” 

Lick, as a noun, for blow ; as, “ He gave me a lick in the face.” 
“Give him another Zick.” 

Learnt, for learned ; as, ‘George has learnt his lesson.” ‘ He 
learnt to read the French language.” 

Let on, or let on to, for disclose, inform ; as, “If you know 


_the fact, yet you must not let on (disclose it).” ‘Take this letter to 


a " 
ry 
4 . 
Pan. 


your uncle, but do not det on to (inform) him that I am in the city.” 

Lots is a local expression for a great many, a large quantity. It 
is not a good word for public use. 

Local phrases of this class, of which every part of the 
country has a number characteristic to itself, are sometimes found 
used in constructions that are extremely ludicrous. Persons who 
are sick are sometimes declared to be ‘‘mighty poorly.’?. We 
have heard persons who had the ague spoken of as being ‘‘ power- 
ful weak.” The backwoodsman whose family are all well, will 
communicate the fact to his neighbors’ by saying that “ the old 
woman and the young ones are all alive and kicking.” A shower 
with him is ‘‘a right smart sprinkle of rain ;” if there have been 
many showers, he will ramark that “‘ we have had a heap of wet 
weather in these parts, lately.” All such expressions are wrong. 

Mighty, as an adverb, for very, extremely, exceedingly ; as, ‘‘ The 
boat was mtghty near sinking.” ‘He is mighty fond of reading.” 
“Tt was a mighty cold day.” 

Marry is a corruption of the name of the Virgin Mary. 

Made out, for succeeded in; as, “I made out to find him,” in- 
stead of “‘ succeeded in finding him.” ‘‘ We made out to get to the 
shore,” instead of ‘‘ succeeded in reaching the shore.’’ 

Mought, for might; as, “It mought have ruined him.” ‘ He 
mought have done better.” ‘ He mought have been wealthy and 
respected, had he been sober and industrious.” 

Marble, for move of ; as, “If you do that again you must mar- 
ble,” t. e., move quickly, be off immediately. 

Mayn’t, for may not; as, ‘You mayn't have another opportu- 
nity.” ‘‘They mayn’t be there when you arrive.” 

Mustn’t, for must not; as, “You mustn’t expect to improve 





8 INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 


without study.” ‘‘You mustn’t depend so much upon others as 
upon yourself,” 

Wad, for angry, veced ; as, “ He was very mad at their conduct.” 
“It is folly to get mad at every one who may chance to differ with 
us. 
Never let on, for never mentioned, never disclosed, or developed ; 
us, ‘‘ He communicated the secret to me, but I never let on to any 
one ;” 7. ¢., “I never mentioned, disclosed, or divulged it to any 
one.’”’ ‘He spoke to me several times, but I never let on that I 
heard him ;’’ ¢. e., I never seemed to hear him.” 

Nippent, fot impudent, impertinent ; as, “ He gave much offence 
by his eppent expressions.’ ‘ He was so sappent that his employer 
dismissed him.” 

Wever, for ever; as, “They might be destroyed were they 
mever SO numerous.” ‘‘He disregards the counsel of his friend, 
though given xever so kindly.”’ | si 

Wowheres, for xowwhere ; as, “‘It is mowheres to be found.” 
* Such a passage is xowheres in the book.” 

Of consequence, as an adverb, for consequently, or necessarily } 
as, ‘“ Such a wicked course must, of consequence, result in his ruin.” 

Ornary, for ordinary ; as, ‘‘He is a very ornary fellow.” “I 
never listened to a more ornary address.” 

Otherguess, for othergquise, very different from, or superior to; 
as, ‘‘ He will tell an otherguess. story when he returns.” ‘“ This is 
an otherguess lot of wheat than the other.” 

Over, for of ; as, “‘He is an overseer over the public works.’ 
* His brother is overseer over the poor.” 

Otherlike, or otherlike than, for different, or different from 
what ; as, “It is quite otherlike (different) in your friend’s case.” 
“Tt resulted otherlike than (different from what) I expected.” 

Odd’s boddikins either refers to the nails under the name of 
bodkins, or to God’s body. 

Ort, and ortn’t, for ought and ought not; as, “We ort to im- 
prove our time.” ‘ We ortn’t to waste it in idleness.” 

Odd splutter her nails signifies God's blood and the nails 
which fastened Him to the cross. 3 

Of a majority, for majority, or a majority of ; as, “ He is elected 
by five hundred of a majority.” 

Once in a while, for sometimes, occasionally ; as, ‘‘ He will oneg 
in @ while get drunk.” .‘ We go to the city once in a while.” 











OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 409 


Ouch, for oh, used interjectionally, on receiving a sudden fright 
or injury; as, “ Ouch! the boatis sinking!” ‘“ Ouch! that wasp 
stung me in the eye!” 

Preventative, for preventive ; as, “ Industry and frugality are 
the surest preventative against poverty.” 

Pucker, for passion, excitement, pertubatiun ; as, “ You need not 
get into such a pucker about it.” ‘ He was in a great pucker when 
he heard of his defeat.” 

Pair of stairs, for jight, or set of stairs ; as, ‘‘ There were two 
pair of stairs.’ ‘We ascended the first pair of stairs.” 

Pull wool over one’s eyes, implies contempt. Say deceive, 
| mislead, delude, make false representations or pretences. 

‘¢To throw dust in one’s eyes’ is of the same import. Both 
expressions are sometimes applied with considerable force to char- 
acterize various kinds of trickery. 

Plunder, for baggage or luggage ; as, ‘‘ Stranger, is that your 
plunder 2” “ How much plunder have you ?” 

Peel, for jfire-shovel ; as, ‘The peel is red-hot.” 

Peck, for peep; as, ‘‘ It is ill manners to peek over a person who 
is writing.” ‘‘ What are you peeking at ?” 

A precious mess, a pretty kettle of fish, meannothing. Unless 
there is something better to be said, say nothing. 

Pesky, for mischievous, troublesome, vexatious ; as, ‘ He is a pesky 
boy.” “They are a pesky set of fellows.” 

Powerful, as an adverb, for very, extremely ; as, “It is a power- 
ful cold day.” “ My friend is failing powerful fast.” 

. Pretty.—This word is often abused by being placed before 
other adjectives in the fancy that it qualifies them. It does not, 
but is- frequently made to appear in a ridiculous combination. 
“This basket is pretty large,” “I am pretty tired,” “he is pretty 
awkward,” are instances. Rather conveys the sense that is in- 
tended in such cases. Some who misuse pret/y make matters 
worse by pronouncing it ‘ pooty,” or “ poorty.” 

Pack, for carry ; as, “ Pack the wood home.” “He packed the 
fruit to the house.” 

Quite, used adjectively, for considerable or large; as, “‘ They paid 
him gute an amount of money.” “ He has raised gute a quantity 
of wheat.” 

Right, for very, quite; as, “ These peaches are right good,” 
‘Your friends are right well,” 


Pes a Be ie obi pe se: BE Nee, ae ee ems. ory 


410 INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS, 


Rugged, for healthy, hardy, robust ; as, “He is a rugged boy.” 
“ One should be rugged to endure fatigue.” 

Reckon, for suppose, imagine ; as, ‘I reckon we shall have rain 
to-morrow.’’ ‘You will not leave to-day, I reckon. I reckon IT 
shall.”’ 

Raise, for rise, to increase in value, as, ‘‘ Tobacco and cotton will 
raise.” ‘‘The stock is every day raising.” 

So in the expressions, The bread will not raise ; The river raises ; 
The intransitive verb vise should be used, but, The yeast raises the 
bread, The rain raises the river, etc., are correct, because here the 
verb has an object. 

Rising, for more than, upwards of ; as, “It is rising two years 
since I saw him.” ‘ He was in the city rising a month.” 

Rumpus, for riot, quarrel, confusion, noise, disturbance ; as, 
“‘ Peaceable and quiet people always strive to avoid a rumpus.” 

Smart chance, for strong prospect, or probability ; as, “ We have 
a smart chance of succeeding.” ‘‘ There is a smart chance of a frost 
to-night.” 

Sight, for number, quantity, amount ; as, ‘What a sight (number) 
of people.” “What a sight (quantity) of peaches.” “ What a sight 
(amount) of money.”’ 

School, for shoal ; as, ‘‘ We discovered a large school of herring.” 
*‘ Schools of fish were passing us constantly.” 

Social, for society ; as, ‘The work may be found in the Boston 
Soctal Library.” 

Scrouge, as a verb, for crowd ; as, “‘ Do not scrouge me.” “You 
scrouge me so that I cannot write.” 

Set, as a noun, for rating, scolding, rebuke ; as, ‘I will give him 
a good set.” ‘‘ He came in great rage, and I never before heard 


such a set as he gave them.” 
Sot, for sat; as, “‘ He sot all night in‘ his chair.” “ He sot be- 


side me at the table.” 

Spake, for spoke ; as, ‘‘ He spake three hours in the open air.” 
“TI spake to him yesterday.’ Obsolete, except in Scripture. 

Says I, for said I; as,‘ Who comes there? says I. A friend, says 
he.” ‘*Good morning, says you. Iam happy to see you, says I, 
Thank you, says he,” 

Sich, for such ; as, “ Sich a man, in sich a dress, on sich a horse, 
at sich a time, under sich circumstances, would cut stch a figure, as 
we are not accustomed to witness.” 











OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 411 


Scrape.—‘ To get into a scrape.” The expression is expres- 
give, but is condemned as frivolous. 

Splurge, Splutter.— He made a great splurge,” “he made 
a greai splutter,’’ convey the idea that no respect is intended. 

Stave off.—“ He staved off the case a week longer.” Say 
“he delayed it,” “ put it off,” or “ had it delayed,” or “ put off.” 

Swap is not an elegant word. It will be well to confine it to 
érades in horses and jack-knives. Say exchange, barter, or trade. 

Slope, for abscond ; as, ‘‘ When did he slope ?” 

See or see’d, for saw ; as, ‘‘We see him last week.” “TI seed 
him yesterday.” 3 

Slice, for jire-shovel ; as, “Take up the coals with the siice.” 

Spec, for speculation or profit; as, ‘‘ They made a good spec on 
their flour.” ‘He seldom purchases an article, unless he can 
make a spec on it.” 

Smacked, for ground ; as, ‘‘ Can I have a little corn smacked at 
your mill ?” | 

Sauce, for tmpudence ; as, ‘‘They would have no more of his 
sauce.’ ‘Give me none of your sauce.” 

Side-hill, for hill-side ; as, ‘He lives on the side-hill.”’ “The 
logs chased the fox along the side-hill.” 

Skute, to run, to dart off suddenly. See Marble. 

Some, for somewhat ; as, ‘My friend is some better.” ‘“ Their 
prospects are some brighter.” 

Spunk, for courage, spirit, activity ; as, ‘‘ He isa man of spunk.” 
“Tt requires some spunk to face an enemy.” 

*Sdeath and ’Sblood are contractions of His death and His 
lodd, or of Gods death and God's blood. The latter phrase is some- 
times disguised as Odswlut, and in this form it occurs in Mother 
Goose’s melodies. 

Tote or toat, as a verb for carry, convey, remove ; as, ‘ Tote the 
water home.” ‘ Zote the wood tothe house.” “ Zote the trunk 
up stairs.” 

Tote, as a noun, or more commonly, the whole tote, for the 
whole lot, or the whole quantity ; as, ““ You may have the whole tote for 
five dollars.” ‘I would not give a sixpence for the fotze.” 

So Kit is sometimes used in the same sense ; as, “‘ Take the whole 
kit.’ 

Them’s ’um,—Say ‘ those axe the ones,” or. sometimes, “ that 
is so,” 





412 INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 


Thought a pity of him, for felt pty for him, or pitied him ; 
as, ‘‘He appeared so much distressed at his loss, that I thought a 


pity of him.” ‘Indeed, I often think a pity of those blind people.’? 


Take on.—‘‘ She takes on about it dreadfully.” Say “she 
grieves about it very much,’ or “to excess,” or “ excessively,” 
but not ‘ tremendously.” g 

There’s the books.—Say “there are the books.” ; 

"Tain’t, for it is not, has not ; as, ‘‘’ Tain’t (it ts not) his book.” 
“9 Tain’ t (it has not) been a week since I saw him.” A gross bar- 
barism. 

To, for at; as, “ He lives ¢o the west end of the street.” ‘You 
may see him ¢o his own house.” 

To, for of ; as, ‘“‘ He passed me, but I never took any notice ¢o 
him.” ‘ Did you take notice ¢o the eclipse ?”’ 

Till, for to; as, ‘‘He has gone ¢i// Boston.” “The cars run 
every day from New York ti Philadelphia.” 

Tell apart, for distinguish ; as, ‘Their resemblance was so 
striking, that I could not tell them apart,” instead of “ could not dis- 
tinguish them,” or “ could not distinguish the one from the other.” 

Tough, for hard, rigorous, dificult ; as, “They had a tough (hard) 
bargain.” ‘‘ We have had a tough (rigorous) winter.” ‘‘ They have 
a tough (dificult) job on hand.” 

Tight match, for dificuity or with difficulty; as, “ They suc- 
ceeded in reaching the shore, but they had a tight match to do it,” 
instead of, “They had dificuliy to do it,” or, ‘‘They did it with 
difficulty.” . 

Tushes, for tusks » as, ‘ The animal had large tushes.” 

’Tisn’t, for ¢ ts not ; as, “’Tisn’t any more than I a for it.” 
“T think ’tisv’t as nian yi 

Ugly, for bad, morose, eves as, “She is beautiful, but I 
am sorry to say, she is very wgly.” ‘‘He is a very fine looking 
man, but so zgly, that he is continually i in a quarrel with some- 
body.” 

Universal, for the adjective universalist ; as, ‘‘He is a universab 
preacher.” 

Unbeknown, for unknown ; as, “ Your friend is in the Gig 
but he arrived wnbeknown to me.” ‘They lived for several years 
in the same neighborhood, wholly wxbeknown to each other.” 

Used to could, used to was.—‘I used to could do it.” 
Say “I could once do it,” or ‘I used to be able toit.” “TI used 








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CBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS, 413 


to was a great checker player.” ‘Say ‘I was once,” or “I used 
to be a fine checker player.” 

Up one hill and down another (a kind of adverbial 
phrase); as, “ He travelled up one hill and down another,” instead of 
saying “He travelled wp and down hill,” or which is perhaps more 
elegant, as well as sufficiently definite, ‘‘ He travelled over a hilly 
road,” or “a very hilly road,” 

Vow (in familiar style), for declare, assert, asseverate ; as, “I 
vow (declare) he shall leave my premises.” ‘ He vows (asserts) pos- 
itively tHat he did not do it.” ‘ They continued to vow (asseverate) 
their innocence of the crime.”’ 

Will, for shall ; as, “ Will 1 help you to a piece of the fowl” 
*T hope I will see you again.” 

Shall, also, is sometimes improperly used for will ; thus revers- 
ing the respective uses of the two terms, as in the expression of 
the foreigner who had fallen overboard: ‘‘I will drown, and 
nobody shail help me!” 

Wee bit, used substantively, for small piece, small quantity, etc.; 
as, ‘He has a wee bit (sinall piece) of bread.” ‘They have only a 

wee bit (small quantity) of flour.” 
- Wee bit, used adjectively, for smal/, or very small ; as, ‘‘ They 


crossed the river in a wee bit of a boat.” “ He purchased a wee bit 
of a pony.” 

What, as a conjunction, for that ; as, ‘‘I do not know but what | 
T shall leave town to-morrow.’ ‘ There are none so rich but what 


they may become poor.” 

Which, used interrogatively for what ; as, when the person 
addressed does not distinctly hear, or fully comprehend the 
speaker, he says, ‘‘ Which ?” 

This pronoun should never be employed interrogatively, except 
to inquire concerning one or two or more, as, Which man ? meaning 
which one man of the two or more men, alluded to, is intended. 
Hence, when a speaker has uttered but one thing, or alluded to but 
one person or thing, to say “ Which ?” 1. ¢., toask which one it was, is 
absurd. 

Worst kind, for very much, exceedingly ; as, ‘We want a schools 
teacher in our district, the worst kind.” 

Wery, for very; weal, for veal ; wenison, for venison ; etc.; 
as, “Iam wery fond of weal and wenison.” ‘He is neither wery 
swicious nor wery wirtuous, but he is wery wain,” 


























414 ‘INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 


A sailor belonging to Massachusetts narrates the perils and inci- 
dents-of his late voyage in this wise: “‘ We left Martha’s Winyard 
in the steamship Wermonth, and proceeded on our woyage towards 
the Cape de Werd Islands. Owing to some willainous neglect of our 
safety walve ; and while our wessel was moving over the wast ocean 
with wery great welocity, our boiler burst with a noise like a wolley 


Root artillery, or the worce of an earthquake, sending up a wolume of 














smoke and flame like the wayors of a woleano, and threatening to 
send every wictim on board to the wortexr of destruction.” 

At auction, for by auction ; as, ‘The property will be sold at 
public auction, if not disposed of at private’sale,” 

Authority, for authorities ; as, ‘A contract was entered into 
with the authority of the college. 
' After night, for evening, as, “ A meeting will be held in the 
court house, after night.’ ‘‘ Being otherwise engaged through the 
day, he reads after night.” 

Any manner of means, for any means ; as, “ He will en- 
deavor to carry his point by any manner of means.” 

Admired, for was pleased; as, ‘I admired to hear her sing.” 

Applicant, for student ; as, ‘‘To become learned, one must be 
a close applicant.” An applicant is a petitioner ; a student, a scholar 
or learner.” . 

Betterments, for improvements ; as, ‘‘ He refused to relinquish - 
his title to the land, till he had received pay for his betterments.” 

Bother, for pother, bustle, perplexity, confusion ; as, “ There was 
s0 much bother that I could not proceed with the business.” 

Alone, for single, or only ; as, “ The whole busines was accom. 
plished by the alone (single) efforts of one man.’? 

Cutter, for sleigh; as, ‘‘ They rode in a cutter.” “He took a 
ceutter-ride.”’ 

Chock, or Chuck, for guite; as, The vitcher is chock full.” 
or “‘chuck full.” 

Chunky, for chubby (short and thick); as, “ He is a chunky boy.” 
“The man is rather chunky.” . 

Chirk, for lively, cheerful ; as, ‘‘My friend was very sad yester- 
day, but to day he is quite chirk.”” New England. 

Brash, for brittle ; as, “The timber is brash.” 

Crank, for pert, saucy ; as, “ He was so crank that he was little 
respected,” New England, 











OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 415 


Dabster, for adept ; as, “I had supposed him unskilled in the 
business, but found him a dabdster at it.’’ 

Desk, for pulpit ; as, ‘‘ We attended the Presbyterian church, 
and sat in a pew near the des%.”’ 

Hither, for each or both; as, “ A fort was built on either side of 
the river.” 


Folk, or folks, for people, persons, individuals ; as, “An un-" 
usual number of folés assembled on the occasion.’’ Nearly obso-: 


lete, except in Scripture. 

Hearken, for Jisten ; as, ‘‘ Hearken to what I say.” “If you 
wish to hear, you must hearken attentively.” Obsolete, except in 
Scripture. 

Guess, for now ; as, I guess I have done wrong.” 
| Jeopardize, for jeopard ; as, “ He declared his willingness to 
jeopardize his life for his country.” 

Is being built, are being made, etc., for ts building, are 
making, etc. ; as, “The house ts being built,” “ Arrangements are 
being made for their departure.” 

Lift, for to take up, collect, receive ; as, ‘‘They are about to lift 
a contribution.’’ Penn. 

Jurisprudence, for daw ; as, “He is studying jurisprudence,” 
meaning the common law.’ 

Keeping-room, for parlor ; as, “ He pane the whole evening 
in the keeping-room,” 

Methinks, for 1 think, or it seems to me; as, “‘ Methinks he 
might have succeeded, had he ii a proper effort: M 

Mind, for remember, recollect ; as, ‘‘Do you mind how many 
chapters there are A SOD en Vou the day of the month he 
left.” 

Motion, for move ; as, “I motton that the bill lie on the table.” 
_ Miss, for Jisses, in addressing two young or unmarried ladies ; 
as, ‘‘ The company of the two Miss Siniths is requested,” etc 

Needs, for need; as, ‘ Vice needs only to be seen to be hated.,’’ 
“ He needs not expect wealth without industry.” 

Notified; as, “The public are hereby xotified,” for “ Notice is 
hereby given to the public.” 

Overhaul, for overtake, ¢. e., to gain upon in a chase ; as, “ He 
was so far in advance, that I could not overhaul him.” 

Observation, for observance ; as, ‘‘ The observation of the Sab- 
bath is a duty incumbent upon all peeple,” 














mR LAN 





= 





416 INACCURATE TERMS AWD EXPRESSIONS. _ 


Overfiown, for overfiowed; as, ‘‘The river has overflown its 
banks.” 

Poorly, used as an adjective, for feeble, indisposed, somewhat il 
as, “ He is very poorly.” ‘‘ My friend is.too poorly to pursue his 
journey.”’ 

Put out, for offended, or affronted ; as, “I was much put out at 
his conduct.” 

! Peradventure, for perhaps, perchance, it may be; as, “ Perad- 
venture, he may never return.” 

Proven, for proved ; as, ‘‘ His guilt was clearly proven.” 

Plead, for pleaded; as, ‘‘ He plead the case of the prisoner.” 
“‘They plead the Statute of Limitations.” 

’ Polt, for blow; as, “ He received a polt on the head.” ‘ Give 
him another polt,”’ 

Raised, for reared, or (according to many respectable writers), 
brought up; as, “ He has raised a large family.” 

Roiled, for disturbed, rufied, offended; as, ‘‘ The news roiled him 


. considerably.” 


Stricken, for struck; as, ‘‘His name was stricken from the 
list.”’ 
Smart, for adie ; as, “Story was a smart judge.” “ Bonaparte 
was a smart general.” 

Spell, for awhile, time; as, ‘ He desired to rest a spell (awhile).” 
* They resided in the city a long spell (time).”’ 

Temper, for passion ; as, “ He exhibited a violent temper on the 
occasion,” 

Then, as an adjective; as, ‘He was a friend to the then admin- 
istration. 

To let, for to be let; as in the very common phrase, “ This 
house to det.” 

_ Tarry, for stay, or remain ; as, ‘ Please tarry here until I re- 
‘turn.” Obsolete, except in poetry and allusions to Scriptural sub- 
) jects. 

Turnpike, for turnpike road ; as, “ He travelled on the National 
Turnpike,” or, more commonly, “ pike.” 

Without, for wnless; as, “I will not go without you do.” 
“ Without you study, you cannot improve,” 

Yon, for yonder, that ; as, ‘‘ Yon ship.” ‘ Yon moon.” ‘ Yow 
tree.” On| uf 
Yank, for jerk, twiteh ; as, ‘He yanked it off.” 





h (se 








es a 
+3 


OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 417 


Zooks, Adzooks.—God's hooks, that is, the hooks which were 


‘pupposed to have been used for the same purpose. 


Zounds ! an interjection of frequent occurrence in English 
novels, is a curtailment and corruption of His wounds, or God's 
wounds, that is, the wounds received by Christ on the cross. 

Weck-handkerchief.—Say neck-herchief. A neck-kerchief is 
a kerchief for the neck, as a hand-kerchief is a kerchief for the 
hand, A xeck-handkerchief does not exist. 

Luck.— He met with wk.” Say also what kind of Inck. 
There are good luck and bad luck. But the adjective ducky, and 
the adverb luckily, refer to the good kind only. 

Cannot.—When inability is expressed can and not are joined 
as above. In this case the adverb not qualifies can, and does not 
qualify any other word. Sometimes not follows can without qual- 
ifying it, but passes its force to some succeeding word, and some _ 
other meaning than that of inability is given. Then it is not 
joined to can. ‘“ John can not only swim; he can also row, and 
knows how to manage a sail.” 

Confusion of rights.—‘‘ The Americans said they had no 
right to pay the taxes.” ‘That they were under no obligation,” 
or “ ought not to be obliged to pay the taxes,” was meant. So, 
the aggrieved person in a carriage, who was stopped by a pro- 
cession, and said ‘‘ the street cars have as much right to be stopped 
as the carriages,’”’ meant that they ought to be as liable to be 
stopped, or that “the carriages have as much right to go on as 
the street cars.” 

Were accustomed to be made.—There are a variety of. 
errors of similar form to this and frequent in occurrence. In a 
report of a sermon by an eminent divine, we have, ‘‘ The repre- 
sentations that were accustomed to be made.” He should have 
said “representations that were ordinarily made,” or that “it was 
the custom to make.” 

Was attempted to be.—A newspaper paragraph had, “ the 
government was attempted to be attacked,” for ‘‘an attempt was 
made to attack and government.” Carlyle commits the same 
error, saying “weights and measures were attempted to be 
changed.” 

Bills are requested.—“ Bills are requested to be paid quar- 
terly.” It is hard enough to make the persons who owe the bills 
pay them when they are requested to, Say ‘it is requested that 














418 INACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 


ys. 


ft 


bills be paid quarterly,” or better, “payment of bills is requested : 


or expected, quarterly.” 

Not requested to, for requested not to. Requests have been 
sometimes made ina left-handed manner, as follows: ‘ Passengers 
are not requested to stand on the gangway.’’ Say “ passengers 
are requested not to stand,” et La 

Means is either singular or plural, according to the sense of 
the sentence. ‘ By this means they bear witness to each other,”— 
provided a single matter of testimony is referred to. To employ 
mean for the singular is incorrect. f 

One of the family.—-‘‘ Wanted, two apprentices, who will 
be treated as one of the family.” Say “‘ will be treated as mem- 
bers of the family.” 

All ages and both sexes.—Do not say ‘‘ persone of all ages 
and sexes participated in the proceedings,” but, ‘ persons of all 


1 


ages and both sexes participated in the proceedings.” There are. 


but two sexes. 
Tooth-ache, etc.—Say tooth-ache, white-toothed, calwes-foot 


jelly, and not—imagining that the words must be plural in form— 
teeth-ache, white-teethed, calves-féet jelly. 


Mr. Pecksniff and wife.—A person travelling with his wife | 


in tegistering at the hotels should write, ‘‘Mr. Pecksniff and 
wife,” not “ Mr. Pecksniff and lady,” as is too often written. The 
wife has a right to her true title and dignity in all places and on 
all occasions. One may travel with a lady who is not his wife, 
One who travels with his wife and respects her as he should, 
should leave no room for doubts. 
Gentleman friend, lady friend.—Instead of “my gentle. 
. man friend,” say “my friend Mr. Handy.” Instead of “my lady 
friend,” say ‘“ my friend Miss Smith, or Mrs. Crooks.” 

Old Gentleman, old lady.--The terms old man, old woman, 
though there is nothing essentially wrong in them, have come to 
be considered vulgar and disrespectful. Almost universal usage 
is against employing them, and favors o/d gentleman, oldlady. These 
are therefore the correct terms. 

Such expressions as, ‘‘I do not like too much sugar,” “I 
do not want to walk too far,” are indefinite. They mean, “I do 
not like more sugar than I like,” “I do not want to walk further 
than [ like.” 

Brilliant, magnificent, splendid, are too often used in 











OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS. 419 


. connection with objects which have none of those qualities. That 


is brilliant which glitters and sparkles in the light. That is splendid 
which shines, whether by its own or reflected light. That is 
magnificent which makes a grand appearance. It may be splendid 
and brilliant too. What does not sparkle cannot be brilliant, ex- 
cept figuratively ; what does not shine cannot be splendid ; what 
does not impose by grandeur cannot be magnificent. There are, 
numerous words which may be employed with exact application’ 
in the cases in which these words are improperly used. Pretty, 
handsome, beautiful, elegant, will answer for most purposes. When 
such words—the proper ones—are used, they leave the stronger 
words with their full force to characterize objects which having 
extraordinary qualities, require more than ordinary words of des- 
cription. 

Charming, enchanting, fascinating, and many other 
words are similarly misused. That is charming which charms; 
that is enchanting which enchants; that is fascinating which fascin- 
ates. Each of the terms indicates the possession or exercise by 
the object spoken of, of qualities which deprive one of control of 
himself. 

. AMERICANISMS, 


At auction.—We sell af auction in America; they sell dy 
auction in England. 

Boatable waters.—Waters on which boats pass, and ships do 
not. . 

Boating.—Conveying in boats, 

Bank-bill.—Bank-bill in England is a post-note, and does not 
pass into the general currency. In America, bank-bill is a bank-note, 
of whatever character or denomination. 

Brush, in America; small limbs of trees, in England. 

-~Book-store, in America; bc0k-seller’s shop, in England. 

Chore (small jobs of domestic baer! in America; char, in 
England. 

Cheques or checks, in peony Gesu in England, 

Clever, in America, means moral Re AY in England, intellec- 


- tual adrottness. 


Caucus.—A word said to have been coined in one of our east 
ern cities, from a room occupied by caulkers, assembled for con< 


sultation, 


% 





@ 




















j 





490  TNACCURATE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS. 


Clothier, in America, one who dresses cloth; in England. one 
who manufactures oloth. . 

Coal.—We burn coal ; the English burn eoais, 

Clergyman, in America, is applied to ministers of all relig- 
ious denominations; in England it is confined to ministers of the 
established church. 

Driver, in America; coachman, in England. 

Freshet, in America ; rise of river, in England. 

Fall, in America; autwnn, in England. -Awéeonn is used in 
America also. 

For sale, in America; on sale, in England. 

Forks of the road, in America; division of the road, in Eng- 
land. 

Girdle trees.—To make a circular incision like a belt, through 
the, bark, in order to kill them; never used in the same sense in 
England; indeed, they have no occasion for it. 

Groceries (articles of merchandise), in America; grocery, in 
England. 

Grocery, meaning a building, in America ; grocery-shop, in Eng- 
land. 

Get the floor (as in Congress}, in chorion’ take | possession of 
the floor (as in Parliament), in England. 

Help, in America; servants, in England. 

Hub (part of a wheel), in America ; nave, in England. 

Hudson river, putting the ‘ame frst, in America; river 
Thames, putting the xame last, in England, 

Have arrived, in America; are arrived, in England. 

Insurance, in America; assurance, in England. 

Locate, in America; to place, in England. ' 

Location, in America; sttwation, in England, 

ot, in America ; jield or close, in England, 

, Merchant, in America, is applied to any respectable dealer ; in 
England, it means a commercial man. 

Notify of, in America; xotify to, in England. 

Portage, in America; carrying place, in England. 

Raise wheat, in America; grow wheat, in England. 

Rapids, in America, applied to rivers; not so in England, 

Sleigh, in America; sledge, in Buc innds and they apply it te 
what we call sled. ae 

Scow, in America; lighter, in England. We also use highter. 








mae h °4, ; - AMERIGANISMS. ~ 


Stage, in America, is applied to the vehicle ; in England, it — 


denotes a certain space gone over ; as, ‘‘ To ride one stage.” 

Subscriber, in America; wndersigned, in England. In Amer- 
ica, however, we observe to some extent, a distinction between 
petitions and mere subscription papers, using undersigned in the 
former, and subscriber in the latter. 

Steamboat, in America; steamer, in England. We also use 
steamer. i 

Store, in America, the place where goods are sold; in Eng- 
land, the place where goods are stored. 

Shop, in America, the building in which mechanics work, 
and is called a mechanics’ shop; in England, it is the place 
where goods are sold. 

To deed land, in America; to convey land, in England. 

To let or to rent, in America; to be let or to be rented, in 
England. 

Wharves, in America; wharfs, in England. 

Mail, in America; post, in England. We mail a letter, the 
Englishman posis it. 

Rooster, the male barn-yard fowl, in America; cock, in 
England, 

Suspenders, in America; braces, in England. 

Corn, maize, in America; grain in general, in England. 

On for in. We say he lives on Nassau street; the English 
say, he lives in. 


« Switch, to change cars to another track; in England to 


shunt, &e. 

Creek, in America, a stream larger than a brook, but less 
than a river; in England a small arm of the sea. 

Dress, in America; in England, a gown. 

Tickets. We buy tickets, way or through, on railroads; the 
Englishman is bookcd. 

Calico, in America, printed cotton; in England, unprinted 
cotton, 

Woods. We walk in the woods ; the English walk in a wood. 

Hack, in America, a hackey coach; in England, a horse for 
easual hire. 














FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED, 





PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. 


Pronunciation is just when every letter has its proper sound, and every 
eyllable has its proper accent or quality.—Dr. Jonson. 


. Tux difficulties of pronunciation arise from the nature of lan- 
guage; the imperfections of alphabets, and the ignorance, care- 
lessness or affectation of the generality of speakers. 

These difficulties are so numerous that it would be impossible 
to notice them all, even in the most cursory manner, in so small a 
work. 

We shall, however, give a few general principles which will be 
found to embrace almost all that is useful in practice. 

1, The anatoaiss of the language, the aurHoriry of lexicogra- 
phers, and above all, the custom of the most correct and elegant 
speakers, are the guides to which we must refer in all cases of 
difficulty. Nor can these difficulties, in every case, be resolved by 
such references ; for we shall often find analogy opposed to anal- 
ogy, authority to authority, and custom divided, even among the 
most elegant speakers. 


2. In cases in which custom or authority is divided, we should 


give the preference to the pronunciation which is most in accord. 
ance with analogy. The word Rome, for instance, should be pro- 
nounced réme rather than room ; and this is beginning to be the 
case, though the latter pees was once thought “ irrevo- 
cably fixed in the language.” . 

8. The three great and prevailing errors in pronunciation are 
VULGARITY, PEDANTRY, and Arrrctratron. Against each of these 


faults we should be constantly on our guard; but most of all 


against AFFECTATION ; for it is by far the most odious. 
4, The following excellent observations from Dr. Johnson de- 
serve particular attention :— 


“For PRONUNCIATION, the best general rule is to coumidak 


4 








4 
a 
‘ 








FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 423 


those of the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the 
written words. Of English, as of all living tongues, there is a 
double pronunciation, one cursory and colloquial, ‘the ‘other regu- 
lar and solemn, The cursory pronunciation is always vague and 
uncertain, being made different in different mouths by negligence, 
unskillfulness, and affectation. The solemn pronunciation, though 
by no means immutable and permanent, is always less remote 
from the orthography, and less liable to capricious innovation.” 

5. Every word of two or ‘more syllables has in pronunciation 2 
certain AccENT, that is, a peculiar stress or force laid Hee a par- 
ticular syllable. 

If the accent in any word is misplaced, the Recnsine tae is 
injured or destroyed. Compare, for instance, the different pro- 
nunciations of vefw' se and ref’ Uses desert and des'ert ; minwte and 
minute, 

a. Some words, in addition to the principal, have a sEcONDARY, 
or weaker accent; asin 

Ad'verti’’se, Ab’sente’e, Com’ plaisan”t, 
Ar“tizan’, Ben ‘efac’tor, Con’versa’ tion. 

6. The general tendency of our language is to accent the root, 
and not the termination of a word. Hence the natural position of 
the accent in English words is in the first syllable. As a general 
rule, therefore, English or Saxon words should have the accent 
on the first syllable. i 

This general rule is exemplified not only by the usual position 
of the accent in English or Saxon words, particularly in DissYLLA- 
BLES and TRISYLLABLEs, but also by the tendency which we ob- 
serve in our language to bring words of foreign origin under the 
English or radical accent. 

a, The words memoir, bouquet and reservoir, for instance, have 
been brought under the English accent, and complaisant, balcony, 
revenue, cravat, saline, and many others, are on the way. Hence 
also the popular pronunciation of the word police (namely pé-Zis); 
and the colloquial, but now recognized pronunciation of boatswain, 
(40' sn), cockswain (cock sn), cupboard (cupburd), etc. Many foreign 
words, however, particularly Frenc have struggled successfully 
against the English tendency ; as 


Antique Critique ~ Palanquin Ravine 
Brazil Fascine Profile Recitative 
Bombazin Fatigue Quarantine Repartee - 


Caprice 


Grimace Machine Routine 


s 


® 








424 PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. 


. 


Capuchin Invalid Marine Tambourine 
Chagrin Pelisse Magazine Tontine 
Chemise. Police Mandarin Unique 


b. With regard to words of Greek or Latin origin, it may be laid 
Jown as a general rule, that when they are adopted whole or 
without change the accent or quantity of the original word is 
asually preserved ; as in ; 
Anath’ ema Dilem’ ma Diplo’ ma Hori zon 
Acu’ men Bitu’ men Deco rum Specta tor 
c. In many such words, however, the English tendency has pre- 
yailed; as in 


Or ator Senator Aud ‘itor Pleth’ ora 


7. This tendency is, however, counteracted to a certain extent 
by another natural tendency in the language. In words used as 
verbs, the tendency of the accent is to the termination, and not to 
the root. Hence, in verbs of two syllables, the accent is generally 
on the last, and in verbs of three syllables, on the last, or last but 
one. 

a, Hence the unsettled position of the accent in such words as_ 
Confiscate ' Contemplate Enervate 
Compensate Demonstrate Extirpate 

Some authorities, following the general tendency, place the 

ecent on the first syllable, as com pensate ; while others hold that, 
ms verbs, it is better to accent the second syllable, as compen sate. 

8. The radical accent is also counteracted by the tendency in 
gompound or derivative words to follow the accent of their prima- 


ties; as in a 
Admi'rer from admi re Begin’ ning from begin’ ¥ 
Abet’tor ‘ abet’ Commen’cement “ commen’ce : 
Professor ‘“ profess’ Commit tal ** commit’ 
Assail’able ‘* assail . Coquet ry “ — coquet' te ee 


a. In many cases, however, the radical or general bengenty of fe 
the accent has prevailed; as in 


Ad'mirable from admi're Adver'tisement from adverti’se ~ 
Com’ parable “* compa’re Chas’tisement ‘ chastise 
Lam entable “ lament Dis’ putant “  dispu'te 


b. In several words the contest is, as yet, undecided; as in 


Ac ceptable or accept’ able Dis’ putable or disputable 
Com’ mendable or commend’able Con’fessor or confessor — ‘ae 








- FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED 488 


9. The tendency in compound or derivative words preserve 
the accent of their primaries, is crossed by another natural ten- 
dency, namely, the disposition in compound or derivative words to 
shorten the long sounds or syllables of their primaries; as in the 
following words :— 


Depravity from deprave Maintenance from maintain 
Severity “severe Shepherd “* — sheepherd 
Divinity “ divine Splenetic « spleen 
Consolatory ‘ console Gosling «goose 
Granary «gram Throttle “* throat 
Villainy “villain Pronunciation ‘‘ pronounce 
Desperate ‘‘ despair Southerly sowth 


10. Accent, from its very nature, must affect not only the syl- 
lable under it, but also the syllable next it; for in proportion as 
the one is dwelt upon, the other is passed quickly over. This is 
exemplified by the usual pronunciation of the unaccented syilable 
in the following words :— 


Cab’ bage Fur‘nace Cli’ mate Cap tain 
Courage Menace Curate Fountain 
Image “Palace Prelate Villain 
Village Solace Private Britain 
For eign Fa’ vor Fa’ mous Car riage 
Forfeit Fervor Pious Marriage 
Surfeit Humor Pompous Parliament 
Sovereign Labor Monstrous William 


In the preceding words the unaccented syllable is pronounced 
quickly and indistinctly; and in the case of a diphthong, one of 
the vowels is omitted altogether in the pronunciation. Compare, 
for example, the different sounds of the termination age in the 
words cab’ bage and enga ge, pres age and presage. Compare, also, 
the different pronunciations of the accented and unaccented sylla- 
bles in the following words :— 


Contain’ Cap’ tain Retain’ Foun tain 
Allay’ _ Sun’ day Ally’ Sal'ly 
Deceit’ For feit Conceit’ Sur’ feit 
Perceive For egn Survey’ Sur’ vey 


11. Hence it is that such combinations as ea, ta, te, eo, to, cous,’ 


tous, following an accented syllable, are, in pronunciation, usually 
drawn into one sound or syllable, though composed of more than 
one vowel; as in 











496 PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. 


Ocean (o' shan) Surgeon (sur'jun) — 
Logician  (lo-jish' an) Luncheon (lun shun) 
Social (so shal) Pension (pen shun 
Partial (par shat Mention (men shun) 
Conscience (con’ shense) Gorgeous (gor jus) 

Patient (pa shent) Gracious (gra shus) 


a. And when ¢, s, or ¢ precedes any of these combination, it has, 
by the quickness of the enunciation, and the consequent blending 
of its sound with the vowel, the force of sh, as in the examples just 


given. 





_ b, Hence the terminations céal, stat, and tal, are pronounced like 
shal ; as in commercial, controversial, and marital. 

ce. The terminations ceous, cious, and tious are pronounced like 
shus ; a8 in farinaceous, capacious, and contentious. 


ob d. The terminations geous and giows are pronounced like jus; as 
; in courageous and religious. 
‘ite e. The terminations sion and tion are pronounced like shun; as 
jn mission and invention ; but the termination sion, preceded by a 


yowel, is pronounced like zhun ; as in explosion and confusion. 


# 12. The seat of the accent will generally serve as a guide in the . 











pronunciation of final syllables in 1cz, ILE, INE, ISE, and ITE. 
% _ When the ¢ is accented, it is long, and when unaccented, it is 
usually short; as in the following words :— 


» Advice Nov’ ice Suffice Of fice 
iM Revile Ser vile Combine Doct’ rine 
Wey, Premise Prem ise Despite Respite 

Av arice Clandes’tine  Jac’obine Def inte 
Ben efice Cor alline Jes’ samine Ex’quisite 
Cow ardice Dis’ cipline Lib’ ertine Favorite 
Ju venile Eg lantine Mas culine Hyp ocrite 
Mer cantile Fem inine Med icine Indefinite 
Pu 'erile Gen’ uine Nectarine In‘finite . 
Adaman'tine Heroine Palatine Opposite 
Al’kaline Hy ’aline Ap’ poszte Per quisite 
A’ quiline Ima’ gine Compos ite Requisite 






. r Ut ek 
2 be tee a WAT Ba Ah) os 


18. In such terminations, that is, final syllables in 1cz, ILE, and 
ITE, the 7 is sometimes long, though not under the accent; as in 
the following words :— 


Cock’atrice Brig’antine Mus’ cadine Anc’horite bat 
Sac’rifice Cal’amine Por’cupine. Ap’ petite . 
Croc’odile Columbine Sac’charine Bed lamite 

Chamomile Crys talline Sat’urnine Car’melite 





42 





FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRUCTED. 427 


Reconcile Gel‘atine Ser’pentine Ex’ pedite 
Infantile Incar‘nadine ‘Turpentine Er’emite 
In’fantine Leg’atine Uterine Par’asite 
As’inine Le’onine Aconite Satellite 


a. It should be observed, however, that in each of the preced- 
ing words the 7 is evidently under a secondary accent, and there- 
fore inclined to be long.—See No. 5. 

14. As we have already observed, a proper SeOSUinAHOR of 
words is essential to their just pronunciation; and a proper ac- 
centuation can only be acquired by attending to the most correct 
speakers, and by consulting the most approved Dictionaries; for 
words are under so many influences with regard to their accent- 
uation, that it is scarcely possible to lay down a rule on the sub- 
ject to which numerous exceptions may not be found. The fol- 
lowing rules, however (in addition to the GENERAL PRINCIPLES 
which we have already explained), will be found useful to the 
learner : 


15. Words ending in cial, sial, tial, cian, tian, cient, tient, ceous, 


cious, tious, sion, tion, tiate, have the accent on the preceding sylla- 


ble; as 
Provin’cial Physician Pa tient Confusion 
Controver’sial Chris’tian Gra‘cious Muta'tion 
Substantial An’cient Senten'tious = Ingra’tiate 


16. Words ending in ety, tty, or tcal, have also the accent on the 
preceding syllable; as 

Propri ety Insensibil'ity | Astronom’ical Emphatiical 

Sati ety Spontane’ity  Categor’ical Polem ‘ical 

17. When the termination ical is abbreviated into tc, the accent 
of the original word remains; as 

Astronom‘ic Emphatic Harmon ic Polem’ic 

Angelic Fanat‘ic Mechanic S pecif ic 

18. In English, as has been observed, the favorite accent in pol- 
ysyllables is on the antepenult, or last syllable but two; but in 

‘ many cases the accent has been transferred to that position from 

the radical part of the word, for the greater harmony and ease of 
pronunciation; as in 


An’ gel Angel‘ical Sa‘tan  Satan’ical 
Harmony | Harmonious Satire Satir‘ical 
Rhetoric Rhetorical Vic’tory Victo’rious 


‘ 





19. In uniting simple words into a compound, there is a ten- 





tea 





428 PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. 


dency to simplify the compound as much as possible, by throwing 
the accent on that syllable in which the simple words unite. Hence, 
words with the folowing terminations have the accent on the ante- 
penult, or last syllable but two :— 


-cracy, as democ’racy -mathy, as. polym’athy 
-ferous, a8 somnif erous -meter, as barometer 
fluent, as circum’fluent -nomy, as econ’omy 
-fluous, as super fluous -parous, aS OVip arous 
-gamy, as polyg’ amy -pathy, as antip athy 
-gonal, as diagonal ~prony, as eu phony 
-graphy, as geog raphy -strophe, as catas trophe 
-logy, as philol ogy -tomy, a8 anatomy 
-loguy, as ventril oquy -vomous, aS igniv omous 
emachy, as logom achy -vorous, aS OMNiV orous 


a. Some words are differently accENTED, according as they ere 
used as NOUNS OF VERBS. 

20. Of foreign words admitted into our language, particularly 
French, there is usually a threefold pronunciation. 1. The origi- 
nal or foreign pronunciation. 2. The English pronunciation. 3. 
A pronunciation which is neither English nor foreign, but be- 
tween the two. In this case, the middle course is not the best; 
but it is perhaps right to encourage it as a step in advance towards 
an honest English pronunciation. 

21. Some Greek and Latin words retain the pronunciation of ¢ 
final, though in such a position in English, it is always silent; as in 


Acme Catastrophe Strophe Cicerone 
Apostrophe Epitome — Recipe . Finale 
Anemone Hyperbole Simile Rationale 


22. The diphthong aw before ” and another consonant should be 
sounded like the long Italian a, as in far and father. In some 


words of this class, however, it is pronounced, particularly by 


persons who are ambitious of being thought to speak better than 
‘their neighbors, like awin awe. Avaunr and vaunt are perhaps 


the only words of this class which should be considered as excep- | 


tions,” 











FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 429 


A LIST OF WORDS COMMONLY MISPRONOUNCED OR 
IMPERFECTLY ARTICULATED. 


Tue article ais slurred by most persons, being mispronounced 
like an indistinct wr: a book is mispronounced wr book. The 
article @ should always be pronounced distinctly, like a in repeat- 


ing the alphabet fast, as a,b, c, etc. When emphatic, it should 


be pronounced like @ in repeating the alphabet slowly, as a,—b,— 
Cc, etc. 

_As should be pronounced az, not wz. 

Avoid a too broad or too slender pronunciation of the vowel a, 
in such words as command, glass, etc. Some persons vulgarly 
pronounce the @ in such words, as if it were written ar, and others 
mince it so as to rhyme with stand. The same observation applies 
to the vowel 0, which many persons pronounce as if written aw, as 
caw’-fe, instead of cof’-fe, while others mince it into cuf’-fe; 


ae eee Oe 


Equally avoid the extremes of vulgarity and affectation. 


A. 

Correctly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced, 
_ Again a-gane’ a-gen’ 

Azure a zhur a zhure 

Andiron hand ‘i-urn and i-urn 

Antipodes an'te-podz an-tip’ o-deez 

Apparent ap-pa rent ap-par’ent 

Auxiliary awks-il’a-re awg-zil'ya-re 

Attack at-tact’ at-tak’ 

Adept ad‘dep a-dept’ 

- Accuracy ac’'re-ce - ak’ ku-ra-ce 
Arithmetic a-reth ma-tik a-rith me-tik 
Appointed ap-pint’ed ap-point ed 
Afraid a-feerd’ a-frade’ 

After ar tur af tur 
Across akrost’ a-kross 
Academy. kad‘de-me a-kad' de-me 
April a prile a pril 
Ancient an tshunt ane tshent 

Always ol lurs al’ waze 
Access ak’ sess ak-sess’ 
Admirable ad-mi ‘ra-bl ad‘ mir-a-bl y 
Ague} a gur a ou 
Alien a le-in ale’ yen 
Almonds al’ munz ah’ mundz 

Alpine al pine al’ pin 
paernate ol-tur’ nate al-tur’ nate : 














450 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


Correctly spelled. 
Angel 
Artificer 
Arduous 
Arrow 
Asylum 
Aunt 


Apostle 
Awkward 
Asparagus 


Beard 
Been 
Bleat 
Bonnet 
Barrel 
Boil 
Bellows 
Broil 
Because 
Burst 


Bachelor 
Barbarous 
Blasphemous 
Broccoli 
Bade 

Beat 

Before 
Biography 
Buoy 


Camphor 
Canal 
Catch 
Chimney 
Chalice 
Choir 
Clinch 
Column . 
Combat 
Comma 
Coquet 
Corps | 
Cover 
Creature 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. 


an jel 
ar-te-fis ur 
ar du-us 
ar rur 

as sa-lum 
awnt 


apos-tle 
awk-urd 
| Sparrow-grass 


B. 


bard 
ben 
blaat 
bun net 
barl 
bile 
bel’lus 
brile 
be-cos 
bust 


bacheldor 
barbarious 
blasphemious 
brokkilow 
bade 
bet 
beef-for 
beography 
boy 

0; 


kam fire 
ka-nawl’ 
ketch 
tshim’ ble 
kal’is 
koir 
klensh 
kol’'yum 
kom’bat 
kom’ me 
ko kwet 
korps 
kiv ur 
krit tur 





ane jel 
ar-tif fe-sur 
ar ju-us 

ar ro 
a-si-lum 
ant 


apos-el 
awk-ward 
as-par-agus | 


beerd 

bin ‘ 
bleet 
bonnet 
bar’ ril 

boil 

bel’ lows 
broil 
be-cawz 
burst 


bach-elor 


-bar-barous 


blas’ -phemous 
broc’-coli 

bad : 1 
beat 
be-four 

bi-ography 

bwoy | 


kam’ fir 
ka-nal’ 
katch : 
tshim‘ne 
tshal is 
kwire uf 
klinsh | 

kol lum 5 
kum’ bat 
kom’ma 
ko-ket’ 
kore 

kuv ur 
kre’ tshure 








ag ol Dae! ee | 
' T¥% 











FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 431 


Correctly spelled. 


Crept 
Comfort 
Concern 
Contract 
Cottage 
Chair 
Chaise 
Children 
Coverlet 
Camlet 
Courteous 
Cowardice 
Can 
Caprice 
Century 
Chivalry 
Comparable 
Compensate 
Comrade 
Conspiracy 
Courtesy 


Crocodile 


Cupola 
Cutlass © 
Camelopard 
Celery ; 
Chapped 
Character 
Chariot 
Chastisement 
China-ware 
Close 
Clothes 
Compromise 
Courier 
Cover 
Covetous 
Cucumber 
Curiosity 


-Chaos 


Chasm 
Civilization 
Conduit 
Cresses 
Cushion 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. 


krep 

kum fut 
kon-sarn’ 
kon trak 
kot’tidge 
tsheer 

shay 
tshil’dun 
kiv’ur-lid 
kamb’let 
kore’te-us 
kow urd-ise 
kin 

kap ris 

sent re 
tshiv’al-re 
kom-par’4-bl 
kom-pen’sate 
kum’rade 
kon-spi ra-se 
kor’ te-se 
krok o-dil 
ku’po-lo 

kut lash 
camel-leppard 
salary ‘ 
chopped 
charac’ -ter 
charrot 
chas-éize’-ment 
chaney-ware 
clost 

cloze 
com-promise 
currier 

kiver — 
cov-e-tus’ 
cow-cumber 
curosity 
ka-ose 

shasm 
civil-é-zation 
con-du-it 
creeses 
coosh-im 


D. 


deef 


krept 

kum’ furt 
kon-sern’ 

kon trakt 

kot tage, 
tshare 

shaze 
tshil’dren ~ 
kuv ur-let 
kam’let 

kurt e-us 

kow urd-is 
kan 

ka-prees’ 

sen tshu-re 
shiv’al-re 
kom’pa-ra-bl 
kom’ pen-sate 
kom’'rade 
kon-spir’ a-se 
kur te-se 
krok o-dile 
ku’ po-la 

kut las 
camel-opard 
celery 
chapped 
char-acter 
char-ri-ot 
chas -tis-ment 
china-ware 
close 

clothes 
com-pro-mise 
coorier 

cover 
cov-e-chus 
cu-cumber 
cu-re-os-e-ty 
ka-oss 

kasm 
civ-e-le-za-shun 
kun’ -dit 
cress-es 
coosh -un 


ABER eet 





432 


Vorrectly spelled. 
Decisive 
Depot 
Docile 
Dost 
Does. 
Drain 
Drowned 
Different 
Daughter 
Dandruff 
Depth 
Delicate 
Decrepit 
Doing 
Drop 
Drover 
Drawer 
Debut 
Diamond 
District 
Daunt 
Destine 
Diffuse 
Discipline 
Disputant 
Ductile 
Duodecimo 
Dromedary 
Design 
Despicable 
Dictionary 
Draw 
Drought 
Dubious 


Despatch 
Diploma 
Diplomacy 
Direct 
Dome 
Duke 


Edge 
Hither 
English 
Era 





WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronouneed. 


de-sis iv 
de‘pot 
do’sile 
dost 

dooz 

dreen 
dround’ed 
dif runt 
dar’tur 
dan’ dur 
debth 
dil’e-kit 
de-krip'id 
doo’in 
drap- 

drov yur 
draw 
de-but’ 

di mund 
dees’ trikt 
dant 

des’ tine 
dif-fuze’ 
dis’se-pline 
dis-pu tant 
duk tile 
du-dis’ e-mo 
drom’e-da-re 
des-ine 
dis-picable 
dixonary 
drawr 
drougth 
du-ber-us 


dis-patch 
dip-lo-ma 
dip-lo-macy 
di rect 
doom 

dook 


E. 
aje 
i thur 
eng lish 
ere 


de-si siv 

de’ po 

doe sil 

dust 

duz 

drane 
dround 

dif fur-ent 
daw’ tur 

dan ‘druf 
depth 
del’e-kate 
de-krep it 
doo ing 
drop 

dro vur 
draw’ ur 
de-bu’ 
di‘a-mund 
dis trikt 
daunt 
destin 
dif-fuse’ 
dis’se-plin ’ 
dis pu-tant 
duk'til 
du-o-des’ emo 
drum’e-da-re 
de-zine 

des 'pi-ca-bl 
dic-shun-ary 
draw 

drout 
du-be-us © : 


de-spatch 
de-plo-ma 
de-plo-macy , 
di-rect’ 

dome 
duke 









edge 
ethur | 
ing’ glish 


era 





FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 434 


Correctly spelled. 
Ere 

Enemy 
Emaciate 
Extempore 
Etiquette 
European 
Enunciate 


- Edgewise 


Endwise 
Enervate - 
Engine 
Enjoin 
Envelope 
Esquire 
Education 
Errand 
Exaggerate 
Edict 
Egotism 
Epistle 
Epitome 
Fvoch 
Equinox 
Every 


Fearful 
Fiend 
First 
Foliage 
Fortune 
Fragrance 
Futile 
Future 
Fellow 
Follow 
Forward 
Family 
Faucet 
Forget 
Feminine 
Frustrate 





Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. 


ere 
in’‘ne-me 
e-ma’ shate 
exs-tem’pore 
et’ e-kwet 
yu-ro pe-an 
e-nun’ shate 
aj waz 

end waz 

en ur-vate 
injine 
in-jine’ 

en ve-lope 
e’skwire 
eddication 
arrand 
ex-ag-er-ate 
ed-ickt 
e-gp-tism 
e-pis-tle 
ep-i-tome 
e-pock 

ek’ we-nox 
ev-ry 


F, 
fer’ ful 
fend 
fust 
foil’age 
for’ tin 
frac’ ranse 
fu’ tile 
fu tur 
fel’ lur 
fol lur 
for’rud 
fam'le 
fas’sit 
fur-git 
fem’ e-nine 
flus’ trate 
feb’ u-wa-re 
fur 
fur’der 
fal'tshe-un 
fan’ a-tik 


are 
en’ne-me 
e-ma she-ate 
exs-tem po-re 
et’e-ket 
yu-ro-pe’an 
e-nun she-ate 
ej wize 

end wize 
e-nur vate 

en jin } 
en-join 
en-vel up 
es-kwire’ 
ed-ju-ka-shum 
er-rand 
ex-ad-jir-ate 
e-u.ckt 
eg-o-tizm 
e-pis-el 
e-pit-o-me 
ep-ock 

e kwe-nox 
ev-er-ey 


feer’ful 

feena 

furst 

fo le-aje 

for’ tshune 

fra‘ granse 

fu’ til 

fu tshure 

fel low 
fol low pA ere 
for’ ward 


. fam’e-le 


faw’ set 
for-get 
fem’e-nin 
frus’ trate 
feb ru-a-re@ 
far / 
fur’ thur 
fol’shun 
fa-nat ilk 








Correctly spelled. 
Felloe 
Ferocious 
Fertile 
Flatwise 
Forger 
Fragile 
Franchise 
Finance 
Foundling 


Gather 

Get 

Girth 
Going 
Gold 
Grudge 
General 
Gifts 
Gimlet 
Girl 
Genuine 
Guardian 
Gown 
Gave 
Galled 
Generally 
Gymnastic 
Gallows 
Grandeur 
Galveston 
Genealogy 
Geography 
Geometry 
Government 
Grindstone 
Garden 
Galleon 


434 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. | Ne 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced, 


fel'le fel‘lo 

fe-rosh' us fe-ro’shus 

fer'tile fer til 

flat’'waze flat’ wise 

for’jur-ur fore’jur 

fra‘jile fraj il 

fran tshize fran’ tshiz , 

ft’-nance fe’-nance 

fond ling found’-ling 
G. 

geth’ur gath' ur 

git get. 

gurt gerth , 

gwine go ing 

goold gold 

be-gretsh’ grudge 

gin'ral gen er-al 

gifs gifts 

gimb ‘lit gim'let 

gal gerl 

jin’u-ine jen’u-in 

gar-deen’ gyar de-an 

gound goun 

gin, or give gave 

gald’ ed gald 

jin ral-le _ Jen'‘er-al-le 

gim-nas tik jim-nas tik 

gal'loz gal'lus 

gran dur gran’ jur 

galves’-ton gal’ -ves-ton 

gen’-e-ology ge-ne-ology 

gog-graphy’ ge-og-ra-phy 

jom-e-try ge-om-e-try 

gover -ment govern-ment 

grin’ -stone grind -stone 

gar’-den gar’dn 

gal-loon gal'-le-on 


Gallant, meaning brave, gay, etce., should have the accent on 


the first syllable, gal’-lant; but gallanv, meaning polite to ladies, or 
as a substantive, meaning a wooer, should have the accent on the 


second syllable, gal- dant. 


Many English people, especially Londoners, omit the aspirate 
not only at the beginning of words, but after the w, as in where; 
and in the middle of words, as in forehead, which they mispro« 


‘ 


H 


bff 


3 










FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. © 435 


ounce for-ed, instead of for’-hed; in abhor, behold, ex-haust, in- 
habit, un-horse, etc. The / should always be sounded, except in 
the following words, where it is silent:—Heir, heiress, heir-loom ; 
herb, herbage ; honest, honesty, honestly ; honor, honorable, hon- 
erably; hospital; hostler; hour, hourly; humor, humorist, hu- 
morously; and their other derivatives. The 4 in Aumble was 
formerly silent, but it is now aspirated. Humble-pie is an incor- 
rect spelling of umble-pie, a pie made a umbles, a plural noun, 
meuning a deer’s entrails. 

Many persons not only omit the aspirate where it should be 


sounded, but aspirate where there is no 2, or where it should be — 


silent, as Aend for end, etc. 

Be careful not to mistake loudness for aspiration. Hold up the 
finger a few inches from your mouth, and pronounce any word 
containing the 2, If you aspirate you will feel the breath against 
the finger, but not if you merely speak loud, 


Correctly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced, ie 
Has hez haz . 
Have hev hav 

Hearth hurth, or hath harth 

Hoist histe hoist 

Home hum home 

Homely hum le home’le 

Hoof huf hoof - 
Humble hum’bl um bl 

Horse hoss horse ‘ 

Hollow hol lur hol'lo 

Height hate, or hith hite 

Heard heerd hurd 

Husband huz bun huz band ) 

Hincler hen’ dur hin’dur 

Hers hurn hers ; 
Hindrance hen drans hin’drans rae 
Humorous yu mur-sum yu mur-us 

Hallelujah hal-le-luja — hal-la-loo’ ya , 

Harsh hash harsh 

Hurricane har re-kane hur’re-kane 

Haunt haunt hant : 

Hostile hos tile hos til 

Hypocrisy hi-pok’ re-s@ he-pok’re-se 

Heinous hee’-nous < hay’ -nous i 
Horizon hore’ -zon ho-ri’-zn 5 
Hundred hun -derd hun’-dred . 
Hover hov’-er huy’-er . 











‘ 


Correctly spelled. 


Highland 
Hymenial 
Hyperbole 


Indian 
Instead 
India 
Impudence 
Irregular 
Israel 
Dilustrious 
Invariable 
Idea 
Ingredient 
Indemnify 
Tron 
Impetus 
_ Interval 
Intestine 
Inventory 
Industry 
Invalid 
Invalid 
Isolate 


Jesting 
Join 
Joist 
Jaundice 
January 
Joint 
Joiner 
Jaunt 
Jugular 
Jguvenile 
Jalap 


Kettle 
Knew 
Kept 
Keg 
Kiln 
Kind 


Knowledge shoud be pronounceé #9”-edge, not 20’-ledge. It ide 
@ false idea, especially prevalent among the cleigy and clamaead 


hee’-land 
hy-me-ni-al 


hy’-per-bole 


48 
injun 
in-stid’ 
in ‘je 
im‘pur-duns 
ir-reg’ lur 
iz rul j 
il-lus’ trus 
in-va’ra-ble 
i-de’ or i-deer 
in-gre de-ant 
on-dem ne-fi 
i run 
im-pe’tus | 
in‘tur-vale 
in-tes’ tine 
in-vent‘tur-re 
in-dus’-try 
(a sick person) 
(of no force) 
@ -z0-late 


J. 
jeest in 
jine 
jise 
jan ‘durs 
jin ’ur-wa-re 


“jint 


jin’ur 
jant 

jug ur-lur 
ju ve-nile 
jolop 
a K, 
kit tl 
nod 

kep 

kag 

kiln 
key-’ind 


tote ess ie ae 


WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. 


hi ’-land 
hy-men-e’-al 
hy-per’ -bo-le/ 


in’ de-an 
in-sted’ 

in’ de-a 
im’pu-dens 
ir-reg u-lar 
iz’ra-el 
il-lus tre-us 
in-va/ re-a-ble 
i-de’a 
in-grejent 
in-dem‘ne-fi 
i urn 

im’ pe-tus 
in’tur-val 
in- tes’ tin 

in ‘ven- tur-re} 
in’-dus-try 
in-va-leed’ 
in-val'-id 

is -o-late 


jest’ing - 
join 
joist 

jan ‘dis 
jan’nu-ar-® 
joint 
join’ur 
jant 

ju gu-lar 
ju ve-nil 
jal-ap 


ket’ tl , 
nu 
kept 
keg 
kil 
kind 





—a_ | 


Fe ee 





a se 





FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 437 


scholars, that a different accentuation to that used in ordinary 
‘conversation, and an over-distinctness of articulation, as the pro 
nouncing é-vi for e’vi, dev-il for dev’vi, etc., should be adopted in 
solemn speech and Scripture reading, in order to impart impressive 
ness. True impressiveness depends upon the tone, and not upon 
rer mere pronunciation. To be truly impressive you must be nat- 
‘ural, expressive, and in earnest. 


Correctly spelled. 
Lecture 
Leisure 
Lever 
Lid 
Little 
Learn 
Lover 
Leather 
Legate 
Lengthwise 
Lenient 
Library 
Lilac 
Lutheran 
Leave - 
Legend 


Maintain 
Massacre 
Museum 
Mile 
Mountain 
Meadow > 
Memory 
Mixture 
Muskmelon 
Mulatto 
Mandarin 
Mechanism 
Messuage 
Miracle 
Marbles 
Medicine. 
Mineralogy 
Monument 
Mosquitoes 
Many 


L. 


Incorrectly pronounced, Correctly pronownesd. 


lek tur 
lezh’ur 
lev ur 
led ; 
lee’tl 
larn 
luy’yur 
luth’ur 
le’gate 
length’ waze 
len’e-ent 
lib’re 
lay’ -lock 
lu-the-re-an 
leaf 
legend 

M. 


mane-tane 
mas a-cre 
mu ze-um 
mild 
moun’tn 
med dur 
mem re 

mix tur 
mush milyun 
mu-lat’tur 
man dur-in 
me kan-izm 
raes su-idge 
mer a-cl 

mar vls 

med -cine 
min-er-ology 
mon-i-ment 
mos-quters 
iM-Ly 


lek’tshure 
le‘zhure 
le vur 

lid 

litt) 

lern 
luvur 
leth’ur 
leg’ate 
length’ wigze 
le ne-ent 
li’ bra-re 
li’ -lack 
lu-the-ran 
leave 

lej end 


men-tane’ 

mas’sa-kur 
mu-ze um 

mile 

moun tin 

med do 

mem’mur-re i 
miks tshur 
musk’mel-un 
mu-lat' to 
man-da-reen’ 
mek’ kan-izm 
mes swadge 
mir‘a-cl 

mar bls 
med-i-cine 
min-er-al-ogy 
mon-u-ment 
mos-kee-toes 
men-ney 









438 
Correctly spelled. 
Marchioness 
Mattress 


Matron 
Mischievous 


Nature 
Neither 
Nominative 
National 
Narrow 
Next 
Natural 
Negro 
Nonplus 
Nowise 
Nape 
Nothing 
Nephew 
Norwich 
Neighborhood 


Oblige 
Oblique 

Oil 

Only 
Ordinary 
Octavo 
Onions 
Otherwise 
Offence 
Odorous 

Of 

Off 
Omniscience 
Orchestra 
Organization 
Ostrich 


Parent 
Partner 
Pasture 
Patron 
Pincers 
Pith 
Point 


WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronouneed, ) 


march’-yun-ness 
mat’-trass 

mat’ -ron 
mis-cheev us 


N. 


na tur 
ni ¢hur 
nom’e-tiv 
na shun-al 
nar rur 
nex 
nat ral 
nig gur 
nun’plush 
no waze 
nap — 
noth in 
nev-vy or nef-u 
nor-wich 
nay -bur-wood 
0. 
o-bleeje’ 
o-bleek’ 
ile 
on'le or un’le 
or na-re 
ok-ta'vo 
ing’ uns 
uth’ ur-waze 
o-fence 
od’-ur-us 
of 
awf 
om-ni-sci-ence 
or-ches-tra © s 
or-ga-ni-za-shum 
os-tridge 
J ooh 
pa rent 
pard nur 
pas tur 
pat’ run 
pinsh' urs 
peth 
pint | 


mar-shun-es8 5 ; 
mat -tress Ae 
md -trun 


mis -chiv-us 


na tshure 

ne thur 
nom’e-na-tiv 
nash‘un-al 
nar Tro 

next 

nat tshu-ral 
ne gro 

non plus 

no wize 
nape 

nuth ing 
nev-u 
nor-ridge 
nay-bur-hood 


o-blije 

ob-like’ 

oil 

one le 

or’ de-na-re 

ok-ta’vo 

un’ yuns 

uth’ ur-wize bas 
of-fence _ . 
o-dur-us 

ov 

of : 
om-nish’-ense io 
or-kes’-tra ee 
or-gan-e-za-shUm) 
os’ -trich ‘ 


par’ent - ea 
part‘nur oon 
pas tshure ae 
pa trun se 
pin’surs “ . 

pith 

poing > 










Correctly spelled. 
Precept 
Preface 
Prelude 
Process 
Product 
Profile 


Pother 
Poison 
Plaintiff 
Pedestrian 
Particular 
Partiality 
Patriot 
Philosophy 
Plagiarism 
Pretty 
Pristine 
Partridge 
Pageant 
Partisan 
Patent 
Physiognomy 
Poet 

Poic aant 
Pomegranate 
Precedent 
Predecessor 
Princess 
Progress 
Progress 
Prologue 
Pronunciation 
Pantomime 
Parsley 
Perhaps 
Phaeton 
Piano 
Pillow 


_ Promiscuous 


Quoit 
Quarrel 


Quantity 
Quandary 
Quorum 


Quench 


pres sept 
pre fase 
pre lude 
pro’ses 
pro dukt 
pro file 


both'ur 
piz’n 
plan tif 
pe-des' trin 
pu-tik lur 
par-shal’e-te 
pat’ re-ut 
fi-los’o-fe 
pla’ ga-rizm 
put te 
pris tine 
pat ridge 
pa-jant } 
par-te-san 
pa -tent 
phys-e-ov-omy 
po-z 
poig’-nant 
pum-gran’ -it 
pre-ce -dent ° 
pre -de-ees-sur 
prin-cess’ 
(as a verb) 
(as a substantive) 
pro -loge 
pro-nun-she-a-shun 
pan-to-mine 
pasley 
praps, or prehaps 
fe’-ton 
pe-an-ner 
piller 
pro-mis-cus 

Q. 
kwate 
kworl 
kwan ‘te-te 
kwon’ du-re' 
ko rum 
kwinsh 






FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 439 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. 


pre sept 
pref fas 
prelude 
pros ses 
prod ukt 
pro feel 


puth’ur 

poe z’n 

plane tif | 
pe-des tre-an } 
par-tik u-lur 
par-she-al e-te 
pa tre-ut 
fe-los’0-fe 


- pla‘ja-rizm 


pret te 

pris tin 

par tridje 

paj ant 

par’ -te-zan 

pat’ -ent 
phys-e-og-no-my 
po-et 

poy -nant 
pome-gran’-ate 
pres -e-dent 
pred-e-ces’ -sur 
prin -cess 
pro-gress 

prog -ress 
prol’-og 
pro-nun-ce-a -shun! 
pan-to-mime 
par-sley 
per-haps 

fa’ -e-ton 
pe-an-o 

pil-low 
pro-mis-cu-ous 


kwoit 

kwor ril 
kwon 'te-te 
kwon-da re 
kwo rum 
kwensh | 












WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


Correctly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. 


Quay . kwa ke t 
Quash skwosh kwosh 
Quadrille kuod-ril ka-dril’ 
Query kuir’-y kwe’-ry 
Quoth kwoth kwuth 

R 


has two sounds—the strong vibratory 7, heard at the beginning - 
of words and of syllables, as in rage, error; and the smooth 7, 
which is heard at the termination of words, or when it is sue- 
ceeded by a consonant. The first is formed by jarring the tongue 
against the roof of the mouth, near the fore teeth; and the second, 
by a vibration of the lower part of the tongue, near the root, 
against the inward region of the palate. Insome parts of Ireland, 
the 7 before the final consonant, as in card, is pronounced with 
the force of the commencing 7, accompanied by a strong aspira- 
tion at the beginning of the letter; whereas in England, and par- 
ticularly in London, it is entirely sunk, and the word sounds as if 
written caad. The Scotch frequently give it with more roughness 
and clearness at the termination than at the beginning. But the 
sound which they give at the commencement is not the English 
terminational sound; it is a negligent and imperfect quivering of 
the first English 7. In such words as thorn, worm, many of the 
Scotch, as well as the Irish, sound the 7 as if they formed a sepa 
rate syllable. Many persons, from indolence or inattention, in- 
stead of quivering the tip of the tongue in this letter, give it a 
burring sound by quivering the epiglottis. In looking into the 
mouth of these persons, on desiring them to sound 7} the tongue 
is seen thrust behind the lower teeth; by causing them to lift up 
the tongue, balance it in the mouth, and then breathe strongly, 
they will frequently at once give the true sound of the letter. The 
difficulty afterwards lies in teaching the terminational 7, which 
they will for a time give with the old sound; in such cases they 
should use the first 7, though it is harsh, and soften it gradually, 


' Reptile rep tile rep til 
Rind rine rind 
Rinse rense rinse 
Rosin roz’um roz in 
Routine rou tene _roo-teen’ 
Rapture rap tur _ rap’tshure 
Record re-kord’ rek’ord 


Really ra le real-le — 








FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. = 44) 


Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. ~ 


mR: Radishes 
a Roof 
ES Radiance 
o> Ratio 

i be Rational 

P Rivet 

4 Rather 

: Rheumatism 

% Recognize 

‘if Reparablo, 

; Raillery 

“ Release 

ee Resort 

‘ Resound 
Respite 

Revolt 
Route 
Regular 
Remunerate 
Ridicule 


"> 


%®< 


Scarce 
Schedule 
Since 
Slothful 
Soot 
Spoil 
Steelyard 
Stamp 
Stint 
Sword 
Synod 
Salad 
Spirits 
Subject 
oldier 
wallow 
Search 
i} Slept 
, Sassafras 
. Seatter 
Skirmish 
Saucy 
Saucer 
Seminary 


See te 


: 
. ees 


en. 


et 


oa. oe ee ee 





T1Z 


rep 
red dish-iz 
ruf 
rad’e-anse 
ra sho 
ra shin-al 
rib’ it 
ruth'ur 
roo ma-tiz 
re-kog’ nize 
re-par a-bl 
rail’-ery 
re’-lease 
re-sort 
re-sound 
res -pite 
re-volt 
rout 
reg -lar 
re-num-er-ate 
red-i-cule 
8. 
skass 
sked jule 
sense 
slaw?th ful 
sut 
spile 
stil yurdz 
stomp 
stent 
sword 
si nod 
sal lit 
sper itz 
sub jik 
so jur 
swol lur 
sartsh 
slep 
sas sa-fax 
sket tur 
skur’midje 
sas'se 
gas sur 
sim’e-na-re 


rose 
reep’t 

rad’ dish-iz 

roof 

ra de-anse 

ta she-o 

rash‘un-al , 

Tiv it 

rath ur 

roo ma-tizm 

rek kog-nize 

rep par-a-bl 

ral ler-ey 

re-lease’ 

re-zort 

re-zound 

res -pit 

re-volt 

root 
reg’-u-lar i 
re-mu-ner-ate 4 
rid-i-cule 

8 


skarse 
sed‘jule 
sinse 
sloth ful 


soot 


spoil 


_ steel’ yard 


stamp 

stint (task) 
sord 

sin’ud 

sal lad 

spir itz 

sub jekt 
sol jur 
swollo 
sertsh 
slept 

sas’ sa-fras 
skat’tur 
sker mish 
saw se \ 
saw sur . 
sem’e-na-re 








Oortettiy spelled. 
Seldom. 
Scared 
Stereotype 
Sorrow 
Saffron 
Sapphire 
Singular 
Steady 
Surcingle 
Sphere , 
Stupendous 
Suavity 
Saturday 
Sacrament 
Satan 
Satanic 
Satire f 
Saunter 
Sausage 
Scenic 
Shone 
Solecism 
Specious 
Stomachic 
Strove 
Suggest 
Saith 
saw 
Sepulchre 
. Shocking 
Subpeena 
Subtraction 


Tour 
Treble 
Towards 
Trophy 
Tuesday 
Turnips 
Tassel 
Thousand 
Touch 
Terrible 
To-morrow 
Tobacco 
‘Tomatoes 
Trivial 


sil'dum 
skart 

ster’ o-tipe 
sor rur 

saf frun 

saf fire 

sing glar 
stid de 

si sing-gl 
spere 

stu- pend’ u-us 
pu-av e-te 
sat’a-de 
§a’-cra-ment 


* sat’-an 


sa -tan-ic 
Sa -tire 
sawn-ter 


808-sidge, or sas-sage 


scenic 

shone, or shun 
so -le-cizm. 
spesh' -us 
stumatchic 
struv 

suj-gest 

seth 

sawr 

sep -ul-kree 
shaw-king 
$00-pe-na 
sub-strak-shun 


T. 


tour 
trib’bl 
tu-wardz’ 
trof fe 
tshuz ‘de 
turn’ups 
tos’sl 
thou’z’n 
tetsh 

tur’ re-bl 


_to-mor’rur 


to-bak‘ur 
to-ma te-siz 
triv’e-al 


_ WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. : 


Incorrectly pronounced, Correctly PO ke 


sel'dum 
skaird 

ste’ re-o-tipe 
sor ro 

saf furn 

saf fir 

sing gu- 
sted’ de 

sur sing-gl 


- sfere 


stu-pend’ us 
sway e-te 
sat ur-da | 
sac’-ra-ment 
sa -tan 
sat’-an-ic 
sat’-er 

san’ -ter 
saw -sage 
sce-nick 
shon 
sol’-e-cizm 
spe -shus 
stum-ak'-ik 
strove 
sud-gest 
saith 

saw 

sep -ul-ker 
shock-ing 
sub-pee-na 
sub-trak-shun 


toor 
treb’ bl 
to urdz 
tro fe 
tuze’de 
turn ‘ips 
tas’ sel 
thou’zand 
tutsh 

ter’ re-bl 
to-mor’ro 
to-bak’‘ko 
to-ma'toz 
triv‘'yal | 








FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 448 


Correctly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. 
Tyranny ti’ ran-e tir’ran-ne 

Teat tit teet 
Temperament tem-per’-a-ment tem’-per-a-ment 
Tenure tenure ten’-ure 
Tenable te’-na-bl ten’-a-bl 
Tenet te’-nit ten’-et 

Than . th than 

Tremor tre -mor trem’-or 
‘Tapestry ta’ -pes-try tap’-es-try 
Theatre thay -ter the’ -a-ter — 
Trestle trus’-sel tres-tle 


Therefore should be pronounced ther’-fore, not thare-for, but 
there should be pronounced thare in the other compounds, there- 
from, there-in, there-in-to (00), there-of, etc., all of which should 
have the accent on the last syllable, except there-un-der. 

To (particle or preposition) is seldom articulated as it should 
be. To be is commonly pronounced éwbbe; to think, ter think; 
go to him, go ter him. To should always be clearly, but not pe- 
dantically, articulated. It should be pronounced like wo, in 
counting one, ¢wo, three, fast. 

Too, the adverb, should be pronounced like ¢wo, in counting 
one—two—three, slowly. 


U. 
Umbrella — um-bur-rel’ lur um-brel'la, 
Unknown un-be-none’ un-none’ 
Unawares on-a-warz’ un-a-wara’ 
_ Unerring un-ur ing un-er ring 
Ungenial un-jeen yul un-je’ne-al 
Vie 


Mane English persons, particularly natives of London, often! 
substitute the sound of w for », “and v for w. To cure this, often 
repeat a few words beginning with or containing the v, and bite 
the under lip while sounding the 2, until the letter be well pro- 
nounced ; then repeat words beginning with or containing the w, 
which must be. pronounced by a pouting out of the lips, without 
suffering them to touch the teeth. V is formed by pressing the 
lower part of the upper teeth against the inside of the lower lip. 


Verdure vur dur ver jur 
Volume vol lum vol'yume 
Vendue van du ven-due’ 


vidje voe’adje 











444 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


Correetly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced, 
Verbatim ver-bat'im - -¥er-ba'tim 
Volatile vol’a-tile vol'a-til $ 
Vase é vawze vaze 
Vivacious viv -a-shus vi-va -shus 
Venison ven -son ven -i-son 

W. 
Was wuz Woz 
Weary wary were 
Were ware wer 
Wont wont wunt 
Wrath rath rawth 
Waistcoat wes -cutt waist-coat 
Willow — wil -ler wil -low 
Worcester wor-ces-ter wooster 

Yi 
Yacht yat wuree yot 
Yellow yul-low, or yal'le yel-low 

Z. 
Zebra zeb ra ze'-bra 
Zenith ze -nith é zen -ith 
Zodiac 7Z0-di-ac z0-de-ak 
Zoology z00-lo-gy z0-0l-0-gy 


‘Words ending in ence and ance.—It is important to give 
the pure vowel sounds of short a and short ein words ending in 
ance and ence; examples, maintenance, surveillance, sustenance, confi- 
dence, Providence, etc. A common fault in the United States is to 
blur the vowel, and give it the half-sound of an indistinct short 
u, ‘“maintenunce,” surveillunce,”’ ‘‘sustenunce,” ‘‘ confidunce,” 
“Providunce.” The same remark is applicable to adjectives end- 
ing in ant and ent, as ‘‘providunt,” “confidunt,” instead of provi- 
dent, confident. The cultivated speaker may always be known by 
his giving attention to the accurate pronunciation of these final 
syllables. . 

Present participles, and words ending in ing.—The 
habit of slurring the terminal g in present participles and other 
words ending in ing, should be carefully guarded against. ' Say 
“ going,” not “ goin’.” ‘He is standing there,” not ‘‘ he is stand- 
in’.”’ ‘‘Good-morning,” not ‘“ good-mornin’.” All the present 
participles, and many other words ending in tzg, come within the 
range of this observation. . 











ne, gua A 2 Ne ies 


eke Oe 





FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 445 


Words ending in a.—The proper pronunciation of the last 
syllable in all words ending in a; is as the ain father. Two errors 
are of frequent occurrence. One is to drawl out thea@as if it had 
any after it. In this case the rv is sounded with more force than 
is commonly given to it in words that properly end in 7. Some- 
times the @ is changed, and the syllable pronounced as if it ended 
in er. The other error is to pronounce the syllable as if it ended 
in te, ory. ‘“‘ Emma” is pronounced “ Emmy,” ‘‘ Sarah,” ‘ Sary.” 


The @, with the power of the broad a@ in father, should be pro- 


nounced very quickly. 

Words ending in ar and er.—An error of the opposite 
character is committed in the case of words ending in ar and er. 
The r is often vut off, and a broad sound it given to the a, stronger 
than in father, and often as strong as the @ in water, ‘ Waitah,” 
“altah,” ‘mistah,”’ ‘‘watah,” for ‘‘ waiter,” “altar,” ‘‘ mister,” 
water.” The vr should always be heard in such words. 

Cork, fork, curtain, morsel.—Be careful to sound the r 
Do not say “‘cawk,” “ fawk,” ‘‘ cu’tain,” ‘‘mo’sel.”’ 

Car, card, kind, and other words beginning with ¢ or f, as 
well as many beginning with g, are often given ane or y sound 
that does not belong to them. As “‘kyar,” “kyard,” “ kyind” 
“evard,” etc., for car, card, kind, guard, etc. 

Harriet, superior, interior, etc.—In these words, and in 
others in which 7 is followed by a y sound, we sometimes perceive 
that it is omitted, hearing such pronunciation as ‘‘ha’yet,” ‘‘ supe’- 


-yor,”’ ‘‘inte’yor,” etc. Be careful to sound the +, 


While x should always be sounded when it occurs, it is not 
trilled or rolled in the English as it is in other languages, or as 
the Irish roll it in their brogue. ‘“ Warm” should no more be 
pronounced “warrum” than ‘“wawm.’’:.. “Stormy” no more 
“storrumy,” than ‘‘ stawmy,’’ 

Words and syllables containing ow and ou.—Avoid 
the sharp nasal pronunciation of ‘‘ how,” “ cow,” ‘‘ confound,” and 
other words containing the ow sound; as ‘“heow,” or ‘“h’yow,” 
“keow,” ‘‘confeound.” The sound of this diphthong, should be 
formed deep in the chest, and should be pure and rotund. 

U in tune, mute, etc.—The in tune, mute, etc., has a pecu- 
liar sound, which cannot be represented by any other letter, or by 
any combination of letters. It must be heard. Some persons err 
by sounding it like 00, saying ‘‘ toon,” *‘dook,” “‘dooty,” for “tune,” 


RUMP UT UES thee: ek 


AAAS une ail Aas 





AAG WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


‘ duke,” “duty.” Others make it excessively sharp, as if it hada 
dj sound before it. They say “tjewn,”’ “ djewk,” “djewty.” The 
correct sound must be heard, carefully observed, and copied. 

Do, to, have also a peculiar sound, which cannot be represent- 
ed. It is alike distinct from the sound of ‘‘too,” and from that 
of ‘‘dew.” This sound also must be heard, then followed. 

Boot, shoot.—Do not pronounce them “ bute,” ‘ shute.” 

Butcher.—Another difficult ~ sound is that in butcher. It oc- 
curs in but few, if any, other words. Some pronounce it “ booch- 
er;”’ that isa word of very different sound. The w« is formed 
deep in the chest, and is made very short. 

Hither, neither.—A fashion sprung up in England a few 

. years ago, of giving to e? in these words the long sound of 7, as in 
eye. It has been extensively copied in the United States by cler- 
gymen and others who pride themselves on precision in speech. 
The proper pronunciation is with e as e long, as in recewe, grief. 
That pronunciation is as old as the words; it is sanctioned by all 
lexicographers, and by the critics who have written upon the sub- 
ject since the innovation came into notice, 

Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Wames.—There 
are no difficulties as to the pronunciation of these, since they are, 
most of them, so much used in modern speech, as to have long 
ago adapted themselves to the ordinary rules of English pronun- 
ciation. The foregoing rules, therefore, when applicable to this 
class of words, are to have full force; and the only particular 
which requires notice here is as to their division into syllables. 4 
It is evident that unless we divide words properly we must mar: a 
the pronunciation. Thus Ca-to may, by improper division, be pro- 
nounced Cat-o; and a similar error may convert Mi-das into Mid-! ‘i 
as, So-lon into Sol-on, and so on, to the destruction of all that is - 
sacred in the mechanism of ancient literature. Reference to : 
“Webster ’’ will give the accent of all classic names, and likewise 
the proper mode of dividing them for purposes of pronunciation, Coen 
Usually the words have a full sound. The accent generally falls Bes, 
late in the word, and i, e, and 0, especially, are used as long ; 
vowels, ane 

The diphthongs 2 and o, which are found only in classic words, df 
are to have the sound of e, as described in connection with the © ss 
digraphs; ai is to be sounded as our alphabetical a, and ¢ unlike 















FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 447 


the sound of it in ordinary English e, must, in classic words, have 
the sound of 7, 

Cand g, before e, +, y, @, @, must have their soft sounds, like s 
and j; but ch in Greek words is always sounded 4, and in Scrip- 
ture names also, though with one or two exceptions, Ph has the 
same sound as in English, namely, f; while ex, ct, gn, inn, pn, ps, pt, 





phth, tm, and other similar combinations, when they occur at the — 


commencement of words, drop their first letter in the pronun- 
ciation. 

In all classic names the seat of accent is the important matter; 
this, with a few exceptions, is always on the last syllable but one, 
or on the last but two, 

The termination es, in Greek proper names, should have a dis- 
tinct utterance, and by giving it this, the accent will indicate itself 
to both ear and tongue. For instance, we once heard an incipient 
orator pronounce Hippocrates, Hip’-po-crah’-tes, and Socrates, 
So-kraytes. Had the learned gentleman ever struggled for a 
scholarship, or passed through the tortures of matriculation, he 
would have known that es was not to be so trifled with, but would 


have given the termination its importance, thus—Hip-pock-ra-tees _ 


Sock-ra-tees. I should not have called attention to this subject, 


_ from a belief that the veriest tyro in book knowledge would be 


well aware of the necessity of giving es its due in classic proper 
names, had I not observed the deficiency, even in public speakers. 
The following instances will suffice to place the reader on his 
guard, and serve as keys to the pronunciation of names having 
this termination—Pericles, Perry-klees; Socrates, Sock’ -ra-tees ; 
Thucydides, Thu-sid’-i-dees’; Prazitiles, Pracks-it -i-lees ; Harmoni- 
des, Har-mon’-i-dees’; Stmonides, Sigh-mon’-i-dees’. 

Foreign Names of Persons and Places.—Continental 
languages have an almost uniform alphabet, and the sounds of the 
vowels are as nearly as possible identical in each separate tongue. 
A is usually sounded like our a in ah, or the second ain afar. It 


has, however, its sound of @ as in may, in all continental languages, 


but this sound occurs very seldom. E has the sound usually of @ 
in way, and sometimes a shortened sound, approaching to er, made 
by curling over and pressing the tongue against the lower palate, 
at the same time breathing outward. The vowel i has almost in- 


variably the sound of-e; o maintains its English sound of 0, as in— 


go, but has occasionally the sound of 00; in Italian it has the digs, 





448 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. 


tinct sounds of o as in so, and aw in saw. Theu in French has a 
delicate sound, the lips being compressed; but in Italian it inva- 
riably bears the full sound of 00; as, Luisa, pronounced Loo-e-zah. 

With respect to the consonants, their sound, generally speaking, 
is the same in all European languages, and little hazard will be 
incurred by adhering in this respect to English custom. Among 
the exceptions is th, which, on the. Continent, is usually sounded 
astsimply. Thus the French name Berthollet is sounded Bare- 
tol-lay’. X is often sounded as s, or ce, as in Aix-la-chapelle, 
Ace’-la-sha-pel. The French nasal sound of n it is sometimes 
proper to retain, as in Nantes, Nongt, the Simplon, Sang -plong; 
_ and sometimes to sink the nasal sound, as in Lyons, Orleans, which 
_ two words, and many others, easily receive a purely English pro- 
nunciation. It must be confessed that this point is very doubtful, 
as in the word Ghent, which some call Gongt, and others Guent. 
Similar remarks apply to Caen (the place in Normandy), which 
some call Cang, and others Ca-en. The last syllable in Hibeuf, 
has its diphthong sounded with a medium between the English u 
in buff, and the oo in roof. If the reader will curl up the tongue 
against the lower palate, and the inner side of the lower front 
teeth, and breathe outward, this sound may easily be produced. 
In La Saone, the ao have the sound of long o, and so have the 
the eaux in Bordeaux; while in Bruxelles the x is sounded as s. 

In Boulogne the concluding sounds are oim, with a sound as of 
y consonant added, With regard to Italian, the c always has the 
sound of tch before eand7,; and of & before a, 0, u, or any other 
letter. Gis soft before e and i, and hard before all other letters, 
except 7 orm. J always has the sound of # ory; Ajaccio is pro- 
nounced .4-yat-che-o. G before] orn takes the sound of y after 
it, as in Bentivoglio, Benti-vo-le-yo. In Spanish, the y is sounded 
as in Italian. 

Double consonants in Italian must always be doth sounded: as 
Machiavelli, Ma-kee-a-vel-ee. When two gs, or two cs come to- 
gether, the first always alters the sound of the second: thus Guic- 
ciardini is pronounced Gwitch-tche-ar-de-ne. In this beautiful 
language there are no diphthongs. very vowel has its own clear 
sound, however many may occur together, as calzolaio is cal-tzo- 
lah-eo. The only approach to a diphthong which this language 
contains is in cod and gia. 

French Names.—In regard to French names, they occur 80. 





















FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 449 


often in newspaper reading, they mingle so much in our every-day 
conversation, that we feel it a duty to offer a few plain instruc- 


tions on this head. 


There are some few sounds so common to the French, that every 
one not acquainted with the language should at least know the 
correct utterance of these few. The article Ze (the) is pronounced 
der ; the article Za (the) /ah ; and the indefinite articles wn and wne, 
as nearly as possible as they are written. The plural Jes is pro- 
nounced Jay béfore a consonant, and days before a vowel. De (of) 
is pronounced der; and des, day before a consonant and days be- 
fore a vowel. 3 

We have already given, in the above quotations, a sufficiently 
clear account of the sound of the French vowels. ‘There are, how- 
ever, a few combinations that require notice. The most impor- 
tant of these is oz,as% in mot, me, pronounced mwor ; mouchotr, 
handkerchief, smouschwor 5 Vwe le Roi, Veev ler Rwor, long live the 
King. 

Another important compound is aw, which has the sound of o¢$ 
or when united to x, and followed by a vowel, ose. The e having 
the sound of our a, and m and m having a nasal twang, causes the 
pronunciation of some words to be very difficult to a novice; 
for instance, the M. Druon de L’huys will be pronounced Mong- 
senur Droo-ong der Lwees. In addressing titled personages the 
French say Monseigneur, instead of the ordinary Monsieur; the 
latter is pronounced short Mongsur, and so much abbreviated by 
the tongue and rapidity of utterance, that it is almost impossi- 
ble to place the sound on paper. The nasal sound must, how- 
ever, not pass through the nose, but rest in it; and the g must not 
be fully uttered. 

In verbs of the third person plural, the ext with which they usu- 
ally terminate is always mute. The consonant y must be trilled 
freely at all times. 

In sounding u or eu, the mouth should be contracted as if for 
whistling, so as to accomplish a sound between our w and oo, 
Thus Moniteur is pronounced, as nearly as possible, mon-e-tur, 
amateur, generally pronounced am-a-tew-er, should be am-a-tur. 
Where at occurs as a compound vowel, i has the sound of our a, 
with a minute dash of ¢ in it—so minute, however, as to be but 
scarcely perceptible. 

Terminal consonants are usually mute; as, for instance, St 





- “ 


450 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. © 


Arnaud is pronounced Sarntarno—Charngarnier, Shangarneay— - 
Anglais, Aunglay—Canrobert, Kangrobare—Pellissier, Pel-leece-ce-ay, 

etc. When the article le or la is abbreviated, as it always is be- 

fore a vowel or silent A, it combines with the word to which it is 

attached, thus 7’ Hmperor—the emperor—is pronounced laungp’rer. 

French words have no decided accent; and where the reader is at 

a loss, he must give the accent as if it were an English word. 

Italian Names.—tThe Italian language is the most musical 
of any in the world. It is like the song of the nightingale ren- 
dered into syllables. Hence it is easy of utterance: there are 
no harsh gutturals, such as perplex us in German and Dutch, and 
which have been humorously described as compounded of a cough, 
a sneeze, a hiccough, and a husk of barley in the throat. The 
vowel a has two sounds, one of which, at the end of words, is 
sharp, and the vowel 2 the full sound of the English e. The Italian 
vowels are said to represent the seven notes in music, a, A, e, i, 0, 
d, u, having the graduations of do, re, mt, fa, sul, la, ct. The con- 
sonant-compounds are not difficult; zz has the sound of ¢, and 
serves to break the syllables, as in Mazzini, pronounced Mat-zee- 
ne; Pestalozzi, Pes'-ta-lot-ze. Ina general sense, the correct pro- 
nunciation of Italian names is very easy, the great point being to 
give the syllables, vowels, and double consonants their full music 
and distinctness. 

German Names.—tThe pronunciation of German is exceed- 
ingly simple. ‘The rule is,” says Mr. Lebahn, ‘to speak it as it 
is written, and to write as it is spoken.’” The sounds are mostly 
the same as the French, though their uses and combinations vary. 
The frequent occurrence of the long vowel, as 4, 6, i, is a striking 
peculiarity. When 4 occurs long, with the dieresis, its sound is 
the same as our ain hay. Otherwise the sound of a in German is 
broad, like our ain cart, The 6, when so made long, has just the 
Same sound as our u in purse; hence, Carl Theodor Kérner is pro- | 
nounced Carl Ta-o-dor Kur-ner; th, as before explained, being 
equivalent to ¢ in English. How many thousand blunders have 
been made over those well-known names, Schiller and Goethe, 
names, of all others, most easily pronounced when the rule is 
once made plain. We have heard the first converted into Skiller, 
and the second into Gurthey, Go-e-the, and Goat. The e@ is 
equivalent to 6, and hence, if we proceed in the same way as in 
the Korner, we shall have Qur-e-tay, a very slight trill of the r 












FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 45° 


giving it the roughness with which a German utters such words. 
Schiller is pronounced exactly as it is written, and sch has always 
a soft sound, exactly the same asin English. Ng has the sound 
of nk, and w generally that of 00, The consonant v is equivalent 


- to f, and w to v, while j is used precisely as we use y when a 


consonant. : 

The great terror of all Americans, however, is the German ch. 
This is described by Mr. Smart as being sounded in the same way 
as the English k. This is an error; for although those who can- 
not easily accomplish it may fall back on k, yet the German sound 
of ch has but little resemblance tok in English. Mr. Lebahn pro- 


" poses not to consider ch “as a letter at all, but merely as a loud 


breathing.” However bold this assertion may appear, still, fre- 
quent trials have proved its accuracy. ‘‘For instance, if you are 
to pronounce éch, pronounce the i with the short sound of ee, then 
push a loud breath through the upper teeth, but be not con- 
founded by the ¢ or ch, which is not to be considered at all, nor 
is the breath to be interrupted, but joined to the ee, and tch will 


~ be correctly pronounced.” We advise the reader to practice this, 


as ch occurs so frequently in German names and in ordinary news- 
paper reading, that to slur it over, or halt before the word, has 
an illiterate appearance, and greatly reduces the pleasure of read- 


ing and conversation. The vowel compomnnds ie and ei are sounded 


respectively like e in bee, and like yin my. The second vowel of 
the two has its full English sound, the other remaining mute. 
The vowel combination eu or aeu has the sound of o7 in ot, and 
of @ broad, has a.slight sound, but scarcely so much as to give it 
the charactér of a syllable. du has always the sound of ow. 
Remembering these particulars, and the general rule that Ger- 
man is written as it is pronounced, the reader will find no difficulty 
in pronouncing German words correctly. For instance, the Ger- 
man paper, Allegemeine Zeitung, is pronounced Al-ge-mi-ne-zi-toonk ; 
Vaderland, Far-ter-lant (d being like English t); Oesterrissche Cor- 
respondens, Urs-ter-is-sher Kor-res-pon-dens. The Fremden Blatt is 
frequently pronounced Fremden Biah, but the correct mode is as it 
is spelt, Frem-den-blat. Kreuz Zeitwng must be pronounced Kroiz 
Zi-toonk. J 
The following example will show how easy is the atin ae of 
@ correct pronunciation of German : 
Was is das Deutchse Vaterland. Vos is das Doitcher Fahterlant, ' 








452 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED, - 


Wieland, Véland ; Mosheim, Mosh-ime; Geswer, Gues-ner; 
Schwartsenburg, Sthvart’ -zen-burg ; ‘Lihtonsten Lick’-ten-stine ; 
Souderhausen, Sou’-der-how-sen; Stahl, Stahl; Hohenlohe, Ho-hen- 
lo-he; jager, yay-ger Schlegel, Schlay’-gl1; Kielmeier, Keel -mi-er; 


Fitchte, Fick-ta; Tieck, Teck; Moller, Meel'-ler; Miller, Meel’-ler; 


Grundtwig, Grunt’'-vig; Niebuhr, Neeb -ur-r; Gmelin, G-may' -lin; 
Gottingen, Geat-tin-gen—the g in each syllable hard; Jellachic, . 
Yel-iak-ik; Metternich, Met-ter-nick. 

Dutch Names come within the scope of what has been said as to 
German names, though with a few exceptions; wy has the sound 
of 00, as Zuy-der-zee, pronounced Zoo-der-zee ; the consonant t be- 
comes d in sound, and ch is the same eubtncal Aapirate as in the 
German. 

Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian come within the rules first laid 
down. 

ExamrLes.—Schleiermacher, Schli-er-mah-ker, the last syllahle 
following the rule already given for ch; Oehlenschiiger, Air-len- 
schlay-ger, the g in the last syllable hard; Oersted, Air-sted; Lan- 
geland, fale oor lahnt; Welt Chronich, Malice antl Sehonbein, 
Schean-bine; Neue Beitrage zu den Geist tn der Natur, Noi-er Bi- 
trah-ger zoo dem Gist in der Nah-tur (Contributions to the Soul 


ix. Nature). 














y 
2 
eA 


Peta 





‘“ 


COMMON ERRORS 
IN SPEAKING AND WRITING CORRECTED. 





Accept of.—' Please accept of this gift.” Say “please accept 
this gift,” 

Admit of.—" His conduct adinits of no apology.” Say ‘his 
conduct admits no apology.” 

Ascend up.— He ascended up the mountain.” Omit wp. 

Ask for why.—‘‘If you ask for why I didit.” Say “if you 
ask why I did it.” 

At all.— Some found fault with me for dealing at-al/ witn the 
matter.’ dt all adds no force to the remark, and is generally 
superfluous. In ‘‘ without any pains at all,” it tends to make the 
expression weaker. . 

Before—first.—‘‘ Before I do that I must jirst be secured 
against loss.” Omit jrst. 

Both alike.—‘‘These two watches are both alike.” Say 
“these two watches are alike.” 

Both of.—‘' Give me both of those books,’ Say “both those 
books.” 

But—however.—'But climate, however, always stampsits seal 
upon the human race.” LKEither dué or howeveris enough. Both 
should not be used. 

But that.—‘ There can be no doubt but that he will succeed,” 
Say “there can be no doubt that he will succeed.” 

But what.—“ They will never believe ut what I have been to 
blame.” What is that which. But what would be but that which. 
The sentence might be supposed to read, ‘“‘ They will never be- 
lieve but that which I have been to blame.” That is nonsense. 
Say ‘‘thoy will never believe but that I have been to blame.” 

458 


. 








454 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


“ They will never believe that I have not been to blame” is ore 

erable. 

_ Cannot by no means.—‘ I cannot by no means allow it.” Say 
“TJ can by no.means allow it,” or, ‘‘I cannot by any means allow 

it.” . 

Combine—together.—“ He hee them iccthier. Omit 
together. 

Consider of —‘ Let me consider of this matter.” Omit of. 

Continue on.—‘‘ He continued on thus.” Say “he continued 
thus.” Omit ov also in such expressions as “he continued on his 
journey.” But it is proper to use on in such expressions as ‘‘ he 
continued on the road,” because he might have continued his jour- 
ney off the toad—that is, through the fields, or by a bye-way. 

Converse together.—‘ They conversed together for more than 
an hour. Omit together. 

Cover—over.—“ He covered it over.” Say “he covered it.” 

Dead corpses.— Evil spirits are not occupied about the 
dead corpses of bad men.” Omit dead ; it is implied in corpses. 

Descend down.—“ He descended down the hill very rapidly.” 
Omit down. 

Enter in.—They told mé to enter in.” Omit i. 

Equally as.—As should not be used after equally. Say equally 
high, equally dear, equally handsome, etc.; not equally as high, equally 
as dear, equally as handsome. 

Equally as well as.—‘‘I can do it equally as well as he.” 
Omit equally ; it is implied in the words as well as. 

Equally the same.— It is equally the same.” Say “it is 
the same.” 

First of all, last of all.— First of all he measured the 
ground.” Omit of ail, saying simply, frst. ‘We must do this, 
last of all.” Omit ofall. What is first, or what is last, is necessary 
first of, last of, all. 

From hence, from thence, from whence.—Hence is 
equivalent to from here; thence to from there; whence to from where. 
Hence using from with either of these words is equivalent to using 
it twice when it is wanted but once. 3 

Funeral obsequies.—‘ After the funeral obsequies were per- 
formed.” Say obsequies. The sense of funeral is contained in this 
word. It cont be as proper to speak ofa wedding marriage- 
ceremony ” as of “ funeral obsequies.’ | .- » 


j 








AND WRITING CORRECTED. 455 


Go fetch.—‘‘Go fetch me my riding whip.” Say “ fetch it,” or 
“so and bring it.” Fetch has the sense of go and bring. 

‘Have got.— John has got a sorrel horse.” Say “ John has a 
sorrel horse.” Have signifies to be in possession of anything. Get 
signifies to obtain possession. When one has got athing, he ceases 
getting it, and from that time has it. | 

If in case.—‘‘If in case he comes, all will be well.” Say “if he 
come ;’’ or “‘in case he come.” 

Issue out.—‘“ A warrant was isswed owt for his arrest.” Say 
‘a, warrant was issued,”’ 

It—what.—“ It is true what he says,’ Say ‘ what he says is 
true.” 

Latter end.—‘“ I expect to get through by the Jatter end of the 
week.” Say ‘by the end of the week.” ‘The latter end of that 
man shall be peace.’’? Say ‘the end of that man.” 

More than one thinks for.—‘ It amounts to more than you 
think for.’ Say “to more than you think,” or ‘than you sup- 
pose,” or “imagine.” Prepositions are often thus unnecessarily 
tacked upon the ends of sentences. 

Wever—whenever.—‘‘ I never fail to read whenever I can get 
a book.” Say ‘ when I can get a book.” One ever is enough. 

New beginner.—Say beginner. When one begins anything, 
he is new at it of course. 

Wobody else.— There was nobody else but him.” Omit else. 

Of four years old.—‘‘A child of four years old.” Say “a 
child four years old,” or “a child of fotir years.” 

Off of.—‘ There were ten yards of the cloth before I cut this 

apiece off of it.”” Say “before I cut this piece off it,” or “ from it.” 

Plunge down.—‘ He plunged down into the stream.” Omit 
‘down. 

Retreat back.—‘ They retreated back.’ Say “they re- 
treated.”’ 

Return back.—“ After a yeekis absence he returned back.” 
Say “he returned.” 

Rise up.—‘ He rose up and left the room.” Say ‘‘he rose;” 
say also, raise, lift, hoist ; now raise up, lift up, hoist up. 

Sink down.—‘‘The stone sunk down in the water.” Omit 
down. 

Some one or other.—‘‘ Some one or another has it.” Say 

“some one has it,” hail 





Pp Ears: ee 


Seeger ot 
Sf 


¥ 
— 





5 Hee er NN Pe Ne i RE lS Mee oh ae ee ene ase 
eae ree A pres Sore ae cc S ae hee Wistar 
OE nr AROS, Se mites nal in dn ae as ll ee Dt ee Slt tetera. Pinus Bier ge 


* 
a 


i ae 


one 
oa 


= ts 


ae oe. 
a 


Lie 
= * 


Pe es 





456 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


o 
They both, you both, and we both.—“ They both met.” 
Say “‘ they met.” “My friend came to see me, and we both tock a 
walk.” Say ‘‘we took a walk.” . 

Throughout the whole.— They sought him throughout the 
whole country.” Omit the whole. The ideaof the whole is embodied 
in throughout. “They sought him through the whole country,” 
asing through instead of throughout is also correct. 

Double negatives.—Two negatives used in the same clause 
contradict each other, and give the sense of an affirmative. . Yet 
nothing is more common than to use two negatives in this way. 

“T did not do nothing,” or “I didn’t do nothing,” means that “TI 
did something.” Say instead, ‘‘I did nothing,” or “I didn’t do 
anything.” 

“T have zot but one.” Say ‘‘I have but one.” A 

“T did not see him but once.’’ Say “I saw him but once,’’ or 
* only once.” 

“He is not improving much, I don’t think.” Say ‘“ I don’t 
think he is improving much,” or “I think he is not improving 
much,” 

“He had not hardly a minute to spare.” Omit mot, 

Above.—‘‘It is above a month since.’ Say ‘more than a 
month since.” Instead of ‘‘ the above discourse,” it is better to 
say {the preceding discourse,”’ or ‘‘ the discourse above quoted.” 

Aggravate.— His indifference aggravates me.” Say “ dis- 
pleases me,” ‘irritates me,’’ or ‘makes me angry.” But if the 
displeasure already exists, his indifference may aggravate it, that 
is, increase it, or make it heavier. 

Almost with a negative.—‘ They pay almost no rent.” 
Say ‘“‘they pay scarcely any rent,” or hardly any rent.” The 
thought of ‘‘ almost nothing ”’ is ridiculous. ) 

Alternative.—‘ You may take either alternative.” Say “you 
may take the alternative of either.” Alternative relates to the 
choice of things, rather than to the things themselves. 

Balance.—“ You may pay me five hundred dollars down, and 
the balance in a year.” ‘‘I cut partof my hay yesterday, and shall 
cut the balance to-day, if 1t does not rain.” Instead of balance say, 
in both cases, the rest. 

‘Calculate. —“ The failure of the house of is calculated to 
cause great excitement in the money market.” ‘‘ Weston’s feats 
have this additional recommendation, that they are oaloulated to 





- 











sR 





AND WRITING CORRECTED. « 57 


promote the species of exercise to which most people have a mor- 
bid aversion.” ‘I calc’late, friend, you are a stranger in these 
parts.” For ‘7s calcudated” in the first example, say ‘7s likely.” 
In the second example, say ‘‘ have a tendency to.” In the third 
say “I suppose, sir, you are a stranger here.” 

Caption.— The caption of the paragraph.” Say “the head- 
ing of the paragraph.” 

Catch, —“If oe hurry you may catch the cars.” Say “ catch 

up with the cars,” or overtake them. 
' Convene.—‘‘The President convened Congress.” - Say, the 
- President convoked Congress, or called a session of Congress. But 
Congress convened (that is, came together) at the call of the Pres- 
ident. 

Directly. — Directiy Mr. Hendricks: finished his speech, Mr. 
Thompson rose to oppose the motion.” Say ‘as soon as,’ ete. 
“J will come directly,” Say “immediately.” 

Dry.—‘‘I am dry, let me have a glass of water.” Say “I am 
thirsty.” 

Empty.—‘ The Ohio river empties into the Mississippi.’ It is 
better to say “ flows.” The river cannot be emptied while any 
water remains in its channel. 


Endorse.—‘ He endorsed this proceeding.” Say “ he approved,” 


or ‘‘ commended this proceeding.”’ 

Enjoys bad health.—‘ This business would suit any one who 
enjoys bad health.” Say ‘‘ who is in delicate health,” or ‘‘ who is in 
bad health.” 

Expect.— I expect ray brother sold his house yesterday.” Say 
“T expect to hear that ao it,” or, “I think,” *‘ believe’ or ‘'am 
confident,” ‘I think,” ‘‘T hope that he sold it.’ We do not 
expect things of the ca but of the future. 


First, the First.—‘I have not yet heard of the Jirst objection 


to the scheme.” Say ‘‘a single objection,” or ‘I nave heard of 
no objection.” 

Get.—‘‘I am afraid Mary is getting crazy.” Say ‘‘is growing,” 
or ‘is becoming crazy.” ‘John gotleft by the train.” Say “ was 
left.” We get any thing that we come in possession of. We may 
also get a disease. But get must be followed by a noun as its ob- 
ject. 

Gratuitous.—‘ That is a gratuitous assumption.’ It is better 
to say “unfounded,” ‘‘ unreasonable,” or ‘“‘ unwarranted.” 


PK Ae RY 


tdi 








459 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


Halfi—'‘Cut it in Aalf.” Say “cut it in halves,” or “cut it in 
two.” There must be two halves. 

Hearty.—‘‘ He ate a hearty meal.’ Say “he ate heartily of 
the meal.” It is the eater not the meal, that is hearty. 

Inaugurate.—“ He receives regular information of the official 
changes to be inaugurated at Albany and Washington.” ‘A sub- 
Scription was inaugurated last evening to purchase a house for Gen. 
Sherman.” Say ‘‘changes to be made,” “a subscription was 
commenced,” ‘started,’ “opened,” or ‘ begun.”  Inaugurate 
means to induct into office under solemn ceremonies. The Presi- 
dent of the United States is ¢naugurated, as also are the Presidents 
of colleges. Pastors are installed. A ball is opened, a new business 
is established. 

Initiate.—‘ He initiated the proceedings,” Say “he opened 
them.” ‘He took the itiatiwe in the affair.” Say he “com- 
menced,”’ “ begun,’’ or ‘‘ opened ”’ the transaction. 

Leave.—‘I shall Zeave this morning.” Leave what? If any 
thing, or any place, name it. If you mean ‘‘ go away,” say “I 
shall go away.” 

Light.—‘In reading Macaulay’s essays, I suddenly Ut upon the 
passage I wanted.” Say “‘met the passage,” or “ found the pas- 
sage.” Another, bad expression is, ‘‘I came across the passage.” 

Limb.—‘‘She fell, and bruised her im.” Say what limb. 
The arm is a limb, as well as the leg. The foolish shame which 
avoids mentioning the leg by name, is not modesty but prudery. 

Like.— We don’t do that “ke you do.” Say ‘as you do.” 

Midst.—‘In our midst.” Say ‘among us,” or “in the midst 
of us.” 

Most for Very, &c.—“‘ It is a most melancholy and most unac- 
countable fact.”” Say ‘very melancholy” and ‘quite unac- 
countable.” 

Monstrous.—‘“‘It was a monstrous gathering.” Say “large,” 
‘‘ great,’’ or ‘“‘immense.”’ Monstrous means ill formed, misshapen. 

Wever.—‘ Washington was never born in New York.” Say 
“ Washington was not,” etc. Do not use never in denial of events 
which by their nature could take place but once. 

Wotice.—‘I shall notice a few particulars” is frequently used 
when ‘I shall mention a few particulars ’’ is meant. 

Obnoxious.—“ His conduct is obnoxious to me.” Say “his 
oonduct is offensive to me,” Obnozious means exposed to, A per- 











AND WRITING CORRECTED. 45% 


son or his conduct may be obnoxious to blame, to ie to re- 
proof, etc., but not to persons. 

Of all others.—“ The guerilla style of warfare is of all others 
the most barbarous.” Say “of all styles,” or “‘above all others.” 

Over, under.—‘ He wrote over the signature of Junius.” Say 
‘“¢ under his signature,’’ in all cases. 

Over, with a number.—Over 800 persons were present.”” It 
is better to say “wpwards of 800 persons,” or ‘‘ more than three 
hundred persons.” 

Over a bridge.—‘“ He went over the bridge.’ It is more ex- 
act to say, “he went across the bridge.’’. A bird may fly over a 
bridge, if it does not touch the bridge. 

Partial—Partially.—“ This view is partially correct.” Say 
“‘nartly correct,” or “‘in part correct” is better. Partially means, 
properly, one sided, with bias. 

Portion. —“A large portion of the town was burned.” Say 
“part.” A portion is a part set aside for any one. 

Posted.—‘ He is posted on that paieet ” Say ‘‘he is well in- 
formed.” 

Predicate.—‘“ My opinion is predicated on the belief,” etc. Say 
‘is based upon the belief,” or ‘‘ formed upon it.” 

Prejudice.—‘ I was prejudiced in his* favor.’ Say “ was pre 
possessed.” We are prejudiced against people or things. 

Promise.—‘‘I promise you I was much astonished.” Say ‘‘} 
assure you.” 

Repudiate.—“ Secretary Stanton repudiated the policy of Mr. 
Johnson’s administration.” Say ‘‘ disowned it,” ‘“‘ condemned it,” 
' disapproved of it,” or ‘‘ denounced it.” 
~ Section.— Mr. Smith does not live in this section.” Say “in 
this neighborhood,” “vicinity,” or “part of the country.” A sec- 
tion, in geography, is one square mile, or 640 acres of land, which 
has been jaid out by the government surveyors, and called ‘“ Sec- 
tion No. —~-.”’ ‘The use of the word as a term of place in any 
other sense is im roper- 

Stand.— He stane® upon security.” Bay “ insists upon 
security.” 

Stop.—“ Mr. Fergusox is stopping at the Americon House.” 
Say “is staying.” Stopping ise momentary act. As soon as one 
has stopped he stops stopping, and begins to stay. i$ is custoniary, 








460 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


however, to express a very brief stay by stop. ‘‘We stopped at 
Altoona twenty minutes for breakfast.” 

Transmit.— He transmitted his check for the amount,” Say 
‘the sent his check.’ 

Transpire.—‘‘More than a century transpired.” Say ‘ elapsed.” 
‘¢ The bass-ball match for the championship between the Atlantics 
and the Mutuals transpired yesterday.’ Say ‘took place.” News 
or a secret may transpire, an event cannot. The word means to 
breathe through, to leak out, and can be correctly used only when 
‘such a construction can be put upon it. ‘‘ What took place at the 
cabinet meeting yesterday "that is, news, report, or knowledge ~ 
of what took place—“ has not transpired,” is correct. 

Try and.——‘‘I will try and do it.’ Say ‘I will try to do it.” 

Undeniable.—‘ Mr. Jones is aperson of undeniable character.” 
Say ‘‘of unexceptionable character.” An undeniable character is one 
that cannot be denied. Ji may be good or bad, but whichever it 
is, there can be no dispute about it. An wnexceptionable character 
is one to which no exception can be taken. 

Existing truths—Matters that are as true now as at the 
time spoken of, should be stated in the present tense, no matter 
what may be the tense of the context. ‘‘ His text was, that ‘God 
was love,’”? should be “ His text was, ‘God is love.’” ‘‘ The truth 
was, that John struck him first.” Say “the truth is, that John 
struck him first.” ‘‘I told him that the Mississippi ran south- 
wardly.” Say “runs southwardly.” ‘ Did you tell him you were 
Johnson’s brother.” Say “that you are Johnson’s brother.” 
“They ascertained that the great pyramid stood near the banks 
of the Nile.” Say “that the great pyramid stands.” 

Instead of.—‘‘ I have seen him last week.” Say “I saw him last 
week.” ‘“ Last week” is a pasttime. ‘‘I saw him this week.” Say 
‘¢ T have seen him this week.” This week still continues. 

“The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away.” 
Say ‘‘the Lord gave.” 
“‘ All the brothers have been greatly indabees to their father.” 
Say “‘are greatly indebted.’ But if by any strange circumstance 
they may have discharged the obligation, ““have been indebted” — 

would be correct. 

A.dverb with the infinitive —‘ Teach scholars to carefully 
scrutinize the sentiments advanced in all the books they read.” 
Say “carefully to scrutinize,” or “to scrutinize carefully,’ 











AND WRITING CORRECTED. 461 


Befell—befallen.—“ It has befeli me.’ Say “It has befallen 
me.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘it befell me.” 

Began—begun.—“I have began to study history.” Say “I 
have begun.” But it is correct to say, using the imperfect, ‘‘He 
began to cut his wheat yesterday.” ‘I begun” is also used as 
an imperfect form. 

Broke—broken.—‘“ I have broke my gun lock.” Say “have 
broken.” But say, using the imperfect, “I broke the lock yes- 
terday.” 

Chose—chosen.—‘“ She has chose the blue silk.” Say “has. 
chosen.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘she chose him in preference 
to the others.” 

Come.—‘‘ I come to town yesterday.” Say “I came.” But 
say, using the imperfect, “I have come from Pittsburg to attend 
to this business.” 

Did—done.—‘ Who done it?” Say “ who did it?” “ who has 
done it ?” 

Drank—drunk.—“ He was very thirsty, and drunk eagerly.” 
Say ‘‘drank.” -“‘ He has drank three glasses of soda water.” Say 
“has drunk.” ‘‘ Drunken,” the ancient form of the participle, is 
not now used, ) 

Drove—driven.—‘ They have drove very fast.” Say “they 
have driven.’’ But using the imperfect, say ‘‘they drove the 
- people out, and locked the gates.” 

Froze—frozen.—‘ The potatoes are froze.” Say ‘‘ the pota- 
toes are frozen.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘“‘it froze very hard 
last night.’ Avoid saying frozed or frizen. 

Rode—ridden.—‘‘I have rode fifty miles on horseback to- 
day.” Say “I have ridden.” But say, using the imperfect, “a 
courier rode up with great speed to warn them of the approach 
of the enemy.” 

Rang—rung.—‘‘I have rang the bell half a dozen times.” 
Say “have rung.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘they rang the bells 
metrily for Christmas day.” 

Saw—seen—see.—‘'I see him last Monday.” Say “I saw 
him.’ “I seen him yesterday.” Say “I sawhim.” “TI havn't 
saw him for a long time.” Say “I hav’n’t seen him.’ See is pres- 
ent, saw imperfect, seen the participle. The habit of confusing 
them prevails widely. 

Shook—shaken.—‘ Have you shook the carpet?” Say shaken. 








462 ¢ COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


But say, in the imperfect, ‘they shook it well.” Do not in any 
case say shaked. | 

Spoke—spoken.—“ It was poe in my hearing.’”’ Say “it was 
spoken.” But say, in the imperfect, “Mr. L. being called upon, 
spoke as follows.” Spake, the ancient imperfect, is not now in > 
use. 

Swam—swum.— I have swam across the river many a time.” 
Say “have swum.” But say, in the imperfect, “the mate swam 
to the shore with a rope.’’ Swwm may also be used as the imper- 
fect. “The mate swum” would be correct. 

Took—taken.—‘ Mr. Smith and family have arrived in Wash- 
ington and fook up their quarters for the winter.”’ Say “ have ar- 
rived in Washington and taken up their quarters,” etc. 

Went—gone.—“ He would have went with us, if he had been 
invited.” Say “he would have gone.” But say, in the imperfect, 
‘being invited, he went with us.” 

Wove—woven.—‘ This cloth is wove very compactly.” Say 
*‘is woven.” But say, in the imperfect, “the girls wove jeans and 
linseys enough to clothe the family.” 

Beholden—beholding.—“ I am deholding to you for it.” Say 
“* T am beholden.”’ 

Know—knew—known.—“I knowed it.” Say ‘I knew it.” 
“T have knowed it all along.” Say ‘‘I have known it.” 

Plead.— He plead earnestly,” say ‘‘he pleaded earnestly.” 

Proved—proven.—“ That is not proven.” Say “ that is not 
proved.” 

Idiomatic use of some verbs.—Sometimes an active sand 
transitive verb is used in.its entire form intransitively or in a pas- 
sive sense. ‘The cloth tears too easily ;” ‘‘ Mahogany planes 
smoothe ;” “ These lines read well.”” Sometimes an intransitive 
verb takes a kindred noun as an object. ‘“ He lived a virtuous 
life ;” “This dream which I (Pharaoh) have dreamed.” 

Words like scissors, snuffers, tongs, trousers, etc,, denoting arti- 
cles which are paired or coupled, are plural, and take a plural 
verb. ‘The scissors are dull,” not ‘is dull.” 

“Many is the exhortation given.”’ Say “many are the 
exhortations given.” 

As he has.—“I can lift as many pounds. as he has.” As “he 
has’ what? Say as ‘‘ he has lifted,”: ait 











AND WRITING CORRECTED 463 


«he first remark I have to make shallbe.” “Say “ the first re- 
mark I shall have to make will be,” 

Is ceased.—“ The storm 7s ceased.”’ Say “ has ceased.” 

Was burning since.—“ The fire was burning since Wednes- 
day night.” ey “‘the fire had been burning since Wednesday 
night.” | 

Fach of the daughters take an equal share.”? Say 
“‘takes.’’ ‘“‘ Every leaf, every twig, every blade, every drop of 
water, teem with life.” Say “teems.” Also, instead of ‘“ one of 
those house have been sold,” say ‘has been sold.” 

“Where is it, says I to him.’’—Say in all such instances, 
“ said I.” 

“ John wiil earn his wages When his work is done.” Say 
* will have earned.” 

Use the subjunctive form instead of the madientive 
in hypothetical cases.— Was I to tell of all her good qualities 
it would look like flattery.’ Say ‘were I totell.’? ‘Be that as 
it will.” Say “be that as it may.” - : 

Was you ?P—you was.—Say “ were you?” “ You were.” 

I who is.—‘‘ It is I who 7s to go.”” Say “‘ who am to go.” 

Itis one of the subjects that is, etc.—Say “it is one of 
the houses that was built by Mr. Jones.” Say ‘it is one of the 
houses that were built,” etc. 

“ & Be wise and good that you might be happy.”’—Say 
4 « that you may be happy.” 

Among—Between.— The father divided part of his prop- 
erty among his two children, and distributed the remainder between 
his other kin,” should be “he divided a part between his two chil- 
dren, and distributed the remainder among his other kin.” 

«¢ John will be apt to catch the fever if he goes into that house,” 
should be ‘‘ John will be liable,” etc. A person who. is studious 
may be spoken of as apt to learn, and kable to become dyspep- 
tic. : 

Atlength—At last.—‘ I have heard from my friend at/ength,” 
may mean, and often does mean, that a detailed statement of his 
affairs,—a setting of them forth at length—has been received. 
“T have heard from him at Jast”” must mean that he has been 
heard from, after long waiting for news from him. 

Than him.—‘ You are stronger than him.” Say “than he,” 

It was them.—Say “it was they.” - 





464 ; COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


is it me.—-“‘ Is it me you mean?” Say “is it I?” or “do you 
mean me ?” 

It is him whom.—“ It is ham whom you said it was.” Say 
“Sit is he.” 

“In consequence of me negiecting.’’—‘ The horse got 
away in consequence of me neglecting to fasten the gate.” Say 
*‘in consequence of my neglecting,” etc. 

- With James and I.—“ They went with James and J.” Say 
*‘ with James and me.”’ 

Wot me.—‘ Who made that noise 2”? ‘‘ Not me.” Say “not J.” 
“It wasn’t me.” Say ‘‘ It wasn’t F.”’ 

Me being.—‘ Me being absent, the young folks lived high.” 
Say “ Z being seman ” or ‘‘ while J was absent,’ ‘or “ during my 
absence.” . 

Between you and oe eat This isa secret between you and J.” 
Say “ between you and me.” Better ‘with you and me,” 

Let you and I—Say ‘let you and me.” 

As good as me.—Say “as good as J.” 

It is me.—Say “it is 7.” 

“You and us enjoy many privileges.”—Say “you and 
we.” 

He and they we know.— He and they we know. but who 
are you?” Say ‘him and them we know.” 

‘If I was him.—‘“I would do the same if I was him.” Say ‘‘if 
I was he.” 

He that was mentioned.— They chose William, he that 
was mentioned before.” Say, him that was mentioned,” or better, 
‘him who was mentioned.” 

Lam hin.—‘I know T am him whom he meant.” Say “I am 
he.” ; 
That is him—that is her.—Say “ that is he,” “that is she.” 

From him having.—“ From him having always ae pi 
{ again applied to him for help.” Say ‘‘ because he had,” . 

“What you saw was but a picture of him, a ‘not 
him.”’—Say “and not he.” 

To be they.—‘“I knew it to be they.” Say “to be them.” 

As for who.—‘ The boy as is reading.” Say “the boy whe 
fs reading.” 

Who for whom.—" Do you know i) this cane belongs to 2” 


Say “to whom this cane belongs.” ‘ Whom this cane belongs — . 





AND WRITING CORRECTED: 465 


to’’ is correct, and less formal. “ Who do you wish to see?” 
Say “whom.” ‘He did not know who to suspect.” Say “whom 
to suspect.’ ‘He isa person who I respect very much.” Say 
whom T respect.” . 
Which for who.—‘‘ The men which you saw.” Say “the 
men whom.you saw.” But, of an animal, ‘the horse which you 
saw.” ‘ 
Of the relative pronouns, who is used exclusively with per- ” 
sons, which exclusively with things, and that with persons and 
things. In common conversation that is more frequently used 
with persons than who. But who is considered more elegant. 

Where for in which.—“ It is a cause where justice is partic- 

ularly concerned.” Say in which. ‘We presented a paper where 
his case was fully explained.” Say “a paper im which.” But 
where may be used instead of which and a preposition when place 
is the prominent idea. ‘The old house where I was born.” 

Them books,—“‘ Give me them books.” Say ‘ those books.” 

Thus for this.—‘‘ The manner of itis thus.” Say “the man- 
ner of it is this,” or ‘‘ this is the manner of it,” 

This for thus or so.—‘ This much is certain.” Say “ thus 

much,” or, “so much.” 

I who is.—‘It is I who ts to receive the appointment.” Say 

it is lL who am to receive the appointment.” 

Those set.—‘“I will take those set of books.” Say “ that set.” 
This twenty years—‘‘I have not been there this twenty 
years.” Say “ these twenty years.” 

One another — themselves.—“ These authorities differ 

among one another.” Say ‘ differ among themselves.” 
' Every for all.— The men deserve every praise.” Say “all 
praise.” <“ Zvery human being has this in common.” Say “ail 
human beings have,”’ or, ‘‘ each human being has this in common 
with every other one.” 

Every for entire.—‘‘I have every confidence in him.” Say 

“ entire confidenco.” Every means “each of all,” and should not . 
be used in any other sense. 

All for each.—“ Seven lads were present, and he gave them 

all a, book.” Say “he gave them each a book,” 

Such for so.—‘ Such distinguished virtues seldom occur.” Say 

&€ 90 distinguished virtues,” or, ‘‘ virtues so distinguished.” 

All—the whole.—“ Almost the wicle inhabitants were-pres- 








? 


466 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING \ 
ent.” Say ‘almost @W the inhabitants.” But say ‘almost the 
whule society attended the ceremonies.” Use ai/ in speaking of a 
multitude or collection by the individual parts, the whole when it is 
spoken of as a body. 

Number of every.—“ Every rifleman and lancer were at their 
post.” Say ‘was at his post. Ms 

The indeterminate possessive.—‘ Every child should 
obey their parents.” Say “Ais parents.” ‘No one should incur 
censure for being careful of their good character.” Say hzs, or 
her, if talking more particularly of women. ‘Let each of us mind 
their own business.” Say “Ais own business.” 


‘When he was entered.”? Say ‘when he had entered.” — 


So also say ‘“‘ when he had departed,” ‘‘ when he had returned.” 

**T catched it.” Say “1 caught it.” 

** Of two evils choose the least.””—-Say “‘ the less.” 

“Is this or that the best road?’’—Say “the better 
road.” 

*‘The prisoner has, of all the gang, committed the fewer 
misdemeanors.” Say ‘‘the fewest.” : 

Perfect.— This is the more perfect of the two.” ‘ This is the 
most perfect piece of mechanism Leversaw.” Such expressions are 
in common use. They are allowed but not encouraged. ‘‘ More 
nearly,” or ‘‘ most nearly perfect,’’ is a more accurate term. 

Chief.—‘ He sought the chdefest positions.” Say “the chief.” 
The chief positions are the head positions; ‘‘ the chiefest ” would 
be “the headest,” 

Universal.—“ Of all vices, pride is the ae universal.” Say 
“ most general.”” What is * universal,” extending over, and in- 
cluding the whole universe and every thing in it, cannot be more 
80. 
Right—wrong.—“ That is very right.” ‘ Thatis very wrong.” 
Omit very in both cases. 

Agreeable—agreeably.—‘‘Agreeable to my promise, » Say 
agreeably. 

Bold—bolder—more boldly. —‘ He acts bolder than was ex- 
pected.” Say more boldly. 


Comformable — comformably. — “ Comformable to your — 


orders.’’? Say ‘‘ comformably to your orders.” 


Distinct—distinetly—‘The girl speaks disting.” Bay 


“speaks distinetly,” 


’ 











A oe nt ig sith a ahi a 


Cees Ai © Pk elbe eles Amoi, A) Oe Te eee 
CAN RRP IS it itice BAER hs OR RPC ay 
ihe dyett Wh Adie 1 t yy eS tie ,) Hie 4- 


- AND WRITING CORRECTED. 4G 


“ Exceeding—exceedingly. —‘ He was exceeding kind to me.” 
Say exceedingly kind. “She was exceeding careful.” Say exceedingly 
careful. 
| Fluent—fiuently.— He speaks very fluent.” Say very flu- 
ently. 

Indifferent— indifferently.— He was indifferent honest.” 
Say indifferently honest. 

Wear—nearly.—‘‘I lost ear twenty pounds.” Say “ nearly 
twenty pounds.” 

| Previous—previously.— He wrote me previous to his com- 
ing.” Say “ previously to his coming.”’ 

Remarkable —remarkably.—“ She is a remarkable pretty 
girl.’ Say remarkably pretty. 

Shocking—shockingly.—‘“ This letter is written shocking.” 
Say shockingly. Shockingly is generally too strong a term to em- 
ploy in this case. Badly is a better word. Bad writing is not so 
uncommon or so important a matter as to cause a shock. 

_Wever—not for.—‘ He was xever an instant diverted from his 
purpose.” Say “‘ not for an instant.” 

Seldom or ever—‘I seldom or ever |sbe him now.” Say 
seldom tf ever,” or “seldom or never.” 

Almost never.—Scarcély ever, or hardly ever, is better. 

Wever so.—‘ He is a man of honor, be he ever so close in 
trade.” Say ‘ ever so close.” 

Such a—for so.— He was such a disagreeable fellow that no 
one liked him.” Say “he was so disagreeable a fellow.” 

This—thus—so.— This much is certain.” Say “ ¢hus much,” 
or “so much is certain.” 

So for very.—“ That was so nice.” Say very nice, 

Very—very much — greatly.—‘I was very disappointed, 
Say “very much disappointed,” or “ greatly disappointed.” 

Very much of.—“ He is very much of a gentleman.” Say 
‘the is very gentlemanly.* 

. Over for more than.—“ There were not over twenty persons 
present.” It is better to say “‘ not more than twenty persons.” 

As for that.—‘“ Not as I know.” Say “ not ¢hat I know.” 

But for if—‘“I shouldn’t wonder dut that was the case.” Say 
“4f that was the case.” 

But for than.—‘ We suffered no other inconvenience but that 
arising from the rain,” Say “no other inconvenience than that,” 


4 





468 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


etc., or omitting other, and using but, “ We suffered no inconvenience 
but that arising from the rain.” ¢ 

But for that.—“ I have no doubt but he will be here to-night.” 
Say “I have no doubt that,” etc. ‘I doubt not’ but I shall be 
able.” Say ‘I doubt not that I shall be able.” Some writers 
have a habit of omitting the conjunction altogether, saying, “I 
doubt not I shall be able.” This is a slipshod style. 
i Ifthat.—<If that I had offended him.” Omit that. 
' Jn so far as.—“ We are to act up to the extent of our know- 
ledge ; but zz so far as our knowledge falls short.” Say “so far 
as,” omitting in. 


peubt not but.—‘I doubt not dut I shall be able to help © 


you." Say “I doubt not that,” or, ae ‘*T have no ant or 
* J donot doubt, that I shall be able,” 

If for whether.—“ He doubts ¢f his ae will come.” Say 
“he doubts whether,’ etc. 

That for if or whether.—‘' I doubt that it be so.” An awk- 
ward expression, though common. Say “I doubt Z,” or “I 
doubt whether.” 

After that.—“ After that he had seen the parties.” Omit 
that. 


But that.—‘“TI don’t know but ¢hat I shall buy that house.” 


Omit that. | 
But what.—‘“ They will never believe dut what I have been to 


blame.’ Say “but [have been to blame,” or, better, ‘ that I have - 


not been to blame.’’ 


No doubt but that.—‘“ There can be no doubt éut that he 


iy succeed.” Say ‘ there can be no doubt that he will ewan ay 
‘there is no doubt of his success.” 


"Not impossible but.—It is not impossible but I may go 


with you.” Here are twoerrors. Zhat should be used instead of 
‘out. In ‘‘not impossible,” two words are used to express what 
one word expresses better. By this one of the words is made te 


kill the force of the other. Say “it is possible that I shall go with 


you,” or ‘‘it is probabk,” or “possibly I shall go with you.” 


Confide.—“ He is a man on whom youcan confide.” Say “im 


whom you can confide.” But ‘on whom you can rely,” “on 
whom you can depend,” ‘‘whom you can trust.” 


Fail into a man’s conversation.— When I fail into that 


* 





- 2 








AND WRITING CORRECTED. 469 


man’s conversation, I am entertained and profited.” Say “when I 
engage in conversation with that man.” 

Taking one apart.—‘‘I took my friend apart to converse 
with him.” Say ‘“[ took him aside,’ and avoid a ludicrous sug- 
gestion. 

To change one’s self—‘‘I am very wet, and must change 
myself.” Say “I am very wet, and must change my clothes.” 

One of the family.—‘ Wanted, two apprentices, who will 
be treated asoneof the family.” Say “ willbe treated as members 
of the family.” 

“‘T have not written to iat and am not likely éo,”’ Supply 
the verb, ‘‘am not likely to write to him.” 

Quite the lady.—‘: She is gwite the lady.”’ Say ‘“‘sheis very 
ladylike.” 

Such expressions as “I do not like too much sugar,” “J 
do not want to walk too far,” are indefinite. They mean ‘I do 
not like more sugar than I like,” ‘‘I do not want to walk farther 
than I like.” 

Not only—for only—except—or nateas —The cars will 
not stop at this station only when the bell rings,” should be, ‘ the 
cars will not stop at this station wless the bell rings,” or “' excepg 
_the bell rings.” It would be correct also to say, “the cars will 
stop at this station only when the bell rings,” omitting not. 

A most beautiful.—“ It was a most beautiful sight.” Say a 
beautiful sight, or a very beautiful sight. The superlative degree is 
not used with the indefinite article. ‘A most a beautiful sight” 
is low. 

Most for almost.—‘ They see each other most every day.” 
Say almost. 

“Wot as I know of.”—“ Say “not that I know of.” 

Some for somewhat.—“ He is some better to-day.” It is 
better to say ‘he is somewhat better.” 

Bad and badly.—‘ He feels 42d,” used sometimes in descrip- 
tion of ill health, means literally that he is troubled with a sense 
of wickedness. ‘He feels badly,” expresses clearly that he is 
sick, 

Good for well.—‘ He can do it as goad as any one else can.” 
Say as well. 

Bred and born.— Bred and born,” should be, ‘‘Borm and 
bred, o=Birth precedes education. 








Av SOMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


Wot mistaken.—‘‘ If I am not mistaken,” should be, “If I mis- 
take not.’ | 

Are mistaken.—‘ You are mistaken,” should be, “You mis- 
take.” 

Had—would.—‘“I fad rather not,” should be, ‘‘I woud aie 
not. ”? 

Had hobier. —«T alt better go,” should be, “It were better that 
I should go.” 
| New pair.— A new pair of gloves,” should be, “ A pair of new 
~ gloves.” hike 

Very rising.—‘He is a very rising man,” should be, “ He is 
rising rapidly.” | 

To let.—‘ Apartments toZet,” should be, “‘ Apartments to be Jet.” 

Learns.—‘ Who earns you French?’ should be, “‘ Who teaches 
you French ?”’—The pupil learns, 

Less—fewer.—‘ No éess than ten persons,” should be, ‘No 
fewer than ten persons,”—Less must be applied to quantity, as 
‘No dess than ten pounds.’ —Fewer must be applied to things. 

Wever—whenever.—‘I xever speak whenever I can help it,” 
should be, ‘‘I never speak when I can help it.” 

Get over.—‘ To get over an illness,” should be, ‘‘To survive,” 
or, ‘‘ To recover from an illness.” ‘To get over a person,” should « 
be, “To persuade a person.” To get over a fact,” should be, ‘* To 
deny,” or ‘‘ refute” it. 

_ WNever.—‘ Be it neverso good,” should be, ‘ Be it ever so good.” 
| Began.— TI have began,” should be, “I have begun.” 

' The then.— The then Mrs. Howard, ” should be, “ The Mrs. 
Howard then living,” or “ of that time.” 

Ought.—“ For ought I know,” should be, “ For aught I ship ny 
— Aught means anything ; ought implies obligation. 
 Asfar as.—‘ As far as I know,”’ should be, “ So far as I know.” 
—As far as expresses distance. 

Couple.—‘‘ A couple of dollars,” should be, “ Zwo dollars,”— 
Couple implies union, as, ‘‘a married couple.”’ ¥ 

United together.—“ They are united together,” should be, 
“They are united.” 

So much.— ‘She is so much the lady,” should be, “ She is very _ 
bady-like.” 

Noways.—“ He is 3 noways in fault, i should be, “He is nowise 
in fault,” 








AND WRITING CORRECTED. 471 


Likoe.—"“ He is Zike to be,’ should be, “He is likely tobe.” 

All over.—“ All over the land,” should be, ‘‘ Over all the land.” 

Whenever—always.— Whenever I sing I always am ap- 
plauded,”’ should be, ‘‘Whenever I sing, I am applauded.” 

To—with.—‘I am stout in comparison to you,” should be, 
“T am stout in comparison with you.” 

At—by.—‘ It will look beautiful a night,” should, “ By night.” 

_ Best.—‘! At best,” should be, “ At the best.” 

Worst.—‘‘ At worst,” should be, “At the worst.” 

For to.— For to give,’’ should be, ‘‘ Zo give.” 

Eat up.— The dinner was all eat up,” should be, “ The dinner 
was ail eaten.” 

Eat.—‘ I eat heartily of fruit,” should be, ‘I ate heartily,” etc. 

Again.— He again repeated it,” should be “ He repeated it.”—= 
_ Again is included in repeated. 

Approved.—“ His conduct was approved of by all,” should be, 
* His conduct was approved by all.” 

Sweetly—sweet.—“ The rose smells sweetly,’ should be, 
“The rose smells szweet.’””»—You smell, and not the rose, and an 
adjective must be used to express the quality of a thing. “Those 
roses scent the roonr sweetly,” is correct, because the roses scent 
and not you, and an adverb is required to express the action, 

In—into.—‘ He fell iz the river,” should be, ‘‘ He fell into the 
river.’’—Jnto should be used after a verb of motion; i, when mo- 
tion or rest in a place iS signified: ‘‘I walk zm the garden daily,” 
“T sleep i this room.’ 

Every—another.—‘* Handed down from every age to another,” 
should be, “‘ Handed down from one age to another.’ ‘On some 
day or another,” should be, ‘‘ On some day or other.” —Another cor- 
responds to one, some and every to other.” 


In.—“ Who finds him 7 money ?” should be, ‘‘ Who finds him 


money 7?” 

Two first.—‘ The two jirst,” should be, “ The jirst two.” 

Two last.—‘' The two last,” should be “ The last two.” 

First of all—‘ The jirst of ail,” should be, “‘ The jirst.” 

Last of all.— The Jast of all,” should be, ‘The ast.” 

Will—may.—“ Be that as it wéi/,” should be, “‘ Be that as it 
mayo? 

Every—all.—' My every hope,” should be, ‘‘ 4 my hopes,” 











472 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


When—which.—“ Since when,” should be, “ Since which 
time.” 

If that.—“ Jf that I said so,” should be, “ if I said so.” 
“ After that you had spoken,” should be, “ ire you had spoken.” 
—That is superfluous. 

What—that.—I donot know but what I shall call upon you,” 

should be, ‘I do not know but that I shall call upon you.” 

Of—at.—‘‘I am glad of your success,” should be, “Iam glad 
at your success.’’—“ Glad of,” should be used when something is 
gained or possessed; ‘‘Glad at,’ when something pape to 
another. 

From—to.—“ I am averse from it,” should be. ‘I am averse to 

it.’—We show aversion ¢o, not Srom a thing. 

Got.—“ He has got money,” should be, ‘‘ He has Bp hy: 
is superfluous. 

An one.—‘ Such an one,” should be, “ Such a one.”—An should 
not be used before a long uw, 0 when that vowel has the sound of 
w, or eu. Thus, it is correct to say, a University, a psa i a 
unit, 

Or—are.—‘“ I or my son are to call,” should be, “I or my son 
ts to call.” ‘Neither one mor the other are tr a6e should be, 
* Neither one mor the other 7s true.”—Or and nor are disjunctive 
conjunctions, and separate things. 

Setting.—‘“ The hen is setting,” should be, ‘‘ The hen is sitting.” 

Hung—hang.—‘ He was hung,” should be, “ He was hanged.” 
—To hang, to take away life by hanging, is a regular verb, having 
hanged for its past participle. To hang, to suspend, is an irregular 
verb, having hung for its past participle, as, ‘‘ The picture was hung 
up.” ‘His life hung upon a thread.” 
Propose—purpose.—“ I propose going,’’ should be. “I purpose 
going.” 

No—not.—‘ Is it true or uo?” shoald be, “Is it true or not 2” 

Sets.—‘ The wind seés,” should be, ‘‘The wind sits.” 

Further—farther.—“ He walked further than you,” should 
be, “He walked farther than you.’—Farther must be applied to 
distance, further to quantity, as “‘ Further funds are wanted.” 

Over again.—‘‘T said so over again,” should be, ‘I repeated tt.” 

But—than.—‘ No sooner but,” should be, ‘‘ No sooner than.” 
“No other but,” should be, ‘‘ No other than,” | 








AND WRITING CORRECTED, 478 


4 


Nobody else.—‘‘ Nobody else’ but him,” should be, “ Nobody 
but him.” 
~ Back—ago.—“ Six weeks back,” should be, ‘Six weeks ago,” 
or “‘ since.”’ 

This—thesoe.— This two days,” should be, “ These two days.” 

Mean—intend.—‘‘ Do you mean to come,” should be, “Do 
you iniend to come.” —To mean is to signify ; to intend is to shia, 

Each.—‘ Each of them are,” should be, “ Each of them is.”— 
Each means one and the other of two. 

Neither—or.—‘‘ Nevther one or the other,” should be, ‘ ‘Neither 
one nor the other.’’—Neither (not either) means, not the one nor 
the other of two. 

Hither—any.—“ Hither of the three,” should be, ‘‘_Any one of 
three.”— Hither means one, .or the other of two. 

Every—are—is.—“ Every one of them are,” should be, “ Every 
one of them is.’’—Zvery refers to any one of a number more than 
two. 

Whom—to whom.—'' Whom do you speak to 2’ should be, 
** To whom do you speak ?’’—The preposition should not be sepa- 
rated from the relative. The answer should be, “ Him,” or “ Her.” 

I—me.—‘ Who said that?’ The answer should be, “TI (said 
it),” not ‘‘ me,’—The word containing the answer to a question 
must be in the same case with the word which asks it. 

Into—from.—“ They were refused entrance ¢nto, and driven 
from, the house,” should be, ‘‘ They were refused entrance into the 
house, and driven from it.”.—-Two propositions should not be con- 
nected with a noun. 

Ever.—“ As soon as ever,’’ should be, “‘ As soon as.” 

Some—one.—“ You will some day be sorry,” should be, “ You 
will one day be sorry.” 

Direct—address.—‘‘ Direct to me,’’ should be, ‘‘ Address to 
me.” 

Very.—‘‘The very best,” should be, “The best.” ‘“ The very 
worst,” should be, ‘‘ The worst.” 

Now.—“ From now,” should be, ‘From this time.” 

With—from.— I differ with him,’’ should be, “I differ from 
him.” 

Thought—think.—‘ Therefore, I thought #t proper to write 
to you,”’ should be, ‘‘ Therefore, I think it proper to write to you.” 








474 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


- With—in.—“ Conversané with politics,” should be, “ Conver- 
sant im politics.’—We say conversant with men, én things. 

Oh, Ah, and other interjections, generally require the objective 
case of J, and the nominative case of Thou, as ‘‘Ah me!” “O thou 
fool!’ “Oye hypocrites!” ‘ Woe’s thee” (is to thee) is correct, — 

Of is used to express pain, sorrow, or surprise; O to express 
wishing, exclamation, or an address to a person. 

‘* Since then,”’ should be, ‘‘ Since that time.” 

‘A summer's morning,” should be, “ A swmmer morning.” 

Have got.—‘ My clothes have got too small, or too short for 
me,” should be, ‘‘I have become too stout or too tall for my: 
clothes.” 

Most perfect.—‘ A most perfect poem,” should be, “A perfect 
poem.”—Perfect, supreme, complete, full, empty, true, false, chief, 
universal, honest, do not admit of comparison. 

In—within.—‘Is Mr. Smith iw ?” should be, “Is Mr. Smith 
within 2” 

Other,—“ The other one,” should be, ‘‘ The other.” None other,” 
should be, ‘‘ No other.”—Another has no plural. ‘‘ Another one,” 
should be, ‘* Another.” 

Spoonsful.—‘ Two spoonsfui,” should be, ‘Two spoonfuls.” 
—You do not measure the medicine, etc., in two spoons. For the 
same reason we say Mouthfuls, Cupfuls, Handfuls. 

To.—‘‘I spoke to, and warned him,” should be, “I spoke to him 
and warned him.”—A preposition and an active verb should not be 
connected with a noun or pronoun. 

Therefore, Doubtless, and Perhaps, are generally placed at the 
beginning of a sentence, as ‘“‘ Perhaps he will.” } 

Left.—‘ I /eft this morning.” Name the place left. 

Head and ears.—“ Over head and ears,” should be, ‘ Over 
head.” 

PCED EDS: —“‘T may perhaps,” or “ probabl y” should be, “TI 


may.” 
Possibly.—‘“‘I can possibly,” should be, ‘I can.” —May and can 
imply probability. 


Wo—not.—‘' Whether he will or o,” should be, ‘‘ Whether he 
will or not.” 

Says—said.—*“ Says I,” should be, ‘‘ Said I,” or, “I said.” 

Contemptibly.— He spoke engin ai of ni should be, 
“He spoke contemptuously of him,” 





rida ‘iia Lia 






AND WRITING CORRECTED, AWS 


Cannot—can.—"‘ Nothing cannot,” should be, “ Nothing can.” 

Wo—not.—‘ No one has not,” should be, ‘‘ No one has,” 

Oftener.— I am oftener well than ill,” should be, “I am more 
Srequently well than ill.”’ 

Without—unless.—‘ I cannot agree to it without you prom- 

_ise,” should be, ‘‘I cannot agree to it wiless you promise.’ 

Quantity.—‘ There was a quantity of people,’ should be, 
There was a mwmber of people,” 

Good and all.— For good and ail,” should be, “ For ever.” 

Above—more.—‘‘ It is abové a month since,” should be, “ It 
is more than a month since.” 

Superior.—" He is a swpertor man,” should be, “‘ He is superior 
to most men.” 

At—in.—“ He lives at New York,” should be, ‘He lives in New 
York.”—Jm should only be applied to capital cities, 

To.—“ He lives Puppet the park,’’ should be, ‘* He lives oppo- , 
site fo the park.” 

Right—bound.—‘I have xo right to pay this bill,” should be, 
“Tam not bound to pay this bill.” 

On—of.—‘‘ I think nothing on it,” should be, “I think nothing 
of it.” ‘Take hold on it,” should be, ‘‘ Take hold of it.” 

Weed—needs.—‘ He need not do it,” should be, ‘ ‘He needs not 
do it.” 

Me—I.—“ You are older than me (am),”’ should we “You are 
older than J (am).” 

Her—she.—‘T am taller than her (is), should be, “I am 
taller than she (is).” 
| Over—across.—‘ Go over the bridge,” should be, “ Go across 
the bridge,” unless you mean, “ to go from side to side,” 

Some—at some.—‘' I was some distance from home,” shoul¢ 
be, ‘‘I was at some distance from home.” 

Some. —*T aaa him some six years ago, ” should be, “I knew 
him six years ago.” 

Here—hither.—“ Come here,” should be, “ Come hither.” 

Such another.—“ For such another book,” should be, “ For 
another such book.” . 

Mutually.—‘ They mutually loved each other,’ should be, 
“They loved each other.”—Mutually means both. 

Eminent.— He was in eminent danger,” should be, “He was 


bos 
SFR ee er 
Fe Ay Oe 





416 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING 


in tmminent danger.” —Eiminent relates to rank. imminent means 
to hang over. 

Plenty.—‘ Vegetables were plenty,” should be, “ Vegetables 
were plentiful.” 

Ye—you.— Ye must always be used in the nominatwe case, as 
“‘ Ye have wronged me,” but never in the objective case, ‘‘I have 
wronged ye,” should be, ‘“‘ I have wronged you.’ . 

One—he,.—‘‘ When one speaks incorrectly, he should not be 
offended at being politely corrected,” should be, “ When one 
speaks incorrectly, one,” etc. 

They—those.—‘ They who do right shall be blessed,” should 
be, “ Those who do right,” etc. Those stands for a noun not intro- 
duced but understood.—TZhey stands for 2 noun already used, as 
“T saw the pictures. They are very good,” 

That—this.—‘ They are not experienced, and for that reason,” 
etc., should be, ‘and for this reason,” etc. ‘‘ Those pictures which 
I see,” should be, ‘‘ These,” or “ The pictures,” ete. This or these 
refer to things present or just named, that and those to things past. 

Has—have.—‘ Ignorance and official routine Aas caused the 
evil,” should be, “Ignorance and official routine have caused the 
evil.” Two or more singular nouns coupled with and require the 
verb to be in the plural number, unlée3s the nouns denote only one 
person or thing, as ‘“‘That great statesman and warrior has said,” 
etc. When the nouns coupled with and are qualified by every, the 
verb should be singular, as “ Every man and woman was,”’ etc, : 

This—these.—‘' They were industrious, and by this means 
rose to eminence,” should be, ‘‘ and by these means.”—This means 
and that means refer to what are singular; these means and those 
means to plurals. By means, By this means, etc., are used to denote 
instrumentality, as “‘ By means of art.”—A mean is used only to ' 
denote a middle state, as ‘“‘ There is @ mean between extravagance 
and stinginess.”—Amends should be used in the same manner, as 
“That will be an amends to me for my exertions.” ‘“ Fame and 
wealth are amends for his dangers.” | 

Do.—‘ You do me honor,’ should be, ‘You honor me.”—You 
might as well say, ‘‘ You do me flatiery,” instead of “You flatter — 
me.” 

Avoid using ‘‘fine” language. Speak good, strong, expressive 
English, such as Shakespeare and the best writers used. Many — 
persons affect grandiloquent language, ponderous, but poor. 








—_—— - ws ~*~ * 
>, = “ 


ee s. -S- 







GUIDE TO BUSINESS, 





Abandonment.—In marine insurance, when the person who 
has insured goods, exercises his right, in certain cases of accident 
to the ship, of abandoning the property insured to the person or 
company that granted the insurance, in order that he may claim 
indemnity for the value of the property. 


Abstract.—An abridgment or epitome of a deed or document. 
An epitome is a cutting or lopping applied to a whole throughout, 


abridging it generally and not in parts only. 


Acceptance.—Acceptor.—See Bit, 


Accommodation Bill.—A bill not representing any trade 
transaction, but merely concocted between two or more parties, 
with a view to its being discounted, for the temporary accommo- 
dation of either the drawer, acceptor, or indorsers, or, frequently, 
for all; the several parties agreeing to provide the acceptor, at or 
previous to its due date, with the portion for which they have re- 
ceived the discounter’s money. 


Account.—A statement showing the several sums and amount 
due by one person to another for goods, cash, &c., or arising out 
of any mutual transactions. Accounts are kept under their re- 
spective heads in the ledger, from which they are copied when 
the account is to be sent in or is asked for. 

When invoices giving the particulars and items were either sent 
with the goods, or by mail, or messenger, it is not necessary to 
repeat the particulars of the entries in the account, but only tae 
dates and sums need be given, 

When no invoice was sent, all the particulars must be given. 
These particulars must be copied frém-the day-book, as the ledger 
contains only the amount of each entry, 

AT? 




















fie 
1 edd 





478 - @UIDE To BUSIVESS. 


If the account has to be sent again, it is only necessary to give 
the date when sent, or of the last entry, with the words “‘ Account 
rendered ” or “ To bill delivered,” and the total amount. 

Account Current.—A statement of the transactions that have 
taken place between two parties during a certain time, drawn out 


‘in Dr. and Cr. columns, in the order of their dates. An Account 


current is usually sent in at the end of any adventure, or series of 
transactions, and in a general way at stated periods, yearly, half- 
yearly, or quarterly. Interest is frequently charged or allowed 
upon each item, 


Account Sales.—An account drawn out by a commission agent 
or broker, showing the sales he has made of goods on account of 
another; also an account rendered by a merchant to the consignor 
of goods. It states the weights or quantities sold, and the prices _ 
at which they were sold with the total amount due to the owner 
after deducting the charges for freight, cartage, advertising, &c., 
and the agent’s commission, 

An “ Account Sales Book” is generally used for entering sales of 
goods on commission, 


Acquittance.—A discharge in writing for money, debt or lia- 
bility. 

Actuary.—One who makes the calculations fora Life Assur- 
ance company, and advises on wh matters relating to its finances 
and statistics. 

Adjustment.—In marine insurance when the insured party 
agrees to accept certain terms for the loss incurred, and the in- 
surer writes on the policy—‘ adjust this loss at — per cent., pay- 
able,”—naming the rate per cent. and time for payment. 

Adjustment of an Account.—Is the agreeing to, or arrang- 
ing the particulars of a faulty or disputed account. 

Ad Valorem Duty.—Duty levied on goods according to their 
value, and not on the quantity, or by their weight or measure. 

Administrator.—A person legally authorized to take charge 
of the estate of a deceased individual, dying without a will, or 
when a named executor refuses to act. 


Advances.—Money advanced by merchants and agents on 


goods which they are commissioned to sell. Loans of money are 








AGREEMENT FOR THE SALE OF LAND , 479 


often termed advances. Also, additional price or profit, as, an 
__, adwanee on the former price. 


Adventure.—A term applied to shipments of goods on the 
merchant’s own account, to or from some foreign market. Thus, 
if a merchant shipped goods to Jamaica, an account would be 
kept in the ledger under the head ‘“‘ Adventure to Jamaica,’ stat- 
ing the proceeds and expenses, and showing how much was gained 
or lost by the transaction. 


Bill of Adventure.—A writing signed by a person who. takes 
goods on board of his ship wholly at the risk or the owner. 


Advice or Advices.—Mercantile information sent by letter, 
which is called the “‘ Letter of Advice.” 


Agent or Factor.—A mercantile agent who buys and sells 
goods and transacts business for others on commission. He may 
be a home factor or a foreign factor. He may buy and sell ip 
his own name, and is entrusted with the possession and control of 
the goods; and in these respects he differs from a broker, 


Agencies, Mercantile.—Places to which bankers and mer- 
chants refer to ascertain the credit and particulars relating to 
dealers in town and country. 


Agio (ad-ge-o, Italian).—The difference in value between bank 
notes and metalic money in Venice and Holland, formerly, but 
now applied to other countries; also, between one sort of money 
and another. 


Agreement for the Sale of Land. 


. 
’ AGREEMENT made and entered into the Twelfth day of May, 18~, between 
} Walter Graham, of Kinney, County of Hudson, and State of New Jersey, 
and Henry Kerr, of Kinney, County of Hudson, State of New Jersey, 
Witnesseth, that the said Graham, in consideration of the sum of five hun- 
dred dollars now paid and the further sum of fifteen hundred dollars to be 

aid when a deed is executed, doth grant, bargain and sell unto said Kerr, 
his heirs, and assigns, all that piece of ground situate, etc. (describing the 
premises) together with all and singular appurtenances thereunto belonging 
or in any wise appertaining. ; f 

And the said parties bind themselves, their heirs, executors and adminis- 
trators, for the performance of all and every part of the above agreement ; as 
witness their hands and seals, day and year above-written. 

Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of 













Wm. KERBY Wartrr Granam. LL. 8. 


JNO. JOHNSON Henry Kerr. L. 8. 
Received, May 12th, 18—, of Hunny Kez, five hundred dollars, the first 
- Heyment abovermentioned, 
WaLrtzr Gran, 

















on GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


“Agreement for the Sale of Grain. 


Itts agreed, this first day of June, 18—, by and betweer %Wm. Morris of 
Aberdeen, County of Harford and State of Maryland, and Bromwell Bros., 
of Baltimore city, State of Maryland, as follows: The said Bromwell Bros., 
in consideration of five hundred bushels of wheat, to them this day sold by 
the said Morris, and by thesaid Morris agreed to be delivered to them, the said 
Bromwell Bros. on or before the first day of October next, free of all charges, 
agree to pay to the said Morris within one month after such delivery the sum 
of five hundred and seventy-five dollars. And the said Morris,in considera- 
tion of the aforesaid agreement of the said Bromwell Bros. doth hereby agree 
to forward and deliver to the said Bromwell Bros., at Baltimore, aforesaid, 
free of charge, the said five hundred bushels of wheat, so to them sold as 
aforesaid, hereby warranting the same to be good, clean and merchantable 
grain. i 

Witness our hands and seals, day and year first written. 

Sealed and delivered in presence of : 

Wm. Morris. L. 8. 


E, RicHAaRpson, j 
Gro. RixHaM. BuomweEwu Bzos, L. 8. 


Agreement with a Clerk, or Salesman, for services. 


It is agreed, this first day of January, 18—, between Geo. Blackie & Co. and 
John Simple, all of the city of New York and State of New York, in man- 
ner following, to wit: 

That said John Simple covenants and agrees, faithfully and dilligently to 

serve and act as clerk (or salesman) of the said Geo, Blackie & Co. in their 
’ store in said city, from the day of the date hereof, for and during the space 
of one year, if both parties shall so long live, without absenting himself from 
the same; during which time he, the said John Simple, will in the storeof ~ 
the said Geo. Blackie & Co. faithfully, honestly and dilligently attend, doing 
and performing,all matters pertaining to his duties as clerk (or salesman) 
aforesaid, and in all respects complying with the request and desire of said 
Geo. Blakie & Co., relative to the discharge of such duties. 

In consideration of which services so to be performed by the said Simple, 
we, the said Geo. Blackie & Co., covenant and agree to allow and pay to the 
said Simple, the yearly sum of one thousand dollars, by four quarterly pay- 
ments, or oftener if required; provided, nevertheless, that payment for all 
time, during which the said Simple may be absent from the store of the said 
Geo. Blackie & Co., is to be deducted from the sum, otherwise by this agreee 
ment due from, and payable by, the said Geo. Blackie & Co. to said Simple. 

Witness our hands and seals, day and year first written. 

Signed, sealed ana delivered in presence of 

‘Wattrr Dorsey. 


Gro. Buacriz & Co. L. 8 
RosBERT MICHAEL. 


JoHN SIMPLE. L. & 
Agreements between Landlord and Tenant. 
LANDLORD'S AGREEMENT. 


THIs Is TO CERTIFY, That I have Let and Rented unto P. J. Cox, the 
House and Lot, known as 27 Doolittle street, in the village of Newburgh, 
New York, for the term of one year, from the firstof May, 18—, at the yearly 
rent of two hundred and fifty dollars, payable quarter yearly. 

The premises are not to be used or occupied for any business deemed extra- 
hazardous on account of fire, nor shall the same, or any part thereof, be let 
or underlet without the written consent of the Landlord, under the penalty 
of forfeiture and damages. ‘ 

Given under my hand and seal the 10th day of June, 18—. 

\ W. H. Wass, 


TENANT’S AGREEMENT. 
Tuts 18 TO CERTIFY, That I have Hired and Taken from W. H. Wass, of 





the Village of Newburgh, New York, a House and Lot, known as 27 Doolite i 














ASSETS. 481 


‘ . Seer J 
tle street, in the village of Newburgh, aforesaid, for the term of one year, 
from the first of May, 18—, at the yearly rent of two hundred and fifty dollars, 


payable quarter yearly. 
nd I hereby promise to make punctual payment of the rent in the man- 


ner-aforesaid, and quit and surrender the premises, at the expiration of said — 


term, in as good state and condition ag reasonable use and wear thereof will 
permit, damages by the elements excepted, and engage not to let or underlet 
the whole or any part of the said premises, without the written consent of the 
Landlord, under the penalty of forfeiture and damages; and also not to oc- 
cupy the said premises for any business deemed extra-hazardous without the 
like consent, under the like penalty. ry 
Given under my hand and seal the 10th day of April, 18—. ey 
-v. UOX, 


Surety. 


In Consrprnation of the letting of the premises above deseribed, and for 
the sum of one dollar, I hereby become Surety for the punctual payment of 
the rent, and the performance of the covenants in the above written _agree- 
ment mentioned, to be paid and performed by P. J. Cox, and if any default 


‘shall be made therein, hereby promise and agree to pay unto W. H. Webb 


such sum or sums of money as will be sufficient to make up such deficiency 

and fully satisfy the conditions of the said agreement, without requiring any 
notice of non-payment or proof of demand being made. 

Glven under my hand and seal the 10th day of April, 18—. 

; Wu. Gorpon. 


Annuity.—A payment made yearly or at stated periods. 

Arbitration.—The settlement of disputed accounts, claims, or 
other matters, by the decision of one or more persons, having no 
personal interest in the matter, who are called arbitrators, and are’ 


authorized by a court of law, or by the parties concerned, to de- 
cide the disputed points. One, person only may be appointed to 


arbitrate; hut it is usual to choose two or three; or for each - 


party to name one, and these to name a, third, who is called the 
umpire. Their determination is called the award. 

Arbitration Bond.—A deed which obliges one to abide by the 
award of the arbitration. 

Arbitration of Exchanges.—The calculation of the rate of 
exchange of the currency between two places, through the cur- 
rency of intermediate places, in order to ascertain whether it is 
most profitable to forward drafts or money, directly to the place 
or indirectly through another place. When one intermediate 


_ place only is to be considered it is termed Simple Arbitration, but 


when more are concerned Compound Arbitration. 


Assets.—Cash and property of every description, belonging to 
@ person or firm. Originally it meant goods and chattels suffi- 
eient for the discharge of all legal claims, but now merely the ac- 


Cs 8 Poe © 











Bh 483 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. © 
_tual-property of an individual, in contradistinction to his liabil- 
_ ities, 
Assignee (as-se-ne¢).—A person to whom an assignment is made, 
In case of bankruptcy, the court appoints an Official Assignee to 
_ take charge of the bankrupt’s property or estate, as it is termed ; 
and the creditors appoint a Zrade Assignee, from their own body, 
_ to take care of their interests. 


_ Assignment.—The appointment of a person to take charge of 
and manage preperty ; also, the transfer of property of any de- 
“scription, or making over a right or claim to another person, by a 
legal document which is called a Deed of Assignment. The peg- 
son who makes over the property is commonly called the Assigner, - 
but in legal phraseology the Assignor’. 


Assignment of Bond, Assignor being Liable. i 


For value received, I do assign and set over the withir obligation, and all 
moneys due thereon, unto John Jones, his executors, administrators and as- 
signs, hereby guaranteeing the payment thereof, in case of default being made 
by the within named Josiah Hopkins. » 

Witness my hand and seal this first day of November, 18—. 

Signed, sealed and delivered.in presence of 

Aveustus Marsn. R. Ramsay. L. 8. 
Sil 





Srston CLODPOLE. 
est Assignment of Account indorsed thereon. 


In consideration of one dollar, value received, I hereby sell and assign to 
Emmet Jones the within account, which is justly due from the within named 

Alex. Harris, and I hereby authorize the said Emmet Jones to collect the ee 
© Yo. same. RICHARD SMITH. ie iy 
‘3 New York, October 2, 18—. : aie 
a Attachment.—A legal process by which an embargo is” laid Lowi 

upon money, money due, or goods in possession of other persons si 

who are thereby prohibited from parting with the goods or money, 

or paying the money due until a claim against the owner is settled. a 
’ See GARNISHMENT. 

The term is also applied toa seizure or taking both of persons 
or property. ite 
Attorney, Power of.—A legal document conveying to a per- 
gon, usually residing in another country or distant part of the “i 
: same, authority to act and sign~-for another person, either ina — ) 
special case or without reserve. It is sometimes called a Letter 
of Attorney. See PRocuration, ‘ 


- Audit.—A scrutiny of accounts and vouchers by duly authors’ 
ized persons, called auditors, f 















Average.—In shipping transactions, the term general average is 
appiled to the proportionate contribution levied upon the value of 
a ship and its cargo generally, when part of the sails, masts, &c., 


or part of the cargo, has been voluntarily sacrificed in a storm, or 


under peculiar cicumstances in order to save the rest; the loss is 
distributed amongst the owners of the ship and the various owners 


_of the cargo in fair proportion. This risk is covered by the ordinary 
insurance policies. If the full value was not insured a proportion 


according to the amount of insurance is recoverable. 

Particular average is the term applied to partial damage of the 
ship alone or part of the: cargo alone, arising from the ordinary 
wear and tear, or from the ordinary mishaps of a voyage, and not 
involving the general safety of the ship or cargo. Such partial or 


particular risks are not usually covered by the insurance policies, 
unless speciaily provided for. It is usual for the underwriters to 


except certain goods, by a clause in the policy warranting them 
free of particular average, on account of such goods being very lia- 
ble to be damaged by sea water, heat, &c. However, when the 
loss exceeds a certain percentage, or if the ship is stranded, sunk 
or burnt, partial damage to goods, &c., is recoverable from the 
underwriters, under an ordinary insurance, notwithstanding the 
clanse. To prevent paltry claims being made, it is customary to 


warrant a ship, freight, and cargo, free of particular average un- 


der 3 per cent. 
Petty averages are certain small charges, which occur regularly, 
and are necessarily defrayed by the master in the usual course of 


the voyage; such as port charges, common pilotage, and the like, 


which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne partly by 

the ship and partly by the cargo. 
In the clause commonly found in bills of lading, “ primage ang 

average accustomed,” average means a kind of composition estab- 


lished by usage for such charges, which were formerly assessed 


by way of average. 
Average of Payments.—Is the method of finding the time 


when payment of several sums due at different times, may be 


made at once without loss of interest to either'party. To find the 


average time when all the terms of credit begin at the same time, 


_ Rule.—Multiply each amount by its term of credit and divide the sum of 
the ce i seen by the sum of the debts; the quotient will be the average 


a 


AVERAGE OF PAYMENTS == 488 


2 





i 
4) 
. 
si 
4 
























“@UIDE TO BUSINESS, 


EXAMPLE.” 


A merchant purchases goods on May Ist amounting to $750.00; $350.00 pays — 
able in 3 months, $250.00 in 6 months, and $150.00 it 8 months. When may 
the whole be paid without loss to either party ! ; 

$350 for 8 mos. equals.ee.seeereeseeeeees- $1050 for 1 month 
950 +8 6 i) 66 CRescdotvcscerevocaesiouT ee. Nd 66 
150 &6 8 ss 6 bop buseance devas ce sem eue 66 sé ee 
750 ‘ 4 ')8750(5 mos. average time. 
_ Note.—if the result contains a fraction less than a day reject it. When the 
cents are less than 50 disregard them, when more call them 100. 


To find the average time when the credits begin at different 


times. 

Rule.—Find the date when each debt becomes due. Find the time interven- 

- ing between the earliest of these dates and the date of each succeedi 

amount. Multiply the amount first due by 0. Multiply each succeeding 
amount by the time intervening between the earliest date and the time the 
amount becomes due. 

Divide the sum of the products by the sum of the debts; the quotient will 
be the average time required. Add this average time to the day of maturity 
of the amount first falling due for the day of payment. 


EXAMPLE. 


Required the time when the amount of the debts as below stated becomes 
_ due per average. 

Date of Purchase. Amount. Time. When due. Time from. he 
Jan. 6th...... ....$300....6 mos... July 6th..July 6th to Aug. 7th, $2 days, 
Apt. 10th......... 200....6 mos..-Oct. 10th.. 
May 7th.......... 400....3 mos...Aug. 7th. July 6th to Oct. 10th, 96 days, 

Amount, Time in days. 

Tuly 6th... sccceec BSI). coerce ccecereonsOrecececccconsnce 0. % 
Aug, TET see sb olsie Keres BOO So ee eee ee ee eee ae OL ew sum oe 
Oct. LOthiiseesdaenses DOD iad bic tiatce ca hbiemreoOes babes mene eceee 19200. 


}82000(85 5-9 days. 





900 
Ans, 36 days from July 6th is August 11th. 
Bailment.—A delivery of goods in trust for some special ob- 
_dect or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the 5 i 
trust shall be faithfully executed. | 
pis Balance.—the difference of money required to make the Dr. 
and Cr. sides of an account equal. 
Balance Sheet.—A paper giving a summary and balance of 
accounts. | ; nt 
Balance of Trade.—The difference in value between the ex- ay ‘ 
ports and imports of a country, by which also the rates of exe yes 
change are much affected. } 
| - Banco.—A term used to distinguish between the value of 
ing money at a bank, and its current value; as, at Hamburg banco ig 
worth about 23 1-3 per cent, more -¢kan currency. 
Balancing Aecounts.—It is often of advantage to the account. 
ant te find the difference between the sums of the debit and credit 























BEARS AND BULLS. 


columns of his ledger by addition instead of subtraction, For 
example,-if he wishes to find the difference between 1897 and 682, 
instead of placing the lessser number under the greater, he will 
add mentally to 682 such a number as will make the whole equal 
to 1897, ene the figures as he proceeds under 682. 


1897 682 
1215—balance, 


! When each side contains several amounts, first add the greater 


side in the usual manner, then commence at the top of the col- ny 


umns on the lesser side of the account and add downwards, in- 
serting such figures as may be necessary to make tae required 
balance. To prove its correctness add the whole of the lesser 
columns including the balance. 








Dr. ‘ Epwanp Srarrerr. . Cr. 
18— ; . 18— 
Feb. 1. To Mdse. 184.50 Feb. 20. By Cash.....+.-++>»150.00 AN 
66 BOL ce cease @eevee e*enreveee 903. 10 Apl. Ts Ge Wee Adee Siok a a oan 
Apl. 10. *®eecetenaeoeweaoeeceseeae 115. 95 Balance.....secees-412.85 
502.85 501.85. 


Bankrupt.—A trader unable to meet his engagements, who, | 
by his own acts or those of his creditors becomes amenable to 
the bankruptcy laws. 

Banker.—A dedfer in money, who grants loans, discounts bills 
and receives deposits at interest ; he also receives the deposits of 
others for safe custody, acts as an agent in their payments and re- 


-ceipts, and facilitates the remittances of money from one place te 


another, 

Barratry.—A fradulent breach of duty or wilful act of known 
illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of 
master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship’ 
or cargo, and without his consent; it includes every breach of 
trust committed with dishonest views, as running away with the 
ship, sinking or deserting her, embezzling the cargo, &c. 


Bears and Bulls.—Cant names for persons engaged in the 
gambling transactions of the stock exchange. A Bear is a specu- 
lator who engages to deliver stock or shares which he does not 
possess, ata stated price, at a stated time, calculating that a fall 
in the market price will take place before the settling day, when 
he will be able to buy them at a lower price than he has agreed — 
to deliver them at, A Suis is a speculator who purchases stock 














8 - QUIDE TO BUSINESS. © 


_ or shares, which he does not intend to take up, to be delivered at 
a stated price, at a stated time, calculating that a rise in the mar- 
_ ket price will take place before the settling day, which will enable 
him to sell them at a profit. Hence, in the intervening time, it is 
_ the interest of the former to depress stocks, as the bear pulls 
_ down with his strong paws, and of the latter to raise stocks, as the 
bull throws upward with his horns, The stock is, in fact, never 
delivered, and was never meant to be. When the time for delivery © 
arrives, the losing party pays the difference between the price of 
the stock then, and at the time when the contract was made, 


Lee Bill of Entry.—A written account of goods entered at the 
Custom House, whether imported or intended for exportation, 


Bill of Exchange is a written order or request from one per- 
son to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designa- 
ted, a certain sum.of money therein named ona certain day. It 

generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made payable to or- 
_ der or to bearer, and it also states that it is given for “‘value re- 
ceived.” The person who draws the bill is called the Drawer, the 
person on whom it is drawn is, before acceptance, called the 
Drawee; he accepts it by writing his name either below that of the 
Drawer, or, more commonly, across the face offhe bill; he is then 
termed the acceptor of the bill, which is often called an acceptance ; 
the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is called the re 
Payee. The person making the order himself may be the Payee. ‘if 
- The bill itself is frequently called a Draft. The banking house or ee 
place where the bill is made payable is also generally stated by ~ 
the Acceptor, Any person into whose hands it may come is called 
 ,the Holder. Now, if the drawer of the bill wishes to make use of © 
. it, he indorses the bill—that is, writes his name across the back of ) 
_ it—and thus.it becomes negotiable paper, and may be paid away Ry) 
- to a third party; and this Aolder indorsing it below the other’s Get 
_ name, may pay it away to a fourth, and so on; the person to Big 
- whom he makes it payable is called the Indorsee. Thus the bill pricey 
may be transferred an indefinite number of times, each time 
liquidating a debt to the amount for which it is drawn, till the 
day of payment by the acceptor arrives, when it is duly presented 
py the last holder. Instead of being thus “paid away,” the bill 
may at.any period be discounted by a banker or bill-broker, who 
_ will give the money for it, less a certain sum for dnterest, 
































5 alae iuesaanay | ge 


) An Inland Bill of Exchange. 
_ $968 83-100. Cryomnnartt, Oct. 10, 18—. © 
Sixty days after sight, pay to the order of Messrs. Bulinger & Co. the sum 


of nine hundred and sixty-three, 83-100 dollars, value received, and charge © 


the same to the account of JaMeEs ELLIs. 
To\Messrs. Howrs & Macy, Broadway, New York. 
This is accepted by the drawee’s writing across the face, 
- Accepted Oct. 20,18—. Payable at the Park Bank. 


Howes & Maoy. 
‘ Set of Foreign Bills of Exchange. 
£100. No. 850. : New Yorks, Feb. 10, 18—. 


Thirty days after sight of this, my first of exchange (second and third of 
same tenor and date not paid), pay to the order of Francis Waters, one hun- 
dxed pounds, value received (with current rate of exchange), and charge the 
same without further advice to Samara & Co. 

To Messrs. Kump, Casyu & Co., London 


£100. No. 350. ip | 
Thirty days after sight of this, my second of exchange (first and third of 


same tenor and date not paid), pay to the order of Francis Waters, one hun- 


dred pounds sterling, and charge the same without further advice to 
To Messrs. Kemp, Caso & Co., London. ; Smita & Co. 


£100. Wo. 350. 

Thirty days after sight of this, my third of paeneere (first and second of the 
same tenor and date not paid), pay to the order of Francis Waters, one hune 
dred pounds sterling, and charge the same without further advice to 

To Messrs. Kemp, Caso & Co., London. _ Smite & Co, 

All foreign bills must be indorsed in fuil, thus: 

Pay tothe Oriental Bank or order, value received. 
J. M. STEwaRrT. 


All bills, except Prommissory Notes require to be presented for 


payment on the exact day they become due—that is, on the last hs 


day of grace, which see; if not presented, they lose the peculiar 


privileges of bills, and become mere evidences of debt. Whena 


bill is not duly paid-on presentation, it is said to be dishonored, and 
is taken to a Notary Public, who again presents it, when, if not 


paid, he motes its non-payment, and afterwards draws out a formal © 


protest, that legat proceedings may be taken for recovering the 


amount. A bill may be passed from hand to hand without any of 


the persons indorsing it, in which case none of them are liable to 
the last holder if it should be dishonored. Any material alteration 


of a bill after it has been drawn-or accepted, makes it useless. A i 


bill is renewed when a creditor receives a new bill instead of 


payment. 
Bills are sometimes drawn at sight, or at so many days after 


sight. A bill of this kind is usually drawn by a person residing — tr 


at a distance from his debtor; and he sends it to the debtor to be | a 


sighted, which consists in his accepting it by signing his name, and 
adding the dzy en which he hag done so. Is is now negotias 








4gs GUIDE TO BUSINESS. MM iig eck aay 


ble, ané on tho third day after the time named for payment it {s 
presented, - 

Foreign bills of exchange are drawn at so many days after 
sight; and are of exactly of the same nature as the ordinary bills, 
but for the sake of security in transmission, they are drawn in 
sets of three, two of which are sent by different mails, and ‘on 
payment of one the others become void. The third bill of the 
same tenor is retained by the drawer or holder, until he learn 
whether the first or the second has been received; and if both 
have been lost, it is sent. Such bills are seldom co by the ac- 
tual drawer, but are usually paid away or sold on the spot to an- 
other party, who transmits them to a creditor of his own, who 
obtains the payments. 

A bill of exchange puts 2 debt in atangible form; thus, fnsteae 
of leaving a debt to be paid at an indefinite period, ‘if it be putin 
the form of a Dill, the creditor possesses the power to compel 
payment very soon after the time named, by legal process, with- 
out the delay of an ordinary suit at law, unless the bill has been 
fraudulently or falsely obtained, in which case an application 
must be made to a judge, who can stay the process. 


‘ Promissory Notes~Note on Demand. 
$600. New Yorks, Nov. 2, 18— 
cH On demand I promise to pay to John uxt or order, six hune 
Sie Gred dollars, value received. Bung. SMITH. » 


Note on Time. 
$275 55-100 Hew York, Nov. 2, 18— 
Ninety days after date we promise to pay to Eli Josking, or 
order, two hundred and seventy-five and 55-100 dollars, value received. 
GOODSELL & BAREUM, 


ih Note not Neg onan e. 
eee diss 62-100 New York, Nov. 10, 18— 
Thirty days after date I promise to pay to William Cannon 
one hundred and fifty and 62-100 dollars, value received. 
,THomas CAvrTiIous, 


e000. ns Form of Judgment Note. 
For value received I promise to pay to Henry James, or order, a 
the sum of nine hundred dollars, ninety days after date, and I hereby nomie 
nate, constitute, and appoint the said Henry James, or any attorney-at-law 
of this State, my true and lawful attorney irrevocable, for me, and in my 
_ name, to appear in any Court of Record of ‘this State, at any time after the F - 
_ above Promissory Note becomes due, and to waive all process and service there- 
ay of, and to confess judgment in favor of the holder hereof for thesum that may 
Wer be due and owing hereon, with interests and costs, and waiving all errors, &c. 
oii: In Witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal at the city 
y. of Cincinnati, State of Ohio, this 10th day of May, one thousand eight hune 
a elivered in the presence © , . 
. L. SoPER. T.C,Srencer. L. 8 
dsauns O’ NEL. 












a a ON 








BILL OF LADING. 489 


Bue Bill. 


$25.00 New York, Nov. 12, 18— 
Due Charles Merritt Twenty-five dollars on demand, value 
received. JOHN SMART. 


Negotiable Note Payable in Merchandise. 


$300.00. Boston, May 28, 18— 
Thirty days after date, for value received, I promise to pay to 
Henry Jackson, or order, three hundred collars in merchantable corn, at the 
current price. JosiPH JOHNSON. 


A note on demand is due at any time when demanded. A note 


payable to 8. H., or order, may be sold or negotiated if 8. H. 


writes his name upon the back; and if payable to S. H., or bearer, 
it can be sold without being indorsed, and will be good to the 
holder. In the State of Pensylvania the words “ without defalca- 
tion” are inserted after dollars. When two or more persons sign 
a note “severally and jointly,” they are each responsible for its 
payment. The words “value received” should be written on a 
note to make it valid. 

A person indorsing a note, or writing his name across the back, 
becomes responsible for its payment. If, however, the person 
thus indorsing is not notified when the note becomes due, of its 
non-payment by the drawer, he can no longer be held responsible 
for its payment. A partial payment of a note should always be 
indorsed on the same. 

The principal difference between a sealed note and one without 
a seal, is that the former must. be first paid in the settlement of a 
decendent’s estate, and is not barred by the statue of limitation. 

A Promissory Note is a written promise to pay to some person 
named, and at a time specified therein, a certain sum of money, 
It is frequently called a note of hand. It is subject to the same 
laws, and may be transferred by indorsement in the same way as 
an acceptance.. It is complete in itself, not requiring to be accepted 
by another person, and consequently only one person is responsible 
for the payment toits holder; whereas the amount of an acceptance 
may be recovered from the drawer if the acceptor should not be 
found, or otherwise not be made to pay it. 

Bill of Lading.—A receipt, usually a printed form filled up 
with writing, given by the master of a vessel for goods that have 
been shipped with him, and agreement as to their delivery, freight, 
&e. It states the number or quality of the bales, &c., with their 
brands or marks, Four or more copies are filled up, one for the 
































490 | GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 
master; another is reserved by the shipper of the goods as - 
*‘ proof of interest” in case any claim should be made against 


the underwriters; a third is sent in a letter by the ship; and the 
fourth by the next mail, in case of the preceding not reaching 
the consignee. The shipper gives the person to whom he sends 


the bill the right to receive the goods. A bill of lading, like a bill - 


of exchange, may be transferred by indorsing or writing the name 


of another person on the back of it, who thus acquires the right © 
_to the goods. When one of the bills has been used the others be- 
* come void, The master usually makes certain exceptions in writ- 


ing ; as, “contents unkown” of dry goods in bales, &c. ; “‘ weight un- 
known” of loose goods; “ not accountable for leakage or breakage” of 
liquids in bottles ; ‘‘ not accountable for leakage” of liquids in casks, 
and “‘ pieces in dispute ;” if the skipper’s list of articles differs from 
the ship’s account. The master also makes notes of any goods 
which seem to be in bad order or condition, lest he should be 
compelled to make good or pay for any defect, as the bill of lading 
begins by stating them to be “shipped in good order and well- 
conditioned.” 


Form of Bill of Lading. 


SHIPPED, in good order and well-conditioned, by Rawlinson and Co., in and. 
upon the good ship called the Neptune, whereof is Master, 


-—— for this present voyage, George Thornton, and now at an- 
| C.K. | chor in this port, and bound for Singapore, 
1 to 10 Ten hogsheads beer, 
R. & Co. 16to18 Three casks brandy, 


being marked and numbered as in the margin, and are to be 
delivered in the like good order and well-conditioned, at the 
aforesaid port of Singapore (the act of God, fire, and all 
and every other dangers and accidents of the seas, rivers, 
and navigation, of whatever nature and kind soever, ex- 
cepted), unto Arthur Wilkinson, or to his assigns, freight 
for the said goods being paid here, with primage and aver- 
age accustomed. Im witness whereof I, the said master of 
the said ship, have affirmed to three bills of lading, all of 
this tenor and date; the one of which three bills being ace 
complished the other two to stand void. 
Dated in New York, 3lst March, 18— 
. _ GEORGE THORNTON, 

Contents and weight unknown, and not accountable for 
leakage or breakage. 


Bill of Parcels.—A list of goods that have been sold, with 
their prices, sent by the seller tothe buyer. It is nearly the same 
as an Invoice, and that term or Accownt is now generally used in- 
stead. 











=) * «GRNERAL FORM OF A BOND. 491 


Bill of Parcels. 
Nrw Yorx, May 10, 18— 


Messrs. Warens & Sons, ! Ware Hi yi" 
‘ Bought of D. Aprpitetron & Co. 
2 Doz. Ready Reckoner....scccsescsseseseess+0+$2.00 per doz. $4.00 
CH one, Books (cloth).\.\ sc Wuisies etek ’owis'a'sels'= sy 3.00 18.00. 
34°) So) Hand Books......... oc ececascoerecerces=+-0.00 § 3.00 jy 
Garis National Copy Books....sccc-cecccccccoes1.25 & 6.25 rae 
1 Gross Paper Pass Books........... Bre diné Wale) woke 2.63 
yw = «Leather Memorandums, 8vo.......-..- --.16.50 per gross 8 25 
aime Magia Playing Cards. seit ccsoces dee csieses 40.00 |, 86 13.34 
1 Ream Fancy Note Papor..e.rcccrveccsccccscncrece 3.50 
ia $54.97 


_ Bill of Sale.—A legal document conveying or transferring 
the right to certain goods, &c., from one person to another. 


Bill of Sale. 


Know ail men by these presents, that I, Wm. Hart, of Athens, County of 
Henderson and State of Texas, in consideration of three hundred dollars, to 
me paid by George Boyd of the same place, have bargained and sold to the 
said George Boyd the following gopds and chattels, to wit: two mules, one 
wagon and four cows. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and 
seal, this third day of August, 18— 

Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of ) ! 

Tomas SMOLLET. } Wiiuiam Hart. 1.8. 
JOHN BLUEBOTTLE. 


Bill of Sight.—A form of entry made at the Custom House 
when the importer of goods or the person to whom they are con- 
signed, does not know the exact description or quantity, by which 
form they are permitted to be landed for his examination or 
“ sichting,”’ and he then makes a correct form of entry for the 
goods. . . : 

Bond.—A legal document by which a person binds himself to 
pay a certain sum at a stated time, or to perform a contract, — 


General Form of 2 Bond. 


Know all men by these presents, that I, Robert Smith of Oxford, County of 
Benton, and State of Alabama, am held and firmly bound unto Josiah Field- 
ing, of the same place, in the sum of two thousand dollars, lawful money of 
the United States, to be paid to the said Josiah Fielding, his certain attorney, 
executors, administrators or assigns; to which payment well and truly to be 
made, I do bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, firmly by 
these presents; sealed with my seal, and dated this first day of march, one 
thousand eight hundred and seventy-tbree. The condition of this obligation 
}: is such that if the above bounden Robert Smith, his heirs, executors, adminis- 
bi, trators, or any of them, shall and do well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, 
P unto the aforesaid Josiah Fielding, his executors, administrators or assigns, the 
full and just sum of one thousand dollars, lawful money as aforesaid, with 
i legal interest on the same, on or before the first day cf July next, without 
- fraud or further delay, then this obligation to be void and of none effect; ne 
otherwise to be and remain in full force and virtua, Y 
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence oy 
JoHN WALTERS, i -Ropert Surra. L.& 
@znry Morr, oe 

















492 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


t 
‘ 


Bonded Goods.—Imported goods liable to duties, left in 


charge of the officers of the customs, for the duties on which 
bonds are given at the Custom House; and they are then depos- 


ited in government warehouses, where they remain until the du- 


ties are paid. The goods are said to be In Bond. 
Bond-Creditor.—aA creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. 


Bond-Debt.—A debt contracted under the obligation of a 


bond. 


Bonus.—An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint stock 
company, out of accumulated profits; also applied to periodical 
additions made to policies of life assurance, out of the general 
profits, 


Book Debts.—The debts owing toa trader, as shown by his 
books, and usually classed as good, doubtful, or bad debts. 


Bottomry.—A contract by which the owner of a ship, or the 
master as his agent, hypothecates and binds the ship as security 
for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the 
ship, such as repairing her, fitting her out for the voyage, procur- 
ing a cargo, etc., if she terminates her voyage successfully. If 
the ship is lost, the lender loses the money; but if the ship ar- 
rives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or 
premium stipulated. The tackle of the ship, also, is answerable 
for the debt, as well as the person of the borrower: The deed is 
called a Bottomry Bond. 

Broker.—An agent employed to effect bargains and contracts, 
as a middieman or negotiator, between other persons, for a.com- 
pensation or percentage, commonly called Brokerage. He takes no 
possession, as broker, of the subject matter of the negotiation. 
He generally contracts in the names of those who employ him, 
and not in his own. The principal are Bil Brokers, who buy 
and sell notes and bills of exchange; Exchange Brokers, who buy 
and sell uncurrent money, and deal in exchanges relating to 
money; Insurance Brokers, who are agents in procuring insurance 
on vessels, or against fire; Produce Merchandise Brokers, who buy 
and sell goods; Ship Brokers, who deal in buying and selling 

ships, procuring freight, etc.; and Stock Brokers, who deal in stocks 
of moneyed corporations ae other securities, 


Brokex’s Coutracts.—A paper signed by the broker, and Auk 





~ maa 
ten eS 






ee er 








CHARTER-PARTY. _ 492 


to the person for whom he has bought or sold goods, immediately 
upon completing the bargain, describing the goods and the price, 
and conditions upon which they were bought or sold, 

Bulk.—In a mass, or solid state,as pork in bulk, or bulk pork, 
pork not cut up or prepared for packing. Laden or stowed in bulk 
is having the cargo loose in the hold, or not inclosed in boxes, 
bales, or casks. Sale by bulk is a sale of goods as they are, with- 
out weight or measure. To break bulk is to begin to unload. 

Bullion.—Properly, the precious metals are called bullion when 
smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bars, 
ingots, or in any form uncoined, as in plate. But the word is 
generally used in commerce to denote gold and silver, both coined 
and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass. 

Capital.—The net amount of property belonging to a public 
company or trader, after deducting the debts owing. The term, 
however, is more correctly applied, either to the sum of money 
with which the business was commenced, or to the available sum 
which is afterwards at command for carrying it on. 

Cargo.—The lading or freight of a ship, goods, merchandise, 
or whatever is conveyed in it. Tho term does not apply to live 
animals or persons. 

Cash Account.—In book-keeping, an account to which nothing 
but cash is carried, and from which disbursements are deducted. 

In banking, an account of advances made by a banker to an in- 
dividual who has given security for their repayment. 

Cash Credit.—The privilege of drawing money from a bank, 
obtained by personal or deposited security. 

Cashier.—One who has charge of money; the clerk who su- 
perintends the books, payments, and receipts of a bank or 
company. 

Charter-Party.—An agreement in writing respecting tha hire 
of the whole or'a part of a vessel, made between the owner or 
master and the freighter, on a determined voyage, and under cer- 
tain specified conditions. No exact form of words is absolutely 
necessary, or could be used, as the purposes of such parties must 
vary considerably. Two copies are drawn out and signed by both 
the owner or master, as his agent, and the charterer or hirer, each 
party having one, 














oa GUIDE TO BUSINESS. = 


Cheek.—An order on a bank or banker for a sum of money 
payable on demand to a person named, or to his order, or to 
bearer. Checks should be presented as soon as received; if dee 
tained after the date drawn, and the banker fail, the amount can- 
not be recovered from the drawer of the check. The holder must 
be identified by the teller when presenting a check payable to 
order, as the person indorsing it. This inconvenience can be ob- 
viated by the drawer’s writing beneath the indorser’s name on the 
back, Indorsement correct, Bush & Co. The teller may also certify 
the check, which means that the bank has sufficient money belong- 
ing to the drawer to meet it; it can then be used as cash, provid- 
ing the bank’s credit is good. A certified check is at once charged 
against the account of the drawer. A check deposited by a dealer 
and returned through the clearing house as not good, or no funds, 
is at once charged against the depositor’s account. Checks in- 
tended for payment of notes or drafts, placed in bank for collec. 
tion, must be certified. 


Circular Note.—A bill or note issued by bankers for the con- 
venience of travellers, who can get it cashed ab any one of the 
various places named. 


Clearing a Vessel.—To clear a ship at the Custom House is to 
exhibit the documents required by law, give bonds, or perform 
other acts requisite, and procure a’ permission to sail, and such 
papers as the law requires. 


Clearing.—In banking is a method adopted by banks and 
bankers for making exchanges of checks and settling balances at 
a place called the Clearmg House, where a clerk from each bank 
attends every day, and balance sheets are made; by which method 
the transferring of a large amount of money back ants anid fore )* ey 
wards from bank to bank is obviated. ae 


C. 0. D.—Collect upon delivery. Goods sent by express, 
marked in this manner, must be paid for when delivered, or they 
will be returned to the sender. 


Collateral Security.—Secondary security for the perform- 
ance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal — 
sectrity. It is generally applied to the deposit of deeds or docu- 
ments conveying the right to property which may be made availa- 
ble if the chief security fails. ‘ 


Commission.—A charge of so much per cent, upon the amount 








= 





COMPOSITION. : | 495 


of goods bought or sold, or upon transacting or‘negotiating busi- 
ness of any kind, by an agent for another. © 

Commissioner.—A person who has a commission or warrant 
from proper authority, to perform some office, or execute some 
business, for the person or government which employs fim, as, 
commissioners for adjusting claims. 


Commission Merchant.—A merchant who transacts business 


on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent. as 


his commission. 


Compound Interest.—Compound interest is on both principal 
and interest. To compute compound interest : 


Rule.—Find the interest on the given principal to time the interest becomes 
due, and add the principal. Then find the interest on this amount for the next 
period, and add as before, and so continue for each successive period to the 
ltime of settlement. Subtract the given principal from the last amount, and 
the remainder will be compound interest. 














EXAMPLE. 

What is the compound interest on $1.000 for 4 years, at 6 per cent. ¢ 
Given principal..... etoertevrerteoeorseeeeaeategeseaertene $1, 
Intervent Lor Ist Fearssircscovceocesecrvinetaccscsses 60.00 

1000.00 . 
Principal for'2d year... .scocccccscccccccccscccuvecse 2 on i if ‘ 1060.00 
, i -06 
Interest for 2d OPT A RN RE RB 8 Pe 63.6000 
1060.00 
Principal for 8d year..cerccsrevcececevcccccessccese a: .? eee 
Interest for 3d year:..csoccssccce scvcccscccsscccces > oe 67.4160 - 
1123.60 
Principal for 4th VEAL. ccecrccccscrneereccossecace eo = is 1191.0160 
‘Interest for 4th VEAL. ccc ccccesaevscssccevccsrsoesue - 71.460960 
. 1191.0160 
ca 1262.476960 
Given principal....cessrecoveccsecscccsscccscvscons ae 1000. 
Compound interest for 4 years........-cccsccecccce $262.476960 


Composition.—A payment of so much on the dollar by a 
debtor to his creditors on their agreeing to accept that sum by 
way of composition for the full amount of the debts, and giving 
an acquittance for the whole; which act is called compounding or 
compromising with creditors, and saves the expense and publicity 
of bankruptcy, 





FS ee eS +e 























496  QUIDE T0 BUSINESS. 0 ne 


Conditions of Sale.—The terms upon yah iti is nesnened to 
sell property at auction; also the writing containing or express- 
ing these terms. 


Consignee (con-si neé).—The person to whom goods or other 
things are delivered in trust, for sale or superintendence. The 
thing consigned is termed the consignment, and the person who 
consigns it, the consignor’, written also consign er. 


Consul.—A person commissioned to reside in a foreign coun- 
try as an agent or representative of a Government to protect the 
rights, commerce, merchants, and seamen of the state, and to aid 
in any commercial, and sometimes diplomatic, transactions with 
such foreign country. 

A Consul-General is a consul having jurisdiction in several places 
or over several consuls, 


Consulage.—A duty or tax paid by Manchadte for the protec- 
tion of their commerce in a foreign place. 


Contraband.—Prohibited merchandise or traffic. It is fre- 
quently applied to smuggling. 

Contraband of War is applied to goods which neutrals are pro- 
hibited from carrying during war to the belligerent parties, or 
which a belligerent has, by the law of nations, the right of pre- 
venting a neutral from furnishing to an enemy, and which is lia- 
ble to seizure ‘and confiscation, as warlike munitions, &c. 


Contract.—An agreement between two or more persons, upon 
a, sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, 
some act; as, to contract or a contract for carrying ,the mails, sup- 
plying an army with cattle, buying certain goods, &¢. Also, the 
formal writing which contains the agreement of the parties, with 
the terms and conditiens, and which serve as a proof of the ob- 
ligation. Each of the parties is a contractor, but that term is gen- 
erally applied as below, and the persons named are styled the 
contracting parties. y 


Contractor.—Specifically one who contracts or engages to per- 
form any work or service for the public, or to supply certain 
quantities of goods or materials at a certain price or rate. 







Contract for Building. 


Contract for Building, made the day of one 
thousand eight hundred and by and between 
of the second part, in these words: the sana party of the second coves 


nant and agree to aud with the said party of the second us t unlte ok 







CREDITOR, 497 


ei build, and nish, in a good, substantial, and workmanlike manner, on 


the agreeable to the draft, plan, and 
expianation hereunto annexed, of good and substantial materials, by the 


day of “next. And the party of the first part covenants 
and agrees to pay unto the said party of the second part, for the same the 
sum of lawful money of the United States, as 


follows: the sum 


of 
and for the true and faithful performance of all and every of the covenants 
and agreements above mentioned the parties to these presents bind themselves 
each unto the other in the penal sum of dollars, as fixed 
and settled damages to be paid by the failing party. 
In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their 
hands and seals the day and year above written. 


Sealed and delivered in the presence of 
Conveyance.—An instrument in writing by which property, or 
the title to property, is conveyed or transmitted from one person 
to: another. 


Conveyancer.—One who employs himself in drawing up and 


_ preparing convenances of property. 
Coupons (%od-pong),—Certificates of interest due, printed at the 


bottom of Government or other bonds, given for a term of years, 


designed to be cut off and presented for payment as the interest 


becomes due. 


Credit.—Mercantile reputation entitling to be trusted, or to 
receive goods or loans on promise of after payment, applied to 
individuals, firms, corporations, companies and governments, which 
are thus said to be in good or bad credit. 

In book-keeping the side of an account on which are entered 
all items reckoned as values received or transferred from the party 
or category (as cash, bills receivable, &c.), named at the head of 
the account; also, any one, or the sum of these items. Zo credit 
a person is to enter his name in your books, as ‘‘ Cr. dy” the cash, 
goods, &c., you have received from him. 

Creditor.—One to whom money is due. Opposed to debtors 
When you receive goods from a person without paying for them 
at the time, he is said to be your creditor to the amount; and 
when you pay him money or bills you are his creditor that is, 
you are credited by him for that amount. 

In book-keeping ‘by double entry the entries, instead of being 
only posted to the Dr. and Cr. side, are entered twice, being first 
posted to the Cr. side of one set of accounts, and then a second 
time to the Dr. side of another set. of accounts, 

In the cash book or ledger, the right-hand side—that is, the side 
ppnceiie to your right hand—is called the. Cr. side, 





ee 


a 





498 


GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


Currency.—Coin, notes or other media which are in circula~ 
tion, or given and taken as having value, for the exchange of com- 
modities, or as representing property. 


Customs and Excise.—Duties levied to provide revenue for 
acountry. Cusioms are duties imposed on commodities on their 
being imported into, or exported from the country. Szcise duties 
are those imposed upon goods and articles at the period of their 
manufacture in the country, and thus operate as indirect taxes up- 
on the consumer; also a tax levied on licenses to pursue certain 
trades, and deal in certain commodities. 


Days of Grace.—Days allowed by law or custom for the pay- 
ment of a note or bill of exchange, except those payable on de- _ 
mand or at sight, after the specified day of payment; thus, when 
three days of grace are allowed, a note or bill due on the 
seventh of the month is payable on the tenth. It is presented on 
the last day of grace. If the day on which a bill falls due hap- 
pens to be a Sunday or a bank ondey, the bill is payable the day 
previous. 

The number varies according to the usage of the place where the. 
bill is made payable, In the United States three are allowed. 

The following are the number of days allowed at the respective 
places : 


A MMELETOATN is anicdocecaecccskee nes 0 Leipsic CeeaetGoateenseessaeareaeee 0 








Alone LIE! yp | Lisbon and Oporto 4 forearm aa7 cg em 
Bahia ee e@erte ee @Ceeerteaeseeaateasese 15 Madrid ..... eeeeeteeereeeeteeeeaateane TE M 
Barcelona vic: vcuwed Gacehes we ecees 14 Malta eoepeeteeetasevreee te eeteana eee 13 at, 
Berlin pied a wien sob) Cole o BG mew aeibica a O53 Naples. iv. sssleuise so teeticndemeneas 0 Lan 3 
Bilb0a fcc ccccevesceccevepaccece sc: 44 | Now, Work... ssccce ss pit cole ocean 
BTL sleine yeaa Leena ae babe eine See te Paris and the whole of France... O- . 
DATICACL Ns coca eee Eres Sa ern din Rio de Janeiro... io... sie cuce ees ce (LO 
Frankfort-on-the-Main ....es+-+ Rotterdam vis, 6 Sine Veneers eee a 
5 after date...... 10 C 
0 | St. Petersburg © gightsooces, 10 
ece 8 is at 6 eeeeceo 3° 
Gibaraltar'ecccscouns ves dace cake ee 14 Trieste eeeoecreoeanesaeeeaeseeeeseaeeeaee 3 + 
Hamburg. Peeetnmecetecataeaaeeneee ees 12 Venter s cis oc'e easel oki eos cise tained 6 ° 
Leghorn. eeeetseeeeeePeeaseecern eae Vienne); sceste ctascctcneonheaen 3 


Debenture.—A Custom House certificate entitling anexporter 


‘ 


of imported goods to a drawback of duties paid on their impor- 


tation. 


Also, a certificate of mortgage or loan on railway or other pub-— 







lic works, giving authority to seize the bihaee if the cone iia iong 


named are not carried out, 


fe 











DEED. 499 


- - Debit.—An entry to the Dr. or debtor side of an account. To 


debit a person is to enter his name in your books as “ Dr. to” the 
goods, cash, &c., he has received from you. 


- Debtor.—One who owes money—opposed to creditor. When a 
person who receives goods from you without paying for them at 
.the time, he is said to be your debtor to the amount, and when a 
person to whom you owe money receives your money or bills from 
you he is also said to be your debtor to the amount. 

In book-keeping by double entry, all the entries are first posted 
to the Dr. side of one set of accounts, as in single entry, are then 
posted a second time to the Cr. of another set of accounts. In 
the cash book or ledger, the left hand side, that is, the side op- 
posite to your left hand, is called the Dr. side. 

Deed.—A sealed instrument in writing, upon paper or parch- 
ment, duly executed and delivered, containing some transfer, bar- 
gain, or contract. 7 

A document is an original or official paper relied upon as the 
proof or support of anything else. | 


Short Form of Deed. 
Know all men by these presents, that I, Abram King, of Hudson, County of 


Morris, and State of New Jersey, for and in consideration of the sum of fifteen 


hundred dollars to me paid by Benjamin Thornton, of Arlington, County of 
Hudson, and State aforesaid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do 
give, grant, sell and convey unto the said Benjamin Thornton, all that. (de- 
scribe the premises) ; to have and to hold the same to the said Thornton, his 
heirs, and assigns, to hisand their usefor ever. And I, the said Abram King, 
covenant with the said Thornton, his heirs and assigns, that { am lawfully 
seized in fee of the premises; that they are free from all encumbrances; that 
I have a good right to sell the same as aforesaid ; and that I will warrant and 
defend the same to the said Thornton, bis heirs and assigns, against the law- 
ful claims and demands of all persons. : 
In testimony whereof I, the said Abram King, have hereunto set my hand 
and seal, this tenth day of November, 18— 
Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of 
JOHN RANDOM. ApramM Kina. L. 8. 
PETER WISEACRE. 


The foregoing short form of deed is to be accompanied by an 
acknowledgment before a magistrate, which is as follows: ~ 


Acknowledgment of Deed. 
Morris County ss. 


. Before me, the subscriber, one of the Justices 
of the Peaoe, within and for the said County, personally appeared the above 
meationed Abram King, who, in due form of law, acknowledged that he did 
sign and seal the above indenture as his free act and deed. 

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this tenth day 
of November, 18— 


_Joun Kewes, J ustice of the Peace. 


gf te 





it 
A if 
Wo 
M 


a 











500 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. © ma 





‘Del Credere.—An agresment by which an agent or Te rg ng 
consideration of an additional premium or commission, called a — } 
del credere commission, engages when he sells goods on credit, to 
insure, warrant, or guarantee to his principal the solvency of the 
purchaser, the true engagement of the factor being to pay the 
debt himself if it is not punctually dischar ged by the buyer. 


* 


Demurrage.—Payment made to the owners of a ship for the - 
detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed by 
her charter party for loading, unloading,.or sailing. The term is 
also applied to land carriage, by wagons, railways, &e. 


Deposit.—A sum of money left with a bank or banker, subject 
to order, for a fixed period at interest. The account is called a 
Deposit Account as distinguished from a Current Account. — 


Derelict.—A ship voluntarily abandoned at sea. 


Deviation.—The voluntary departure of a ship, without neces- 
sity, from the regular and usual course of the specific voyage Bs 
issued ; or sailing before or after the period in which she was 
engaged to leave, thus releasing the underwriters from their re- 
sponsibility. 


Director.—One of a body of persons appointed to manage ches 
affairs of a company or corporation. 

Diseount.—A deduction from, or abatement of, a sum of mo- 
ney forming the object of a business transaction; or allowance __ 
made for any reason upon an account, debt, demand, price asked, __ 
&c. Thus, a person who owes an account of $100, on settling it 
a receive an allowance of 10 per cent.; and would therefore 
‘pay only $90. ie 

Also, a deduction made for interest, in advancing money upon i 
a bill or note not due; or payment in advance of interest upon ~ 
money lent. It'is equal to the interest which would be acquired 
at the given rate for the given time, either by the whole sum speci- 
fied to be paid, or by that sum after it is itself deducted; in the 
former case it is called Bank Discount. To discount signifies to lend 
money upon bills or notes, after deducting the discount or interest. 









Discounting Bills of Merchandise.—In making discounts _ WE 
on goods sold, losses sometimes occur when they are not suspected. re. 
If an article is sold at a profit of 25 per cent. and 5 per cent. de- Bi 
@ucted from the selling price it is not 20 per cent,, but 18 8-4 pes 








gold for cost. . 


DUNNAGH. } wl 


eent., because the discount is calculated on the selling price, while 
the profit is calculated on the cost. 

So also if 25 per cent. be added and 20 per cent. be deducted, 
the apparent profit is 5 per cent,, when in reality the goods are 


EXAMPLE, * 
Cost $100.00 Cost 100.00 
25 per cent. 25.00 25 per cent. ; 25.00 
Selling price 125.00 Selling price 125.00 
Less5 percent. 6.25 Less 20 per cent, 25.00 
Cash price 118.75 Caeh price 100.00 same as cost, 
Cost fi 100.00 i if 


os 


18.75, Net profit—18 3{ per cent. 
To SELL at Cost. 


* Rule.—Multiply the cost by 100 and divide the product by 100, less the rate 
per cent. to be deducted 
Bought goods for $160.00, fox how much shall I sell them to deduct 40 per 
eent. and yet obtain what they cost? 
160 by 100 equals 16000. 16000 divided by 60 equals $266.67. Answer, 


Hq PROOF. 
Selling price. Discount. 
266.67 by 40 pecan. equals ae 
elling price. iscount 
266.67— 106.67 equals 160.00 cost. 


Dividend.—A term applied to the profits divided among the 
shareholders of Joint Stock Companies, &c. 


Document Bills.—Bills with shipping documents for goods 


. attached to them, given as collateral security available if the bill 


should not be duly honored. 

Praft.—A term frequently applied to checks and bills. Also, 
an allowance or deduction made from the gross weight of certain 
kinds of goods. 

Drawback.—A certain amount of duties or customs, some- 
times the whole and sometimes only a part remitted or paid back 
by the Government, upon the exportation of excisable articles 
upon which they were levied, or upon the re-exportation of for- 
eign goods upon which duty has been paid. This repayment is 


made to enable the exporter to sell his goods in the foreign mar- . 
‘Ket unburdened with duties. 


- Dunnage.—Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, 
laid on the bottom of a ship to raise heavy goods above the bot- 


tom to prevent injury by water in the hold; or, to trim the ship 























502 


by slightly raising heavy cargo; also, loose articles of merchan- 
dise wedged between parts of the cargo. 


Embargo.—An order of the Government prohibiting the de- 
parture of ships or goods. 


Entrepot (éxg-ir-po').—A place where goods are received and 
deposited, free of duty, for exportation to another port or country ;° 
a free port. 

Export.—A commodity exported or conveyed from one coun- 
try to another; used chiefly in the plural, 


Firm,—The name, title or style under which a business estab- 
lishment conducted by more than one person, such as a house or 
partnership or company is carried on; as, Hurst & Co, 


Free Port.—A port where ships of all nations may load and 
unload free of duty, provided the goods are not carried into an 
adjoining country ; or where goods of all kinds are received from 
ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. | 


GUIDE TO BUSINESS, 





Freight.—The sum which is agreed ,or paid for the transpor- 
tation of merchandise; or for the hire or use of a ship in whole 
or in part. When the rate of freight is not agreed upon previous © 
to shipping goods, the full rate current is charged. All goods 
are liable for freight, and their delivery can be refused if payment 
is not made, but they cannot be detained on theship. In general, 
goods must be delivered to claim freight, but in some cases it is 
recoverable under a general average although thrown overboard, 
It cannot be claimed if the ship is totally lost. 


Garbles.—The dust, soil, or filth, separated from good spices, — 
drugs, &c. ate 

Garnishment.—Warning or legal notice to a person in whose 
hands the goods of another are attached, not to pay the money or 
deliver the goods, but to appear in court and give information as 
garnishee, 

Goods.—A general name for merchandise, 

Good-Will.—The custom of any trade or business, 

Lord Eldon says: “ The good-will of a trade is nothing more 
than the probability that the old customers will resort to the old 
_ place.” | 

Guarantee.—A promise to answer for the payment of some 
debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failureof 


eR a 2 eee 


ola 
Oe 







ss 


se a st =4 





:  INSURANOR. | 508 


another person, who is, in the first instance, liable to such pay- 
_ment or performance, the person so bindiug himself being gener- 
- ally called by the same name, but guarantor is the word more 
correctly used in this sense. 


House.—A firm, but sometimes applied to a commercial estab- 
lishment carried on under the name of one person only. 


Import.—Anything brought from a foreign country, or from a 
province, dominion, or colony of the mother country, as from Ire- 
Jand, Canada, Australia, &c.; used chiefly in the plural, Lmports, 
a person who #nports’ the an ‘ports is called an import er. 


| Indemnity.—Compensation or remuneration for loss, injury, or 
damage sustained. Insurance is a contract of indemnity. Also, 
security from penalty, or the punishment of past offences, 

Indenture:—A mutual agreement in writing between two or 
more parties, whereof each party has usually a part. Indentures 
were originally duplicates laid together and indented, so that the 
two papers or parchments corresponded with each other. But in- 
denting has gradually become a mere form, and it often neglected. 


Indorse.—To write one’s name upon the back of, as a paper 
- for the purpose of transferring it, or to secure the payment of, as 
a note, draft, &c., or as a receipt for payment. The person who 
writes is called the zvdorser ; the one to whom any right is trans- 
ferred is the indorse¢ ; and the writing upon the back the indorses 
snent, or indorsation. 


Injunction.—A writ or kind of prohibition granted by a court 


to prevent the commission of any act by which frand or injury 
may be done, whereby a party is required to do or refrain from 
doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ. It is 
more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, 
although by no means confined tothe former, It is often obtained 
for the purpose of preserving property in dispute pending a suit. 
It may be procured to prevent the negotiation of bills, the trans- 
fer of stock, piration of copyrights, trade marks, &c., and gener- 
ally where persons’ rights are infringed, and further injury might 
be done during the delay of an ordinary suit at law. 


Insurance.—-A contract whereby, for a stipulated consider. . 


ation called a premium, certain persons called underwriters, or In- 
‘surance Companies, engage to make good to the insurer, or party 
dnsuring, any losses he may sustain of ships or their cargoes at 











504 _ QUIDE To BUSINESS., Re 
ge2, or of houses or goods by fire. The Aad ten ng bis oe. 


tract is called the Polley of Insurance. - 


Interest.—Tho premium paid for the use of money et the per- 
son using it to the person who lent it. The interest charged is at 
the rate of so much per cent., or in the hundred dollars, on the 





sum lent. Interest at 5 per cent. means $5 on every hundred dollars. — 


The sum lent is called the principal. Simple interest is that which 


arises from the principal sumonly. Compound interest is that which 


arises from the principal with the interest added as it becomes due, 
making interest on interest. The term interest is also applied to 
any right in, or advantage to be derived from, a business, manus 
factory, property, &c. 


INTEREST TABLE (SIX PER CENT.) 


Showing the Interest on any Sum from $10 to $10,000, 
at 6 per Cent. 





FOR FOR FOR FOR 








1 pay, | 15 Days, {1 MonrH.| 1 YEAR. 

GRRE rere entncitnteeneteena ieee ean T EET ean eeseteeene =| | OIA ern oo 
i P10 pe maneeetecraciecmsaencincscvel's 0 8 ‘7 60 
2 COC SPECS EESEHTORSOKOG OTE EFEHOED 0 5 10 $1.20 
bUSO ise plese crenc Ua cise closy met sicmine 1 8 15 a 1.80 
‘AQ sierwiaiveie esis cities areee ec veecteos i 10 20 9.40 
BOs dice vsecn ce site cchadekesaece Lae 1 13 25 3.00 
| COirseewees eeses eeoereeeevonrece 1 15 30 38.60 
eCeertescaateoeteeereesrteeerncs 1 18 35 4.20 
: BIN Ode Se eeSe Misblocnashs cess ashe 1 20 46 4.80 
Saldgiawisipea bin's's aleeale ioe ois ieee tere 2 23 45 5.40 
WOO cecien pew ve voce cnewetucivcacet ok 2 25 50 6.00 
MOOT ORGS ee ole cleo ucieeu web eens 3 50 $1.00 12.00 
SOO ccvccacscccviesveve vaeeceme se 5° 75 1.50 18.00 
400. cc ncvcccvecesovrces sev aieconec 7 | $1.00 2.00 24.00 
OOO ek adie perigic® en eeeee eeeeeee 8 1.25 2.50 80.00 
600. eeeoetesereeareaeseesnaseaeeseaees)] 10 1.50 8.00 36.00 
haba aaa eco k Wielhrs wictne a tin mialeiere 12 1.75 3.50 42.00 
B00... evccencvccceccreccsascsecs 13 2.00 4.00 48.00 


F 900. went eceseoateeeteeereessecese 15 V2 S35 4.50 54.00 f 
J,000. cc cacccvcccencccvcccvecscees 17 2.50 5. 00 60.00 2 
2,000... 2 ccvncceccecscccccceveccrses 34 4.99 10.01 120.00 
sUU0 Caine b hela ealmleeteiomeis alate celebs Giclee 52 7.49 15: 01 180.00 
AOU ea csccicnae biekueie oe laaslay sibs sini 69 9.99 20.01 240.00 
BQO visa wevetuins cob eres bin eulb mans acme 86 12.48 25.02 300.00 
GIOU0 ss ee'sbce Uae vies paisltes seiner ais $1.03 14.98 380. 02 860.00 
FiO ceases ane sean pee erelelen cee 1:20 17.48 35. 02 420.00 
8,000. eeeaeeoaneteeeereeeeeeareaeeteooaee 1.36 19. 97 40. 03 480.08 
9,000. ewe weeeeetseorenseeeeeeteeeerstoae 1.55 22. 47 ° 540.08. 
BO,000....eccsesescsecsnncenense vers 1.92 24.97 

I 














INTEREST TABLE (7 PER CENT.) 
Sihowing the Interest on any Sum from $10 to $10,000, 


INTEREST. 


at 7 per Cent. 





SiO wana seca t ccwssesccess ce eee 
2 FOSS Pee TESS EHTSSTESSEOBESE esse 
eivowacaiae veneer caw iicc ps cde lee. 
MUreiataaalagisleac cia ck ced cou seccas 
BO ivecancvacbincccccscaccccccees 
LUM ereee cca dais ohe'abon cei eae eiate 
Dros eavaw.ces = eeeoer Peereesresats 
MOU rs a wieaeltdataicloas eeeee eeereoaens 
Ce ae a ae aaa! giolard evewerd wie! oahte 
GOO ae aw as aise als eoeere eereoeneeosee 
7 Peer re sere ee eeeFOeeresess Oees 
BOO irs deities e 4c Peeoreesrteeareaves 
UUuigeicts svisie'se Soden sels cle esedivedals 
IU EME a celal asia s's'ciaotd's eaves Cc'svele'e 
SrA cerolat eras salvia cored alnn ainie'e se. svlce 
MUD) relaiets Clelsicisia ait cleieis\a-a eielelse'slem ya's 
5, sew ere sereseCoGeeoreonteserees 
SONI amie e euee lc sihadbie's oc necele ace 
PMI oeld ed ewies was onec ese cee cpl 
DU alata Gefdeis ae ajceiee eisie'd co a'alts'e «0 

NNO pkicawe denesiceds e rFeerecersecess 


J0,000. 2. ccc cccccccceg se sccccccccess 


FOR 


1 DAY. 


1.92 


OD PDD He HH et SO 


TOR 


FOR 





505 








FOR 


15 Days.) MoNTH.| 1 YEAR. 





14.38 
17.26 
20.14 
23.01 
25.89 
28.77 


5.83 
11.67 
17 50 
23.33 
29.17 
$5.00 
40.83 
46.67 
52.50 
58.33 





. <= 
i) 


A IDO ai coho bons 
SS8S8SSSS5 


bo bo h 
Or ip 
Sss 


56.00 — 
63.00 
70.00 
140.06 
210.00 
280.00 
350.00 
420.90 
490.00 
560.00 
630.00 
700.00 


A TABLE OF DAILY SAVINGS AT COMPOUND IN- 
TEREST. 


CENTS, PER DAY. PER YEAR. 


2%. $10.00 
534 20.00 

11 40.00 
27% 100.00 
BS 200.00 
$1.10 400.00 
1.37 500.00 


By the above table it appears that if a mechanic, or clerk, saves 
only 2 1-4 cents per day, from the time he is 21 until he is three 


IN TEN YEARS. 








IN FIFTY YEARS. 





$2.900 
5.800 
11.600 
29.000 
58.0060 
116.000 
145.000 « 


acore and ten, the aggregate, with interest, will amount to $2,900; 











3 
8 








506 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


and a daily saving of 27 1-2 cents reaches the important sum of 
$29,000. A sixpence saved daily will provide a fund of nearly 
$7,000—sufficient to purchase a good farm. There are few em- 
ployees who’cannot save daily by abstaining from the use of cigars 
and tobacco, liquors, etc. twice, or ten times the amount of the 
six cent piece. Every person should provide for old age, and the 
man in business who can lay by a dollar a day will eventually find 
himself possessed of over $100,000. 


Investment.—Tho laying out of money in the purchase of 
some kind of property, usually permanent. 


Invoice.—A written account of the particulars of merchan- 
dise shipped or sent toa purchaser, consignee, agent, &c., specify- 
ing the contents of each package of goods, their price, and the 
charges upon them. The term is now generally used for all ac- 
counts of goods sold wholesale. The invoice is sent by the seller 
to the buyer, either along with the goods, or separately by mail, 
Merchants often write “ errors excepted”? on the accounts which they 
send, that they may not be precluded from the correction of errors 
afterwards, if any be discovered. 


Jetsam.—Jettison is the act of voluntarily throwing goods over- 


board, or cutting away masts, casting away sails, &c., in cases of 
extreme peril, in order to lighten a ship, and preserve her and the 
rest of the cargo. The owners of the ship or goods can claim in- 
demnity by general average from the owners of the goods saved, 
and the owners of the goods, if insured, can recover from the un- 
derwriters. Jetsam is where goods are cast into the sea, and there 
sink, and remain under water; Flotsam is where they continue 
swimming; and Ligan is where ne are sunk i in the sea, but tied 
to a cork or bugy. 


Lay Days.—Days allowed to a merchant or charterer to load 
or unload cargo. . 

Lazzaretto.—A place in which goods landed from ships in 
Quarantine are fumigated previous to their delivery. 


Lease.—An agreement for letting of lands or tenements to an- 


other for life, for a term of years, or at will, or for any less inter- 


est than the Lessor or person who lets has in the property, for a 
rent or compensation to be paid by the Lessee, 2 person to whom 
the lease is granted, 





Lease of House. 


Tits st bar this first day of January, 18—, between Frederick Seemon of 
Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, of the ong 


part and Wm. Long, of Philadelphia, aforesaid, of the other part, as follows: | 


The said Frederick Seemon, doth agree to let unto the said Wm. Long, all 
that certain lot of ground, with the house thereon, being and situate (here de- 


scribe the premises), for one year from this first day of January, 18—, and for. 


such longer time after the expiration of the said year as both the said parties 
shall agree, and until the end of three months after notice shall be given by 
either of the said parties, to the other of them, for leasing the said premises 
at and for the yearly rent of seven hundred dollars, payable quarterly on the 
first days of April, July, October, and January, in equal proportions; which 
said yearly rent, payable quarterly as aforesaid, the said Wor Long, for him- 
self, his executors, and administrators, doth hereby covenant and agree to pay 
to,the said Frederick Seemon, his executors, administrators and assigns, ace 
cordingly, for so long a time as he shall hold and enjoy the said premises ag 
aforesaid, and until the end of the said three months next after notice shall 
have been given by either of the above parties to the other, for leasing the said 
premises as aforesaid. 
Witness our hands and seals, day and year first written. 
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of ' 
C RO FREDERICK SzEMom. L. 8. 
Wu. Lona. L. 8. 


HAs. A. BROWN. 
Lewis GoLDsBOROUGH. 


Letter of Credit.—A letter from bankers or mercantile houses. 
addressed to their agents or correspondents elsewhere, requesting 
them upon the credit of the writer, to pay or advance money to & 
certain third party—the bearer of the letter. 


Form of Letter of Credit, 


New York, July 10, 18— 
Messrs. Guo. Coox & Co., Gentlemen: 
Please deliver to John Myers, of this place, mers 


? 


chandise to any amount not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and I will hold 
myself accountable to you forthe payment of the same, in case Mr. Myers — 


should fail to make payment thereof. 2 \ ‘ : 

You will please notity me of the amount for which you may give him credit, 
and if default should be made in the payment, let me know immediately, — 

I ata, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, 
UrntaH HEEp, 

Messrs. Guo. Cooz & Co., No. — Market Street, Philadelphia. 

Letter of License.—An agreement signed by the creditors of 
an insolvent or embarrassed trader, permitting him to carry op 


business for a certain time without satisfying their claims.: 


Liabilities.—The whole amount of debts owing by, and pecu- 
niary responsibility of, a person or company, as opposed to As- 
sets, 


Lien.—A right or claim upon a real or personal property, vol- 
untarily granted by its owners for the security of some debt or 
duty ; also, a right in one to hold and retain the property of an 
other until some claim of the former is paid or satisfied, 


















508 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. Pa) 


Lighterage—tThe price paid for dhleeeine ships by ianeewo or 


boats used to convey the goods on shore. 
- Liquidation.—Settling and adjusting debts, 


Lloyd’s Register.—Is a register of vessels, giving the tonnage, 
age, build, character and condition of each ship whose owners 


conform to their rules. It is published yearly, with occasional 


supplements when alterations or additions are necessary. 


Log-Book.—A book in which is entered the daily progress of 
a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, or apparatus for measuring 
the rate of a ship’s motion through the water, with notes on the 
weather. 


Manifest.—A document containing a specific description of a — 
ship, with the list of the names of the passengers, and a descrip- 


tion of the whole of the cargo, number, and marks of the pack- 
ages, &c., with the ports of destination, made out and signed by 
the master before leaving port. to be exhibited at the Custom 
House. 

Marking Goods.—lIt is customary in most business houses to 


use a private mark, which is placed upon goods in order that the 


proprietor or salesman may be able at any time to ascertain exactly 
the cost and selling prices of an article. A word or short sentence 
containing ten different letters is selected, and as each letter repre- 
sents one of the ten digits, any amount, no matter how large .or 
small, can be written with the same facility as in figures. Take 
for example the sai 
BLES T.0'N. 
aid 5678810 

Twenty-five cents a be written hl, $2.25 hhl, $6418:87 
erca tl, &c. An extra letter called a repeater is often used and 
may be any letter not contained in the original word. X is the 
most used, thus: 663 would be written exa. 


Lee 


Sometimes a sentence containing ten words is used and the — 


initial letters of the words taken as the representative ones, thus: 


“In walking down Broadway James sees many very curious 
things,” the representative letters in this sentence are, 


IwvBISMYVOCOTR 
1234567 8 9 10 


Measurement Goods.—Goods on which freight is charged by 
measurement. 















PARTNERSHIP. 509 


Merchantable.—Fit for market. Goods not in a sound state 
are said to be in unmerchantable condition, but are often made mer- 
chantable by separating the damaged from the sound parts. 


Mercantile and Commercial.—Commercial is the wider term, 
being sometimes used to embrace mercantile. In their stricter use 
commercial relates.to the shipping, freighting, forwarding, and oth- 
er business connected with the commerce of a country (whether ex- 
ternal or internal), that is, the exchange of commodities; while 
mercantile applies to the sale of merchandise and goods when 
brought to market, As the two employments are to some extent 
intermingled, the two words are often interchanged, 

Monopoly.—the sole power of dealing in any species of goods, 
or of dealing with a country or market, obtained either by en- 
grossing the articles in the market by purchase, or by a license 
from Government. | 

Mortgage.—A conveyance of property, upon condition, as 
security for the payment of a debt or the performance of a duty, 
and to become void upon payment or performance. It was called 
a mortgage or dead pledge, because, whatever profit it might yield, 
it did not thereby redeem itself, but became lost or dead to the 
mortgager upon breach of the condition. But in equity a right of 
redemption is an inseparable incident of a mortgage, until the mort- 
gager is debarred by his own laches (neglect), or by judicial de- 
eree, The person who conveys the property is called the mort'- 
gager, and the one to whom it is conveyed the mortgageé, 

Negotiable.—Any document which by indorsement or assign- 
ment may be transferred to another person, conveying to him a 
legal right to the money or property specified, as a Dock Warrant, 
Bill of Exchange, &c., is said to be negotiable. 

Notary.—A public officer who attests or certifies deeds and 
other writings, usually under his official seal, and to make them 
authentic in another country. His duties chiefly relate to docu- 
ments used in commercial transactions, such as protests of nego- 
tiable paper, ships’ papers in case of loss or damage. He is 
generally called a Notary Public, and his acts are recognized and 
respected in all commercial countries. 

Partnership.—A contract between two or more persons for 
joining together their money, goods, labor and skill, or any or all 
ef them, under an understanding that there shall be a communioy 








610 GUIDE TO BUSINESS, 


of profits, according to the shares agreed upon between them, and 
for the purpose of carrying on a legal trade, business, or adven- 
ture, The term is generally applied to associations in which the 
partners personally direct the business, those of a more extensive 
character, managed by elected directors, being called Companies. 

A sleeping, stlent, or dormant partner, is one who furnishes capital 
only, taking no active share in the business of a company or part- 
nership, but is entitled to a share of the profits,{and liable toa 
share in the losses. iy 


Articles of Coepartnership, 


Articles of agreement, made and concluded this first day of January, in the 
Aiged of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy three, between 
Richard Howe, of Augusta, County of Kennebec, and State of Maine, of the 
one part and Thomas Thompson, of the same place, of the other part. The 
gaid partners have agreed, and by these presents do agree, to associate thems 
selves as co-partners in the art and trade of*buying and selling books and 
stationery ; which said co-partnership shall continue from the date of these 
presents, for, and during, and to the full end and term of thirteen years next 
ensuing. The name, style, and title of such partnership shall be Howe ané 
Thompson. For the purpose aforesaid, he, the said Richard Howe, hath upon 
the day and date hereof, put into partnership, as capital stock, the sum of 
four thousand dollars; and the said Thomas Thompson has also invested the 
like sum of fourthousand dollars; both of which sums are to be used, laid out 
and employed in common between the parties hereunto, for the management: 
of the said business to their mutual advantage. And it is hereby agreed bee 
tween the parties, each himself respectively, and for his own special and par- 
ticular part in manner and formas follows: That they shall not and will not, 
at any time hereafter, during the period above named, exercise or follow the 
said trade, or any other, to their private emolument, or advantage; but shall 
and will, from time to time, and at all times during said period (if they shall 
£0 long live), use their utmost endeavors, to the best of their skill and ability, 
for their mutual advantage, with the stock as aforesaid and its increase. And 
also, that they shail and will, during the period aforesaid discharge equally 
between them the rent of such premises as they may rent or hire, for the man- 
agement and conduct of the trade or business aforesaid. And that all profi 
ain, or increase, that shall or may arise from, or by reason of said join 
usiness, shall be equally and proportionally divided between them, share and 
share alike; and also all losses that may happen inthe said business, by bad 
debts, bad commodities, or howsoever otherwise, shall be paid by and borne 

equally between them. 4 
~ And it is further agreed, that there shall be kept, during the said period and 
joint business, perfect, just, and correct book accounts, wherein each of the 
said co-partners shall enter and set down, as well all the money by him ree 
eeived and expended, in and about the business aforesaid, as also all merchan- 
dise by him bought and sold, by reason and on account of the said co-partner- 
ship, and all other matters and things in anywise belonging or appertaining 
thereto, so that either of them may at any time have free access thereto. 

And also, that the said co-partners, once in twelve months, or oftener, if 
need shall require, upon the request of either of them, shall make and render, 
each to the other, or to the executors and administrators of each other, a true 
and full account of all profits and increase by them and each of them made, 
and all losses by them, or each of them, sustained, and also, of all payments, 
receipts and disbursements, and all other things whatsoever bv them, or 
either of them, made, received, and disbursed, acted, done and suffered in the 
said co-partnership; and the account so made, shall and will clear, adjust, pay 
and deliver each unto the other, at the time of making such account, their 
equal share of the profit so made as aforesaid. 


2. hwy, Se a oe 


my 
t 























~ PARTNERSHIP SETTLEMENTS. 511 


~ And that, at the end of the aforesaid period of thirteen years, or other sooner 
spans bata’ of these presents (whether by the death of one of the parties 
hereto, or otherwise), they, the said co-partners, each tothe other, or, in case 
of the death of either, the surviving party to the executors or administra- 
tors of the party deceased, shall and will make a true, full and final account 
of all things as aforesaid, and in ail things well and truly adjust thesame; . 
and also, that, upon making such accounts, all and every the stock, as well as 
the gain and increase thereof, which shall appear, or is found, to be remaining, 
shall be equally apportioned and divided between them, the said co-partners, 
their executors or administrators, share and share alike. 
In witness whereof the said parties to these presents have hereunto set their 
hands and seals, the day and year first above written. 
Signed, sealed. and delivered in presence of t 
RrcHaRD Hower. L. 8. 
Tuomas THompson. L. 8. 


HENRY FRANELIN. 
JOSEPH FAULKNER. 


i Notice of Dissolution. 


Notice is hereby given, that the partnership, lately subsisting between 
Thos. Wallace and George Gray, of Cincinnati, County of Hamilton, and 
State of Ohio, under the firm name of Wallace and Gray, was dissolved b 


- mnutual consent (death of John Kelly, or limitation) on the thirty first day o 


May last. 

All debts owing to the said partnership are to be received by the said Thos. 
Wallace, and all demands on the said partnership are to be presented to him 
for payment ; (07, ezther partner is allowed to use the name of the firm in liquidae 
tion of all debts due to and from the partnership). 

‘ THOs. WALLACE. 
Crnornnati, June 1, 18— GEORGE GRAY. 


Dissolution of Partnership. 


We, the undersigned, do mutually agree, that the partnership formed be« 
tween us by the within articles, be and the same is hereby dissolved, except 
for the purpose of the final liquidation and settlement of the business thereof; 
and upon such settlement wholly to cease and determine. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, this first 
day of January, 18—. : 


Pe Gen wen tt wae, Moomn sea 
LAWRENCE CATE. Joun Coster. L.8. 
The above to be indorsed upon the back of the original agreement. 
Partnership Settlements.—Partnership is the association of 
two or more persons for transaction of business. Such an associ- 
ation is called a firm, house or company, and its members are 
called partners. 
The.means contributed by the members of the firm is called its 
capital. ; 
Money, property, notes and debts due from others are called its 
Assets or resources. Debts which the firm owe are termed Liabil- 
tties. Amounts withdrawn affect the original investment. When 
it is desired to retain the net capital at starting unchanged, the 
amounts withdrawn may be treated as resources ; but they must 
be taken from each partner’s capital to obtain his true share. 
Obligations assumed by the firm for a partner are to be treated in 
fhe same manner as sums withdrawn by him; and additional sums 


~ 


512 GUIDE TO BUSINESS, 


invested or to which he is entitled, imcrease his original invest~ 
ment. If the resources are greater than the liabilities, the dif- 
ference is termed the met capital; if the liabilities are greater 
than the resources the difference is termed met insolvency. The dif- 
ference between the total gains and the total losses is called the 
net gains or net losses. The gains and losses of a firm are divided 
among the partners in accordance with the original agreement or 
contract between them. The division is seldom made in exact 
proportion to the amount invested ; it is more customary to credit 
each partner with interest on his capital, less interest on sums 
withdrawn during the year. 


Sometimes the skill of one partner is considered equivalent to 


another’s capital; in some cases certain privileges are granted to 
him who invests most; and sometimes a stated salary is allowed to 
each partner according to his ability, and is taken from the gains 
of the firm before they are divided. © 
| A partnership is not constituted merely by an interest, but de- 
pends upon the joint liability to loss, as well as on the participa- 
tion in the profits. A stipulated portion of the profits as a mere 
compensation for his labor or services does not constitute a part- 
nership. 

A General Partnership is one formed for trade generally with- 
out limitations, and comprehends whatever business the partners 
may engage in. 


A Special Partnership is one which is confined by the terms of 


she agreement to some particular kind of trade or business, or 
gome praticular transaction or speculation. ‘ 

A Limited Partnership is one in which the responsibility of one 
or more partners is limited to the amount invested by him or them 


in the concern. Ina limited partnership the special partner has’ 


the advantage of investing where the profits are equal to the 
gains of actual business, without risking more than the sum con- 
tributed. 

Pass-Book.—A book passing between bankers and their cus- 
tomers, in which are entered all payments and receipts of cash. 
It is written up by the clerks as often as 7equired, and balanced 


once a month. Also,a book in which a trader enters articles . 


bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the purchaser. 


Per Cent.—A contraction of per centwn, Latin words meaning 


per hundred, and applied te rates of interest, discount, &c, Per 


















PRICE CURRENT. 518 


Centage is the allowance, duty, interest, or commission on one hun- 
dred. . 
Permit.—A written license from the Excise Office to permit 
_the removal of excisable goods upon which duty has been paid, 
from one place to another. 
Policy.—A writing or instrument in which a contract of Life 
Assurance, or other insurance is embodied, containing the terms 
and conditions. , It is almost invariably a printed form, in which 
the names, &c., are filled up in writing, and the various companies 
and insurers use nearly the same forms. 
An Interest Policy shows by its form that the assured has a real 
interest in the matter insured. 
A Wager Policy shows on the face of it that the contract it em- 
bodies is a pretended insurance, founded on an ideal risk, where 
the insured has no interest in anything insured. A policyis valued 
when the agreed value of the subject is expressed on the face of 
it; open when the value of the subject is not fixed or agreed in it, 
When the sum insured under an open policy is not sufficient to 
cover the value of the goods, an additional insurance may be 
obtained, and a supplementary policy is granted; and when the 
sum insured is more than the declared value of the goods, the dif- 
ference is termed Short Interest, and a portion of the premium is 
returned upon proper notice, if the fact was duly declared on the 
policy. 
Posting.—Copying or transferring into the ledger the entries 
made in the day book or other books. 
Post Obit Bond.—A bond in which the obzigor, in consideration 
‘of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay 
a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified 
individual from whom he has expectations, 

Premium.—tThe per centage or sum of money paid to a com- 
pany or underwriters for Life Assurance, or any other kind of 
insurance. The term is also used to signify a sum in advance of 
the capital or sum lent. It also signifies an extra sum beyond a 
fixed price. Thus, shares are said to be at a premium when their 
market price is beyond the sum paid upon them; thus, if shares 
upon which $45 has been paid are selling at $50, they are said to 
be at a premium of $5. 


Price Current, or Price List.—A statement or list, published 








§14 - -@QUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


statedly or occasionally, of the prevailing prices of merchandise, 
stocks, species, bills of exchange, rate of exchange, &c. , 


Principal.—A capital sum of money, placed out at interest, due 
as a debt or used as a fund—so called in distinction from interest 
or profit. Also the responsible person ina transaction, or the head 
of, or partners in, an establishment. 


Procuration.—A written document, either a letter or power of 
attorney, by which a person is empowered to transact the affairs. 
of another. When the representative signs any paper it is cus- 
‘tomary for him to say “per procuraiion,” and add his own name. 

Pro Forma.—Latin words signifying “for the sake of form.” 
Pro forma invoices or account sales are papers made up previous 
to entering upon an adventure for the purpose of forming an 
opinion as to its probable success, 

Promissory Note.—See Bit. 

Prompt.—A limit of time given for the payment of an account 
for produce purchased, this limit varying with different goods. 

Pro Rata.—Latin word signifying ‘‘ i proportion,” to divide o or 
distribute proportionally. 

Quarantine (/wor'-an-teen).—Specifically, the term originally 
ef forty days, but now of undetermined length, during which a 
ship, arriving in port, and suspected of being infected with a 
malignant contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse 
with the shore; hence, restraint or inhibition of intercourse to 
which a shi is subjected on the vresumption that she may be in- 
fected. 

Quotation.—The current prices of stocks or commodities. 
When, as in certain articles, the prices named include all charges 
for shipping them, they are termed quotations F. 0. B. (free on 
board). 

Rebate.—Deduction of interest, or any sum, &c., on account 
of prompt payment. The term is used for any return of discount, 
by bankers and bill discounters, upon bills being taken back, be- 
fore they become due, by those for whom they were discounted, 

Receipts.—An acknowledgment in writing of a certain sum of 
money having been received from a person named. 

An account may be acknowledged as settled by the person who 
receives the money writing at the bottom of it “ Paid.” or “ Bee 


Y 


~ 


¢ |. +1 


















RECEIPTS. 4 515 


. % 
ceived Payment,” and then signing his name, When one-person re- 
ceives money for another, he signs his name thus, ‘ Paid, John 
Thompson for Charles Howard.” Also, a writing acknowedging 
the taking of money or goods, 


Receipt on Accounts. 


‘ New Yours, April 27, 18—. Received from James Moore, seventy-five dollara 
on account. Kayser & TROXELL. 


Beceipt in Full. 


New York, May 11, 18—. Received from Messrs. Smith & Curlett, one hun« 
dred and four dollars and seventy-three cents, in full of account to date. 
$103 78-100. WILLIAM JOHNSON. 


A receipt like the first acknowledges the partial payment of 4 
debt, and one like the second of all claims, excepting negotiable 
notes, 


Receipts for Cash Payment in Full of all Demands, 


Received, New York, Feb. 1, 18—, of Charles A. Brown, four hundred and 
fifty dollars and twenty-five cents. in full of all demands. 
$450 25-100. SmrrH, RoBerts & Co. 


In Full of Account Rendered. 


Received, Cairo, Oct. 10,18—, of John Paywell, six hundred dollars in full 
for account rendered to iirst instant. 
$600.00 RECEIVER & Co. 


Im full for Goods Solid and Delivered Without a Bill. 


Received, Richmond, Sept. 1. 18—, from Henry Thomas, one hundred and 
fifty dollars, in full for three cows, now sold and delivered to him. 
Simon SHARP. 


Receipt to Guardian for Payment on account of his 
Ward. 


Received, St. Albans, June 10, 18—, from Edward Morse, Esq., guardian of 
Kitty Clyde, one of the minor children of John Clyde, deceased, two hundred 
dollars, in full for board and tuition of said Kitty Clyde, from June 10, 18— 
to date. JONATHAN WISEHEAD. 


Receipt for Lading a Wagon. 
Received, Belleville, Aug. 10, 18—, from Alonzo Cooper, in my wagon, fhe 


following goods, marked, numbered, and weighing as follows: 





J.T. B. No. 1 One hogshead weighing 700 pounds 
“ 66 2 One 66 66 680 if % 
ae “6 3) One box bk 420 = 
“4 «(One bale s 850s “¢ 
4 1S) Le ey 


All in good order and condition, with which articles I promise to proceed 
without delay or unnecessary detention to Parkersburgh, West Va., and to de- 
liver them in the same good order and condition unto Philip Silver, in the 
gaid Parkersburgh, or his order, on his paying the sum of seventy-five centa 
per hundred pounds for said load. FREDERICK DRivEn, 





516 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


Receipt for Stock put out to Winter. 


Received, Belleville, October 10, 18—, from John Jacobi, ten cows and six 
swine, which I promise to keep through the winter and feed with good hay, 
etc., and return in good condition on the first day of May next; casualities ex- 
cepted, he paying me ten dollars each for the cows, and two dollars each for 
the swine. Witness my hand. Gero. SMITH. 


Re-Exchange.—The expense chargeable on a bill of exchange 
or draft which has been dishonored in a foreign country, and re- 
turned to that country in which it was made or indorsed, and then 
taken up. The rate of re-exchange is regulated with respect to the 
drawer, at the course of exchange between the place where the 
bill of exchange was payable, and the place where it was drawn. 


Register.—A document issued by the Custom House, contain- 
ing a description of a vessel, its name, tonnage, country, ownership, 
&c., always to be kept on board ona foreign voyage as evidence 
of its nationality. Coasting vessels are enrolled, not registered. 


Re-Insurance.—A contract whereby an insurer of property, 
who has incurred too greata, liability, or become dissatisfied with the 
nature of the risk he has contracted to take upon himself, obtains 
indemnity against loss, by his insurance from some other insurer. 


Release for Freight.—A document signed by the owners of 
vessels or their agents on receiving the payment of freight, giving 
x formal release to dock companies and wharfingers to whom they 
nad previously given notice not to deliver goods. 


Remittance.—A sum of money, bill of exchange, or the like, 
transmitted from one person to another, 


Rente.—A French term, equivalent to government annuity. 
The holder’is called a Rentier (rong'-te-a’). 


Returns.—Bills of exchange, or goods bought and transmitted 
as a medium of returning the proceeds of consignments ; also, 
the amount of goods sold. 


Reversion.—A payment which is not to be received, or a ben- 
efit which does not begin, until the happening of some event, as 
the death of a person. 


Salvage.—The compensation allowed to persons who voluntae 
rily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril, or goods and 
property from fire. The salvors have a Hen upon the property 
saved, and can detain it until the claims are legally settled. The 
term is also applied to property saved. , 


Sample.—A small portion taken from the bulk or quantity of 








SHORT EXCHANGE. 51% 


any kind of merchandise as a specimen of the whole. A collec. 
tion of samples or average sample is called a Muster, 

Scrip.—A certificate of stock subscribed to a bank or other 
company, or of a share of other joint property, preliminary to the 
registration of the subscribers; also one of the forms of certifi- 
cate given in exchange for a public loan, previous to the issue of 
the bonds,.as consol scrip, reduced scrip, which may be sold separately 
as such until all the installments of the loan are paid. 
| A Scrip Company is one having shares which pass by delivery 
without register or transfer, 


Securities.—Documents showing evidence of, and securing a 
right to a debt or property of any kind, as bills of exchange, bills 
of lading, bonds, certificates of stock, deeds, dock warrants, leases, 
policies. 

Set-Off.—A counter-claim or cross-debt filed or set up by the 

ee defendant against the plaintiff’s demand. Set-of differs from Re- 
duction and Recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the 
same matter or contract with the plaintiff's claim, while the for- 
mer grows out of a distinct matter, and does not of itself deny 
the justice of the plaintiff's demand. Of-set is sometimes impro- 
perly used for the legal term Set-off. 
_ Share.—The part allotted or belonging to one, of any property 
or interest owned by a number. 
Ship’s Papers.—Papers with which a vessel is required by law 
i to be provided, and the production of which may be required on 
certain occasions; such are the register, passport, or sea-letter, 
charter party, bills of lading, invoice, log-book muster roll, bill of, 
health, shipping articles, and the like. 
S _ Shipping Articles.—Articles of agreement between the mas- 
“iad ter or captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in respect to 
a the amount of wages, length of time for which they are shipped, &c. 
Short Exchange.—Bills of exchange made payable at sight, 
_ or at Short Sight, that is, in a little time, three days or so, after 
being presented to the payer. 

The Shorts on the Stock Exchange are those who are unsupplied 
with stocks which they have contracted to deliver. To Sell Short 
is to sell for future delivery what the party selling does not own, 

but hopes to buy at a lower rate, 
















518 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


Sinking Fund.—A fund created for sinking or paying a publie 
debt, or purchasing the stock for the government; also applied to 
a fund set apart for a special purpose, as the paying of a debt. 

Solvent.—Able to meet all just debts and liabilities, 
~ Specie —Any kind of coined money. 

Specification.—A written statement containing a minute de- 
scription or enumeration of particulars. 

Standard.—That which is established by authority as a rule or 
measure of quantity, as a pound, gallon, or weight; hence the 
original weight or measure sanctioned by government; also the 


proportion of weight of fine metal and alloy established by 
authority for coinage. 


Staple.—The chief article of a country’s es anelich or manu- — 


facture. 


Sterling.—A term applied to the lawful money of Great 
Britain. 


Stock.—This term has several applications in commerce ; as, 
capital which an individual employs in business; in book-keeping; 
the account which is credited with all values contributed or added 
to the capital of the concern, and debited with whatever is at any 
time subducted therefrom ; money funded in government securi- 
ties of different countries, called also the Public Funds. Shares 
in joint-stock companies arealso called stock. The goods kept for 
sale by a storekeeper are termed his Stock in Trade. Dead Stock 
comprises the implements of husbandry, and produce stored up 
for use ;—in distinction from Live Stock, or the Comestic animals 
on a farm. ‘ 

Stock Exchange.—A building where stocks and shares are 
bought and sold by an association or body of stock brokers and 
stock jobbers, who meet and transact business by certain recog- 


nized forms, regulations, and usages. The stock brokers deal inthe 


purchase and sale of stocks and shares upon commission; the 
stock jobbers speculate in the purchase and sale, through the bro- 
kers, for gain. The public are excluded, and can only purchase 
or sell through a stock broker, who charges his commission, and 


also have indirectly to contribute to the profit of the stock jobbers — vi 
through the fluctuations which they cause in the market price, 


The Stock Exchange is managed by a committee, | 
















TENDER. 519 


Stoppage in Transitu.—The exercise of the right of a seller 
of goods to stop them ‘‘on the passage” to the purchaser or his 
agent, if the purchaser has become bankrupt since they were 
bought. 


Subpena (colloqually pronounced sup-pe'-na).—A writ com- 
manding the attendance in court of the person on whom it is 
served, as a witness, &c., ‘‘ under penalty.” 


Supercargo.—An officer or person engaged to proceed ina 
merchant ship to manage the sales and commercial concerns of 
the voyage. . 

Suspension of Payment.—The act of a trader or firm de- 
clining to pay any one debt upon finding that they are unable to 
meet all their liabilities- also, when a bank stops cashing ib 
checks and notes. 


Tale Quale.—Latin words meaning “ such as,” a term used in 
contracts where grain is sold off the coast, by a sample drawn at 
the port at which the ship has touched; and signifying that the 
cargo is held to be the same in quality as the sample, and that the 
buyer takes the risk of any damage the cargo may afterwards sus- 
tain. 


Tare.—Deficiency in weight or quantity of goods, by reason of 
the weight of the cask, bag or other thing containing the commo- 
dity, and which is weighed with it; hence the allowance or abate- 
ment of a certain weight or quantity. 

Actual tare is the deduction made where each cask, &c., is 
weighed separately from its contents ; Average tare is where there 
are many of similar size and description, and some are weighed 
to take an average for all; and Estimated tare is where the cover- 
_ ings of certain goods are always so nearly ofthe same weight that 
a fixed per centage is allowed for them. 


Tariff.—A. list or tables of goods with the duties or customs to 
be’ paid for the same, either on importations or exportations, 


Tender.—An offer in writing to supply certain articles, goods, 
ships, or anything that may be required, at prices and conditions 
specified in the tender ; also, an offer, either of money to pay a 
debt, or of services to be performed, in order to save a penalty or 
forfeiture, which would be incurred by non-payment or non-per- 
formance; as the tender of rent due or of the amount of a note 





520 2? Sl GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


or bond, with interest. To constitute a legal tender, such money 
must be offered as the law prescribes. So also the tender must be 


at the time and place where the rent or debt ought to be paid, and - 


it must be the amount due. 


Time Bargain.—A contract for the sale or purchase of stock, 
&c., at a certain future time. 


Tonnage.—The amount of waient: in tone or cubical contents 
that a ship will carry. 

Traveller.—A commercial agent who travels for the purpose 
of receiving orders from merchants, collecting money, and repre- 
senting their interests. 


Tret.—An allowance to purchasers, for waste or refuse matter, 
of 4 pounds on every 104 pounds of suttle weight, or weight after 
the tare is deducted. 


Ullage.—What a cask wants of being full. 


Underwriter.—The name given to the individual marine in- 
surers at Lloyd's and elsewhere; so called because they underwrite 
or sign their names to the policy of insurance, for the purpose of 
becoming answerable for loss or damage, upon certain conditions, 
for a certain premium per cent. 


Usance.—The time which by usage or custom, is allowed in 
certain countries for the payment of a bill of exchange. In New 
York foreign bills are usually drawn at thirty days sight, but the 
banker often accommodates himself to the usance of the place 
upon which he draws, The following are the usances at the re- 
spective places: 


Amsterdam......es. 1lmo.date  , Hamburg........-se. 1 mo. date 


ADUWELD sc cis'sesteeuer dk ene. Leghorn.) setesessees ia. tt 
IN IGONIOM ETc pe cise wn Tk ae noe WLCIDSICiareiaw ales Sako sae days’ sight 
Barcelona..cecceceses 60 days’ date | Lisbon ......c.see--- 60 date 
Berlin sens hag ceccsove L140) Sight) | Madrid cc ocseauee<s0e GO ue “6 
(BUDOGie wen one cleg we ses} 2300. Gate Malta ..... Gakie Scat sig COT Meee “ 
Bordeau ....-eeseseee 30 days’ Milan vcd. eesne swine sur t.o IOs st 
Cadiz......... ae Hake are TOs euees Naples state cekiaaesmaver st «cc 
Dantzic ........- «eee 14 Gays’ sight | Oporto.........+e0.-. 6( days 
aiahiirt-onathe 46 & Paris \.ceses eilcabcavicer ai INO: #8 
oie after ace Poh ae ara bees s6 
BUCVAyec sediecebeiees ate Teste vececcecconecs 14 days’ sight 
Genoa....-...-e00e «s 7 8.mo, +s Venice: 2k pies ppecer 8 ay | aan 


Gibraltar,..... coveee 2 “ sight | Vienna........00e--. 14 days’ sight 


Usury.—A premium or compensation paid, or stipulation to be 
paid, for the use of money borrowed, or returned, beyond the 
rate of interest established by_ law. 












WHARFAGE. By vy-4 | 


= The legat rates of interest in the United States are: 


Maine. Peas a isaiee ess » Six per cent. Louisiana......-.. ee per cents 
New Hampshire........ Tennessee..... ahah woh 

Vermont ....... Batataralers'eil re a MGNGUOKY . «oa seis yore « ice hy 
Massachusetts.......... fS . OHIO $s ee's6 Rae aM AS ts Be 
PUNOUG THANG sos cceeces.) x PITA Aicle a! aieie ee'ela as erale My ce 
Connecticut, ..5.sc00..5" #* &¢ BAAS OS Sa.5' a's a's, alo a 2.4 ag 
UNC WiY OF bse Sm c'e's nlsiele e's 2° 6H es Contract on Loans 4 -Ten 

New Jersey....... Bisel se Yn a MEISGOUETL Sais srercte o Srs'0 eels Six +e 
Pennsylyania.......... ect ae Machiram tiie os oscee's' DEVE (1/6 
DICMAW GLO ca lisocstowc pec tt se Arkansas, js EE MSY es 
Maryland....... esate acti 9a “ HlOvid a ioe eee eae sn ay 
Vitgiiaesc- Sieeaesk ia 4 Wisconsin ».+--++--+«-Seven $6 
North Carolina......... $F California ..5 isso ses. LON ti 
South Carolina.........Seven ‘ Oregon ..... Sees alr SIX ie 
Georviavgasveseecnsvas. bight’ Minnesota.....scesees: Seven * 
MiaA Mar cckes suk ot) OWE: incla's'h'ai ae aia aoe Hite Six * 
Mississippi ...... eartats ef f UTA cde lis dene tise OVER utes 


Vendor or Vend er.—One who transfers the exclusive right 
of possessing a thing, either his own or that of another as his 
agent, for a price or pecuniary equivalent. The word is spelled 
Vender when applied to ordinary dealers, but takes the legal form 
Vendor, with reference to a Vendee or person to whom the thing 
is sold. Vend is applicable only to wares, merchandise, or other 
small articles, not to lands and tenements. 

Voucher.—A book, paper, or document which serves to wank 
the truth of accounts, or to confirm and establish facts of any 
kind. 

Warranty.—In modern .aw and law of contracts, an engages 
ment or undertaking, express or implied, that a certain fact re- 
garding the subject of a contract is, or shall be, as it is expressly 
or impliedly declared or promised to be. In sales of goods by per- 
sons in possession, there is an émplied warranty of title, but, as to 
the quality of goods, the rule of every sale is, ‘‘ Caveat emptor,” 
“Let the buyer beware.” 

In insurance law it is a stipulation or engagement by a party in- 
sured, that certain things relating to the subject of insurance, or 
affecting the risk, exist, or shall exist, or have been, or shall be 
done; such as the stipulation in a policy of life assurance that the 
declaration as to health, &c., signed by the-assured, shall become 
part of the policy; and in marine insurance, the periods of the 
ship’s sailing, or the liability of the insurers for average claims, 
These warranties when express, should appear in the policy; but 
there are certain implied warranties. 

Wharfage.—The fee or duty paid for using a wharf, dock, or 
quay, for loading or unloading goods. 





availa GUIDE TO BUSINESS. 


Warehousing.—A system of storing imported goods in publie 
warehouses on their being landed from the vessels, pending itd 
disposal for home consumption or re-exportation. 

Warrant of Attorney.—A power given by a client to his at- 
torney to appear and plead for him, or to suffer judgment to pass 
against him, by confessing the cause of the action to be just. 


Ways and Means.—An expression implying the resources of 


-an individual or concern applicable for certain purposes, and the 
mode of applying them. 


1. Ignorance of the law excuses no one, 


BUSINESS LAW. 


2. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

8. The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

4, An agreement without consideration is null and void. 
5. Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. 
6. A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. 

7. The acts of one partner bind all the others. 


8. 
9. 
10. 
We 


12. 
138. 
14. 


15. 
16. 
7. 


18. 
10: 


20. Tf a note be lost or stolen, it does not release the makers he 


21. An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if not served 


A note drawn on Sunday is void. 
A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of in- 


Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 

A contract made with a minor is void. 

A contract made with a lunatic is void. 

Contracts for advertisements in Sunday newspapers are in- 


valid. 


Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. 
Agents are responsible to their principals for errors, 
Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole 


amount of the debts of the firm. 


A note given by a minor is void. 
Notes bear interest only when so stated. 
It is not legally necessary to say on a note “ for value TO) 30M 


ceived.” 







toxication cannot be collected. 
must pay it. 


with notice of its dishonor within 24 hours of its non-pay=_ 
ment, — 











THE DAY BOOK 
DAY BOOK. 





120 Qdd Volumes all for...... 





120 


150 


10 
05 
00 
30 


30 


a 


Folio in 
Ledger. jj» _____January 1, 1874. 
1 Bought of R. M. DeWitt 
Goods, as per their invoice. ........ 
2 Bought of Hurst &,Co. 
Goods as per their invoice.......... 
3 Bought of Fisher & Dennison 
Goods as per their invoice.......... 
4 Bought of Harper Bros. 
Goods as per theirinvoice.......... 
mes ff 2nd, 
5 Bought of Ackerman & Co. 
Goods as per their Invoice. 
etrerrerrrs ee cont, Tg 
6 Sold Turpin & Co. 
Half Cash, 
Half Three Months Bill 
60 Hurst & Co.’s Hand Books......... 
PPR ONGIS: 12a Si aaalarate tis Sie else aiern Stes 
20 Books, (assorted). ........sccceeess 
Forwarded by Union Express 
7 Sold W. Strange, 
42 Assorted Books. ..........0000 . 
erlae ESUAC ALiaWeESY.2 3 
8 Sold Boyd & Co. 
36 Elements of Commerce........ i 
Forwarded per U. 8S. Express. 
i) Paid Ackerman & Co. 
_ Strange’s Acceptance, due April 7... 
‘Boyd & Co, do. due March 7., 
9 Bought of B. Myers, 
100 Reams “of Paper... 0.000 0..024. 
9 Sold B. Myers 











Jan, 1. 
3. 


4. 


Feb. 1. 


March 1. 


April 1. 
6. 


‘May 1. 


hh 


To Capitaly: /O20 ie : 
Cash received for goods (ready money)} 7| 40 
Turpin & Co. received for account of 

their house in Baltimore........... 18} 00 
AY. Strange. 2. ts. Veet wigs’: so) an 
Cash received for goods (ready money) 3} 30 


#aq fon) * 


—_—_—_—_—_————————SS==—SSS=S SS SS 
To Balance sevice vee cbipminaals weiss tia, 4 827 20 « 











To Balances :ihulecceswun eno ned "807 20 


807} 20 


To Balance........... eee aie Les Cie 
Bill Receivable, No. 101, received in (se io 
* cash, this GAY. .ssevsevveerrecees 19 12 


Semen aeil 


“761! 02 


TO (BRIARCO. soi shie'es nasla nego eeu ue Ae “90. 








Note.—The Amounts marked in the folio'margin with a star, are not by 
single entry, posted in the Ledger; the Cash Book alone, under that system, 
being quite sufficient for their registery. Only accounts With persons are 
kept; not with things asin Double Entry. At the same time they may, if 
wished, be posted under their respective heads as matters of reference, but 


care must be takeg not to include them in the BaLancg, of which they form 


BO part, 








THE CASH BOOK, 




















BOOK. oF. 
1874. 
Jan, 2. || 1 | By amount paid R. M. DeWitt........ 40} 00 
oar —__—_—_—————Hurst & Co.......... 60) 00 
3 ———-———Fisher & Dennison...| 75] 00 
4 | ——— ——Harper Bros......... dl} 00 
6. || * | By Trade Charges, Expenses and Wages 
to this Gay \Cevaec es ssiee> aa 60 
211} 60 
Balance to next month.... . 827] 20 
1038] 80. 
Feb. 5. || * | By Bill Payable, No. 104, due this day.| 20] 00. 
Balancer iis ecin'ssewctceercecces! Os) BO 
827} 20 
——oIIIyl Ill SEEEE—_~—LEEE_EESS=a»|[ ===) SS 
Mar. 5. By Bill Payable, No. 101, due this day.| 20] 00 
Eye Do, do. 102, do. 451 00 
65] 00. 
Balance....... Weird stare ith arale 742) 20 
! ' 807| 20 
we —oOoEOoeoEoEeEeEoE>EoEoEoEeoeeeeeeeeee—ETEeeEEE es | | SS 
April 5. By Bill Payable, No. 103, due this day.| 30} 00 
7. Ackerman & Co. for Strange’s Accep- 
i tance, due this day returned un- 
7 DAG wiene tie a relaerel eciw el viens 15] 40 
8, One month’s rent due this day....... 40] 00 
—Income Taxes. ....seeds 10} 12 
*| — City Taxes. revereccees 7| 60 
| 103) 12 
POIANA! Dac.s's ius ana e PG 657} 90 
761) 02 














R6 





' Folio 1. 

1873. | 

Jan. 21 
1 

Dec. |} 81 











HAND-BOOK OF BUSINESS. 


Dr : R. M. 
To Dash. 2.80.6) ane erent 40 00 


"To Balance carried down...... 20 00 


To Bills Payable, No. 101.....]} 15 10 


——— 


75 10 


Folio 2. Dr HURST 

1874. | 

Jan. ‘} To Cash. . See ahee eee SeSePeseore 60 00 

2 || 1 || To Bills Payble, No. 102......|| 45 00 

Dec. 31 To balance carried down....... 15 50. 

120 50 

Folio 3. Dr. | FISHER 
1874. ! 

Jan. 2 A Wel Golo YaviM ban TA RELAY) Gin 75 00 

9 To Bills Payable,No. LOBOS Sor eH 380 00 

Dec. 81 To balance carried down......|| 55 00 

| | 150 | 00 





Folio 4. Dr. 





1874. 
Jan, 2 
Qt 
Dec. 31 


t 


To Cash oy has os eae 
To Bill Payable, No. 104...... 
To balance carried down...... 











Jan. 1 1 By GOnds isieedcesccedsse cee 15 10 


























75 10 
Dec. 31 By Balance brought down...... 15 | 10 
AND Oo. Cr. 
1874. | 
Jan, : 1 1 By GOOdB rss eweeeeeas e@eeevee 120 50 
‘20 | 50 
Dec. 31 By Balance brought down......|| 15 50 
axp DENISON. : Cr. 
1874. 
Jan, BOW UB W) GOUGK is <eaiss sin Vesaaceirs col LOU 00 
150 00 
Dec. Bg By Balance brought down..,...l] 45 10 
anp BROS. Cp, 
1874. 


Pe 1s Hel NBy: Goods. ss. eee Bas alan 


62 30 


nm | re 


Dec. 81 By Balance brought down..... | 11 


528 | HAND-BOOK OF BUSINESS. 
Lease of a Farm for a Term of Years, 


THIS INDENTURE made the day of in the year 


of Our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy between | 


Joseph Salamander of Castana, County of Monona, and State of Iowa, of 
the one part and Jermiah Joskins of the same place of the other part. Wit- 
nesseth that the said Joseph Salamander for and on consideration of the 
yearly rent and covenants hereinafter mentioned and reserved on the part 
and behalf of the said Jermiah Joskins his heirs, executors and administra- 
tors to be paid, kept and performed hath demised set and to farm let and by 
these presents doth demise, set, and to farm let unto the said Jermiah Jos 
kins, his heirs and assigns, all that certain messuage or tenement, tract, 
piece or parcel of land, situate in Castana aforesaid, adjoining lands of 
and now in the tenure and occupancy of containing 
acres, be the same more or less together with all and singular 
the buildings’ improvements, and other the premises hereby devised 
with the appurtenances. To have and to hold the same unto the said Jer- 
miah Joskins, his heirs and assigns, from the day of 
next ensuing the date hereof, for and during the term of years, thenee 
next ensuing, and fully to be completed and ended; the said Jermiah Jos- 
kins yielding and paying for the same unto the said Salamander his heirs 
and assigns, the yearly rent or sum of on the da: 
on each and every year during the term aforesaid; the first payment of 
which said yearly rent or sum of is to be made on the day 
of A. D., 18 (If the rent ts payable in produce after the words 
Gees and paying] proceed as follows: There unto the said Salaman- 
er, his heirs and assigns, for the yearly rent as follows: one-half of all the 
winter grain, &c.] And at the expiration of the said term, he the said 
Joskins, his heirs and assigns, shall and will quietly and peaceably surren- 
der and yield up the said demised premises, with the aie Sunapee: unto 
the said Salamander, his heirs and assigns, in as good order and repair as 
the same now are, reasonable wear tear and casualties which may happen 
by fire or otherwise only excepted. © 
IN WITNESS whereof, the said petnes have hereunto set their hands 
and seals the day and year aforesaid. 
_ Signed, Sealed and delivered inthe presence.of 


-eeeceseoe 
. 


ISIAH OLDCRUST. 3 Joseph Salamander. ‘ Spar: 
TIMOTHY HARDSHELL. § Jermiah Joskins. : ‘te 


HOW TO OPEN AND KEEP A BANK ACCOUNT. 


‘The importance and convenience of keeping a Bank account, 
cannot be over estimated to the man of business. Through it 
he can not only deposit his cash, checks and daily balances, and 
thus relieve himself of care and responsibility, but in the pay- 
ment of his debts and bills, ithas the same feature of convenience, 
security and safety He draws on the bank and avoids the risk 
of handling money; it is safer, also, for the holder of the check ; 
it guards both parties against theft loss and frequently fraud. The 
bank besides assuming the payment of your check, also assumes 
the responsibility of making the payment to the party named in 
your order. The bank also endorses your credit by the means 















FAND-BOOK OF BUSINESS. — §29 


of a certified check to any part of the world. The return of the 
check with the endorsement of the party in whose favor it was 
drawn, is a positive proof that he received the amount. 


' 'To open an account it is generally necessary to give reference 
to some respectable house who will be willing to guarantee the 
applicant’s responsibility. Tho signature of the dealer is then 
placed in a book called the ‘‘ Signature Book,” which iskept and 
refered to in case of any doubt that may arise, regarding the cor- 
rectness of the signature attached to checks and thus prevent 
fraud. In the case of a firm opening an account, the person or 
persons who are authorized to sign the firm name, are required 
to sign in the Signature Book. The entry will be as follows: 


Signatures. Business. Location. Reference, 


‘W. Brown, Brown, Jones & Robinson. Printers. 21 Annst. Smith & Co. 
H. Jones, Brown, Jones & Robinson. 


' Everything being satisfactory, the first deposit is now made to 
the Receiving Teller, who then gives the dealer a Bank Book in 
which the amount deposited is entered, and a Check Book con- 
taining blank orders for the repayment of money deposited. Each 
check, when properly filled up, the required amount distinetly 
stated in writing and in figures and signed by the dealer is cashed 
at once by the paying teller when presented, providing there be 
sufficient funds standing to the depositor’s account. Checks when 
paid are held by the Bank as vouchers against the depositor’s ac- 
count, but when his Bank Book is balanced they are returned to 
him. The Bank Book should be left for this purpose at least 
once amonth. Sometimes the Teller may refuse tocash acheck 
when presented, either because the person presenting it is not 
satisfactorily identified, or the bank may be short of funds. In 
this case he writes his signature across its faceand stamps it with 
the Bank stamp. ‘This is a guarantee that the check is good and 
may pass from hand to hand, or place to place, wherever the 
credit of the Bank is acknowledged before it is finally cashed. 
When a check is certified it isimmediately charged as paid against 
the account of the Depositor, because thereafter the Bank assumes 
the responsibility of its payment. Should a certified check not 
be used, it must be redeposited preciscly the same as cash, 






K30 . SAND-BOOK OF BUSINESS. — 


- Constant care and attention is required by the depositor tokeep _ 
the account correct, and to see that there are alway sufficient 
funds to meet all the checks he may give out, Unless this is at- 
tended to, he will be in danger of losing the confidence of the 
Bank, and may be deprived of its advantages altogether. 


Book-Keeper’s Proof. 


It often happens that an error occurs in a single colamn of 
figures, and as there may be no other entries wherewith to com- 
pare the product of the sum, it may bé a work of difficulty to de- - 
tect the mistake ; to obviate this and to afford a test for the ac- 
curacy of the calculation by a different process, some book-keep- 

' ers prove a single column in the following manner. Suppose in 
&he first instance we have a column, thus:— — Rea 


1,728 41 
1,932 53 

7,484 67 a 
3,158 51 : Ee 
6,347 63 a 


20,651 75 


Now add up each line of figures in the column separately, and He 
get the sum ef each down in the following manner: . 







18 
24 | 2 
. 22 ye 
29 . 
26 gic bee 
15 + bie 


Add these together and it will give the sum of | 
20,651 15 
and in this wise prove the correctness of the first computation, 
>. 


eis r 








BANES. 531 


Banks.—The word is from the Italian word banco (bench), 
from the custom of the Jews to assemble in the market-place, 
seated upon benches, loaning money at enormous rates of 
interest.. The Bank of Venice was the first banking institu- 
tion of importance. It was founded in 1171, during the 
Crusades. 

The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609. 

The Bank of England was chartered in the reign of William 
and Mary, 1693. . 

The Bank of France was organized in 1803. In 1781 
Robt. Morris proposed a bank, to be called the Bank of 
ee Cea which went into operation with a capital of 
. The Bank of the United States went into operation in 
1791, with a capital of $10,000,000. It was revived several 
times, only to cease to exist in 1836. 

_ The Bank of New York was opened in the Walton House, 


in 1784. 

In 1799 the Bank of the Manhattan Company was started, 
with Aaron Burr as one of its managers. 

In 1812 there were 89 banks, with an aggregate capital of 
$40,000,000. 

National Banks, as they are now, were organized in 
-1864, mainly out of the old State banks.- They are banks of 
deposit, discount and circulation. They enjoy peculiar ad- 
vantages, having, in addition to the profits of discounting, the 
interest on the bonds deposited with the Treasury Department 
to secure their circulation, and the use of their circulation itself, 
There are 2,087 National Banks, with an aggregate capital of 
$500,000,000. The amount of bonds to secure national notes - 
is about $360,000,000. The amount of notes in actual circula- 
tion is about $310,000,000, with 675 million of deposits. 

State Banks are banks of deposit and discount only, and 
their business and standing depend aaa upon local cause 
and the individuals who manage them. ‘There are 907 State 
Banks, with a total capital of $164,366,669. 

Savings Banks are banks of deposit, only allowing interest 
on all sums left with them for a certain length of time. It is 
gaid one was founded in Hamburg in 1778; also at Berne, 
Switzerland, in 1787. The Savings Banks of this country now 
have on deposit the surplus earnings of the laboring classes, 
amounting to about $1,000,000,000—an immense amount, 
when we consider the short time in which it must have been 
accumulating. There are 166 Savings Banks and 2,375 Private 
Banks in this country. 

Bank Rules.—The rules of banks vary so in different lo- 
calities, it is impossible to put them in positive form. Savings 





532 BANK LAWS. 


banks usuaily pay a little less than the regular rates for money 
—usually about 5 per cent. 

Business banks are usually open from 10 A, M. to3 P. M. 

Make your deposits early in the afternoon. 

__ List bills and checks separately on your deposit ticket, lay. 
ing the former all one way. 

See that your deposit is correctly entered on your book be. 
fore leaving the bank. 

Leave your book every thirty days to be balanced. 

Strangers presenting notes, drafts or checks, payable to or- 
der, must in all cases be identified by some one who knowa 
them and is known atthe bank. 

Bank Laws.—Banks may own such real estate only as is 
necessary for transaction of business, but cannot speculate or 
hold real estate as an investment. Banks cannot take usury in 
any form. A bank may reject its bills if stolen, the forging 
of one signature invalidating a bill. ‘The certification of a 
note or check makes the bak liable ;a verbal certification is 
sufficient to hold the bank." The payment of a raised or al- 
tered check by a bank is its own loss. A bank must not pa 
a check before its date; if it does so, it must take the risk. x 
forged check paid to a bona fide, innocent holder, is the bank’s 
loss, and the amount cannot be recovered. Share-holders are 
liable for all the acts of the bank’s officers to double the par 
value of their stock. A depositor may stop the payment of any 
note or check by notifying the bank, which must refuse to pay 
it. A bank is responsible for paper left for collection; ane if 
worthless money or check is received for it, itis the bank’s 
loss. It is the duty of a bank to pay all paper of a depositor 
payable at his bank, when properly presented; the bank is lia- 
ble if it fails to doso. The bank is bound to the strictest se- 
crecy, and must not divulge anything to, damage its custom. 
ers.. If an account is not good for a check, and the holder 
will surrender it for the balance of the account, crediting it on 
the check, the bank must pay it; a bank, however, is not 
bound to pay the amount of a check, under any circumstances, 
when not good. Checks payable ‘‘to order” must be paid 
only to the proper person named therein. 

Commercial Paper.—Bills of Exchange and their legiti- 
mate offsprings, checks, notes, and drafts, haveformed a most 
important factor in the world’s financial history. They origi- 
nated among the Jewish money changers on the Mediterranean 
coasts, during the fourteenth century. Negotiable paper may 
be divided into Bills of Exchange (Drafts), the Prommissory 
Note, and Checks, 

The Duty of the Holder of a Draft.—Immediately after 


receiving a draft, the payee or holder should present it for ac: 


A 
: 
By. 

it 
= ¢ 








HE DUTY OF THE HOLDER OF A DRAFT, 533 


ceptance to the drawee, if payable after sight or date, or for 
_ payment; if drawn at sight, the drawee will, if correct, ac- 
cept or pay it, butif he does not, it should be immediately 
protested if a foreign bill; or if a domestic draft, the drawer 
and endorser (if any). Ifa time draft is accepted, the duties 
_ of a-holder are similar to that of a payee of a note. 

Laws and Decisions in relation to Notes, Drafts, etc. Three 
days’ grace are allowed on prommissory notes. Bills of ex- 
change or drafts drawn payable at sight, at any place within 
this State, shall be deemed due and payable on presentation 
without any days of grace being allowed thereon. All checks, 
bills of exchange, or drafts, appearing on their face to have 
been drawn on any bank or individual banker, payable on any 
specific day, or in any number of days after the date or sight 
thereof, shall be due and payable on the day mentioned, with- 
out days of grace, and it is not necessary to protest the same 
for non-acceptance. All notes in writing, made and signed 
by any person, whereby he shall promise to pay to any other 
person or his order, or to the order of any other person, or 
unto the bearer, any sum of money therein: mentioned, shall 
be due and payable as therein expressed, and shall have the 
same effect, and be negotiable in like manner, as inland bills 
of exchange, according to the. custom of merchants. Every 
such note, signed by the agent of any such person, under a 
general or special authority, shall bind such person, and shalt 
have the same effect, and be negotiable as above provided, 
The word ‘‘ person” shall be construed to extend to every cor- 
poration capable by law of making contracts, The payees 
and endorsees of every such note payable to them or their or- 
der, and the holders of every such note payable to bearer, 
may maintain actions for the sums of money therein men- 
tioned, against the makers and endorsers of the same respect- 
ively, in like manner as in cases of inland bills of exchange, 
and not otherwise. Such notes, made payable to the order of 
the maker thereof, or to the order of a fictitious person, shall, 
if negotiated by the maker, have the same efiect and be of 
_ the same validity as against the maker and all persons having 
knowledge of the facts, as if payable to bearer. Demand of 
payment must be made on the day of payment in oder to hold 
the endorser liable, and if not paid must be protested, anda | 
note of protest served on the endorser. Makers and endorsers 
can be sued in one action. 

Notes or drafts falling due on Sundays, and all legal holi- 
days, are payable on the day next preceding. 

Paper of all kinds should, when possible, be made payable 
‘at a bank or bankers; but when payable at a residence or 


}) a 





534 CHECKS, 


place of business, it must be presented there during ordinary 
business hours, 

Banks usually notify drawers or acceptors when not made 
payable at a bank or bankers, when their paper is due, and if- 


not attended to before the closing of the bank, it is given toa - 


notary, who then presents it, and if it is not paid, protests it. 
In such cases it is much better to attend to it in time, as much 
annoyance, and frequently expense, is saved by promptness. 
The notary’s fees depend upon its being protested ; consequent- 
ly, he is not anxious to have it paid after it gets into his hands. 

Notes and Drafts do not draw interest unless the words 
‘‘ with interest” or ‘“‘ with use” is inserted inthem. It is not 
necessary to, insert ‘‘for value received.” 

Banks will accept only certified checks, or the money in 
payment of paper, from strangers. Checks should be drawn 
to the order of the bank, or endorsed by a.person known at 
the bank. 

Notes made by a married woman, to be binding, should have 
the words ‘‘I hereby charge my private estafe,” or ‘‘ Value re. 


ceived for benefit of my private and separate estate,” inserted 


in them, 
Checks, : 
New. York, March 1st, 1881. 
The Atlantic National Bank, 
Pay to Geo, Ward. occ ooo eee or order (or bearer), 
One Hondred eo eee Cle aN is en ee Dollars. 
$100.00 


ALFRED BEERS. 

A bank check is a written order to a bank or banker, direct- 
ing the payment of a certain sum to a person therein named, 
or to bearer. It differs quite materially from other forms of 
negotiable paper, being due immediately upon presentation. 
The drawer of a check is never entirely released from liability 
through failure, on the part of the holder, to present, except 
in so far as he may be damaged by such negligence, Itis not 
customary, in business centers, to protest checks, yet it is 
necessary to notify prior endorsers, within a reasonable time, 
if payment should be refused, the drawer, as I have said, 
being responsible, without notice, unless some special damage 
can be shown to have resulted therefrom, 


Laws relating to Checks.—There is no tegal difference 


between a note or check payable to bearer or a particular per 


son or bearer. A note or check payabie to a fictitious person — 


is in effect payable to bearer. There is no legal objection toa 
note or check dated on Sunday. When date or amount is left 





\ 











WILLS. 538 


blank, it may be filled up, the amount to correspond with the 
marginal figures; the date should be the day it was drawn. 
Checks are similar to bills of exchange, payable on demand, 
and are not entitled to grace under any circumstances. A 
check should be presented upon the drawee within a reason- 
able time; but, if the drawee does not fail, or no damage can 
be shown resulting to drawee by want of diligence in present- 
ing, he isin no way released. If the drawee have no fund, - 
the bark, or the bank is restrained by order of the Court from 
doing business, presentment is excused, because the law does 
not require the performance of acts which are merely ceremo- 
nial and nugatory, and the drawee is not injured by the omis- 
sion. In an action against a drawee of a check, the holder 
cannot, in general, recover unless hé shows that it has been 
presented for payment and dishonored, and that notice of non- 
payment has been properly given, If the sum for which a 
check is drawn be fraudulently altered and increased, and the 
' bank pay the raised amount, it must itself bear the loss.. The 
death of the drawee is generally considered as a revocation 
of the banker’s authority to pay a check; but if it be paid be- 
fore notice of such death the payment is good. 


~Wills.—A person making a will 1s the testator ; or, if a 
female, testatriz. Real estate is a devise s personal property a 
legacy. No precise form is essential to the validity of a will, 
but it is important that the wish of the testator be put in clear 
and. unmistakable language, and that it be subscribed by at 
least two witnesses. A will is of no effect until the death of 
the testator. The act of one executor is the same as the act 
of all which refers to the delivery or sale of the testator’s goods. 

Commencement of Suits.—In commencing a suit, the 

laintiff must state in his complaint facts sufficient to estab- 
fish a cause of action. The defendant, in his answer, must 
make either a general or specific denial of each material alle- 

tion in the complaint. 

Contracts are agreements, upon sufficient consideration, to 
do or not to do a particular thing. Verbal evidence is allowed 
to explain, but not to vary a written agreement. When a per- 
son puts in the post office an acceptance of a proposition made 
through mail by another, the contract is complete. To render 
a contract usurious, the interest must be received at the time 
of the agreement. Where no particular time is mentioned, it 
is presumed that the thing to be done, is to be done immedi- 


ately. 

Paudiord and Tenant.—Leases should be written; each 
party having an original. The landlord is bound to secure to 
the tenant the quiet enjoyment of the premises leased, and, in 
the absence of an express covenant to the contrary, is bound 


536 SUMMONS. 


to keep the premises in a habitable condition. If a tenant 
makes an unconditional covenant to repair, he can be com- 
pelled to rebuild the premises, if destroyed ; he is bound to 
repair all injuries occasoned by his own negligence. If he as- 
signs’ his lease, he is still responsible for the rent, unless re- 


leased by his landlord. ‘The tenant may remove anything he © 


may have added to the premises, proviane he does not injure 

them in so doing, orit has not been so a 

portion of the premises itself. 
Summons are served on commencement of suit in Justices’ 

and District Courts. A long summons is the usual process, 

and must be served not less than six or more than twelve days 

before the time for appearance. A short summons, usually 


served upon non-residents, must be served not less than two 


or more than four days before time of appearance mentioned 
therein. 

Attachments may be issued against the real or personal 
property of an absconding, concealed or non-resident debtor. 

A Married Woman is bound by all contracts relating to 
her own private property. Tho law protects the property 
she owned at the time of her marriage, and its rents, issues 
and profits. 

Her contracts in respect to her property are not binding 
upon her husband. 

Arrests are allowed when a debtor is guilty of fraud in 
obtaining or keeping property, or when he retains stock 
or money with fraudulent intent. But no feniale shall be 
arrested, in any action, except for a wilful injury to person, 
character or property. 

Lost Time.—313 working days in a year, 10 hours per day— 

Days. ret Ms 


5 minutes lost each day is, in a year -.-.--- 2 
90 6é iar 46 ee phaser ete ine 138 0 20 
60 6é a4 ce BCE Le hy ea ape 39 1 a 
An Acre, 20 feet front and 2,187 feet deep. 
40 «é 66 1) 089 “6 
50 éé cé 8764 €¢ 


T7 6é & 


100 
A team must travel 8} miles to plough one acre, turning a 
foot slice. | , 


A Certain Test for Gold or Silver is a piece of lunar 


caustic. Slightly wet the metal to be tested, and rub it with 
the caustic. If gold or silver, the mark will be faint ; but,if 
an inferior metal, it will be black. 

Interest Rules.—The commercial year consists of 360 days, 
80 days to the month, ; 





ded as to become a ~ 








SHOEMAKERS’ MEASURE, 537: 


4 percent, Multiply the principal by number of days, 
divide by nine, and points off. 

& percent. Multiply by number of days and divide by 72. 

6 per cent. Multiply by number of days, divide by 6, and 
point off three figures from the right. 


Shoemakers’ Measure.—Shoes are measured by the size 
of the /ast. No. 1, children’s measure, is 42 inches ; every ad- 
ditional number is one barleycorn, or } of an inch longer. 
No. 1, adult’s measure, 8} inches long ; each size larger is 4 of 
an inch longer. No. 9 is 114 inches, 

Size of Nails. 2penny, 1 inch, 557 nails per pound. 

4 Sor rhe inches, B08 oe Ur iis 
6 “ce 2 é 167 6 ¢ €é 
8 <6 23 6 101 <“ 66 66 
12 “6 8 6é 54. 66 6eé 6é 

A Cubic Foot of soil weighs 124 pounds ; clay, 185 ; lead, 
7082 ; brass, 5842; copper, 555; wrought iron, 4862; coal, 
50-55, ; charcoal, 18}; cork, 15; bricks, 125; granite, 165; 
oak wood, 55 ; pine, 35. 

Bank Discount.—To find it. Cast the interest on the face 
of the note or draft for three days more than the specified time; 
the result will be the discount. The discount subtracted from 
the face of the note will give the present worth of a note dis- 
counted ata bank. If you want to find what sum, payablein 
a specified time, will give you a certain amount when dis- 
counted, divide the given amount to be raised by the present 
worth of $1, for the time at the rate of discount, and the 
answer will be the sum required. 

Mensuration.—The diameter given to find the circum- 
ference ; multiply the diameter by 22 and divide it by 7. The 
circumference given to find the diameter, multiply the cir- 
cumference by 7 and divide by 22. To measure inch boards, 
multiply its breadth in inches by its length in feet, and divide 
the product by 12 ; the answer is its contents in square feet. 
To find the contents (board measure) of boards, planks, etc., 
multiply the thickness in inches by the width in inches and 
that product by the length in feet, which last product divide 


by 12. 

"Rapid Multiplication.—When the unit figures added 
equal ten, and the tens are alike, multiply the units and set 
down the result ; add one to either numbers, in ten’s place, 
and multiply by the other, and you have the product. 

To multiply any number by 665 add 3 ciphers and divide by 1 4 
6é 66 6é 66% 66 6¢ 66 6é i 

cé 6¢ “¢ 125 €é ce sé 6¢ 2 

The three ciphers increase the number to be multiplied one 
thousand times, or two ciphers one hundred times, and divid: 





538 ODD QUESTIONS. 


ing it by the number of times the multiplier is contained in 
100 or 1,000 gives the product. 

To multiply any number of two figures by 11, write the sum 
of the figures between them. 


Odd Questions.—Q. What is the difference between twenty 
four-quart bottles and four and twenty quart-bottles ? 

A. 56 quarts difference. 

Q. If five times 4 are thirty-three, what will the fourth of 
poe ? 


cut one yard every day, how long will it take ? 

A. Twenty-nine days. 

. What is the difference between six dozen dozen and a 
half dozen dozen ? : 

A. 792. Six dozen dozen is 864; half a dozen dozen is 72, 

Place three sixes together so as to make seven—68, 

A cheese being put into one of the scales of a false balance 
was found to weigh 16 lbs. ; when put into the other only 9 
pounds ; what was the true weight ? The true weight is the 
mean proportional between the two false ones, and is found ey 
extracting the square root of the product. Thus 16 x 9—144; 
and square root, 144—12 Ibs., the true weight. 

Counterfeits.—The art of imitating genuine money prob- 
ably originated as soon as money was used. Genuine money 
is not much mentioned in ancient history, and we read very 
little of counterfeits. Gold, in modern times, has been very 
successfully counterfeited, and lead and pewter silver pieces 
were often seen in circulation. State bank bills were couter- 
feited, bills issued on banks which never existed, and various 
ways were successfully adopted to defraud people handling 
money previous to the issue of Greenbacks. 

HOW COUNTERFEIT NOTES ARE MADE. 


A party of men, say from three to a dozen, get together and : 
hold frequent meetings, and act according to a plan laid down. © 


One or two will find out some copper-plate printer in the 
employ of the bank note company—in fact, all such printers 
are known by the party. ‘These men will then manage to 
meet one of the printers in the evening, get acquainted, drink, 
and have a good time generally with him, and so proceed for. 
afew evenings. Then they offer him from $50 to $100 to pro- 
cure a certain kind of impression. This impression is made 
in this wise: The printer will take the impression upon tin- 
foil from the plate from which he is printing, which can be 
done ina moment. Thus you see every line, and the size is 
obtained correctly. From this tin-foil an electrotype plate is 
made. They then get some plate printer that can be found 





. St. 
Q. If you cut thirty yards of cloth into one-yard pieces, and — 








GREENBACKS, 539 


about the city, have a good time with him, and engage him at 
twenty dollars a day to do the printing. By this plan thou- 
sands of copies are struck off that defy detection, except in 
the quality of the paper, which will differ from the genuine. 

They are also engraved from the bills themselves, butitis a 
strange fact that in no case have they been precisely like the 
genuine. 

Greenbacks.—The latter issues of greenbacks have not been 
counterfeited to any great extent, the patent fibre paper having 
proved an effectual safeguard against imitation. A few very 
good imitations of the old legal tender issues are still circu- 
lating. ‘They, like the old genuine bills, are miserably ex- 
executed, compared with the greenbacks now issued. 

Look Out For—all issues of legal tenders prior to 1869, 
particularly the following: 

1s, on U. 8S. Treasury notes (Greenbacks). The head of 
Chase is poorly engraved; the mouth is crooked. The backis 

slight green. 
; i Greenbacks, issued Aug. 1st, 1862. Examine all 2s care- 
ully. 

rel dated March 10th, 1862, and Feb. 25th, 1862. 

10s, dated March 10th, 1862, letter C. The pink seal is 
badly done, but the general appearance is likely to deceive. 

208, same issue, are well engraved, the face particularly be- 
ing well executed; the back is rather dark and blurred. 

50s. The imitations of the first issues are very nearly as 
good asthe genuine, and have deceived many good judges. 

pee Moe good imitation $500 notes are in circulation, issue 
0 Le bya 

50s, on new issue, 1869, are not good imitations, the patent 
fibre paper being but poorly imitated. They are so poor that 
but few of them are in circulation. 


National Notes,—The getters-up of the gueer have of late 
concentrated their efforts successfully on national notes. It is 
estimated that over forty million doliars in counterfeit national 
bank notes are in circulation. A complete list of these would 
confuse rather than aid a person in detecting them; we have 
therefore selected a few of the most dangerous. As soon ag 
spurious notes are discovered, a circular is issued by the 
Treasury Department to banks, who are authorized to brand 
and destroy them whenever presented. The following are the 
principal counterfeits. Refuse them unless assured of their 
genuineness, 





540 OFFICIAL LIST OF COUNTERFEIT NOTES, 


t 


Official List of Counterfeit National Notes, 


ON ES. 
National Eagle Bank........ veeceee - BOBtON, Mass. 
TWOSs. 
Fourth National Bank................ New Work, N. We 
Ninth 66 HEPES Fy Ct | 66 “6 
Wiarine bad Heb bach ure ene he OLY ft Ape 66 re 
Market 66 tae Pa area 66 Sets 
St. Nicholas 66 he  sccke Sh, eaoue ee 6e x4 
Union 66 Ct ee 66 ; a 
Union K 66 OS eics'd Ween Kinderkook, 66 : 
WestchesterCo.§ ne. cece eee Peekskill, 66 
Sixth ASR E Se ree Sh 50 Philadelphia, Pa. 
Newport, OE i A eR ORE Newport, R. I. 
National Union Bank (No such Bank).Linden Park, N. W. 
ELLY HS. 
Globe National Bank.................. Boston, Mass, 
WE GPC RAE Ge)! Le ee ee New Bedford, sé 
Hampden 06 Te Singers S SEN HEB Westfield, hy 
Ist BON ee BLL UA Northhampton, ** 
ist SPRUCE c Oh aac Nite ly Aurora, Hl. 
Ist oe SPRY ee WS Ny Canton, ‘* 
Ist 66 ae ee ute oka Galena, * 
ist A HU yA ie eieseaik wns Chicago, ** 
3d 66 ae ditiseeaacns ree 66 66 
Merchants? ‘* SPO AEN BUA Cat “6 66 
Traders? 66 Ss ae NS 66 +f 
ist hoe URAA AARP SE ALINAL ay ha HMianover, Pa. 
Ist AAMT bS eS A MEP MA) IE Wamaqua,‘** 
Merchants? Se a eee eee Waly Bikes New Work, N. W. 
Marine SARE WEA taal ive KC pS 4¢ ay 
Manufacturers’? National Bank....Amsterdam, ‘§¢- 
Pacific 66 .... Boston, Mass, 
THENS. 
Westchester Co. National Bank....Peekskill, Ne. W 
Ist id .... Poughkeepsie,  ‘‘ 
Farmers? & Manfrs? 66 Ga 66 66 
Flour City “i. Rochester, S§ 
City 66 .... Auburn, 66 


Farmers? & Mechanics? ¢¢ .... Buffalo, “ xf 











ist 
Tioga 
ist 

9th 
Warine 


COUNTERFEIT NATIONAL NOTES, 


Wiechanics). 


Union 
Lafayette 
Richmond 
Ist 

ist 

3d 

1st 


' Tradesmens? 


Mechanics? 


6s 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 


ert eo eneeseosese 


National Bank cf Commerce 


Utica City 
ist 
Oneida 

1st 


Ist 


ist 
ist 
ist 


ist National Bank 


City 
City 
ist 
ist 
Ohio 
4th 
4th 


66 
66 
66 
6é 
56 
66 
66 


eeeos tee ese oeeesee see 


eee er eee eres eeaeererae 


ee 


ed 


ey 


eee e ee eee ese urs eeeeeses 


re ee a 


National Exchange Bank 
Canada Bills are, if all right, worth nearly the same as 


ote coin. 


66 


66. 


$6 
$6 
66 
66 
§6 
$6 
66 


. 


ee a 


enews een eeeseee 


seer eeee 


Shoe and Leather National Bank. 
Tradesmange? 


ee ee ied 


66 
66 
66 
66 


Di 
New York, N 
6 


6 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
Utica, 
66 
66 


National Bank.... Palmyra, 
... Owego, 
. New Work, 
66 


» 


.... Lafayette, Ind. 
.... Richmond, ** 
... Paducah, Ky. 
. Philadelphia, Pa. 
66 66 


66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 


“BA 


N. W. 
66 


66 
66 
66 
66 
66 
66 


. Whitehall, N. WY. 


TW ENT. 
Central National Bank 
National City Bank. .................. 
Market National Bank 
66 


' National Bank State of New York. 


rien GF 


Plainfield, N. J. 

Indianapolis, ind. 
Chicago, ill. 
Paducah, Ky. 
Portland, Conn. 


ETRTIENS and ONE MUNDREDS. 
Boston, Mass 
Lymn, 
Auburn, N. WY. 50s. 


Kilmira, 


66 


66 


100s. 


Jersey City, N. J. 
Cincinnati, O. 


66 


66 


100s. 
100s. 


New Work, N. W. 50s. 
Baltimore, Wid.100s, 


Refuse $4 and $10 bills on Consclidated Bank of 


ontreal, printed from genuine stolen plates, countersigned by 


W. Irwin. 





542 FAILED BANKS, 


Failed Banks, 
Mechanics’ Bank of Montreal. Commercial Bank, New Bruns. 


Bank of Western Canada. wick. | 
Colonial Bank, Canada. Bank of Acadia, Nova Scotia. 
Westmoreland Bank, New Zimmerman Bank. 
Brunswick. Bank of Clifton. 
Counterfeits., 
1’s Dominion of Canada. 5’s Bank of Commerce, Tor. 


4#’s Dominion Bank, Toronto. 10’s Ontario Bank. 
6’s Dominion Bank, Toronto. 10’s Bank of British North A. 


All the above are poorly done and easily detected by those 
used to handling money, with the exception of the $1 on 
Dominion of Canada. ‘This bill is somewhat darker than the 
genuine; though by no means a finely-executed counterfeit, is 
well calculated to deceive the public. 

Four dollar notes of the Canadian Bank of Commerce raised 
to $10’s are in circulation in Toronto. 


Rules for Detecting Counterfeits. A genuine note is 
the result of the combined skill of many superior artists, aided 
by the finest machinery money can procure. Counterfeits are 
usually gotten up by two or three engravers; while some part 
—the vignette, for instance—may be well executed, there is 
always an important defect somewhere. The finest work 
on bills is done by the Geometric Lathe, and cannot be equalled 
by any counterfeiters, that of the latter always having the 
scratched appearance of wood cuts. The ink used in imita- 
tions is seldom equal to that used in genuine notes, and when 
examined closely will be found of a dim, lustreless appearance, 
quite in contrast with the beautiful metallic appearing colors 
of the genuine. 

The features of the portraits in counterfeits always have a 
hard, expressionless appearance, while in the genuine they are 
the most natural and life-like. In the historical scenes on the 
backs of national notes the figures and portraits in the counter- 
feits are seldom well executed, the eyes particularly being not 
much more than a dot, and hardly distinguishable. In the 
genuine they have a clear and expressive appearance. 

An expert never studies a bad bill, but becoming perfectly 
familiar with good money, at once detects the slightest dis- 
crepancy. Counterfeits are never as well engraved or printed 
as genuine notes, and with care can always be detected. The 
following rules will help a person, but expertness can only be 
acquired by long experience and careful study. 

Study carefully good bills of every issue in which there are 
counterfeits. 











CAs AE al aa a 
PI a wre MITER | iC Toe ie 
Aye A NO WO seat Ihe UL 


CUT BILLS. 543 


Notice carefully the engraving and printing, the general 
- appearance of the bill. A microscope is a great aid in examin- 
ing the finer work. 

he paper, especially in issues on the patent fibre paper, is 
an excellent test. | 

The backs are not usually as good as the faces. 

Counterfeits are usually darker than the genuine. 

The first impression of a person accustomed to the handling 
of money is usually correct. 

Cut Bills. A number of national notes (usually) are taken, 
and a little strip is cut from one, a little larger strip from the 
next, and the strip cut from the first is pasted in the place of 
it, and so on, until by skillful cutting, one extra bill out of 
about every ten is made. Each piece is from separate bills, 
frequently on different banks, so they are easily detected. 

Stolen Bills are the most dangerous of worthless notes, 
and can only be detected by keeping a list of them; and refus- 
ing them is always the proper course. 

The following include most of those which have been 
recently stolen: 


4 Stolen National Bank Biank Bills. 


The National Bank notes described below were stolen before 
signed, the signatures of the Bank officers since forged, and the 
notes put in circulation. They are rejected. when presented 
for redemption at the National Bank Redemption Agency. 


The National Bank of Barre, Vermont........ 10s and 20s 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—911 to 936.) 
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—932,805 to 932,830.) 
National Hide and Leather Rank,' Boston, 
PUMA ere ad Wa Oars U at ek Hew ahiy na ae ieicle sie e'wea' Ces 10s and 208 
(Bank No. lower left; hand corner—11,919 to 11,972.) 
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—22,900 to 22,953.) 
First National Bank, Jersey City, N. J.......50sand 1008 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—671 to 750.) 
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—19,609 to 19,688.) 
Merchants? National Bank, Albany, N. W.....10s and 20a 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—759 to 766.) 
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—45,195 to 45,202.) 


National City Bank, Lynn, Miass............ 50s and 1008 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—121 to 150.) 
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—66,796 to 66,825.) 
Third National Bank, New York, N. Y..... 10s and 208 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—9,414 to 9,428.) 
(Treas, No, upper right hand corner—644,416 to 644,430,) 








544 GOLD. 


Osage National Bank, Osage, Towa..............+++- ebhiey 58 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—1,751 to 2,200.) 
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—560,958 to 561,407.) 


Northampton National Bank, Northampton, Mass...5s 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—1 to 128.) 


National Bank of Pontiac, HLIS...............-..000 cocecees 58 
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—741 to 765.) 
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—252,111 to 252,185.) 


Gold.—The detection of spurious gold is no easy matter. 
Experts can usually detect it by the dull thud it makes when 
thrown upon the counter. Its size and weight is also con- 
sidered a good test. The real acid test, however, is the only 
reliable one, and should be resorted to in all uncertain cases. 

Smooth Gold is worth only its weight, and as gold, by very 
 jittle wear, becomes smooth and subject to a discount, it is 
well to be careful in taking such pieces. Holes drilled in or 
pieces filed out of gold coin, or anything which lessens their 
weight, decreases their value proportionately. Gold Certifi- 
cates are not counterfeited. — 

Silver is now being extensively counterfeited. Half dollars — 
are more frequently imitated than Quarters and Dimes. 
“ Jingling” them is quite a good test, but some are so minted 
that they give forth a dull, leaden sound, and still are genuine. 
In such cases nitric acid is the best test, and in some cases the 
only reliable one. 

Rive Cent Pieces (nickel) have been extensively counter- 
feited. ‘They are usually easily detected, being made of pew. 
ler or soine poor composition. 


Counterfeit United States Bonds and Interest. 
Bearing Notes. 


#50. Compound-Interest Note, series of 1864, dated July 
15, 64. Issued under act June 30, 64, payable 
3 years after date. Signatures, L. H. Chittenden, 
Register; F. E. Spinner, Treasurer. ‘‘Com- 
pound-Interest Treasury Note” printed on face — 
in gold letters. ‘ 
$50. Compound-Interest Note, series of 1865, dated May 
15, 1865. Same description as above. 
G50. 7.80 Note, dated July 15, 1865 ; issued under act of 
March 3, 1865. §S. B. Colby, Register; F. E. 
Spinner, Treasurer; payable 3 years after date 
and convertible into 5.20 U. 8. bonds. 
$100, Compound-Interest Note, series of 1865; dated 
May 15, 1865; issued under act June 30, 64; 
payable 3 years after date. Vignette of Gea. 








PENALTY FOR MUTILATING DU. 5S. COIN. 545 


Washington. The words ‘‘ Compound-Interest 
Treasury Note” appear on face printed in gold 


letiers. 

($1000. 7.30 Note. 8. B. Colby, Register; F. E. Spinner, 
Treasurer. Dated June 15, 1865. A very dan- 
gerous counterfeit. 

@1000. 5.20 U.S. Coupon Bond ; consol ’67; 4th series ; 
act Feb. 25, 62. Date May 1, 1862. . 

$1600. U.S. Coupon Bond, 6’s of 1881. Acts of July 17 
and August 5, 1861. Mature June 30, 1881. 


Penalty for Mutilating WU. S. Coin. 


We give below the law on this subject. Section 5459, Re-. 
vised Statutes reads: ‘‘ Every person who fraudulently, by 
any art, Way, or means, defaces, mutilates, impairs, dimin- 
ishes, falsifies, scales, or lightens the gold or silver coins which 
have been, or which may hereafter be, coined at the mints of 
the United States, or any foreign gold or silver coins which 
are by law made current or are in actual use and circulation 
as money within the United States, shall be imprisoned not 

ae than two years and fined not more than two thousand 
oars.” 


ISSUE AND REDEMPTION OF SILVER AND 
' NECKEL. 


Issue and Redemption of Fractional Silver Coins, 


Issuzk OF F'RACTIONNAL SILVER Corns. 


1. The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers of the United 
States will exchange Fractional Silver Coins in sums of twenty 
dollars, or any multiple thereof, for lawful money of the 
United States, on demand of any holder thereof. 

2. The Treasurer will forward Fractional Silver Coins, at 
the expense of the Government, in return for remittances of 
Fractional Currency in sums of $500 or more. 

8, The Treasnrer will forward Fractional Silver Coins, de- 
ducting express charges at the rate of three mills per mile for 
each $500 or multiple thereof— 

I. Upon the receipt at this Office from any person of an origi- 
nal (duplicate will not do) certificate issued by an Assistant 
Treasurer or National Bank Depositary, that.a deposit of Cur- 
rency has been made to the credit of the Treasurer in general 
account. Deposits with the Assistant Treasurer in New York 
may be made by checks payable to his order, forwarded di- 
rectly to him, with instructions to deposit the amounts on ac- 
count of Fractional Silver Coins, and to forward the certificates 
therefor to the Treasurer. 

















546 ISSUE AND REDEMPTION OF MINOR COINS. 


II. Upon the receipt at this Office of United States Notes or 
National Bank Notes. 

IIL. Upon the receipt and collection of a check on New 
Ai payable to the order of the Treasurer of the United 

ates. 


REDEMPTION OF FRACTIONAL SILVER COINS: 


1. The holder of any of the silver coins of the United States 
of smaller denominations than one dollar may, on presentation 
of the same in sums of twenty dollars, or any multiple thereof, 
at the office of the Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer of the 
ceed States, receive therefor. lawful money of the United 

tates. 

2. The coins for exchange should be put up by denomina- 
tions, and each package marked with the amount it contains. 

No coins mutilated so as to be unfit for circulation will 
be received. wie? 

4, When the coins are forwarded to the Treasury by ex- 
press, they should be addressed to the Treasurer U. &., Wash- 
ington, D. C. 


Issue and Redemption of Minor Coins, 


Issuz oF Mrnor Corns. 


1. The Minor Coins of the United States of the denomina- 
tions of one cent, three cenis, and five cents, are issued and: 
forwarded free of expense, upon application to the Superin- 
tendent of the Mint at Philadelphia, for lawful money of the 
United States in sums of $20, or multiples thereof. Remit- 
tances may be made by post office money orders or sight drafts 
to the order of said Superintendent, payable in New York or 
Philadelphia. ¥ 

2. The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers are authorized to 
pay out, for United States Notes, any Minor Coins not needed 
in the current business of their offices. 


REDEMPTION OF Mrnor Corns. 


1. Coins of copper, bronze, and copper nickel may be pre. 
sented in sums of $20, or multiples thereof, assorted by de- 
nominations and issues, at the Mint in Philadelphia, or to the 
Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer, for redemption in law- 
ful money. | 

2. A letter of advice should accompany the package, stating — 
the amount and kind of coins, and the name of the owner. 

3. Mutilated Minor Coins will not be redeemed or exchanged. 








547 


GOLD——-SILVER—MINOR COINAGE. 















































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548 HOW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS. 


HOW TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUB: 
LIC MEETINGS. 


Every American believes that it is an inherent right in citi- 
zens to meet, organize, and then discuss any subject that the 
may deem fit to direct their attention to. To conduct suc 
meetings so as to avoid confusion, and consequent disturb- 
ance, there is an unwritten law which every sensible man is 
willing to obey, and expects every other man to bow to. 
These rules are not enforced by any statute, but are the wise 
precedents worked out from time to time by our ancestors 
either in the old world or in the new. The British Parliament 
and the American Congress follow the same rules, with such 
slight deviations as the different forms of government demand, - 
It matters not whether the persons meet to form a church or: 
elect a president, the first requirement for success is that all 
should be done decently and in order. Any member can call 
a meeting to order by nominating a temporary chairman, who, 
if elected by an unquestioned majority, thanks the assembly, | 
and asks what is their further order. Some one rises, and 
nominates a permanent chairman, Upon his election, the tem- 
porary chairman welcomes his successor to his seat. The 
chairman then addresses the meeting, thanking them in a 
speech, brief and to the purpose. No man should accept this 
position unless he is at least tolerably versed in the duties of 
his office. He should be sure in his decisions on points of 
order, and firmly maintain his findings as suavely as possible, 
but maintain them at all hazards. The meeting can now 
either vote for a secretary or direct the chair to select a proper 
person, The officers, having now the management of the 
meeting, proceed to business in the following order: ‘The ob- 
ject of the meeting is stated; resolutions are to be handed in; 
votes taken on all motions duly seconded, and result stated; 
members debating questions to be kept in order; to receive 
communications, and have them read aloud; unless the meet- 
ing does so, it is for the chair to name committees; and gener- 
ally i act as the personification of the good sense of the as- 
sembly. 

The secretary records all transactions at chairman’s desire; 
reads all papers; calls roll of members; reads record of pre- 
vious meetings; calls the ‘‘yeas” and ‘‘nays;” notifies com- 
mittees, and gives them needed papers; authenticates, at bid- 
ding of chair, all official papers; attends to correspondence, 
and makes reports. 

A meeting is initiated by two or more people addressing g 














HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. b49° 


eircular, or by advertisement, stating object and asking attend- 
ance of all interested, at certain place and date. 

At the hour appointed the meeting is organized in the man- 
ner already described. “When a motion is made and seconded, 
debate is then in order. Usually the one presenting the reso- 
lution speaks, explaining its object. The chairman will then 

ive the floor to the first person who rises and catches his eye. 
the first two or three speeches the speakers may be allowed 
a little latitude ; but it is well, as soon as possible, to keep 
them in the traces, and confine the debate pretty close to the 
matter in hand. Always have a written resolution before the 
meeting, so that everything may proceed ship-shape. The 
chairman should scan the whole house, so that he may give 
every one a chance to attract his eye, whether the persons are 
near the platform or at a distance. In this, as in every other 
action of life, the true rule is to do as you would like to be 
done by. But it is not only the chatrman who has duties. 
The audience has much to do with keeping order. After you 
have appointed a presiding officer, do not attempt to do his 
duty for him, by shouting ‘‘order,” ‘‘ order,” and thus mak- 
ing confusion worse confounded. Where would a regiment 
be if every private was to give the word of command? When 
a person has the floor and proceeds to speak, it is to be remem- 
bered that no one has a right to interrupt him, but by 
appealing to the chair, and asking that the speaker be called 
to order. On the other hand, no speaker is justified in making 
personal allusion to or questioning the motives of any other 
person in the meeting.~ Should any person so offend, the 
chairman owes it to the dignity of the assemblage to instantly 
call the offender to order, and insist that he be obeyed. 

A caus is an assemblage of members of any political 
party to adopt a course of action, or nominate a person for a 
certain office. The proceedings, with slight variations, as in 
the meeting already described. 

Political conventions are composed of persons elected by 
their party to nominate suitable persons to represent such 

arty. 
: anos every class of persons, religious, scientific, etc., hold 
conventions, and the same rules apply to them ali, with minor 
changes, that speak for themselves. 

Resolutions may be presented either spoken or written—the 
latter way is preferable. Simple motions are usually spoken, 
as ‘‘ Mr. Chairman, I move that we take a recess for half an 
hour,” or any similer motion. A resolution duly offered, 
seconded and spoken to, can only be withdrawn by leave of 
the meeting. If during the debate a motion to adjourn is 
cairied, the resolution goes into the unfinished business de- 


yea ae a 


and the motion to simply adjourn, or te adjourn sine die, must 





550 HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MERTINGS, 


partment, and can only be further acted upon when it comes . 
up in due course at a following meeting. I 
Amendments may be proposed to add to the resolution, to 
explain or to alter. Amendments cannot be introduced to 
suit a whim ; they must have a plain bearing on the matter of 
the resolution. The limit is reached at the second amend- 
ment cr third proposition. An amendment can be offered to 
strike out some terms and insert others. No proposition once 
rejected can be offered again in different words. . 
Division may mean to divide on a vote, or to divide a ques- 
tion into two or more parts. A vote on a question being 
given, the chairman says: ‘‘The ayes have it,” or ‘‘the 
noes have it.” Any person can then call for a count. The 
meeting itself decides what number can demand the yeas and 
nays. A bare majority of both Houses of Congress make a 
quorum for business. When appeal is taken from ruling of 
chairman, if it is seconded, it may be debated. The chair- 
man and any member may speak once on the subject. A Ras. 
second appeal cannot be made until the first is settled. The ‘ 
chairman may call any one to preside, and go upon the floor . 
to speak ; but this is only done on important matters. No 
person has a right to speak twice on the same subject. 
Privileged questions are the motion to adjourn, the motion to — 
lie on the table, and the motion for the previous question, and 
the motion to postpone. , 
Motions to reconsider are usually regulated by the sense of 
the meeting. on 
In legislative bodies the house is sometimes formed into the : 
Oommitiee of the W hole, when much latitude is given to debate, adi: 
formality is less observed, and bills are got into shape. this: 
During a discussion any person may Faise the point, ‘‘no iM, 
quorum present,” anda call of the house follows. No mem- ee 
ber can come in, or leave, until the roll ig called andthe ques- = 
tion decided. . oR ual 
‘‘No more business before the meeting,” says the chairman, 






be at once decided, without discussion. The announcement 
must be formally made by the chairmaw, and that closes the 
meeting. ; 


« 











HOW £0 ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. 551 


A FARMER’S CLUB. 


In a Farmer’s Club, which has for its object social inter- 
coure and the acquisition of knowledge, there need be few 
arbitrary rules of order enforced, but, instead, the discussions 
may be more or less conversational. But, as all business is 
facilitated by good regulations, the officers of the club ought 
to be armed with by-laws, and empowered to enforce their 
provisions whenever necessary. 


CONSTITUTION. 


Art. 1.—This association shall be known as the Castana 
Farmer’s Club. Its object shall be to promote a knowledge 
of practical Farming and Gardening among its members and 
the community, in connection with social enjoyments by the 
Imembers and their families. 


ART. 2.—The members of the club are those who frame this 
constitution and conform to its requirements, and others who 
Miay be invited to join ‘by the executive committee, all of 


_ whom shall pay $00—annually in September (or monthly) into 


the treasury. 


Art, 3.—The officers of the Club shall be a President, a 
Secretary, who shall be the Treasurer, and three members, 
who, with the President and Secretary, shall constitute the 
Executive Committee. The Secretary shall keep records of 
transactions, and be custodian of the funds and other property 
of the Club, being accountable at all times to the Executive 
Committee, giving bonds, if required, and shall prepare and 
present a full report to the Club at the annual meeting. The 
Executive Committee, three members of which shall be a 
quorum, shall have general charge of the interests of the Club 
and the carrying out of its objects. It shall fill vacancies 
among its officers, make rules, invite. new members to join, 
regulate expenditures, manage exhibitions or fairs, publish 
ofiers of prizes and the awards, be responsible for the welfare 
a ne Club, and report at the annual meeting through its 

erk. 


Art. 4.—The meeting of the Club shall take place on the 
first Tuesday of each month ; the meeting in January being 
known as the ‘‘ Annual Meeting.” 


Art. 5.—This Constitution may be amended by a vote of 
two-thirds of the members present at any regular meeting, 
notice having been given at the preceding regular meeting, 


~ 





552 HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS, 


. 


INSURANCE CLUB. 


It is a wise practice in some social organizations, among the 
industrial classes, to agree upon a mutual guaranty of help in 
cases of sickness and decease. A portion of the Society dues 
is set apart as a Benefit Fund, for members who are in need 
of assistance and support. One form of benefit is presented 
by a guaranty of the expenses of a deceased member’s funeral, 
and the form of an insurance article to that effect, in the By- 
Laws, may be as follows : 


Sxc. 1. On the decease of any member of this Society in 
good standing, each member shail pay one dollar and ten cents 
to the Treasurer, who shall pay one dollar of the same to the 
widow of the deceased member, or the nearest relative, and 
any member failing to pay when notified, the same shall be 
charged as dues ; and no member who shall be in arrears for 
three months will be entitled to receive the above. 


Szc. 2. All officers and members of the Society shall attend 
the funeral of deceased members, and for non-attendance the 
officers shall be fined $1.00, and the members shall be fined 
25 cts. Officers shall wear at all funerals a white rosette, and 
members 2 white ribbon, on the left lappel of their coats. The 
funeral arrangements shall be under the charge of a marshal, 
appointed by the President for that purpose. 


Src. 3. There shall be elected a chaplain, whose duty shall 
be to attend the funerals of the deceased members, and he may 
adopt such services as he shall think proper. « 


Szc. 4.—No member will lose his right in the above sec 
tions, except at his own request, on his taking his cards ; but 
he must keep at all times his residence registered in the books 
of the Society, and for neglect of so doing, or failure to pa 
his dollar and ten cents, after sixty days’ notice, his name shall 
be dropped from the roll, and he shall cease to be a member of 
the Insurance. The ten cents shall be held to pay expenses, 
and the Treasurer shall, on the death of a member, report all 
money collected, with the expense thereof. 





HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. 558 


BY-LAWS FOR A SOCIAL CLUB. \ 
ARTICLE I. 
This Association shall be known as the Onawa Social Union. © 


ARTICLE Il.—OFFICERS. 
_ Suc. 1. The Officers of the Union shall consist of a President, 
Vice-President, Recording Secretary, Treasurer and Marshal, 
who shall be elected at the first meeting in the month of 
October, and shall hold office one year. 


Src. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings, and in 
his absence the Vice-President shall perform his duties, 


Src. 8. The Secretary shall keep a true record of the pro- 
seedings of the Union. 


Src. 4. The Treasurer shall keep all property and moneys, 
and hold the same to the order of the Union, and keep a book 
with a correct account of all receipts and disbursements. 


ses 5. The Marshal shall obey all official orders of the Pres- 
ent. 
ARTICLE IlI.—MEMBERSHIP. 

Propositions for membership must be made in writing, and 
presented at least one meeting prior to the time of election, 
and a majority of all the votes, on the payment of one dollar 
by the applicant, shall be necessary to admit to membership. 


ARTICLE IV.—COMMITTEES. 

Sc. 1. The President shall, with the consent of the Union, 
apvoint a committee of five, to be known as the Executive 
Committee, who shall hold office one year. 

Sec. 2. The Executive Committee shall have charge of all 
Excursions, Balls, Parties, and all amusements. 

Suc. 3. The officers of the Union shall be members of the 
Executive Committee. . 


ARTICLE V.—ASSESSMENTS, 

Src. 1. No Assessment shall at any one time exceed one 
dollar. 

Suc. 2. The name of any member failing to pay his assess- 
ment within thirty days after having been notified by the 
Treasurer, shall be dropped from the roll, and he shall cease 
40 be a member. 

Sxc. 8. The By-Laws shall not be altered or amended un- 
less notice shall have been given of the same at least two 
meetings previous, and then only by a two-third vote. 











ABORIGINES OF NORTH AMERICA, 


DISCOVERY AND DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA, | 





ae " : 
NAME. { PLACE, TIME 





Chris. Columbus,| San Salvador, | 1492 


pone & §. Cabot,| Labrador, 1497 
Hee Cortereal Canada, 1501 
once de Leon, | Florida, 1512 


‘Juan Verrazani, Coast of N.C.} 1524 


’ pLACE. %& |TIME 


NAME. 


Jacques Cartier, | Gulf of St. L.} 1534 


Hernan. Cortes, |California, | 1536 
Ferd. de Soto, Mississippi R} 1541 
Sam. Champlain, |R.St. John, |1604 


Henry Hudson, | Hudson Riv. | 1604 








ABORIGINES OF NORTH AMERICA. 


NAME OF TRIBE. RESIDENCE. NO. 

Apaches ..:..-.. New Mexico -..7,300 
Arapahoes ....-- Upper Platte R. 720 
Arapahoes ....-- U.Arkansas R. 3,000 
‘Arricarees ...... U.Missouri R. 1,080 
'‘Assinaboines. -.. tg 3,280 
‘Blackfeet ......- iy ‘* 2,080 
Bloods Beka fs ‘* 2,400 
BESPRLLOS Ses o's oo 3 veg Ras 0) 


California Tribes, California. -. 33. 590 


Camanches ..... ‘U. Arkansas R. 1,800 
Cayugas,Senecas, New York...-.-.- "147 
Cherokees ..... W Arkansas R.17,530 
Cheyennes Sak Cie, U. Platte Riv. 1,800 


BRS By ete His a trai U. Arkansas R.1,600 
Chickasaws..-.-.. W.Arkansas R.4,787 
Chippewas of Lake Superior, 
Michigan, Wisconsin, and} 4,940 
Minnesota, 
Ch.of the Miss. ..Minnesota .- -..4,028 
Ch. and Ottawas, Michigan ...-. 5,006 
Ch. of Saginaw & 
Swan Creek. - -Michigan ....- 1,629 
Chippewas, with 
Pottawatomies Michigan .... 247 


Choctaws ....-. W.of Arkansas, 16,000 
Christian, or 

Munses .-..... ICA SaB sa eats 90 
Creeks .......- W.of Arkansas,25,000 
Crows! 2834 c0cee U. Missouri R. 3,900 
Delawares .....-. Kansas. 200% 1,071 
Gros Ventres .:.U. Missouri R. 1,000 
TOWAS Coo i. Nebraska .... 291 
Kansas Kaws, &c. Kansas ..-.-- TAL 

' Kaskaskias, Weas 


Peories; W. Mi- 


amies,and Pian- Kansas .... 384 

keshaws Tile ost 
Kickapoos ..--.-. Kansas.-....2 1340 
Kiaways.-...... U.Arkansas R. 1,800 
Mandans ......- U.ArkansasR. 120 
Menomonees....Wisconsin ... 1,724 
Miamies ........ ndiama ...... 384 
Missouris and Ot- 

%OOS Es Nebraska .... 470 


Minnecongonx ,,U.Missouri R. 1,280 


Botale cee che ee 


NAME OF TRIBE. RESIDENCE. NO. 
Muhuache Utahs,New Mexico, 566 
Navajoes & Mo- 

QUIS 6o2 aes New Mexico. .15,000 
Omahas 4c ou see Nebraska... 953 
Onondagas ...-.- New York.... 422 
Oneidas\ 257 . oe a 

‘¢ with Onon- i 
dagas Wee oe RN (74 6c eat 70 
“” with Stock- 

bridge, &c..--. Wisconsin ... 323 
Oregon Tribés... Oregon....--- 13,000 
Osages BNR Mi 5 WVis of Arkansas, 4, 098 


Pawnees(4 bands)Nebraska -... 3,414 
Primos Mescale- 


96 


TOS, GoGo acre: New Mexico. 400 
POnCas alae Nebraska... 864 
Pottawatomies, 

with Kickapoos, Kansas......- 69 
Do. of Huron....Michigan .--. 50 
Do.at Agency pro. Kansas-..-.- 2,259 
Preblos ste sew New Mexico. 10, 000. 
Quapaws-.....-. W.of Arkansas, 314 
Sacs_ and Foxes 

(Miss jinueces ee Kansas .:.1.. 1,280 
Sacs and Foxes 

CMO y Se ee Nebraska --.-.- 

Sans Arcs....... U.Missouri R. 1,600 
Senecas kee ses New York ... 2,988 
Do., with Shaw- 

neeay ues don W.ofArkansas 159 
Seminoles...... W.of Arkansas 2, 500 
Shawnees ......- Kansas 30 525% 830 


Sioux of the Miss. U. Missouri R. 8, ce 


Sioux of the Mo..U.Platte R... 6, 000 
Stockbridge, with 

Munsees Se ey a Wisconsin ... 323 
Tuscaroras...... New York..-. 305 
Two Kettles ....U.Missouri R. 960 
Utah Tribes... Utah. - 22222. 1,200 


Utahs (N. Mex.),New Mexico, 2,500 
Uncopapas ...... U.Missouri R. 2,680 
Wash.'Ter.Tribes, Wash. Ter. _ 14, 000 
Winnebagoes ...U.Missouri R. 2, 256 
Wyandots 435 
Yanctonnais(Mo.)U.MissouriR, 3,840 


eel 











‘ FIRST SETTLERS.— THE REVOLUTION. 555 


EARLY SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 





STATE. SETTLERS. TIME STATE. SETTLERS. TIME 
Maine sso. English ....... 1625 || Mississippi....} French........ 1716 
N. Hampshire. . Bee Nae cae 1623 |} Louisiana ..... Hear ce wea ee 1699 
Vermont. .2).... RG crise. see LSet hi Mexase soo Spanish ....... 1697 
Massachusetts .} Puritans .....- 1620 |} Arkansas ..... French so 042 1836 
Rhode Island - . Bete See 1634 || Tennessee ....| Vir. & N. Car.,| 1765 
Connecticut. .-. Pee ee om 1631 |} Kentucky..... Virginia ...... 177% 
New York ..... Bs Us ee sep Sd 16141} Ohio Jo225. 52) Vir. & N. Eng.,| 1788 
New Jersey. -.-.| Swedes ......- 1607 || Michigan ..... French... 2% 1670 
Pennsylvania ..| English ......- 1631 || Indiana....... PU Pe tae 1730 
Delaware ....-. Swedes .-.....: 1627 || Illinois. .....-. Odi ee wee 1749 
Maryland ...... po ers Sr 2 1634 || Wisconsin -... red Atha aaeeals 1670 
Virginia ....... English....... 1607 || Iowa...-.-.--- N. & E. States. | 1832 
North Carolina.| English -..-.... 1650 || Minnesota ....| Fr. & States. ..| 1845 
South Carolina. Nap ans fea 1689 || Missouri .....- Krench' 2 oie 1763 
Georgia. . 222... btu NRPS Vet hse Californias: so All Nations ...} 1769 
PIOVIGS yo. ss: Spanish ...., .-| 1580} Oregon. ..... jaa Stag Uh ..-1 1840 
Alabama. 2.2... Brench. oi24! L713)|| Wansas) 2.5.22. Mass., Ct., Mo.,| 1854 





TROOPS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 











STATES. REG’L’S.| MILITIA. STATES. REG’L’S.| MILITIA. 
New Hampshire ...| 12,496 2.093 || Delaware ......4.. Pee ly 376 
Massachusetts -.... 68,007 |. 15,145 || Maryland ......... 13,912 4,127 
Rhode Island ...... 5,093 4284 ib Virginia oo 22 oo 25,668 5,620 
Connecticut......-.. 32,029 7,702 || North Carolina ... 7,263) | ieecece 
Newyork oie cue: 18,331 3,304 || South Carolina.... GAL i ioc tos 
New Jersey.--..--. 10,726 6,055 || Georgia .........2- POTS iL pean 
Pennsylvania...... 25,322 | 7,327 || Tot’l Slave States. | 58,256 | 10,123 
Total in Free States,| 172,819 | 45,910 |} Grand Total ...-... 231,075 56,033 








BATTLES AND LOSSES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 





BRIT. AMER. BRIT. AMER. 

Lexington, April 19,1775, 273 84 | Red Hook, Oct. 22,1777, 500 32 
Bunker Hill,June17,1775, 1,054 456 | Monmouth, June 25,1778, 400 130 
Flatbush, Aug. 12,1776, 400 280 | R. Island, Aug. 27,1778, 260 114 
White Pl’ns,Aug.26,1776, 400 400 | BriarCreek, Mar.30,1779, 13 400 
Trenton, Dec. 25, 1776, 1,000 9 | Stony Pt., July 15,1779, 600 100 
- Princeton, Jan. 5, 1777, 400 100 | Camden, Aug. 16, 1779, 375 ~=610 
Hubbardstown, Aug.7, 77, 800 800 | King’s Mt., Oct.1,1780, 950 96 
Bennington, Aug.16,1777, 800 100 | Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, 800 72 
Brandywine,Sept.11,1777, 500 1,000 | Guilford, March 15,1781, 531 400 
Stillwater, Sept. 17,1777, 600 350 | Hobkirk Hills, Ap.25,’81, 400 460 
Germantown, Oct.5,1777, 600 1,250 | Eutaw Spr’gs, Sept.1781, 1,000 550 
Saratoga, Oct.17,1777(sur) 5,752 .... | Yorkt’n, Oct., 1781 (sur.), 7,072  -.. 


Eat etn ere ee eae 

















556 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 


DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 


WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary fer one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and 
eqnal station to which the laws of Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, 
a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should de- 
clare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; 
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to 
secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed: that whenever any form of 
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people 
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foun- 
dation on such dapaire F and organizing its powers in such form as to 
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes; and ago all experience hath shown 
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than 
to right themselves, ie eases the forms to which they are accustomed. 
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide 
new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
of these colonies, and such is now-the necessity which constrains them to 
alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king 
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having 
in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. 
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be 
obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the repository of the public records, for the sole 
‘ purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time after such dissolution to cause others to 
be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have 
returned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in 
the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and 
convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
of new appropriations of lands. 

Heyhas obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to 
laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

}Ye has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

ile has, kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures. 

Me has affected to render the military independent of and superior te 
the civil power. 





ae. Y 
; 








DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 55t 


He has combined with others to ge a a us to a jurisdiction foreign te 
our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent te 
their acts of pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fasdathentally. the forms of our government: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at. this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar. 
barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in 
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only 
by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every 
act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have 
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace 
friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of Ameriea, in 
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of 
the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
political connection between them and tho State of Great Britain is, and 
ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States, 
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- 
lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States 
may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm 
reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge te 

each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 





558 DEZLARATION OF INDEPBNDENCE. 


SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 





——— | S| | | 





Allg 
NAMES AND PLACE OF BIRTH. 5 
John Hancock, Mass..-......- 1793)56 
Josiah Bartlett, Mass........ 1795/65 
William Whipple, Me ..--...- 1785/55 
Matthew Thornton, Ireland. .|1803/89 
Samuel Adams, Mass.--..-.-- 1803)81 
John Adams, Mass .........- 1826/91 
Robert Treat Paine, Mass. - .|1814/83 
Elbridge Gerry, Mass. -...... 1814|70) 
Stephen Hopkins, R. I-7-...-. 1785)78 
Wiliam Ellery, R. I.--...... 1820/93 
Roger Sherman, Mass ...-... 1793|72 
Samuel Huntington, Conn. . . |1796|64 
William Williams, Conn..... 1811/80 
Oliver Wolcott, Conn-....... 1797) 71 
William Floyd, N. Y........- 1821/87 
Philip Livingston, N. Y...... 1776/62 
Francis Lewis, England pea 1803]90 
Lewis Morris, ac oh RRR A 1798}72 
Richard Stockton, ENG eae oe ee 1781/51 
John Witherspoon, Scotland - {1794/72 
Francis Hopkinson, Pa.--..-.- 1791|54 
DOUTHELArE WN. td tue L ew cleee Ley 1780166 
Francis L. Lee, Va..-.......- 179763 
Carter Braxton, Va-.-..--... 1797/61 
William Hooper, Mass ..-..- 1790/48 
Joseph Hewes, N.J..-..----- 1779|49 
John Penn, Warauhe ee woe 178847 


\Edward Rutledge, SOs 1800/51 
ESE SEEN CORE RIE RAIL GO 


Abraham Clarke, N.J....... 1794/68 
Robert Morris, England..... 1806)73 
Benjamin Rush, Pa.......... 1813/68 
Benjamin Franklin, Mass. .../1790/84 
John Morton, Pa ..-.22..5-.. 1777/53 
George Clymer, Pa..-.....-- 1813)74 
James Smith, Ireland........ 1806|86 
George Taylor, Ireland -2 2.2. 1781/65 
James Wilson, Scotland ...~.}1798/56 
George Ross, Del..... --+----{1780)50 
Caesar Rodney, Del --...... = -|1783)53 
George Reed, Md.....- Py Poe? .|1798|64 
Thomas McKean, Pa ....-2..{1817/83 
Samuel Chase, Md.-..........1811/70 
William Paca, Md: ... ccc re ese rooiee 
Thomas Stone, Md... eee eae 
Charles Carroll, Mado ca. ceeems 1832/95 
George Wythe, Va..........- 1800|74 
Richard . Lee, Vidoes Nee 1794/62 
Thomas J efferson, WVaricetne 1826/83 
Benjamin Harrison, Veer 1797/55 
Thomas Nelson, Va---..-..-- 1789}51 
Thomas Heyward, jr., S.C ... {180963 
Thomas Lynch, 8. C .....-... 1777|30 
Arthur Middleton, S.C svsees 1788}45 
Button Gwinnet, England {1777/45 
Lyman Hall, Connicescge bes 1784|63 
George Walton, Va.........- 1804/64 








PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 


Peyton Randolph, Virginia-.... 1774 
Henry Middleton, S. Carolina. ..1774 
Peyton Randolph, Virginia.---. 1775 
John Hancock, Massachusetts. .1776 
Henry Laurens, S. Carolina. .... 1777 
John Jay, New York.--........ 1778 
Samuel Huntington, Conn.-...-. 1779 


John Hanson, Maryland........1781 
Elias Boudinot, New Jersey. ...1782 
Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania. .1783 
Richard Henry Lee, Virginia. ..1784 
Nathaniel Gorham, Mass....... 1786 


Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania.1787 


Cyrus Griffin, Virginia eovecvecsh ion 


Thomas McKean, Delaware...... 1781 


” 


ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 


The Articles of Confederation were adopted November 15, 1777, and. 
were ratified by all the States March 1, 1781. 
agreed upon September 17, 1787, which was adopted March 4, 1789, 


A form of Constitution was 























GONSTITUTION Of THH UNITED STATES 659 


CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 


PREAMBLE. 

WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- 
mon defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Consti- 
tution for the United States of America. : 


ARTICLE TI. 
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Section I.— All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House 
of Representatives. 

SECTION IIl.—1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen ‘every second year by the people of the several States; 


and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for 


electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the 
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their 
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of 

ears, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. . 

he aetual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent 
term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. ‘The number 
of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration 
shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 
one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, 
eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; 
South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen _in the representation from any State, the 
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such va- 


' Gancies. 


5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section I11.—1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof for six 
years; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The 
seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of 
the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, 
and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third 
may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation 
or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive 
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 
legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
Abe not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall 

chosen. : 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro 
tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the 
office of President of the United States, 





560 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


_6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When tho 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and 
no person shall be convicted without the eoncurrence of two thirds of the 
members present, 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and 
punishment, according to law. 

Secsion IV.—1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for 
Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the 
legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or 
alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and suck 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

SECTION V.—1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 
and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall consti- 
tute a quorum to do business; but a smallernumber may adjourn from day 
to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, 
jn such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two thirds, 
expel a member. : 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, peeud hrey such parts as may in their judgment 
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on 
any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered 
on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

SEcTION VI.—1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, 
felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house 
they shall not be questioned in any other pla e. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, ¢ ie the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office 
under the United States shall be a member of either house during his con- 
tinuance in office. ‘ 

Section VIL.—1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
amendments, as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate, shall, before it become adaw, be presented to the President of 
the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; butif not, he shall return 
it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated; who 
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon- 
sider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree 
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two 
thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes 
of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of 
each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to 


















CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 564 


him: the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless 
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques- 
tion of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United 
States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him; 
or being perproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. - 

Section VIII.— The Congress shall have power— i 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts, 
and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United 
States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States: 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States: 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 


States, and with the Indian tribes: 


4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States: 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and to 
fix the standard of weights and measures: : 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States: 

7. To establish post-oflfices and post-roads: 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respec- 
tive writings and discoveries: 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court: 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations: 

il. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water: 

12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years: 

13. To provide and maintain a navy: 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces: 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions: 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States; reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
officers and the authority of training the militia according to the diszipline 
prescribed by Congress: ; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of 
the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, 
by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, 
for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful 
buildings :—and 

18. TS make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department 
or officer thereof. 

Section [X.—1. The immigration or importation of such persons as any 
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
eight; but a tax, or duty may be imposed, og such importation not exceeding 
ten dollars for each person, 


’ 








562 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
--unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may 
require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex vost facto law shall be passed. 

4, No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to 
the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
5, No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No 
preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the 
ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from 
one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the 


receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from 


time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the 
consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any 
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. ' 

SECTION X.—1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confed- 
eration; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of 
credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the 
obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility. ; 

2. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or 
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts 
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury 
of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
control of Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, 
keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or 
compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, un- 

less actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 
ARTICLE II. ’ 
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SrcTION I.—1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
years; and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows: Bh 


2, Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof : 


may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress: but 
no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit! 
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. t 
3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted 
for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shail sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate 
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having 
the greatest number of votes shall be President, if such number be a ma- 
jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than 
one who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, then 
the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of 
‘ them for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five 
highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose a President. ~ 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the rep- | 
resentation frou each State having one vote: a quorum for this purpose 
shall consist of a 2ember or members from two thirds of the States, anda 
majority of all the States shall be necessary te a choice, In every case, 


\ 
Wier 





















~ 








CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 56% 


after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number 


of votes of the eleetors shal! be Vice-President. But if there should remain 
two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by 
ballot, the Vice-President. 

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the eleetors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible te 
the office of President: neither shall any person be eligible to that oflice 
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been four- 
teen years a resident within the United States. ‘ 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
office, the same shall devolvo-on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, 
by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, 
both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then 
act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability 
be removed, or a President shall be elected. ‘ 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been eiected; and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath cor affirmation: 

“fT do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office 
of President of the United States: and will, to the best of my ability, pre- 
serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” 

SECTION I1.—1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army 
and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when 
called into the actual service of the United States. He may require the 
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- 
ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; 
and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against 
the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and 
he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls, judges 
of the Supreme Court, and ali other officers of the United States whose 
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be 
established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the 
courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen 
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall 
expire at the end of their next session. 

SECTION ITT.— He shall, from time to time, give to Congress information 
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such meas- 
ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary 
occasions, convene: both houses, or either of them; and in case of disagree- 
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad- 
journ them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambas- 
sadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed; and shall commission all officers of the United States. 

SECTION IV.— Tho President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for. and con- 
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE Ii. 
THE JUDICIAL. DEPARTMENT. 

Section I.— The judicial power of the United States shall be vested ig 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts ag Congress may, from time 


/ 





564 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior — 


courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in office. 

Section IJ.—1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and 
equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases 
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of 
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; be- 
tween a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different 
States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of 
different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, foreign 
states, citizens, or subjects. 


2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, ether public ministers, and consuls, — 


and those in which a State shall b- a party, the Supreme Cours shall have 
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme 


Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both asto law and fact, with such © 


exceptions and under such regulations as Congress sha)! make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be b 
jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shali 
Maas been committ ad; but when not committed within any State, the trial 
shall be at such place or places as Congress may. by law have directed. 

SecTION ITI.—1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
levying war against them, or in adbering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testi. 
mony of tavo witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court, 

2. Congress shall have power to deelare the punishment of treason; but 
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

Section I.—Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 

atta acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; and 
ongress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, 
records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. . 

SEcTION Ii.—1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the 
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall fiee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the State from which he fied, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, 
be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up on 
claim of the party to whom such service or !abor may be due. 

SECTION IIT.—1. New States may be admitted by Congress into this 
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the 
States concerned, as well as of Congress. 

2. Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules 
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the 
United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 

rejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 


SEcTION LV.— The United States shall guarantee to every State in this — 


Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
.Against invasion: and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive 
(when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence. 
ARTICLE ¥. 
The Congress, whenever two thirds ef both houses shall deem it neces. 
gary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution ; or, on the application 






















* CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 665 


of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a conven- 
tion for Breen ne amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all 
intents and purposes, as parts of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions in 
three fourths thereof, as the one er the other mode of ratification may be 
proposed by Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner 
affect the first and, fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; 
and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage 


in the Senate. 
ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- 
jtion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the 
constitution or laws of any State to’ the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members 
of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial ofticers, both 

_of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or 
affamation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be 
required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United 


States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for 
the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and giciat aaron and of the Independence of the United 
States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto 
subscribed our names. 

GEORGE W ASHINGTON, 
President, and Deputy from Virginia. 


Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. 


ARTICLE I.—Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom 
of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE Il.— A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security 
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
infringed. ‘ 

ARTICLE III.—No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a man- 
ner to be prescribed by law. 

“ARTICLE IV.— Tho right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, 
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to 
be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V.— No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 
infamous crime, unless on a presertment or indictment of a grand jury, 
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when 
in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offence to be put twice in jeopardy of life or limb; nor 
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself; nor 
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE Vien all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the 





566 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


tight to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and 
district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall 
have been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature 
and cause of the aceusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and 
to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 


ARTICLE VII.—In suits at common law, where the yalue in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; 


and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of 
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII.— Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE [X.— The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X.—The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States 
respectively, or to the people. f 

ARTICLE XI.—The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 


‘against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens 


or subjects of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XII.—1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, 
shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shall 
name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal- 
lots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as 
Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each; which lists they shall 
sign and eertify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, direeted to the President of the Senate. The President of 
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The 
alee i having the greatest number of votes for.President shall be the 

resident, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed: and if no person have such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted 
for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, 
by ballot, the President. But,in choosing the President, the votes shall 
be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote: a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two 
thirds of the States, and a majority.of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, 


as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. — 


2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President 
shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then frem 
the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
President. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the 
whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be 


necessary to a choice. 


3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall 
be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XTIT.— Section I.— Neither slavery nor inyoluntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their 
jurisdiction. 

SECTION II.— Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
priate legislation. 

ARTICLE XTV.—SEcTION T.— All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 


he 
fae tek 
























HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG. 567 


| States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce 
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the ~ 
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or 

reperty, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

SECTION II.— Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number 
of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right 
to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- 
President of the United States, Represéntatives in Congress, the executive 
and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is 
denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except 
for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male 
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years 
of age in such State. 

SEcTION LII.—No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any oftice, ciyil or mili- 
tary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously ~ 
taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an oflicer of the United States, 
or as 2 member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com- 
fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of 
each house, remove such disability. 

Section 1V.— The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or 
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any 
ag but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and 
void, ut 

SECTION V.— The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this Article. 

ARTICLE XV.—SEcTION I.— The right of citizens of the United States 
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any 
State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section I1.—'The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by 
appropriate legislation. 


HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG. 


THE idea of Standards originated with the Egyptians, at an early age. 
The Crusaders added the cross to their banners. The union of the three 
crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, marks, first the union 
of England and Scotland, into the Kingdom of Great Britain; and then, 

his Kingdom with Ireland. This is termed the Great Union Flag of Great 
ritain, and was brorttght by the colonists to America. When the thirteen 
colonies began to feel the pressure of British rule, they placed upon their 
banners a rattlesnake, cut in thirteen pieces, representing the thirteen 
colonies, with the motto, ‘‘ Join, or die.’”” When these colonies became more 
united in their purposes of resistance to British tyranny, they placed upon 
their flag a well-formed rattlesnake, in the attitude of about to strike, with 
the motto, ‘' Don’t tread on me.”’ 

Dr. Franklin, seeing this emblem on one of the drums of that day, writes 
as follows: “On inquiry, and from study, I learned that the ancients con- 
sidered the serpent an emblem of wisdom; and, in some attitudes, of endless 
duration. Also, that countries are often represented by animals peculiar 
to that country, Tho ratilesnake is found nowhere but in America. Her 








Mee a! 
BRS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG. 


eye is exceedingly bright, and without eyelids,—emblem of vigilance. She 
never begins an attack, and she never surrenders,— emblem of magnanimity 
and courage. She never wounds even her enemies, till she generously gives 
them warning not to tread on her,—which is emblematical of the spirit of 
the people who inhabit her country. She appears apparently weak and 
defenceless, but her weapons are nevertheless formidable. Her poison is 
the necessary means for the digestion of her food, but certain destruction 
to her enemies,— showing the power of American resources. Her thirteen 
rattles, the only part which increases in number, are distinct from each 
other, and yet so united that they can not be disconnected without breaking 
them to pieces,— showing the impossibility of an American Republic with- 
out a Union of States. <A single rattle will give no sound alone, but the 
ringing of the thirteen together is’ sufficient to startle the boldest man 
alive. She is beautiful in youth, which increaseth with her age. Her 
tongue is forked, as the lightning; and her abode is among the impen. 
etrable rocks.” 





The next form of the United States Flag was the Stars and Stripes. Its 

Goede are perfect, when properly made,—the first and last stripe 
eing red, with alternate stripes of white. The blue field, for the stars, is 
the square of the width of seven stripes. 

On the 14th of June, 1777, the Continental Congress resolved, “that the 
fiag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, and 
that the Union be thirteen white stars on a blue field, representing a new 
Constellation.”” Previous to this, our national banner was the Union flag, 
combining the crosses of St.George and St. Andrew. _ 

The Stars and Stripes were unfurled, for the first time, at the battle of 
Saratoga, on the occasion of the surrender of General Burgoyne. 

The Stars of the flag represent the idea taken from the Constellation 
Lyra, which signifies harmony. The blue of the field was taken from the 
banner of the Covenanters of Scotland, likewise significant of the league 
and covenant of the United Colonies against oppression, and incidentall 
shite vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The stars were dispose 
in a circle, symbolizing the ‘asd aelcator of the Union, the circle being the 
sign of eternity. Both the thirteen stripes and the stars showed the num- 
ber of the United Colonies, and denoted the subordination of the States to, 
and their dependence upon, the Union, as well as equality among them- - 
selves. The whole was a blending of the previous banners, namely, the 
red flag of the army and white one of the navy. The red color, which in 
the days of Roman glory was the signal of defiance, denoted daring, and 
the white purity. 

On the 13th of January, 1794, by an act of Congress, the flag was altered 
to fifteen red and white stripes, and fifteen stars. On the 4th of April, 1818 
Congress again altered the flag by returning to the original thirteen stripes 
and fifteen stars, as the adding of a new stripe for each additional State — 
wonld soon make the flag too unwieldy. The new star is added to the flag 
an the 4h of July following the admission of each State into the Uniea. 











NAVY OF THE REVOLUTION. 569 


THE NAVY OF THE REVOLUTION. 
In December, i775, Congress passed an Act ordering the building of thir- 
teen vessels, three of 24 guns, five of 28, and five of 32, with Ezekiel Hopkins 
as Commander-in-Chief, as follows: 








Name. No. OF | ¢ History. 
GUNS. 
Hancock........ 32 Captured by the British in 1777. 


Congress ...... 28 Destroyed in the Hudson River to avoid cape 
ture in 1777, never having been to sea. 


Montgomery .. 28 Do., do., do. 
Delaware ...... 24 Captured in the Delaware River, 1777. 


Randolph ...:.. 82 Blown up in action with the British ship Yar- 
mouth, 64 guns, in 1778. 


Washington.... 82 Destroyed in the Delaware by the British, be- 
fore getting to sea, in 1778. 


Effingham...... 28 Do., do., do. 
Raleigh ........ 32 Captured by the British in 1778. 


Virginia ....... 28 Captured by the British in 1778, off the capes of 
the Delaware, before getting to sea. 


Warren ........ 32 Burned in the Penobscot River in 1779, to pre- 
vent falling into the enemy’s hands. 


Providence .... 28 Seized by the British at the capture of Charles- 
ton, S. C., in 1780. 

Boston ........ 24 Do., do., do, 

Trumbull ,..... 28 Captured by the British ship Watt, in 1781. 


Such is the story in brief of the ‘‘original thirteen’’ vessels. Not one 
survived in the possession of the Colonies to the close of the war. About 
ten vessels of a force ranging from 24 guns down to 10, and two even smaller, 
were purchased and fitted out as cruisers, while the ‘‘thirteon’’ were 
building. 

The navy of the Revolution was disbanded at the close of the war; the offi. 
cers gave up their commissions; the few public vessels that remained were 
sold, Several of the States maintained small cruisers, with the consent of 
Congress. During the last year or two of the war, it had dwindled almost to 
nothing. This was in part due to the fact that its place was taken by the 
French. ‘The assertion of sovereignty on the seas was not yet thought of, 
while independence on the land was not secured. 

The most remarkable naval engagement of the Revolution was fought off 
the coast of Scotland on the evening of September 28d, 1779, between the 
Bon Homme Richard, of 40 guns, commanded by Paul Jones, and the Sera- 
pis, a British frigate of 44 guns, under Capt. Pearson. ‘The Serapis surren- 
dered with a loss of 150. ‘the Richard lost 300in killed and wounded, and 
while sinking the crew was transferred to the Serapis. 


















































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Public Debt of the United States, From 1391 to 1883. 





1791...... $15,463,476 62 | 1824....... $90,269,777 77 
1799. 00% . 17,227,924 66 | 1825...... 83,788,432 71 
1793...... 80,352,634 04 |1826...... 81,054,959 99 
1704604, . 78,427,404 77 | 1827...... 73,987,357 20 
1795...... 80,747,587 39 | 1828...... 67,475,043 87 
4798. 08 83,762,172 O7 | 1829...... 58,421,413 67 
1797...... 82,064,479 33 | 1830...... 48,565,406 50 
1798......° 79,228,529 12 | 1831...... 39,198,191 68 
1799...... 73,403,669 77 | 1832...... 24,329,935 18 
TRIO nig 82,976,294 35 | 1833...... 7,001,698 83 
Ee 1) Oe 83,038,050 8) | 1834..... . 4,760,082 03 
1802...... 86,712,632 25 | 1835...... 37,513 05 
ht ee 77,054,686 30 | 1836...... 236,957 83 
FEY a a 86,427,120 88 | 1837...... 3,308,124 07 
TBG8 Spe <7 82,312,150 50 | 1838...... 10,434,221 14 
1803..... .. 75,723,270 66 | 1839...... 3,573,343 82 
1807...... 69,218,398 64 | 1840...... 5,250,875 54 
1808." 2’. 65,196,317 97 | 1841. 13,594,480 73 
1809...... 57,023,192 09 | 1842...... 90,601,226 28 
1810...... 53,173 237 52 | 1843...... 32,742,922 00 
1811.1... 48,905,587 76 | 1844...... 93,461,652 50 
1812...... 45,209,737 90 | 1845...... 15,925,303 01 
1813032, 55,962,827 57 | 1846.....3 ~ 15,550,202 97 
Isle Asie 81,487,846 24 | 1847...... 38.826 534 77 
$8350 00, 99,833,660 15 | 1848...... 47,044,862 23 
1826...... 127,334,933 74 | 1849...... 63,031,858 69 
1817...... 123,491,965 16 | 1850...... 63,452,773 55 
PERE ey 103,466,633 83 | 1851...... 68 304,796 02 
THO: . 95,529,648 28 | 1852...... 66,199,341 71 
1820... . . 91,015,566 15 | 1853...... 59,803,117 70 
1821 ,..... 89,987,427 66} 1854...... 42949 999 49 
1822,..... 93,546,676 98'| 1855...... 35,586,858 56 
1893...... 90,875,877 28 | 1856...... 31,972,537 90 


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44,911 881 03 
58,496,837 88 
65,842,287 88 
90,580,873 72 
521,176,412 13 


..WA1,119,772,138 63 
1,815.784,370 67 
wae 62,080,647,869 74 
2,173,236 173 69 
2,678,126,103 87 
2 611,687,851 19 
9.,588,452,213 94 
9 480,672,427 81 
-2 353,211,332 32 
2,253.251,328 78 
2.934. 482,993 20 
251,690,468 43 
.2,932,984 531 95 
2,180,395,067 15 
2,205,301,392 10 
.2,256, 205,892 53 
2,245 495,072 04 
2,120,415.370 63 
-2,069.013,569 58 
-eeee1,918,312;994 03 
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Anmatunt of Paper Money in the United States. 














DENOMINATIONS, 
National 
bank notes. 
Dollars. 
ONES ...0 cc cececcseseces ed svin vacates 573,768 
TWOS..sseseses Duda eee ABR rhe eseae 353, 232 
DSU VEM sicldiud ais e's s.clec'e.ejeie as 91,523,205 
PLOVS ios slew Staal ete Shavah ehtaiare ey ante aves ae 118 317,310 
Twenties..... ad ee sinlotig sts SUN ere 83.084 160 
BULGES bigs las ce dinls sie o's elgins(s prvi ay 23 265,300 
One-hundreds,....+.--++eeeeee 32,559,700 
Five-hundreds........... 0 ceeseee 898,000 
One-thousands............-eereeee 185 000 
Wive-tHOUSaNds (evs. seccc fearisnee aliens ss ye 
ARTA EE URTATA CE She 252i c''.\6.'s oo! sa agen inte sreiseaoiae si ois salar 
Unredeemed fragments of Nat- 
ional Bank Notes..:.......- «s+. 19,761 


Deduct for Legal Sender Notes 
destroyed in Chicago fire......-.].-+.5.6. 


Totals. 


eoeee 





wee etererrs er eee reese 





850,779,436 


1883. 


Legal ten- 
der notes 


Doliars, 
30,211 497 
27,156,964 
72,994,415 
70,958 096 
59.298 309 
23 012,845 
33,431,890 
14,997,500 
15,244 500 

255,000 
120,000 


se eeeeeserees 


—1,000 000 





346 681 0°6 








Total. 


Dollars 


30,785.265 
27 610,196 
164,517,620 
1:9,275 406 
142 332,469 
46 278 145 
65,991,590 
15,895,500 
15,429,500 
255.000 
120,000 


19,761 
—1,000,000 





697.460,452 


Lf SPT BE TAREE RO TSE SESE BE EFPIA TE PON RITCHEY SEY NLT OTS ORT EADS.) 
The printing of one and two dollar notes was discontinued Nov. 1, 1873. 





ra 





574 _ POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 


‘AREA AND POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 











States and Tensitaries fren io 
Alabama. as. cae. Myeh 50,722 
WA TIZOU A cadisn'cl aa ee clas 113,916 
Arkansas ...... aaeek 52,198 
BEN Tn Cay a ob Wa RS aR RD 188,981 
Colorado..... Suede 104,500 
Connecticut.........- 4,750 
Dakotavere ees 150,932 
Delaware ...........- 2,120 
District of Columbia - 64 
IONIC Bie Seo. 59,268 
WPOOTTIB cdewateenceue 58,000 
OAM OCS EOC See ee eee 86,294 
iD Hoisy es Se 55,410 
A Sess Ney aes ae ayia OLS 33,809 
OWA tem ee ila Came seh 55,045 
WONSAS aia Was Lee 81,318 
Kentucky..........-- 37,680 
PW OUISIANS sos Dow ie bi 41,346 
VES ITIO (Ce ret) oa 35,000 
Moryiand ...-......-- 11,124 
Massachusetts ......- 7,800 
Michigan |i... 22 ate 56,451 
Minnesota ....-.....- * 83,531 
Mississippi ....-....- 47,156 
WHSSOUTE! ooecl coe oboe 65,530 
MONTANA casce sete 143,776 
Nebraska............ 75,995 
CCL eV MESO ag ap UNH 112,090 
New Hampshire ..... 9,280 
Now Jersey---.....-- 8,320 
New Mexico......-.-- 121,201 
INGW oY OP ico Gast 47,000 
North Carolina ...... 50,704 
Oh See eos 39,960 
Oregon encoseasy seas 95,274 
Pennsylvania .......- 46,000 
Rhode Island .......- 1,306 
South Carolina....... 34,000 
Tennessee .........-- 45,600 
Mera s ec a ees hes 274,356 
PUR Sie ek hn ee 84,476 
WOrmMOoNnb. ec ese eee 10,212 
PAR RUNIS 9/5), 0'.nes ea 38,348 
Washington ....... re 69,994 
‘West Virginia ....... 23,000 
Wisconsin ....... gata 53,924 
WyOMING 20. oC. 97,883 





1790. 


enacee 
eeseses 


141,885 
184,139 
340,120 
393,751 


~ 68,825 


Grand Totals ......| 2,965,644 | 3,929,214 





1800. 


151,719 
3411548 
422845 


evens 


183,858 
211,149 
589,051 
478,103 

45,365 
602,365 

69,122 
345,591 
105,602 


154,465 
880,200 


1810. 


406,511 
716,556 
2287705 
380,546 
472,040 
4, 762 


214,460 
245,562 
959,049 
555,500 
230,760 
810,091 

76,931 
415,115 
261,727 


217,895 
974,600 


7,239,881 


‘1820. 





erecee 


55,162 


75,448 


1,372,111 
638,829 
581,295 


235,966 
1,065,116 


—_——————$ |__| | | 


5,308,483 








POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 575 
_ AT EACH CENSUS FROM 1790 TO 1880 

















* Deemenes 
States and’ ; 
Territories. | 1830. | 1840. | 1850. | 1860. | 1870. 1880. 
se T Ao AS SERA pe) Toa. alll wide tS 
Alabama. .....- 309,527) 590,756} 771,623] 964,201 oe vivid 
A TAOT ete tees Na ile alae! Hr | oan cain [hy Mholareretenys piri ter aaa an 85 ; 
Arkansas .....- 30,388} 97,574) 209,897} 435,450] 484,471} 802,564 
OP Flop 1h 2 eas BA pee 92,597| 379,994] 560,247] 864,686 
we TE fy Pegs Ta aS Si ee ae ar hae sake 34,277] 39,864] 194,649 
Set hana de -.-| 297,675} 309,978] 370,792] 460,147 shibea Leet 
CMM at Obes ed a eos Sa SP VA ok ow Geo Ate 4,837 : : 
Delaware ...... 76,748} 78,085} 91,532} 112,216} 125,015) 146,654 
Dist. Columbia. 39,834} 43,712} 51,687) 75,080} 131,700] 177,638 
Piorida 2.2. se5 34,730] 54,477) 87,445] 140,424) 187,748] 267,351 
ee Pome Sos 516,823] 691,392}. 906,185) 1,057,286 abe: nop le 
CAE 0 pth Ra Uaink PEEL TANG guia ated 1 Ina Sipe ADB CES UR, tar 14, : 
Illinois........- 157,445] 476,183] $51,470] 1,711,951] 2,539,891) 3,078,769 
Indiana........ 343,031] 685,866] 988,416] 1,350,428} 1,680,637] 1,978,362 
TO WS rere tabs: Phd Sonne. 43,112] 192,214) 674,913} 1,194,020] 1,624,620 
MC AUBU Meer Mee eb tlh ong Wows tau ore eae 107,206] 364,399] 955,966 
Kentucky.....- 687,917] 779,828} 982,405] 1,155,684] 1,321,011] 1,648,708 
Louisiana.....- 215,739] 352,411} 517,762} 708,002) 726,915} 940,103 
Maine) ee. 2 399,455} 501,793] 583,169} 628,279} 626,915] 648,945 
Maryland .....- 447,040} 470,019} 583,034] 687,049] 780,894] 934,632 
Massachusetts-| 610,408} 737,699) 994,514) 1,231,066] 1,457,351} 1,783,012 
Michigan .....- 31,639} 212,267; 397,654] 749,113] 1,184,059] 1,636,331 
AMIOBOLA Sos 10) wvebie cel. eeecces 6,077} 172,023! 439,706} 780,806 
Mississippi -...| 136,621] 375,651] 606,526) 791,305) — 827,922| 1,131,592 
Missouri......- 140,455} 383,702} 682,044] 1,182,012] 1,721,295] 2,168,804 
MODTARY< bacee cl haese'cns AE Hite. yal oil Pal be ta Ue at 20,595 39,157 
i ar PAL egy gy ni a ty OA AA 28,841 says eae 
GUetrees vest deca asap ta yes ade wake ahs 6,857 42, 22 
NewHampshire|] 269,328} 284,574] 317,976] 326,073] 318,300] 346,984 
New Jersey.-.-} 320,823} 373,306] 489,555) 672,035} 906,096] 1,130,983 
. New Mexico..-| ~....-.- qa at 61,547] 93,516] 91,874] 118,430 
New York ....- 1,918,608] 2,428,921] 3,097,394] 3,880,735} 4,382,759] 5,083,810 
NorthCarolina.| 737,987) 753,419] 869,039} 992,622] 1,071,361] 1,400,047 
6) ye -----} 937,903] 1,519,467] 1,980,329] 2,339,511) 2,665,260} 3,198,239 
he at Ce and Fae UaNng Ue INEMe Mm Ole 13,294] 52,465} 90,923] 174,767 
Pennsylvania ..| 1,348,233} 1,724,033] 2,311,786] 2,906,215) 3,521,951] 4,282,786 
Rhode Island -. 97,199} 108,830} 147,545] 174,620} 217,353) 276,528 
South Carolina.| 581,185] 594,398] 668,507] 703,708] 705,606} 995,622 
Tennessee ..--- 681,904] 829,210} 1,002,717] 1,109,801| 1,258,520] 1,542,463 
eee taut thesis ow: meade 212,592} 604,215] 818,579] 1,592,574 
VT RIS SE TRORCRS FS Boeene pote) Rinese ates 11,380} 40,273) 86,786] 143,906 
Vermont.....-- 280,652} 291,948} 314,120} 315,098] 330,551] 332,286 
Virginia ...-..- 1,211,405) 1,239,797) 1,421,661} 1,596.318} 1,225,163] 1,512,806 
MP ASHINMtOM 2: | i, aves) 4 weeeees wee aalas 1594) 23,955, 75,120 
SATEEN RS Ly |e agen Valor | 442,014. 618,443 
Wisconsin ..... eyed 30,945} 305,391] 775,881! 1,054,670] 1,815,480 
Wyoming ..... doves acl WARMER OS DM Od eue oe Dee 9,118 20,788 











Grand Totals . .|12,866,020/17,069,453| 23,191,876) 31,443,321 /38,558,371| 50,162,866 











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578 POPULATION OF o1TIE“S OF 10,000 anp UPWARDS. 


Population of the Towns and Cities of the United States 


having a Population of 10,000 and upward, according 


to the United States Census of 1880. 


\ —e 


Akron, Oiesres Soe case ewer ee oak 
AIDANY ING Vacesice kocsis wince 
Alexandria, Va......ccecs.ees s 
Allecheny, Pass (ccc sctece 
ATIONtOWN, Paiicsalscccceetewwics 


Amsterdam, N. Y......... Arai 
TACCHISON, | EOS, ol edi cle Gets aieltiee 
SALLOONG WEG: <b nas visieiee als areleisc 
Atlanta, Ga......... Wisin Bre 2 
Attleborough, Mass.......... - 
VA DUT UN cI ee chae sis beceleis ap 4 
Augusta, Ga..cccccesscccscsoee 
TAMVOYO. Ths tos hice 's oe ep ing : 


TAURTINS LOKGLsvebacese: eesees 
Baltimore, Md.....ccccccesee 
Bangor, Me......-..seeesesece 
Bay City, Mich.......seereeee 
Belleville, Til. ... 2... c coc cces 
Biddeford, Me........... aes ae 
Binghampton, N. Y..........6 
Bloomington, D1. 6... sc ecseee 


BOSON; Mass is cesses o sic sis ola 
Brockton, Mass....... awa cba 
Bridgeport, Conn.......... oes 
Brookhaven, N. Y.iee.. 506.86 
Brooklyn, N.Yewseseseesacece 
[PUTAIO, IN. Wivccuieepise ae sislsnie ah 
Burlington, Iowa.......... eae 
Burlington, VE....scescclcsisces 
Cambridge, Mass...... seeeses 
Oamiden,; Nod soc. cesceccs: cose 
Oanton, O.:.\52 se Ree Sey ta ens 
Castleton, N.Y oc cccccscccuce 
Cedar Rapids, Iowa......... ee 
Ohattanooga, Tenn............ 
Charleston, 8S, C...... Relea cease 
Chicago, il. eee eerecerescceeses 
Chester, Pa.........s000 simone 
Chelsea, Mass........-. Nieluie gies 


Chicopee, Mass.........0.ceee 
MHiIGothe;| Oss visteadeceeees 
PHEVELANANO.sepiisecianevesviesa 
Cincinnati, O..... Sigelacte abs ome 
MIGNOERY NUN sc ceais ce einlaeacinoaciene 
OD USS O} ecsca tains ccceeye 


MUI DIA. O vceleicedeslebice ss ‘ 
MONGOLE IN DE vie sllcdeeesenees 
organi; Ne doen. s ise ct pA 
Council Bluffs, Iowa.......... 
WOVIDRION, KYeseccceut ecco a 
Dallas, Tex..... a tle cuieveeiclsm een 
Danbury, Cond .reccosccsccsse 


Davenport, LOWAreccvecccccceve 


16,512 Dayton, Oo. eseee Sivs s Gems 


90,903} Denver, Col .......scecees 
13,658 | Derby, Conn............. » 
78,681 | Detroit, Mich...... clestae 
18,063} Des Moines, Iowa......... 
11,711] Dover, N. H........ adeoure 
15,106| Dubuque, Iowa........... 
19, TIGtHastom) Passes os o'sc oe cehele 
37,421 | Hast Saginaw, Mich...... - 
11,111| Faw Claire, Wis......ese.. 
21,924) Elizabeth, N. J... 36 cee ee 
QS OLS Tule a Ns L's c's s sea duin nite 
11,825) Erie, Pa.......... ode s-euiae 
10,960| Evansville, Ind........... 
832,190] Fall River, Mass.... ..... 
16,857| Flushing, N. ¥............ 
20,693 Bishkill; N. Yo... sccccecse 
10,682) Fitchburg, Mass........0. 
12,652 | Fond-du-Lac, Wis....... .. 
17,315] Fort Wayne, Ind......... 
17,184| Galesburg, Ill............ rs 
362,535 | Galveston, Tex......es..0. 
13,608| Georgetown, D. C......... 
29,148| Gloucester, Mass.......». 
11,544|Grand Rapids, Mich..... . 
666,689 | Hamilton, O......cccceeee 
155,137| Hannibal, Mo. .cececcccees 
19,450| Hartford, Conn.......0..6. 
11,364] Harrisburgh, Pa.......... 
62,740| Haverhill, Mass......:.e- 
41,658} Hempstead, N. ¥.....:... 
12,258| Hoboken, N.J..... ge Peale 
12,679| Holyoke, Mass....e..eseee 
10,104} Houston, Tex............6 
12,892) Hyde Park, Tll............. 
49,999 | Indianapolis, Ind......... 


503,304|Jackson, Mich..... cea eielae es 
14,996 | Jacksonville, Ill........... 
21,785 Jamaica; NeW veces be cue dy a 


11,325 | Jeffersonville, Ind........ 
10,938 | Jersey City, N. J..... ...- 
160,142 | Johnstown, N, Y.......... 
255; 708 | Joliet; Diliveics sess eee vane 
19,417| Kalamazoo, Mich......... 
§1,665| Kansas City, Mo......... 
10,040| Keokuk, Iowa@........ce.06 
13,838 Kingston, N. Wea eecesese 
12,664 | La Crosse, WiS..ccccocece 
18,059 | Lafayette, Ind ..........06 
29,720 | Lake Township, Ill........ 
10,358 | Lancaster, Pa.......-cccce 
11,669| Lawrence, Mass.......e.e6 
21,834 Leadville, Col, prevervcege 


$8,677 
35,630 
11,649 
116,342 
22,408 
11,687 
22,254 
11,924 © 
19,016 
10,118 
28,229 
20,541 
27,730 
29,280 
49,006 
15,919 
10,782 
12,405 
13,091 
26,880 
11,446 
22,253 
12,578 
19,329 
32,015 
12,122 
11,074 
42,553 
30,762 
18,475 
18,160 
80,999 


- 21,851 


18,646 
15,716 ; 
75,074 ) 
16,105 
10,927 
10,089 
10,422 

120,728 
16,626 
16,145 
11,937 
55,813 
12,117 
18,342 
14,505 
14,860 
18,396 
25,769 
39,178 
14,820 























POPULALION oF crTtzs oF 10,000 anp UPWARDS, 


Lenox, 
TISWIBCODE NO oc cioce ee sbk owas 
PrO SIU Vice cicle oc ose cleisie cre 
Lincoln, Neb..... Dida dela 
PRUTIGINOCK, ATE occ cccccec. 
Cinco Rel. oes ss be Leet eae 
POCRDONG ENGIN wick eicieis doen e sicie 
MiOgahsVONi pel wer se cage ca 
Long Island City, N.Y. ...... 
Los Angeles, Cal 
DIGUISVINOU ICV csc vie cejcseiss see a 
Lowell, Mass..... Mulia we se tise ¢ 
MeyNCR DULY Ves. iene ec clee'e 
Lynn, Mass........ So Aa 
Macon; Gas. ovo... eb ar 
IVE ARLABOT WAS scc'c.c cles s cieis'e'es.0 0 
Malden, Mass). ccs cede esos 
Manchester, N. H........ Ms fold 
Marlborough, Mass........... 
PLGMIPMIS LON sacs savclas 
Meriden, Conn.. 
Middletown, Conn..........-- 
Milwaukee, Wis............-.. 
Minneapolis, Minn............ 
Mobile, Ala.... 
Montgomery, Ala.......... 
Muskegon; Mich. ......00300.. 
INSRITUEAIN Etc tals see oslae bey 
Nashville, Tenn.......:..... 
Newark, N 


SSE eereereeeres 


. Se ae aie ces ke 


New Albany, Ind............ ue 
New Bedford, Mass........:.. 
Now Britain, Conn........... . 
New Bruswick, N. J ......ce0e 
DOWD EON SINGIN see g Ue, ve Wale a's 


Newburyport, Mass........... 
Wew, Haven, Conn) iitees ancl 
New London, Conn........... 
Now Lots; Nu oi ive gvedle 
Newton, Mass . 
VOW DONG Pus Delecdeges ccs osc aie 
New Orleans, La. ..aeccecceves 
INDWDOLES ANY cic ssle cence selels's o's 
Norfolk, .Va......... AS ORAB HER : 
North Adams, Mass........ Shi 
Northampton, Mass.,.......e6 
NOT WalE, COUN. ces ccese coder 
INOF WICH 2 CONT ss oe cnc ceepesiee 


‘ 
ore 


~Seeseeeeoreee 


\ 


16,550 
10,249 
19,083 
16,656 
13,004 
13,185 
13,765 
13,522 
11,198 
17,117 
11,311 
123,645 
59,485 
15,959 
38,284 
12,748 
10,325 
12,017 
32,630 
10,126 
33,593 
18,340 
11,731 
115,578 
46,887 
31,205 
16,714 
11,262 
13,397 
43,461 
136,400 
16,422 
26,875 
13,978 
17,167 
18,050 
13,537 
62,882 
10,529 
13,681 
16,995 
15,693 
216,140 
20,433 
21,966 
10,192 
12,172 
13,956 
21,141 


Norristown, Pa ........see+2-- 13,064 
INGW VOLK IN: YW. sed oo)... cueere esl 206,590 
Oakland, Cal........ ron ehiai oetela ny O4.000 
Ogdensburgh, N. Y.......... - 10,340 
Omaha, Neb...... A des salen ene aOZ0 LS 
OBNEOBIG Wik s ccc... 0 vicceactoli 10; 149 
MOBWEROOMNE Viivicpe esse ceveasnghinl Gigll?t 
OTANEOSIN UD ceesscsecceviecusa, 1, £0,206 
NIVECOR UM Viet colacicccelescdcseeh hLls20 
WAtOLSOW IN wd ieiid vesscoadessias, 1 00,007 
Pawtucket, R. Gia fe ova didn 19,030 
Potersburgh, Vasesrrrreveerer 21,606 





MOOT ALI yp ves cociaWelec seis 
Philadelphia, Pa.......... 
Pittsburg; Paw. cecees sea’ 
Pittsfield, Mass........e0- 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y...... A 
Portland, Me....... elbcere 
Portsmouth, O........... 
Portsmouth, Va.........6. 
Pottsville; Bays soo. es S 
Providence, R.I....... Aaa 
Quincy, Mass...ccccsrecees 
Quinoy SE ecdee ec cels ties 
Racine, Wis...... as eraaeeiecare 
Reading) Passes esscscseae 
Richmond) Indsi oss sieens 
Richmond, -Vawessnceness 
Rochester, NoMa ccce teas 
Rockford; Tuisss Ges eos 
Rock Island, Tll.....ceccoe 
ROME NW okitaree ssa cu coe 
Rutland totes sce ete 
Sacramento, Cal...cccesecs 
San Antonio, Tex... ..cc.r. 
San Francisco, Cal,....... 
Saginaw, Mich........ceee 
Salem, Mass........ PERE 
Salt Lake City, Utah...... 
Sandusky, O.......... ashen 
Saratoga Springs, N. Y.... 
Saugerties, N. ¥ ..ceccseee 
San Jose, Cal....seees. 
Savannah, Ga....-... eee z 
Schenectady, N. Y¥........ 
SCPAIMLON, Ba&icsece ine clare me 
Shenandoah’ Pa........... 
Shereveport, La 
Somerville, Mass .c.ccesee 
South Bend, Ind,.....eee6 
Springfield, Dl..........2. 
Springfield, Mass......... 
Springfield, O.......... e's 
Stamferd, Conn.....see.ccs 
Steubenville, O.....ee.e0. 


cere 


St. Lotis, Mo... cc. cccccces 
Stockton,,.Cal sss deceveen 
St. Joseph, Mo...... HP UE 
St. Paul, Minn .:... Heeeiae 
Syracuse, N. Y..... HER AAI 
Taunton) Massisecccvesens 


Topeka; Banianovcces 4 ee 
TOlEdO; Ociewitiwccle(cice sees 
‘ELPGNGOD Ne Sten es sielesia sce 
TROY Ss Nei Wiecires tal oasis sian 
Terre Haute, Ind...... rete 
Uticas Neri e'ss és 
Vicksburg, Miss........0. 
Virginia City, Nev.....-.. 
Wallkill, N. Y..... Sorcainunte 
Waltham, Mass.....ccccecse 
Warwick, R.I...... eeeeece 
Washington, D, C...s.00e0- 


579 


29,315 
846,984 
156,381 

13,367 

20,207 

33,810 

11,314 

11,388 

13,253 
104,850 

10,529 

27,273 

16,031 

43,280 


12,743 


63,803 
89,363 
13,136 


11,660 . 


12,045 
12,149 
21,420 
20,561 
233,956 
10,525 
27,598 
20,768 
15,838 
10,822 
10,375 
12,567 
30,681 
13,675 
45,850 
10,148 
11,017 
24,985 
13,279 
19,746 
33,340 
20,729 
11,298 
12,093 
850,522 
10,287 
32,484 
41,498 
61,791 
21,213 
15,451 
60,148 
29,910 
66,747 
26,040 
33,913 
11,814 
13,705 
11,483 
11,711 
12,163 
147,370 


; 7 ets Rajan 


ne ean 








580 SALARIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 


Waterbnry, Conn........ 
Watertown, N. Y......... 
Watervliet, N.Y ......-. 
Wey mouth, Masse ass. 
Wheeling, Wh Vales cue: 
Williamsport, Pa ........ 
Wilkesbarre, Pa .......-. 
Wilmington, WDahie uae ose 
Wilmington, INS Ocie yet 


ert a 20,269 | Winoma, Minn ................10,208 


piece 10,697 | Woburn, Mass...............-10,938 
Deeee 92/220 Worcester, Mass..............58,295 
ene 10,571 | Woonsocket, R. I.............16,053 
SoH 31,266:| Yonkers Nea. 3-2... eee Oe 
pias 18,034) York)’ Pa cgeee i. ss.) venience ane 

eres Ye 23,339 Youngstown, Os eee 
Rae 42,499 Zanesville, Ook). eee 

Se ier 17,361 





ANNUAL SALARIES OF THE PRINCIPAL CIVIL OFFICERS OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 


IPTESIMONG GUbk wee bee eens 
Vice-President........... 
Secretary of State........ 


Secretary of the Treasury. 


LEGISLATIVE. 
-..-$00,000 | Secretary of War .........-.-- $8.000 
-.-- 8,000) Postmaster-General........... 8,006 
..-. 8.000 | Attorney-General.!........2.. 8,000 





--.- 8,000 | Speaker House of Represent’s, 8,000 


Secretary of the Interior..... 8,000 | United States Senators....-.. 5,000 
Secretary of the Navy ..-.-... 8,000 | Representatives in Congress.. 5,000 
UNITED SLATES MINISTER TO 
MERPIANLN Su cuy ht ubics habmese he $17,500 | Central America..........-.- $10,000 
APVATICOE Eee) Ea uk cil eterie ete 1%.500 4. Veneznela we oo). oe ee ee 7,500 
Germany .........----+----+- TUO00') Tnpeeyws hols... eee 7,500 
‘LPAEY TE ARSED ay Bg A gry 7 17,500 | Sweden and Norway......-.. 7,500 
Spal we peeonses che mbeseen aes 12,000 | Netherlands ................ phe Bs] 
MOTI Vee Germ ames im se wetecionss 12,000.) Denmark Ole), 2 UO ne wt ay OOD 
PRORR eis ae eR a oe 12,0007) Greapoein tess 4 cue ee 5,000 
ENTE SAGO BR iiiae clon ls Sie tate eee 12,000 | -Ordenayiecukene sebescseseae 5,000 
ME VAS IT oe eos clch chis epee ae 12,000. Portugal alg sh CANINA ae 7S 5.000 
ON RLY Ge LISS ce NAAN ETS ay 10,000 | Switzerland..........-. pli 5,000 
TEE Sig Pee SAM ite Ni Ree ARE OL stag. 10,000; oiberiacocyoetes Vos 4,000 

JUDGES. 
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.............-..-- $10,506 
ABSOCIALE SUOLES 2) Oo gs oh ope sea bie cep lg ata OS wna ais itehae eehe ein aan 10, 000 
United States ‘Circuit DUES He Se ee I On nee ane - 6.000 
United States District Jud: ges, from $3.500 to) .usc lc) co ee 5,000 


Judge of the United State 


s ‘Court of Claims 


HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS. 


Dire tor of Geological Survevs, $6,000 
Auditor of Railroad Accounts, 5,000 


Supe ‘intendent of Census 


- Bupevin’t Naval Observatory.. 5,000 


Commissioner of Patents 


Superintend’t Signal Service. .$4,000 
Commissioner of Pensions..-.. 3,600 


ssa aA 5.000 | Superin’t Nautical Almanac ..- 3, 500 


Commander of Marine Corps.. 3,500 


Ry 4,500 | Commissioner of Agriculture... 3. 000 
Director of the Mint.......--. 4.500 | Commis’r of Indian A ffairs.... 3.000 
Commis’r General Land Office, 4,000.| Commissioner of Education ... 3,000 


ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE EARTH, — 


CLASSIFIED BY RACES AND RELIGIONS. 


RACES, RELIGIONS. 
Caucasian, or White ..... 600,000,000 | Pagans... .. 0226002222250 676,000,000 
Mongolian SAN Ra ok Ga 600.000.000 | Christians..........-..--. 320,000,000 
African, or Black ........ 250.000,000 | Mohammedans.......---- 140,000,000 
~ Copper- Colored .......-.- 12;000:000 jie we tc. cepeeeee Leeks 14,000,000 
All these collectively are estimated to speak 3,064 languages, "and te 


profess about 1000 different forms of religion, 
The CHRISTIANS are divided as follows :— 


Church of Rome. 
170,000,000 


Protestants, 
90,000,000 


Greek and East Church 
60,000,000 











Tee t, 4 
8 Pah 1 Sika 
Pe Pie! 


UNITED STATES PUBLIC LANDS, 


581 


UNITED STATES PUBLIC LANDS.--WHERE THEY LIE. 


(ie i EE PTET SRE LOSSY SANE S SRA AA TREE ENROL eaten eae: | 





Areas of Lands in 
29 States and Ter- 


ritories in which Number of Acres of Public Total Area 














Public Lands have Lands Surveyed. eae 
been situated. Lands re- 
cpphal a hen “aah, TAA ——|maining un- 
TERRITORIES. Tine Me we Ne. S Acres a PN aid 
Acres, | 5q2ave |1877, not|cal Year yaetg €d | to June 30, 
Miles. | hereto-| ending Tube 30 1878. 
fore re-| June 30, 1878,” Acres. 
ported.| 1878. 
Alabama ...... 32,462,080} 50,722)........ 3d}; 92,462, TIS) oe oat aes 
Alaska.......- 360 29 OOD)! S77, S90 Po oa ha he 
Arizona...... .| 72,906,304} 113,916] 196,479] 418,375) 5,281,737 7,624,503 
Arkansas ..... 33,400; 120s" 52,198 ee a ee ee Poke 33; 40631202 se ees Ai 
California..... 1u0 992.640} 157,801} 172,534)1 202,619) 46,347,402) 54,645,238 
Colorado ...... 66,880,000} 104,500} 69,364)1113,613) 22,182,899} 44,697,101, 
Dakota. .-..-.-{ 96,595,840} 150,932].....-.-- 939,198} 21,459,412) 75,137,068 
Florida ..-.--. 37,931,520} 59,268 86 2} 30,103,796 7,827,724 
Tdaho. 23: 4. !; 55,228,160} 86,294] 202,690] 438,306] 6.834,009| 48,394,109 
Illinois. -....-. 35,462,400) 55,410}........ 2,692) 35,465,093} 5 so Sa se 5 ta 
Indian Terr’y .| 44,154,240] 68,991|........|..-...-- 27,003,990} 17,150,250 
Indiana .....-. BL GIT 100i0 Bd G09!} us bebe ete = 91 637, 760| 00s nak oeue 
Dwar sees 4 ott BO V2o SOU A Da USO] 2 we oo lss wsijes 30,220, S00 Wage Sete aaei 
Kansas......-- 51,769,976] - 80,801|..2.....}.....0-. 51,770,240]. ee ae 
Louisiana ..... 96,461,440] 41,346]........].....-.. 25,232,044| 1,929,396 
Michigan ..... 36,128,640] 56,451|........].....--. 36, 128,640|........-.-- 
Minnesota ..-..| 53,459,840] 83,531] 48,792] 357,914| 39,172,415] 14,287,495 
Mississippi. ...| 30,179,840]. 47,156]........|.....--- 30,179;840| 20 ee a 
Missouri ...-... 41. 924,000|0> 65, S00) cis 2c dies |- 2-520 41,824,000)... eee 
Montana .....- 92,016,640] 143,776 147| 624,694) 10,543,827) 81,472,813 
Nebraska ..... 48,636,200} 75,995) 72,240) 630,164; 39,936,807 8,699,993 
Nevada ....... 71,737,741] 112,090} 96,147) 188,656) 11,538,890} 60,198,710 
New Mexico ..| 77,568,640} 121,201 9,701} 541,429) 8,471,880} 69,096,760 
1 OR 25,576,960| 39,964|........]..-..2-. 25,576,960) 00 NG 
Oregon.....-.. 60,975,360] 95,274! 592,556] 611,490] 21,127,862] 39,847,498 
rat 54,065,075} 84,476] 322,624] 263,227] 8,960,385] 45,104,255 
‘Washington. ..| 44,796,160} 69,994) 679,661) 573,317) 13,821,545) 30,974,615 
Wisconsin ....| 34,511,360} 53,924)........|........ $4,511,260) sssrca dunce 
Wyoming..... 62,645,120} 97,883] 234,705] 135,281) 8,101,049] 54,544,071 
Total...... 1,814,769,656/2 835,578 \° 697,727/8 041,012|724 311,477) * 720,931,571 








* Or, adding Alaska, 1,090,461,171 acres, 








§82 PUBLIO LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


PUBLIC LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES, 


THE public lands of the United States which are still undisposed of and 
open to settlement lie in nineteen States and eight Territories. In each 
case,—except Ohio, Indiana, and Blinois,—land offices are established, in 
charge of an officer known as Register of the Land Office, where the records 
of all: surveyed lands are kept, and all applications concerning lands in each 
district are filed and inquiries answered. ‘The public lands are divided into 
two great classes. The one class has a dollar and a quarter an acre desig- 
nated as the minimum price, and the other two dollars and a half an acre. 
Titles to these lands may be acquired by private entry or location under 
the homestead, pre-emption, and timber-culture laws; or, as to some classes, 
by purchase for cash, in the case of lands which may be purchased at pri- 
vate sale, or such as have not been reserved under any law. Such tracts 
are sold on application to the Land Register, who issues a certificate of pur- 
chase, the Receiver giving a receipt for the money paid, subject to the issue 
of a patent, or complete title, if the proceedings are found regular, by the 
Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington. 

Entries under land warrants (given mostly for military services, under 
acts of Congress,) have fallen off very largely by the absorption of such 
warrants, there having been no military bounty land warrants provided for 
on account of services in the late civil war. 

Entries under the pre-emptien law are restricted to heads of families, or 
citizens over twenty-one, who may settle upon any quarter-section (or 160 
acres), and have the right of prior claim to purchase, on complying with. 
certain regulations. 

The homestead laws give the right to one hundred and sixty acres of a 
dollar and a quarter lands, or to eighty acres of two dollar and a half lands, 
to any citizen or applicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually 
settle upon and cultivate the land. This privilege extends only to the sur- 
veyed lands, and the title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five 
years of actual settlement. The only charges in the case of homestead 
entries are fees and commissions, varying from a minimum of $7 to a max- 
imum of $22 for the whole tract entered, according to the size, value, or 
place of record. 

Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for 
under the timber-culture acts of 1873-78. The purpose of these laws is to 
promote the growth of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right 
to any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres In 
trees, to an eighty-acré homestead; or if ten acres, to a homestead of one 
hundred and sixty acres; and a free patent for his land is given him at the 
end of three years, instead of five. The limitation of the homestead laws 
to one hundred and sixty acres for each settler is extended in the case of 
timber-culture, so as to grant as many quarter-sections of one hundred and 
sixty acres each as have been improved by the culture for ten years of forty 
acres of timber thereon, but the quarter-sections must not lie pevieer Oar 
Rep nenous. The following is the complete list of United States lan 
olices :— 

Aiabama.— Mobile, Huntsville, Montgomery. 

Arkansas.— Little Rock, Camden, Harrison, Dardanelle. 

Arizona Territory.— Prescott, Florence. 

Oalifornia.—San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, Stockton, Visalia,, 
Sacramento, Los Angelos, Shasta, Susanville, Bodie. weis 
ny ee City, Fair Play, Central City, Pueblo, Del Norte,’ 

ake City. 

Dakota Territory.—Sioux Falls, Springfield, Fargo, Yankton, Bismarck, 
Deadwood. 

Florida.— Gainesville. 

Idaho Territory.— Boise City, Lewiston. 

qs Ads rae weal Ind a Wichita, Kirwin, C el 

ansas.— Topeka, Salina, ependence, Wichita, Kirwin, Concordi 
Larned, Hays City., : Us Geena 4 









FREE HOMESTEADS ON THE PUBLIC LANDS. 583 


Louisiana.— New Orleans, Monroe, Natchitoches. 

Michigan.— Detroit, East Saginaw, Reed City, Marquette. 

Minnesota.— Taylor’s Falls, Saint Cloud, Duluth, Fergus Falls, Worth. 
ington, New Ulm, Benson, Detroit, Redwood Falls. 

Mississippt.— Jackson. 

Missouri.— Boonville, Ironton, Springfield. 

Montara Territory.— Helena, Bozeman. 

Nebraska.— Norfolk, Beatrice, Lincoln, Niobrara, Grand Island, North 
Platte, Bloomington. 

Nevada.— Carson City, Eureka. 

New Mexico Territory.—Santa Fe, La Mesilla. 

Oregon.— Oregon City, Roseburg, Le Grand, Lakeview, The Dalles. 
‘ Utah Territory.—Salt Lake City. 

Washington Territory.— Olympia, Vancouver, Walla Walla, Colfax. 

Wisconsin.— Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield, 
Eau Claire. 

Wyoming Territory.— Cheyenne, Evanston. 


FREE HOMESTEADS ON THE PUBLIC LANDS. 


THE fact is not so widely known as it should be, that any one willing to 
work ean secure a. farm on the public domain of the United States, free of 
cost. 

By our present laws, any citizen or applicant for citizenship, over 
twenty-one years of age, may enter one quarter-section (that is, 160 acres) 
of any unappropriated public lands, which are sybject to pre-emption at. 
$1.25 per acre. Or he may enter by pre-emption eighty acres of such unap- 
propriated lands, valued and classed at $2.50 per acre by the Government. 

This privilege extends to women who may be the heads of families; and 
each person availing himself or herself of its benefits must make affidavit 
before the Register of the Land Office of the district in which the entry is 
to be made, that he or she is the head of a family, or else twenty-one years 
or age. The affidavit must also set forth that the land entered is for the 
exclusive use and benefit of the applicant, and for the purpose of actual 
settlement and cultivation, and not either directly or indirectly for the use 
or benefit of any other person. 

The applicant under the Homestead Law must pay the sum of ten dollars 
on filing his affidavit with the Register, and is thereupon permitted to enter 
the 160 acres, or 80 acres on payment of five dollars, as the case may be. 
But no certificate is given or patent issued for the land until the expiration 
of five years from the date of the entry above provided for. If, at the ex- 
piration of five years, or at any time within two years thereafter, the person 
making such entry, or his direct heirs, shall prove by two credible witnesses 
that he, she, or they have resided upon and cultivated the land for five 
years immediately following the date of its original entry, and shall make 
affidavit that no part of the land has been alienated, then the settler is en- 
tled to the issue of a patent for the land, without further delay. This patent 
is a valid title from the United States; and those who have earned it by 
_ actual residence and cultivation of the land during the full term of five 
years have nothing to pay, except the original ten dollars for 160 acres, or 
five dollars for an 80-acre homestead. Any one who chooses to complete 
his title before the expiration of the five years, with a view to sell or re- 
move, can do so only by payment to the United States of the valuation-price 
of the land, at $1.25 or $2.50 per acre, as the case may be. But he has at all 
times the prior right to do this, and so become full owner of the land he 
has settled, as against any other person. 

There is a proviso in the law that no lands acquired under the provisions 
of the Homestead Act shall be liable for any debts of the settler, contracted 
prior to the issuing of the patent for his homestead. 

There is another proviso, intended to guard the interests of the Govern- 
ment, and compel all pre-emptors of public lands to act in good faith, which 





584 THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC. 


declares that if, at any timo after the filing of the required affidavit, and 
before the expiration of the five years’ probationary residence, the pre- 
emptor shall change his residence, or abandon the land for more-than six 
months at any time, then the land shall revert to the United States Gov- 
ernment. No individual is permitted to acquire more than 160 acres under 
the provisions of the Homestead Act; but there is no limit to the quantity 
of land which may be purchased by individuals. All existing pre-emption 
rights are maintained unimpaired by the provisions of the act. 

. The five years’ residence required of all other settlers under the Hume- 
stead Law is waived in favor of all soldiers or sailors who served ninety 
days or longer in the United States army or navy during the war of 1861-65, 
and were honorably discharged. Every such soldier (or his widow, or chil- 
dren, in case of his decease,) is entitled to free entry of 160 acres of the 
public lands on condition of actual residence and cultivation of the same 
for one year only. 

Any settler on the public lands who has set out and cultivated for two 
years as much as five acres of trees on an 80-acre homestead, or ten acres 
on a homestead of 160 acres, is entitled to receive a free patent for his land 
at the end of three years, instead of five. And any person who has planted 
and cultivated for ten years forty acres of timber on any quarter-section of 
the public lands is entitled to a patent for each 160 acres so improved, on 
payment of $10, provided that only one quarter in any section shall be thus 
granted. This is the only exception to the limitation of free homesteads to 
160 acres to any one person, unless in the case of a settler under the aoe 
provision, who is not debarred, through having occupied a homestea 
under the law previously, from acquiring a second 160 acres through his 
service in the army. 





THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC. 


bE EFF RANEY CEST = ERE ELE SOLES SE ETON TELS UNG SDT IED RE BDL AT To PETER ENT NM TELE HE GL ek 


NAMES. Connecting Points. Cost. 


| Miles 
[Locks 





DELAWARE CANAL. i 
Chesapeake & Delaware|Delaware City to Ches. City....| 12.6) 3, $3,547,561 


MARYLAND CANAL. 
Chesapeake & Ohio ....|Georgetown to Cumberland, Md/184}| 74,11,375,000 


ILtINots CANAL. 
Illinois & Michigan ....|Chicago to La Salle, Il.....-.-- 96 | 17| 6,170,226 


INDIANA CANAL 
Wabash & Erie...._... Evansville to Ohio State Line ..|374 | 64! 6,000,000 


New JERSEY CANALS. ; 
Delaware & Raritan ...|New Brunswick to Bordentown| 43 | 14} 3,935,287 


Morris & Essex ........ Jersey City to Phillipsburg ..+.|101 | 29) 2,825,997 
New York Canals. 

maldminsyville oo! 243s ae ele UYU 5$| 1) = 23,556 
Diack i. (canal & feeder). .eeer Ua a, ae 50 }109 3.224.779 
Diack Riv improvement): oe. Sao eee 42 lig. Leone 
Cayiga & Seneca enlarg) 00.0. £0005. .cee ea ceeben eee 23 | 11) 1,520,542 
SPMOMOMIAIN eh gL UA i Ee --| 66 | 20) .....--. 
Champlain, Glens Falls|feeder ..............--.-00+e+-- 12 | 12)\2.2 eee 
Chemungicanal & feed)| is .)6 cee ta 39 | 53} 1,273,261 
Ly oc PSR AO BO ye RR any UM WAY SY PPC IAL eh 97 |116| 2,782,124 




















THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETO. 585 


THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.— (Oontinwed.) 

















2) 2 
oO +. 
NAMEs. Connecting Points. = 9 Cost. 
Le ea 
New York CaANALs. 
oS OS Rs Ue aS RMI Ba MLS RUC ae EG a RR 8 | 271$ 333,287 
Efrie (original) .-....... Buffalo to ‘Albany CDEP at dale 363 46,018,234 
Erie (enlargement) steely Buffalo to“Athany vers seuss 350%) 72 
Geneseo Valley HEGRE G 5 AE Ne aie ee eyeil e  e a y BEE i 1243/112)] 5,827,813 
Oneida Lake aid ie ISIS yg a Rag AED RR eae UME A TA RANE ME a 7 64,837 
Peas niy. waprovem bs a a eck hoses eee ae 20? 2 146,944 
Oswego (enlargement) .|.....-.............- Byes at) nac«fioo) 18 3, 490, 949 
Onto CANALS. 
OGG 5.8. eee, Carroll to Athens ..... sales dard 56 | 26) 975,481 
VETER ete esas hsb Cincinnati to Toledo .......... 291 1105] 7,454,727 
Muskingum improve’nt|Dresden to Marietta........... 91 | 12} 1,627,378 
MIO e oe hee a tees wikis Cleveland to Portsmouth.....-. 332 |152} 4,695,204 
Walhonding ..........- Branch of the Ohio...........- 25 | 11] 607,269 


PENNSYLVANIA CANALS. 
Delaware and Hudson .|Honesdale to Rondout, N. Y-. be 106 S 317,653 


Delaware Division..... Kaston-to Bristol cose Se ORs aetna 

East Division .........- Duncan's Island to Columbia -. 46 11 

Juniata Division ......- Duncan’s Isl’d to Hollidaysburg}127 | 66 

North Branch Division. |Northumberland toWilkéesbarre| 64 43, G731,750 

West Branch Division .| Northumberland to Far’ndsville| 804 

Susquehanna Division -|Duncan’sIsl'd toNorthumberl’d| 41 | 44 

SBNCLON. Sale c oe eM oe State line to Elmira, N. Y...--. TDR A oi 

Lehigh Coal and Nav ..|Kaston to Coalport..........-.. 48 | 53] 4,455,000 

Monongahela Navies es: Pittsburg to North Geneva....| 85 | 8 1, 132, 452 

Schuylkill Coal and Nav| Mill Creek to Philadelphia..... 108 | 71 13, 207, 152 
- Susquehanna .......... Columbia to Havre de Grace...| 45 | 30 4°857,105 

MAMIE re, Ose ak wa gatas Middletown to Reading ........ 174/132} 5,907,000 

Witonisce {62028242422 Millersburg to Clark’s Ferry...| 12 | 7| 512,000 

Vircinta CANALS. 

mpenIAre sc CUSAANORK os eee alee ud neat cielo civnd als 83| ..| 170,000 

Alexandria & Georget’n| Alexandria to Georgetown. ...- 7 | ..}| 1,068,762 

Dismal Swamp......--. Elizabeth R.to Drimimond I Lake} 33 | ..| 1,151,000 


James Riv. & Kanawha! Richmond to Buchanan.......--|1963| 90) 6,139,280 


SHIP CANALS. 


Beauharnois, Canada. ..|.......c.eneceee- peer ind a eR 113] 9) 1,611,424 
AUTH Wali ty anaes feel Rue any IN COUN a as et a 114} 7} 1,933,153 
Lachine, Canada: 23.3) Around rapids above Montreal) 83/ 5} 2,587,533 
Galop’s, Farran’s Point,|and Rapide Plat, Canada...--- 123} 6) 1,320,656 
Welland, @anadas ooo 5% Lake Ontatio to Lake Erie..... 27 | 27) 7,638,240 
Michigan Ship Canal...|/Around St. Mary’s Falls......- HANG Sas 4 so Se Ob 
‘Louisville & 1 Swe Round Falls of Ohio..........-. 2} 3} 4,250,000 
Caledonia, Scotland ....|/Moray Frith to Loch Linnhe...} 60 | ..} 5,118,140 
Crinan, Scotland .....-. Loch Gilp to Jura Sound......- Ea SERS SAR TE 
North Clyde, Scotland pees owes eh Ome es ieee Bo OO au sos ay 
North Holland......... Amsterdam to Zuyder Zee..... SEE Sehdh ew ene 
OLAS TPOUaNG 6.4) bobo d ete te Cece cia TAR he alan 
SUCH UPsGuaswtokas sscces Port Said to Suez, about.....-- 100 “181, 000,006 


eee 


—_ 





The Army of the United States. _ 
The army of tho United States on the 27th of October, 1883, consisted of 


the following forces, in officers and men : 
rari Enlisted Men, 
2 


Ten cavalry regiments.......seccecc cence ‘ 6,811 
Five artillery regiments.........cceeeeseee . 280 2,410 
Twenty-five infantry regiments.......-.-.. 861 10,555 


Engineer battalion, recruiting parties, or- 
dinance department, hospital service, In- 
dian scouts, West Point, Signal detach- 
ment and general SEFViCe. ....eceeeeevere 573 3,559 


; Oth or Cacao eee ee cate erecta ae Q4s 23,335 

For convenience, and to fix responsibility, the country is divided into 
three military divisions, each with several departments, as follows: 

1. Military division of the Missouri, commanded by Major-General John 
Pope, headquarters Chicago, comprehends the departments of the Missouri 
(Maj.-Gen. John Pope); Texas (Brig -Gen. C. C. Augur); Dakota (Vrig.-Gen. 
A. H. Terry); and the Platte (Brig.-Gen. O. O. Howard). ‘Lhere are 8 regi- 
ments of cavalry and 20 of infantry in this division. 

2. Military division of the Atlantic, commanded by Major-General Win- 
fleld S. Hancock, headquarters New York. Includes department of the 
East (Maj.-Gen. Hancock); department of the South (Col. H. J. Hunt, New- 
port Barracks, Ky.) The department of West Point, formerly attached to 
this division, went out of existence as a department, September 1, 1882. 
This division includes 4 regiments of artillery and 2 of infantry. 

3. Military division of the Pacific, commanded by Major-General John M. 
Schofield, headquarters San Francisco. Includes departments of California 
(Maj.-Gen. J. M. Schofield); the Columbia (Brig.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles); Ari- 
zona (Brig.-Gen. George Crook); comprises 1 regiment of artillery, 3 of 
cavalry and four of infantry. 

The maximum military force allowed under existing laws is 2,155 com- 
missioned officers and 25,000 enlisted men. Thereport of the General of 
the Army exhibits the actual number in service as 2,143 officers and 23,335 
enlisted men, October 27,1883. The following table exhibits the number in 
each rank of the army: Hy 

1. COMMISSIONED OFrFicrRs: Colonels, 66; lieutenant-colonels, 85; majors, 
243; captains, 603; adjutants, 40; regimental quarter-masters, 40; first 
lieutenants, 563; second lieutenants, 433; chaplains, 34; storekeepers, 25; — 
total, 2,143. 

2. THE ENLISTED MEN embrace 39 sergeant-majors, 40 quarter-master 
sergeants, 638 musicians, 196 trumpeters, 10 saddler-sergeants, 114 ordnance 
sergeants, 146 hospital stewards, 134 commissary-sergeants, 424 first ser- 
geants, 2,107 sergeants, 1,647 corporals, 225 farriers, 82 artificers, 106 sad- 
dlers, 75 wagoners, and 17,350 privates; total, 23,335. Besides these, there 
are employed in the Signal Corps, 495 non-commissioned officers and pri- 
ort Military Academy, 7 professors, 279 cadets, 204 enlisted men; total, 

08. 








The number of retired army officers is 424; number of privates discharged 
during the fiscal year 1883, 5,950; number died during same period, 221; 
number deserted, 3,578; number enlisted and re-enlisted, 8,998. 

Entered the Army. 

General of the Army ..........Lieut.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan........ 1853. 
Major-Generals— 

(Limited by law to three).. Winfield S. Hancock...........0..06-- 1844. 

Jobn M. Schofield 0.6.02. cccecccccete 1863. 


Brigadier-Generals— John Popes ik vaee's sisclsltela Rena s acanee mt dete 
(Limited by law to six)....Oliver O. Howard........csccescceseee 1854. 
Alfred H. Terry....... ja Kisjetsie'e 9/46 ite aa be eLILEORS 


Christopher C. AUgUrP...cccccesesseeee 1843. 

George ‘Crook ii ccuicecisiswecs ss'oc sesenarmaooae 

f Nelson A: Miles ico See ee sicle sien eee nOee 

> Ranald S. MaAcKenZICa ese e se euscmccnne 1862. 








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PAY OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 











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SHLVIS CALINOQ AHL JO AWUV AHL AO AVA. ; | 


















588 THH NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


The Navy of the United States. 


There were in service December 1883, 45 naval steam vessels, all serew 
Wat enepld except six, besides 14 wooden sailing vessels, 19 iron-clad vessels 

torpedo rams and 16 tugs; total 96, of which about 52 were in efficient ser- 
vice. The number of guns is 575. 


The active listof the Navy is composed of 1 admiral, 1 vice-admiral, T 
Tear admirals, 21 commodores, 46 captains, 87 commanders, 78 lieutenant- 
commanders, 272 lieutenants, 94 lieutenants junior grade, 97 ensigns, 103 
ensigns junior grade, 119 naval cadets (who have passed the four years 

academic course, and are performing two years service at sea before final 
graduation ) and 190 naval cadets on probation at the Naval Academy, all of 
whom are officers of the line. 


Of the staff there are 1 surgeon-general, 15 medical directors, 15 medical 
inspectors, 50 surgeons. 79 passed assistant surgeons, 9 assistant surgeons, 1 
paymaster-general, 13 pay directors, 13 pay inspectors, 49 paymasters, 30 
passed assistant paymasters, 20 assistant paymasters, 1 engineer-in-chief, 70 
chief engineers, 94 passed assistant engineers, 78 assistant engineers, 24 
chaplains, 11 professers of mathematics, 1 secretary for the admiral and 1 
for the vice-admiral, 1 chief constructor, 11 naval constructors, 9 assistant 
constructors, and 10 civil engineers. 


The warrant officers consist of 50 boatswains, 48 gunners, 53 carpenters, 37 
sailmakers, and 38 mates. : 


The retired list is composed of officers of the line, as follows: 48 rear-ad- 
mirals, 20commodores, 11 captains, 12 commanders. 16 lieutenant-command- 
ers, 16 lieutenants, 11 lieutenants junior grade, 16 masters, 6 ensigns, 1 
ensign junior grade, Staff officers, viz: 21 medical directors, 2 medical in- 
spectors, 4 surgeons, 5 passed assistant surgeons, 7 assistant surgeons. 10 
pay directors, 2 pay inspectors, 4 paymasters, 2 passed assistant paymasters, 
lassistant paymaster, 12 chief engineers, 20 passed assistant engineers, 26 
assistant engineers, 1 naval constructor, 8 chaplains. and 6 professors of 
mathematics. Warrant officers, viz: 13 boatswains, 10 gunners, 9 carpen- 
ters, and 7 sailmakers. 


The active list is therefore composed of 1,116 officers of the line. 606 offi- 
cers of the staff, and 226 warrant officers; total, 1,948 officers of all grades. 


The retired list is composed of 152 officers of the line, 131 officers of the 
staff, and 39 warrant officers; total, 322. . 


They were (July, 1883 )in the service, provided for the Navy appropria- 
tion act for the fiscal year 1884, '7,500 enlisted men, and '750 boys. 


The marine corps consists of 89 commissioned officers, 372 non-com- 
missioned officers. 31 musicians, 96 drummers and fifers, and 1,500 enlisted 
men; total, 2,028. 


Navy-Yards of the United States, 


Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Charlestown Navy-Yard, Charlestown, Mass. 
Gosport Navy-Yard, near Norfolk, Va. 
Kittery Navy-Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. H. r 
League Island Navy-Yard, seven miles below Philadelphia. 

Mare Island Navy-Yard, near San Francisco, Cal. 4 
New London Naval Station (unfinished), New London, Conn. 
Pensacola Navy-Yard, Pensacola, Florida. 
Washington City Navy-Yard, Washington, D. O. 


OAS ym ge pe 


ww 
* 








— 





PAY OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 589 


PAY OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, 


Ce 00000 eee 








On 
On 

Leave, 

At Sea. aa waiting 

Y- | orders. 
RANCUSS TES MIO es lato a oe aia eles d iclaa outa atl oe eee $13,000 |$13.000 |$13.000 
NGG CIP ALN Sy hee eee c ces dee dae tuu tau yw 9,000 8.000 6.000 
eae gy TEN Tied se RTS BE SS pe Ten A age 6.000 5.000 4.000 
WONNIBNCOLOR re st eects cue late dees ise een 5,000 4.000 3.000 
MRR GOS Seats ooo SU a o's v'e dv nike ot dln ame eae a» 4,500 3.500 2.800 
INCOSE a GLE) 2 UENO aise SSIS GS a AC NE i 3,500 3,000 2,300 


Lieutenant-Commanders— 
First four years after date of commission....| 2,800 2.400 | 2.000 
After four years from date of commission....} 3,000 | 2,600 | 2,200 

Lieutenants— 


DUIMAO HNOUVGATS Wrc ands ssa acs Gent caemelace aus 2,400 2.000 1.600 

PRATER ENR TGPATA ilocos pone ede seek Ute, whe 2,600 | 2,200 | 1,800 
Masters— 

NEUNEIUY E COALN aie ns cos sn Spee oct cie sauna A 1.800 | 1.500 1,200 

After five Years .-..0220--5--55--4 Loans ioe dni nist 2,000 1,700 1,400 
Ensigns— 

EPR I VOVWVOATS Solow oein.n ws amasmamed vanes: sa 1.200 1.000 £00 

WREST HVOVYOSES 2. 6c ton knee ha anatae yaw aren 1,400 | 1,200 | 1,000 
Bo ECC a UR RS sas PARA ap Sgt Ald UN 1,000 £00 600 
CRPERIMAUSHIDMIOR <2 pele ke. os ese due kp ants a5 <0: 500 500 500 
OMe esis ie Sole 3 oR adn oy ea Min aan eo Spe 900 700 500 


Medical and Pay Directors and Medical and Pay 
Inspectors and Chief Engineers, having the 


BAMeTaUkiauses Pow eek eee eae hy £2400 be UE Pa ei = 
Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters, and Fleet En- 
Ns Vey Gag ore eR AMIDES LE Bite DOR aT TA ia 4,400 hose ate eee e 


Surgeons, Paymasters, and Chief Engineers— 
irst five years after date of commission ....| 2,800 2,400 2.000 


MOCOMUMILV OS VENEMe bass luca sate mbaaae ca claw a 3,200 | 2,800 | 2,400 
PRELE DVO ORAVN Cte io lace banned p swaps ce sates 3,500 | 3.200 | 2,600 
SEO TRD ALVES VOMLS.. Calc bara dosh naa sync as teas 3,700 | 3.600 | 2.800 
IBALOMUWOTUY VOATS) 65 6 ois is ae a as ois ie 5 4,200 | 4,000 | 3,000 


Passed Assistant’ Surgeons, Passed Assistant 
Pavmasters, and Passed Assistant Engineers— 
First five years after date of appointment . . 2,000 1,200 1,500 
PP EUBRINO MORTB Ss. 2th wae os ose use Sales sien 2,200 | 2,000°] 1,7 
Assistant Surgeons, Assistant Paymasters, and 
, Assistant ‘Engineers— 


First five years after date of appointment ...} 1,700 | 1,400 | 1.000 
ATLON IV. YCATS | so uinieins ena aueinee § Aye Ap 1,900 1,600 1,200 
Chaplains— 
SESE VOATR. vac cte Sloane nn a pon ayo’ 2,500 2,000 1,600 
PASEO ESEV ONT OATS oUt eee. Nai la hats cre 2,800 2,300 1,900 
Boatswains, Gunners, Carpenters, and Sailmakers| . 
MUATRU GNTOC VOSTS:- so intto cnt wad aan wats 1,200 $00 700 
Bedond ‘thves years 3.4. Sees oe 1,300 | 1.000 £00 
PUIG. WOLOOY OATS: os psa apleneeccapanwesnats 1,400 | 1,300 900 
MGMT ON DNTOe VEaTS):. 25. cases kes deeb 1,600 1,300 1.000 
ATER LWELVA VOATS ... =o. 5s sess us ld occ nem ane 1,800 | 1,600 | 1,200 


Cadet Engineers (after examination).............} 1,000 800 600 


§90 MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 





THE MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES DURING 


THE REBELLION. 








NUMBER OF MEN FURNISHED BY 
EACH STATE AND TERRITORY, 
FROM APRIL 15, 1861, TO JUNE 


30, 1865. 


States and Terri- |Men fur 


tories. 


Maine 
New Hampshire - 
Vermont 
Massachusetts - .- 
Rhode Island .... 
Connecticut 
New York 
New Jersey 
Pennsylvania .... 
Delaware 
Maryland 
West Virginia -.- 
Dist. of Columbia. 


eee eee ew ee 


emer emas 


‘Michigan 
Wisconsin 
Minnesota 
Sowa 
Missouri ..-....... 
Kentucky 
Kansas 
Tennessee 
Arkansas 
North Carolina .-. 
California 
Nevada 
Oregon 
Washington Ter. 
Nebraska Terr’y. 
Colorado Terr’y. - 
Dakota Territory 
New Mexico Ter. 
Alabama 
Florida) .). 2.2000. 
Louisiana ........ 
Mississippi 
Texas 
Indian Nations .. 


-cemeseeee 


wa eeee 














NUMBER OF MEN CALLED FOR, PERIODS 
OF SERVICE, AND NUMBER OF MEN OB- 
TAINED, UNDER EACH CALL, TO JUNB 


30, 1865. 
Paid 
number] periods 
com- number 
: Date of Call. Malle’ of ith 
nished. peyelan ors weenie obtain’d 
69,738 puis ee 15, 1861,} %5,000) 3 mos. 93,326 | 
33,913 ay 3, 1861 .- 82,748 
33,272| 1,974 || July 22&25,’61| 500,000) 2 YTS: | 714,231 
146,467) 5,318 || May, June, ’62).---...- 3 mos. |. 15,007 
23,248) 4631) July 2,1862-- “| 300,000} 3 yrs. | 431,958 
55,755} 1,515 August 4, 1862 300,000) 9 mos. 87,588 
445, 959 “4 es a une 15, 1863 - 100,000} 6 mos. 16,361 
"5, 315 ctober ‘ 63] 300,000 
338,155, 28,171 || Febru’y 1,64) 200,000| 3 YTS: | $74,807 
12,265} 1,386 || March 14, 1864 200,000} 3 yrs. 284,021 
46,053) 3,678 || April 23, 1864, 85,000/100 days} 83,652 
32,003 tee eve July 18, 1864. 500.000}1,2,3 yrs} 384,882 
15:53 : 838 Dee’ 19, 1864-| 300,000|1,2,3 yrs} 204,568 
654! 6, pea , eA AG): 
See! =e ve Totals sii 2 942,748 2690,401 
1 AOA ROPE AG OER fo ce BE gat 
ghar 2,008 '| ‘The calls of October 17, 1863, and Feb- 
91,021] 5,097 h 
24'002| 1032|| TUary 1, 1864, were combined, and the 
75°'793| 61 produet of the draft of J aly, 1863, was 
108773 credited thereon. 
75, 975| 3.965 In addition to the above number, 
90095 : 63,322 men were obtained, chiefly from 
31/092 the territories and the rebellious tates, 
ee aan under different calls, and for various 
3'156|_..... periods of service. 
45°795| "10 .. The whole number of men obtained by 
1080... draft was 168,649. The whole number 
1 8101... __|| of colored troops obtained was 186,097. 
964 i) ae Na PRESS ASEY 1 PELE IP Ld Fa AEN SERIE SI ELSES 
S AST STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 
4. OD3 SETS AT VARIOUS DATES. 
UGH ee 
pte Bea We Date. Present|Absent.| Total. 
Ray (ay pear ————---— | | |] ————. 
L200) 220.5 January 1,’61,| 14,663 1,704 | 16,367 
D224 ieee July 1, 1861 ..| 183,588 3,163 | 186,751 
BAS Aaies January 1,’62,| 527,204 | 48,713 | 575,917 
ROGSieZoSe January 1,’63,| 698,802 | 219,389 | 918,191 
SAO) SELES January 1,’64,| 611,250 | 249,487 | 860,737 
———. January 1,’65,} 620,924 | 338,536 | 959,466 
2 666 999' 86,724 || May 1, 1865 ..| 797,807 | 202,709 |1 000,516 





oo ET LE SVE A EE A BOA PRA RRS A DSS RE SITES REE SEL a hs ESET RANTS Se AIRC FS | 











TROOPS FURNISHED THE UNION ARMY. 591 


AGGREGATE OF TROOPS FURNISHED THE UNION ARMY BY STATES, 1861-65. 





























Popula-| Troops | Color’ 2A bad label rm | Bounties : “J 

erritorics. tion in | farnished Treo e Num, | Patled) px. |Furn’a| Held) paia by |3® 
"| 1860 1861-65, |1861-65]drawn. report empted stam ee States. ad 
Connectic’t; 460,147 57,379) 1,764) 12,031; 1,014) 6,804) 3,842) 202) $6,887,554)12.4 
Maine 628, 279) - 72,114 "104 27, 324 3,760 12, 997 4, 946) 1,991] _7,837,644)11.5 
Massachn’s/1,231, 068 152,048 3,966) 41,582} 5,167 27, 070 8. 333| ’912| 22, 965, 550} 12.3 
yeah rope 326,073} 34,629 125] 10,806} 464) 5,478] 3,654] 210] 9,636,313]10.6 


B. Island 174,620 23,699] 1,837| 4,321 249] 2,809 1,142] 117 "820,769|13.6 
ee t 315,098 35,262 120 7,743 429} 4,096 2, 646] 437] 4,528,775)11.2 

. aD ————_——— | | ee 

States 3,135,283} 375,131] 7,916/103,807{ 11, "11,083 “59 254 24, 613 3,869] 52, 52,676,605 605 20 at 
New Jersey 672,035 81,010; 1,185) 32,325) 6,205) 8,224) 9,650} 951) 23,868,967)12.0 
New York. |3,880, fr 467,047} 4,125/151, 488 31,745| 68, 006 31, §29| 3,210 86, 629, 228 ]12.0 
Pennsyl’ia 2,906,21 366,107) 8,612 178,873 873} 31,309] 70,913 40, 807| 8,615] 43,154,987]12.5 


cDrtecsetahel rite ecaed behest il Be detail Moaa ehh Nacior 


Mid. States}7,458, = 914,164] 13,922|362,686 69,259] 147,143]81,986112,7761153,653,182]12.2 
Gol. Ter. 34,277 nant OBR, z 4 tM eta hy be ae ce 14.3 
















1,811; 32,085} 9,519) 9 5,459 3,538 17,296,205115.1 
Indiana {1,350,428} 197,147} 1,537) 41,158} 6,235) 15,478) 5,966) 7,597 9,182,354|14.6 
owa 674,913 76,309] "440 7,548 702| 2,446) 1,264) 1,862} 1,615,171/11.3 
Kansas 107,206 20,151} 2,080} 1,420 419 287; 210) | 119 57,407 {18.8 


1,387} 227122] 4,294] 7,130] 3,773] 1,809] 9,664,855]11.9 
104} 10,796] 2,058 4,449 1,291 862] 2,000,464 14.5 


eere eere sere . 


5,092} 50,400] 9,368) 19,751/10,988) 4,241] 23,557,373]13.6 


Michigan 749,113}... 89,372 
Minnesota | 172,023 25,052 
Nebraska T} 28,841 3,157 
N.Moxico f 93.516 6,561 
Ohio 2,339, oe 319,659 





hbo rc 775,88 96,424} 165 38,39 11,742 14,732) 6,718] 3,722 5,855,356 12.4 
BS) Yc) pen ated PaaS presi oat ELS MER USS | 2 SEARED ao EES pA EE ES 
& Ter. 8,042,497} 1,098,088] 12,711|203,924| 44,337 | 73,828 '35,669 |23,750} 69,229,185 13.6 6 





ifornia | 379,994 ABL7 2] as Oe sts oie wate CM pat RACE eae te ray i 
Nevada 6,857 EOS0TeS 6. Sat Maisie ARS RN tials sin [ais Ne aes fee 15.7 
Oregon 465 PLO eae seater miehe LAME aS eas Mieraoh [enced tesla Tok) olbtatetgn 3.4 
Wash, Ter. 5594 Ed ee FES) Flee Raa ral aC BSN a tM Re a Fes 8.3 
Pacific Sts. | 450,910 19,5794 ore! aes VAR BE SRAN Wiineeeits =! Ram atin He NAR: Goeth | 4.3 


Delaware | 112,216 13,670 954) 8,635) 1,443) 4,170) 2,534) 425) 1,136,599)12.2 
Dist. of Col.| _ 75,080 16,872} 8,269] 14,338) 5,954 5,665 1,751} 968 134,010/22.4 
Kentucky {1,155,684 79,025] 23,703 29,421) 9,503) 8,088) 5,787] 1,860 692,577| 6.8 
Maryland "687,049 60,316} 8,718) 29,319} 9,207] 11, 011 6,134| 1,426] 6,271,992} 7.3 
Missouri {1,182,012 109; lll 8, 344] 21'519| 9,444 5,781 1,638] 1,031} 1,282,149] 9.2 
W. Virg’ias 393,234 32, 068} "196 3, 180} 1,014 569} 219] 242 "864, 737| 8.1 


Border Sts. |3,605,275| 301,062! 45,184!106,412| 36,565] 35,284/18,063| 5,952| 10,382,064| 8.3 








Alabama 964,201 QOD EN 4.969 bane sae Lovartale fis. kate 2 
Arkansas 435,450 ‘B ZEN GiOSOLS eteler Peale Stole , 1.9: 
Florida 140,424 g M?st 0) ate 07 3 bate Me eae Re eee d 9 
Georgia 1,057,286} .... Oh ERY E ME LINE Ag 3 ae A .0 
Louisiana | 708,002 6,224} 3,486] .... Ver: PAE it ORM a “7A 
Mississippi} 791,305 645] 17,869] .... ees pt ENA RE i -0 
N. Carolina} 992,622 SIS DiOSap pac aecie eee lars Lidice a? Pecese yA aj 
S. Carolina 703, MOS Sipe 5,462) . Sake. SaNk rete -.0 
Tennessee 1,109,801 81, 092 ZO; LBB |e’ sig a rss Ae: SE hr egeheee 2.8 
Texas 604,215 iS 965 tg Dee ahs Le ot a ae io 
Virginias 1,203,084 POSS ORCA OFTEN BAAR Sy UB SacoueT | SBCA MORN ce ESI .0 
South’nSts. [8,710,098 5437 GSyBZT Rae aa NaS ar Brig ne ce Mee Tt ily Sat here 6 
Ind. Nation] .... 3.530 RSIMe iN fhe Pn id Pan Dr rbnt iby cu oat (yc Beem wg 
©’dTroopsi] .... PEAR AM Sie; cots AY ARN eNG Ie CUM Ra Mae Cato ds Pe a 


GrandTot.| .... |22, ah 22,859,132 73, 79 776, 520 isi, 7m is, 00 73,007 FG 3H 285,941,036 9. 1 


At large Saige Me 

Notac’dfor] .... ids 5,083 

Officers ARs eee J 7,122 
186,017 


1, This gives colored troops enlisted in the States in rebellion; besides this, there were 92,576 
colored, included (with the white soldiers) in the quotas of the several States; the 3d column 
gives the aggregate of colored, but many enlisted South were credited to Northern States. 

2. This is the aggregate of troops furnished for all periods of service—from 3 months to 3 years 
time. Reduced to a uniform 3 years’ standard, the whole number of troops enlisted was 2,320,272, 

8 Virginia and West Virginia populations by census of 1860, as divided by counties in 1863, 





‘592 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 


CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 


1492. America discovered by Christopher Columbus...:......-.- «-Oct. 22, 
1497. Labrador discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot.........-.-Jduly 3. 


1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 


Continent of South America discovered by Columbus......-- Aug. 10. 


1499. South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 


1512. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon...........-..--.- April 6 
1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa...-Sept. 29 


1520. Carolina visited by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon. 
1521. Mexico conquered by Fernando Cortez. 
1524. Coast of North America explored by John Verrazani. 


1534. The St. Lawrence River discovered by Jacques Cartier........d une. 


1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto. 
1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance, 
1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 


1565. St. Augustine, Florida, founded by the Spaniards........ ----Sept. 18. 
Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards......-Oet. 2. 


1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert. 
1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Carolina. 
1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke, by Sir W. Raleigh. 
1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1602. Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold 
1605. Port. Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French. 
1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charters 


1607. Jamestown settled by the London Company. .......-.......- May 23. 
Plymouth Company began a settlement on Kennebec River, Aug. 

1608. Quebec settled by the French, under Champlain.............. uly 3. 

1609. Virginia received its second charter.............-....-- weet June 2. 
The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson ...........- Sept. 21 


1610, “The Starving Time” in Virginia. 
1612. Virginia received its third charter 
1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe 
1614. The coast of New England explored by John Smith. 
New York settled by the Dutch. * 
1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 
1620. Commencement of Negro slavery in the English colonies; Aug. 
Charter granted to ‘‘The Council of Plymouth,” 


Massachusetts settled, at Plymouth........... PMMA ISAS 15 5) 85 
1621; Treaty with Massasoit made... 2.0... Lc see ebeenee eben April i. 
1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia. -....--2..0.2. sli feces eae April 1. 


1623. New Hampshire settled. at Little Harbor and Dover. 

1633. Connecticut settled, at Windsor 

1634. Maryland settled, at St. Mary’s 

1636. Rhode Island settled, at Providence. 

Harvard College founded. 

i637. The Pequod War. 

1638. Delaware settled, near Wilmington 
641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts. 


ei ee i 


1643. Union of New England colonies formed.....-.........--..--- May 29. 
1644, Second Indian massacre in Virginia. ...............+.------ .--April. 


1645. Clayborne’s Rebellion in Maryland. 

1650. North Carolina settled, on the Chowan River. 

1651. The ‘Navigation Act”’ passed by the British Parliament 
2652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 

1655. Civil War in Maryland. 


New Sweden conquered by the Dutch.......-.... da cena av amcmen Gct. 
1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 
1664. New York became an English province.--... da caccubasdduccepteeiior 


New Jersey settled, at Elizabethtown. 
1670. South Carolina settled, on the Ashley River. 
3673. Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 











S 
‘ 
i 








CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 593 


#675. King Philip's War begun, by an attack upon Swanzey........Jduly 4 
1676. Bacon’s Rebellion. 
1680. Charleston founded. 
New Hampshire made a, Royal Province..........-.4 TEND URES Sept. 28 
1682. Pennsylvania settled. 

Delaware granted by the Duke of York to William Penn. ...Aug. 31. 


1686. Andros arrived at Boston as Governor of New England.....- Dec. 30. 
1689, King William's War commenced. Attack upen Dover....... July 7. 
1690. Schenectady burned by the French and Indians..............- Feb. 8. 

; Port Royal taken by the English, under Phipps.........--.....- May. 
1692. ‘‘Salem Witchcraft” delusion prevailed. 
Pan neta a Nar terminated... 0c. u ee see ek Sept. 20. 
1702. Queen Anne’s War commenced. 

1710. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by the English............ Oct. 13. 
1713. mere Une Sh yvel POLMINALEG. <3 22-3 U Lace n sev ee ned April 11.’ 
1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces. .......--- July. 
1732. Washington born, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.......- Feb. 22. 
Bide. Atedreia BOLLICd, Bb: Savannah oo. 0.15. See enecinenadesevsincen ss Feb. 12. 


1741, “The Negro Plot,” in New_York. 
1744. King George’s War begun.” 


1745. Louisburg captured by the English... .\0.....0..52.-ecesee-- June 28. 
Satu te eeOroe Ay Wal CNGed.\ ooo geo eo eee ei Oct. 18. 
1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie........-...--. Oct. 31. 
754. Washington delivered St. Pierre’s reply to Dinwiddie.-...... Dec. 11. 
ihe battisiof Great Meatows ). siecle eee laete le: May 28. 
Congress of Commissioners met at Albany.......-.----+....--- une. 
re, Wanueor Fort Necessity 06 eee et eased. July 4. 
YiS5. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Moncton................- June. 
Braddock’s defeat at the battle of Monongahela.............-- July 9. 
The British defeat by Dieskau, near Lake George............ Sept. 8. 
Dieskau defeated by the British, at Lake George.......-...-. Sept. 8. 
1756. Great Britain declared war against France.........-......-.. May 17. 
France declared war against Great Britain .....-....-.....-.. June 9. 
The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego. .-...--...--- Aug. 14. 
dndians deteated at Kittaning .o. soos oe ts ee Sept. 8. 
1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm .............-- Aug. 9. 
The massacre at Fort William Henry .....--...-2.......222: Aug. 10. 
1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish at Ticonderoga ........------- July 6. 
Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga ........-- July 8. 
Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe. .................--- July 2€. 
Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English. ........-.....-.- Aug, 27. 
Grant defeated by Aubry, near Fort Duquesne........-....- Sept. 21. 

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French. 
Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson.....-.... July 25. 
BAGO OLA MONEMGTENCH 101 ho Soe COU oe Ohana ee July 31. 
Barieor the Piains of Abraham... .025s.25...5-tsccsessien Sept. 13. 
Quebec surrendered to the English. . 5.252.220.5292 005 4.) 028 an Sept. 18. 
1760. The French attempted the recovery of Quebec. ..-.....-...- April 28, 
Montreal and the whole of Canada surrendered to the English,Sept. 8. 
1763. The Peace of Paris between Great Britain and France ...... -Feb. 10. 
Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain...-...-......-....--- Feb. 10. 
1765. The Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament........... March 8, 
A Colonial Congress met at New York .........-.......------- Oct. 7. 
1766. The Stamp Act repealed bv the British Parliament........ March 18. 
1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, &c., passed.........-.. June 29. 
1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston ................-. Sept. 27. 
RAE POG BORGO MASSACTS os. cele eso anak Uke ee alne os be March 5. 
All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament ........... April 12, 
1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard .............- Dec. 16. 
1774. “Boston Port Bill” passed by Parliament.............-......- March. 


“The First Continental Congress” met at Philadelphia. -..... Sept. 5. 
1775, Tho battle Of LOXIDZWD sc ceveseresscevevrgrentsrrvedeesvesss APE 12 





94 


1775. 


1776. 


TCG: 


1778. 


1779. 


CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 


Ticonderoga, New York, captured by Allen and Arnold...... May 10. 





Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans ......-- May 12. 
Washington elected commander-in-chief................-..-- June 15. 
The battlé of Bunker Hill. 5050.02. eee eee cee June 17. 
Washington took command of the army.............--------- July 12. 
Montreal surrendered to Montgomery. ..-......0-.-.0++----- Noy. 13. 
Battle of Quebéd,:.2/.5. boo. os. ee Peet le Sie Deer a Dec. 31. 
Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmore......--- a Jan. 1. 
Boston evacuated by the British troops...............----- March 17. 
The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina ...........-.--+- June 28. 
The Declaration of Independence........ BAD IL iy Sh Se ean July 4.: 
The battle of Long Island, New York.-.-...........-.------- Aug. 27.! 
The city of New York abandoned by the Americans -.-....- Sept. 15. 
The battle of White Plains, New York...) -202.22.0. 2.220222. Oct. 28. 
The battle of Fort Washington, New York........--...-.-.-- Noy. 16. 
Fort Lee, New Jersey, taken by the British.............---.- Nov. 18. 
Gen. Lee surprised and taken prisoner.............-.-------- Dec. 13. 
The battle of Trenton, New Jerseyiu7.-+-- +... -<..-- 0 Casas Dec. 26. 
The battle of Princeton, New Jersey... ..-....----.ac2s-encers Jan. 3. 
Tryon’s first expedition against Connecticut. .-...-....-------- April. 
Meigs’s expedition against the British at Sag Harbor...-..--- May 23. 
Invasion of New York by Burgoyne.....-....-.-.2.----sesesene une. 
Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans.....--..---.-----+- July 5. 
The-battle of Hubbardton,: Vermont. 2a. tee. 7 eee July 7. 
Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton .........-...------ July 10. 
Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward ......-..--. July 27. 
Fort Schuyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger.........-..---- ug. 
The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler. ...........-..---.- Aug. 6. 
The: battle of Fort: Schuyler vi.) ssa he eecc tase ce nneeee eee Aug. 6. 6, 
The battle of Bennington, Vermont:..2.21 2.32.2. 09. 202-252 Aug, 16. 
The battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania .....--..-..--..---- Sept. 11. 
The battle of Bemis Heights, or first of Stillwater.....-....-Sept. 19. 
The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania v.22 0602, oe ee Sept. 20. 
Philadelphia entered by the British...............-.. pape Sept. 26. 
The battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania ......-.-.-..-------- Oct. 4. 
Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British ..... ust Oct. 6. 
The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater ..........-------.- Oct. 7. 
The surrender ef Burgoyne’... 00. J ula es eee soe Obes Ade 
The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey.-...--.----- Oct. 22. 
The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania.........-- Oct. 22. 
Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress ....-..- pind pete Nov. 45. 
Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans ....-.....--..----- Nov. 16. 
Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania .-...-..- Dec. 11. 
American Independence acknowledged by France ...-.--.-.--- Feb. 6. 
Treaty of Alliance with France. ...-- ad a Ose ESO ee Oe aes ree Feb. 6. 
British commissioners sent to America. 

Philadelphia evacuated by the British .+.......-.-...---.2.- June 18. 
‘The battle of Monmouth, New Jersey...---.-+---------+----- June 28. 
The battle of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre. .....-..- July 3. 
The French fleet, under D’Estaing, arrived ....---..------ .---duly 11. 
The battls' of Rhode Island). 5.0 ois ee eed eaeieanmies ae 29. 
Grey’s ravaging expedition to the eastward..--..-----.----.---- ept. 
Ferguson’s expedition against Egg Harbor ...---..-------------- Oct. 
The massacre at Cherry Valley, New York..--.-......-.-- Nov. 11, 12. 
The battle of Savannah, Georgia .. 2.2.2.2 ies. Dee Dec. 29. , 
Sunbury, Georgia, captured by the British ..............--.-.- Jan. 9. 4 
The battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia..........-....-..-..0---. Feb. 14. a 
The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia...... 20.2.0. 0.00- ee aces March 3. ¥ 
Tryon’s second expedition against Connecticut ............-.- March. x 
Stony Point, New York, captured by the British .........-... May 31. 
Verplanck’s Point, New York, captured by the British....... June 1, 


War declared against Great Britain by Spain.........----...dune 2 


Si tat sy : . i 





1779. 


lg780. 


3781. 


1782. 
1783! 


f 


1787. 


1789. 


1790. 
1791. 


1792. 
1793. 
1794. 





‘CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. f 595 


The battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina............. o--s.0Une 20, 
Tryon’s third expedition against Connecticut..... dans se teow ----duly. 
The battle of Stony Point, New York ..........--.-.-- Se aid 2 July 15. 
British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee .........-. July 19. 
The battle of the Penobscot, Maine. -...... 22.2222 262. 0.e-e- Aug. 13. 
Sullivan’s expedition against the Indians. 

“The battle of the Chemung,’’ New York -...2......-..--.-- Aug. 29. 
Savannah besieged by the French and Americans..-.....-. Sept., Oct. 
Paul Jones’s naval battle off the coast of England -.-.......- Sept. 23. 
D’Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah.......-........2- Oct. 9. 
Charleston besieged by the British... -.--.22.lL2. 2/222: April, May. 
The battle of Monk’s Corner, South Carolina..............2. April 14. 
Charleston surrendered to the British ..-........---..24....- May 12. 
The battle of Waxhaw, South Carolina.......22..2-0.20-.22.. May 29. 
The battle of Springfield, New Jersey ......---..-.---2--.--. June 23. 
French fleet arrived at Newport, Rhode Island -...-......... July 10. 
The battle of Rocky Mount, South Carolina......-..-.-..-4.- July 30. 
The battle of Hanging Rock, South Carolina...........--....- Aug. 6. 
The battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina..-......2....-.. Aug. 16. 
The battle of Fishing Creek, South Carolina................- Aug. 18. 
Arnold's treason. ) 

Andre executed as a spy at Tappan, New York......--..--.... Oct. 2 
The battle of King’s Mountain, South Carolina ......--.......- Oct. 7. 
The battle of Fishdam Ford, South Carolina........ ........ Nov. 12. 
The battle of Blackstocks, South Carolina .......-... Sens seriae Nov. 20. 
Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops ........-..--..---. Re sie sey Jan. 1. 
The battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina.......---...4 he ee Jan. 17. 
The revolt of New Jersey troops ............-------+-0 a>---.dan. 18, 
Arnold's dopredation in Virginia ........-......-.--+-6- Casieeniacs Jan. 
Cornwallis’s pursuit of Morgan and Greene..-..--------... Jan., Feb. 
Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. 

The battle of Guilford Court-House, North Carolina.......-. March 15. 
The battle of Hobkirk’s Hill, South Carolina..............-- April 25. 
Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene ..........-...-...- May, June. 
The battle of Ninety-Six, South Carolina ...-..---...-2...--- June 18. 
Colonel Hayne executed by the British, at Charleston. .....-. July 31. 
Arnold's expedition against Connecticut.......---...-.---...-. Sept. 
The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut}....--.-.-.--.---.4- Sept. 6. 
The battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina ........--..---.. Sept. & 
Fume Mipge Ol LOL Kio, VITAIia. fue Ses fiche mare dpw nave nes Oct. 
The surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown.....-...--...-.---- Oct. 19. 
Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris ........--.....- Nov. 30. 
Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American army...April 19. 
Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British.-.....-..-......July 11. 
Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris..-..........-..-.--. Sept. 3. 
American army disbanded by orders of Congress. .-.-..-.-.-.-. Nov. 3. 
New York; evaciated by thé. British... 2.2. 2oh soe. Nov. 25. 
Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British......-.- Dee. 14. 
Washington resicns: his- commission...5..5...0525c.seedeee se. Dec. 23. 
Shay’s Rebellion, in Massachusetts. 


Constitution of the United States agreed on by the convention 
of delegates at. Philadelphia... .--....- +22. 2 lees. Sept. 17. 


The first Congress under the Constitution met at New York, March 4. 
Washington inaugurated President of the United States. ...April 30. 
Harmar defeated by the Indians, in Indiana. .............- Oct. 17, 22. 
United States bank established at Philadelphia. 

Vermont admitted into the Union.....-..-...........-...--- March 4. 
St. Clair defeated by the Indians, in Ohio.-.................--- Noy. 4. 
Kentucky admitted into the Union ..-...............24. Arise D June L 
The difficulties with France. 


Wayne defeated by the Indians, on the Maumee............-Aug. 20 


“Whiskey Insurrection” in Penusylvahia 


¥795. “Jay's Treaty” with Great Britain ratified..........-.«0....00M6 24 
Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers. ; 
1796. ‘'ennessee admitted into the Union.................-.. neces ULO as 
797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United States ... March 4 
1799. ‘The death of Washington .......-. re tsps ISiny= Bcc olain o's elu aaa Dee. 14, 
3800. The seat of government removed to Washington. 
Treaty of peace concluded with France. -..........-2-.00---- Sept. 30. 
1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President..........-... .----March 4, 
War declared against the United States by Tripoli.......--- June 10. 
1202. Ohio admitted into the Union.................... ~ ain «bea Nov. 29. 
1803. Louisiana purchased of France. ............--..- von cen April 30. 
Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 
1804. ‘The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur ......-.------ Feb. 15, 
The duel between Hamilton and Burrs... o.oo ae eee July it, 
1805. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Haton........2.......- April 27. 
Treaty of peace conclhided with Tripoli. ....-....2....c0L22 22% une 3, 
1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared ...........- May 16, 
Bonaparte issued his ** Berlin’ Decree”’... 2.2... Nov. 21. 
1807. British “Orders in Council” prohibited coast trade with France, Jan. 7. 
American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leopard-....- June 22, 
British armed vessels ordered to leave the United States ....... July. 
British ‘Orders in Council” prohibited all trade with France 
aud her allies. ol Soo ot ese eye ee 2 ~- Seen ee Noy. 11. 
Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted. ...............+..-- Sept. 
Bonaparte issueG his ‘Milan Decree”... 2.222.525 Recon Dec. 17. 
Embargo on American ships laid by Congress .........--..-- Dec. 22. 
1809. Commerce with Britain and France interdicted by Congress, March 1. 
James Madison inaugurated President........--2..----..--- March 4. 
1811. Action between the frigate President and Little Belt .......-. May 16. 
Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana: 6... eesk ese seek eee eee aN ene 
1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union . (20. -.-2 5 2 oleh ou April 8. 
War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United States. .June 19. 
Invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull..2.5.. 0.000220 a ee July 12. 
Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Michigan........----:t--...... July 17. 
The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan .............. GUS ais Aug. 5, 
The second battleiof Brownstown 2.2.2.2. ol ienwenee se neene Aug. 9. 
Surrender of Detroit, Michigan, by Gen. Hull..............-. Aug. 16. 
British sloop Alert taken by the frigate Essex .............- Aug. 13. 
British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution ......... Aug. 19. 
The battle of Queenstown, Canada...........-----+--+-- hey sok Oct. 13. 
British brig Frolic taken by the Wasp .--.5-. si icc Spee enw Oct. 18. 
British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States....... Oct. 25. 
British frigate Java taken by the Constitution....-.........- Dec. 29. 
2813. The battle of Frenchtown, Michigan .........-......-2...-.2- Jan. 22, 
British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet.........:..-.-..-.- Feb. 24. 
Madison commenced a second presidential term.-....--...-- March 4. 
The battle of York, Canada.......... aN Meme try Ah SN Fe April 27. 
Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor.............. ay 1. 
. The battle of Fort Meigs; Ohio 12.205 leo eee ete eeeeneee May 5. 
Fort George, Canada, taken by the Americang ......-.-.-.... May 27. | 
The battle of Sackett’s Harbor, New York.-..-...2...2.5-.4- May 29. 
American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon. ......... June 1. 
The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio... ..-...-.2--0------- 200s Aug. 2. 
American brig Argus taken by the Pelican...............- --Aug. 14, 
Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims....... Aug. 30. 
British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise....-..-.-.-..--.. Sept. 5. 
Perry's victory on Lake Erie.) 000. so Se ee ood Sept. 10. 
The battle of the Thames, Canada..-.....-2--.----++--2-- «----Oct. 5. 
The battle of Chrysler’s Field, Canada. ...........-...... ----Noy. 11 
1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War......... March 27. 





CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 


American frigate Essex taken by the Phebe and Cherub..March 28 
‘The battle of La Colle Mill, Canada ......casss-eeasenncennsDMarch 30, 








44 British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock........ fe leadcep ADT 20. 
British sloop Reindeer taken by the American sloop Wasp. ..June 28, 
Fort Erie captured by the Americans........2...2.2..... 0000: July 3. 
The battle of pol enikey Canada imereuer tone sodas ade ve July 5. 
The battle of Lundy’s Lane, or Bridgewater, Canada. ......-. July 25. 
The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada ..32) 20.00 lle. elise. Aug. 15. 
The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland...... 2.2.02 .0.2-e ee eee Aug. 24. 
The city of Washington taken by the British....- he am eatery Aug. 24. 
British sloop Avon taken by the American sloop Wasp...-..-- Sept. 1. 
McDonough’s victory on Lake Champlain ...........-......- Sept. 11. 
The battle of Plattsburg, New York..........0.05.........2-Sept: 11. 
The battle of North Point, Maryland ?..2.2.. 0... ......eceee- Sept. 12. 
The battle of Fort McHenry, Maryland ...............2..--- Sept. 13. 
The battle of Fort Bowyer, Alabama...........2... cee ee: Sept. 15. 
The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada... 22:22 esol. ee. Sept..17. 
The British driven from Pensacola by Ger. Jackson....-....- Nov. 7. 
The battle on Lake Borgne, Louisiana .-......-.-......-.---- Dec. 14. 
Hartford Convention...-.........- BP PRY SE ALR ELLIE 2B Roe EMR 58 i Dec. 
The battle nine miles from New Orleans..........-.--.------ Dec. 23. 
Treaty of peace between the United States and Gt. Britain... Dec. 24. 

Iolo ene: batole.or New Orleans 22205 0520) 28 oN ee dca Jan. & 
American frigate President captured by a British squadron. .Jan. 15. 
The Cyanne and Levant taken by the Constitution..........-. Feb. 20. 
The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet..........-- March 23, 
War with Algiers declared by Concress...........-.---.----- March, 
Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers. ......-..2.-....-.---- May. 

1816. Bank of United States re-chartered for twenty years.....-.- April 10. 
iueiena admitted into-the Unions... sy. e vse ee del ec. 11. 

1817. James Monroe inaugurated President. ............-..------- March 4, 
Mississippradmitted into the Union. 22g lupo elas Dec. 10. 
The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 

_ 1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians............ March, 
Pensacola seized by General Jackson..........-.--.--...--.- May 24. 
diHingis admitted into the Union... 22.0. 025.55..2ee eee: Dec. 3. 

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union. -.............-2...-...--- Dec. 14. 
1820. Maine admitted into the Union ..........--...----.---.--- March 15. 
Florida ceded to the United States by Spain..........-...-...--- Oct. 
1821. Missouri admitted into the Union.......-..2......025.-0065 Aug. 10. 
1824. Lafayette.visited the United States.......-...2...42.2.0.--.2.0- Aug. 
i8?5. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President...-..........--- March 4, ~ 
1826. Death of the twe ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson.......--. July 4. 
1829, Andrew Jackson inaugurated President.....-......-.....-- March 4, 
» 1831. Death of ex-president Monroe........... dacea Serene ete talot July 4. 
1832. ‘The Black Hawk War.” 


1833. 
1835. 
; 1836, 
. 1837, 
ee 1641, 
E 
1842, 
: 1845, 





CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 597 


“Nullification” in South Carolina. 
Removal of the government funds from the United States Bank, Oct. 
War with the Seminoles commenced. 


Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles..... Dee. 28. 
Major Dade and party massacred by the Seminoles .........- Dec. 28. 
Arkansas admitted into the Union. -.:...-+..2.... 5220200 cece eune 15. 
Michigan admitted into the Union --..2-.-.-. 52.022. 2 eet Jan 826. 
Martin Van Buren inaugurated President.................- March 4. 
The battle of Okechobee, Florida. -....-. 222.222 02 2. cece ese Dec. 25. 
William Henry Harrison inaugurated President..-......... March 4. 
meetner William Henry Harrison 20. 6. jarcl en sede dees April 4. 
John Tyler inaugurated President. ... 2.2.20 .22.0c0. cece cn eee April 6. 


The War with the Seminoles terminated. 
The “Dorr Rebellion” in Rhode Island. 


Joint resolutions for the annexation of Texas signed........ March 1, 
James K. Polk inaugurated President ...........-...-...--March 4. 
Plorids-adiwnitted, into the, Union... vege pase coe cee ee hee March 3. 


Texas admitted ito the ULi0n .sesesvcvvevevsesesersvenrerra eer am 


698 


1846. 


1847. 


1848. 


1849. 
1850. 


1853. 
1854. 
1857, 
1858. 
1859, 


1860. 
1861. 


1862. 





CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 


Thornton’s party captured by the Mexicans, Texas .........April 26 


Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans ............-..2..----- May. 
The battle of Palo Alto, Texas 2.0... seee eo. 3. en emeeene May 8 
The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas ..............2..0-+0-- May 9. 
Congress declared ‘‘war existed by the act of Mexico”’.....- May 11. 
Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras ..-.....-- May 18. 
Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor ...-....-...-- Sept. 24. 
The battle of Bracite, Mexico... 4. Wnt os eee Dec. 25. 
Towa admitted; into the Onion?) 20a. ese echoes Ss hans Dec, 28. 
The battle of Buena Vista, Mexico, co222.0. 2.22. ..-cedewenee Feb. 23. , 
The battle of Sacramento, Mexico -.-...2.. 2... cc. cones BI CoE SL Feb. 28. 
The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott.....-.. ------March 27, 
The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico. ...2............1<se0ee--April 18. 
The battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico..-... aaaees Aug. 20. 
The battle of Molina del Rey, Mexico....-.......-..:........- Sept. 8. 
The battle of Chapultepec, Mexico’. ti222.2-....2- 22.22 2020- Sept. 13. 
City of Mexico entered by the Americans, under Scott. .....- Sept. 14. 
The battle of Huamantla; Mexicowino eee oaks. cS es eiereere ne Oct. 9. 
Treaty of peace signed at Gaudaloupe, Hidalgo. ..... pai ----Feb. 2. 
Wisconsin admitted into the Union ..-.........- sc. cee ccnee- May 29. 
Zachary Taylor inaugurated President. -.........-..scsename March 5. 
The death of President Taylot iru. t oo... .. cadence nena July 9. 
Millard Fillmore inaugurated President.....5........-..-06- July 10. 
California admitted into the Union... .. 2.2... 6 ceeecucmmuer Sept. 9. 
Franklin Pierce inaugurated President .................--- March 4. 
‘*Kansas-Nobraska iBul” passed j200 003.3... ... cassaeee eee June. 
James Buchanan inangurated President ......... veeepine .--March 4. 
Minnesota admitted into the Union .-........... py Ey ep i au May 11. 
Oregon admitted into the Union-.................- PA ea ER Ne Feb. 14. 
John Brown's raid into Virginia........-........ Coonsteuucat Oct. 16. 
Secession Ordinance passed by South Carolina...........--- Dec. 20, 
Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, 


Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, and North Carolina declared. 
Steamer Star of the West, off Charleston, fired into...........- Jan. 9. 
Kansas admitted.into the Union........--....2.0..-.2-32.0- Jan. 29. 
“Southern Confederacy ” formed at Montgomery, Alabama. ...Feb. 4. 
Jefferson Davis inaugurated President of the Confederacy... Feb. 18. 
Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the United States, Mar. 4. 


Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates......... Tape sie April 12, 13. 
President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops. ...........2e-e- ...-April 15. 
Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore ................2.0-- April 19. 
The President issues a second call for troops. ............----- May 4. 
Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia. ..............--- dune 10. 
Union victory at Romney, Virginia ..........-.. EY AO LMI June 11. 
Union victory at Booneville, Missouri. .......... Se See arte June 17. 
Meeting of Congress in extra session............. PRP OP eh 2. July 4. 
Battle of Carthage, Missouri): .... 6 occ ceccun's ceepecmewemecune July 5. 
Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia ............ TALES MS lah Es July 11. 
Battle near Centreville, Virginia... 20... 22s. .cecescecewerse se July 18. 
Confederate Congress meets at Richmond............-.------ July 20, 
Battle ‘of Bull Run, Virginie. cess ee ee July 21. 
Battle of Dug Spring, Missourt 2): 40... 72 epee caaveeeeee Aug. 2. 
Battle of Wilson’s Creek, Missouri ...........-..2.--.-----+- Aug. 10. 
Forts Hatteras and Clark, North Carolina, captured .......-- Aug. 29. 
Confederates take Lexington, Missouri .....-.--.---......-.- Sept. 20. 
Battle of Edwards’ Ferry, or Ball’s Bluff, Virginia ............ Oct. 21. 
Capture of Port Royal entrance by Union fleet...............- Nov. 7%. 
Baitle of Belmont, Missouri: 2200020 ooo ese eee Nov. 7. 
Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer..-........... ~--Nov. 8 
Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky...........:..-.-..- By Ea Be Jan. 19. 
Fort Henry captured by Union fleet...... eis ebneme ame Uenieien Feb. & 


Roanoke Island captured by Union forces. scorersevecveeerees-L OD. 


Wes 
ys) 








CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. §99 


1862. Fort Donelson captured by Union forces.......eseeeccseeess- Feb. 16, 


Battier Pea Ridge, Arkansas 2.0200... lee March 6, 8. 
U.S.vessels Congress and Cumberland sunk by the Merrimac, Mar. 8. 
Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac -:......-... March 9. 
Newbern, North Carolina, captured by Union troops ..-....- March 14, 
Dabtueav Winchester, Virginia 22.25 ee ese March 23, 
Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tennessee.........-. April 6, 7%. 
Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River. --.--...-...-.---- April 7. 
Fort Pulaski, Georgia, captured by Union fleet............-- April 11. 
New Orleans captured by Union forces ................-.4-. April 25. 
Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia...........-.-2....---+...2:.-May 5, 
Norfolk, Virginia, surrendered to the Unionists .............- May 10. 
Confederates retreat from Corinth, Mississippi...-.....-...- May 28, 29. 
Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks.................. -.May 31, June 1. 
Memphis, Tennessee. surrendered to the Unionists ...... ....-dune 6. 
Seven days’ contest on the Virginia peninsula...... June 25 to July 1. 
The President calls for 300,000 more troops. .-.........--....-- July 1. 
Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia. -- 2.2... 202.2 eee eee ee Aug. 9. 
Pope's battles between Manassas and Washington. ...-... Aug. 23, 30. 
baile near Richmond, Kentucky... 00.2)... shee news cetonnese Aug. 30. 
Invasion of Maryland by Lee’s army.......2...-.0.eeseee eee: Sept. 5. 
Battle of South Mountain, Maryland. ...............2...---.- Sept. 14. 
Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates. ...........- Sept. 15. 
Battle of Antietam, Maryland) :o2 3.35.22... chee Bole AAG Sept. 17. 
Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky ...........--.2-0+--+----- Sept. 17. 
Baertner Ge Leo. MISSIGR PO hy bod al a we avec cate t ae kel ee whee Sept. 19. 
ene OF Corinth, Mississippi, . Os eek. Ses Sie slap )a's Sakon ek Oct. 4. 
pave or Perryville, Kentucky: o. o. eo. sc ele Senet dese cl ee le Oct. 8. 
Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia ................-- Byrne oP Dec. 13. 
pun repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi ...................-. Dec. 29. 
attle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro’, Tennessee. -........-. Dec. 31. 
3663. The President’s Emancipation Proclamation issued ........... Jan. 1. 
Battle of Murfreesboro’ resumed and ended ......-.......----- Jan. 2. 
Arkansas Post captured by Union forces....... Glen tills set slate Jan. 11. 
Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina............--- April 7, 
‘ Union cavalry raid, under Grierson, in Mississippi............- April. 
Battie at Port Gibson, Mississippi.........-.........2.0.--0--- May 1. 
Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia. ..........c.eeeccecceees- May 2, 3. 
Battle of Raymond, Mississippi ..--.--..-.0.0..-seeece eee cee May 12. 
Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi .........-......-...- May 14. 
Battle of eae ay aly Missiesinpt ic 2e03. dese esee oto e) May 16. 
Battle at Big Black River, Mississippi.-..........--..----.--. May 17. 
Second invasion of Maryland by Lee’s army....-....-...-.----- June. 
West Virginia admitted into the Union................-..-.- June 20. 
Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. ........--... eek Ree oe pe July 1-3.' 
Vicksburg surrendered by the Confederates. -..........-..---- July 4. 
Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates. ........-....-. July 8. 
Seer Wows MOP’ Do een take SS a ae July 13-16. 
Morgan defeated near Kyger s Creek, Obio-....-......-+..----- July 21. 
Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio........-...--.-.---. July 26. 
Fort Wagner, South Carolina, captured by Union troops...-.. Sept. 6. 
Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia ........--.--...--22.---2- Sept. 19,°20. 
Knoxville, Tennessee, invested by the Confederates ......... Nov. 18. 
Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia ....-........-.- Nov. 24. 
Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia..........---.--- Nov. 25. 
Union victory at Knoxville, Kentucky.-.-.-......-...2..-.-. Nov. 29. 
1864. The President orders a draft for more men. --..--.........---. Feb. 1. 
aese ee MUst6o, Florida. .o2 5.07. cl eu eaa oc sat Feb. °20. 
Grant created Lieutenant-General ...-.....-5.05..--20-45--. Mareh 3. 
Fort De Russy, Louisiana, captured by Union troops. ..---.- March 14, 
Battle of Cane River, Louisiana... .. 2. 25.0.25.2...4--. 65-28 March 26, 





Battle of Mansfield, or Sabine Cross Roads, Lowisiana.,,.,,,. Aprils 


600 


1864. 


1867. 
1868. 


12869. 
1871. 


1876. 


877. 
1881. 





CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 


Battle of Pleasant Hill, Lonisiana........2.........--.- oooee April 9 


Fort Pillow, Tennessee, captured by the Confederates.......April 12 
Plymouth, N.C., surrendered to the Confederates.........-- April 20. 
Army of the Potomac commenced a forward movement......- ay 3. 
Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia... Sees. 5. ol ee May 5-7. 
March from Chattanooga against Atlanta commenced........- May 7 
Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia. ......-.. May 7, 12 
Dattle of Resaca;, Georeid so. eo. eenweeee twos a cele eee May 15. 
Battle of Newmarket, Virginia. -2 0 2onie 2s. a May 15. 
Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the James ....June 14. 
Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama.....-...---..--. June 19. 
Invasion of Maryland by Early’s army..-.-....-2....2...2220. July 5. 
Battle of Monocacy; Maryland. co asses o July 9. 
The President calls for 500,000 volunteers...........--.--2--- July 18, 
Battles before Atlanta, Georgia. 222220022... .b- 2. July 20, 22, 28. 
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, sacked and burned.-......-..--. July 30. 
Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Petersburg.......... July 30. 
Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay. Alabama............... Aug. 5. 
Weldon railroad seized by Union troops...........--..+----. Aug. 18, © 
Atlanta, Georgia, captured by Union army .......--.---.--.-. Sept. 2. 
Battle of Winchester, Virginia. tine. 2). J. --\- Dace geen Sept. 19. 
ttle of Fisher's Hill, Virciniai voc is... 8 ele Ae Sept. 22. 
Battle of Cedar,Creek, Vireinia, U0 bo... .. 2... gece eeeeeee Oct. 19. 
Confederate ram Albemarle destroyed by torpedo.....--..-.. Oct. 28. 
Plymouth, North Carolina, recaptured by Union troops..---.. Oct. 31. 
Nevada admitted into the Union. 2.0.20. .....- Less se eee Ocki3t. 
Battle of Franklin, Tennessee ...... fare cele so = oo wixtenph Oh a hee Nov. 30. 
Battle near Nashville, Tennessee. oo) 60. 2). os See Dec. 16. 
Savannah, Georgia, captured by Union army..-.---.-----.---. Dec. 21. 
Fort Fisher, North Carolina, captured by Union troops.-...-- Jan. 15. © 
Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery passed. -.-..... Jan. 31, 
Columbia, South Carolina, captured by Union troops, -....... Feb, 17. 
Charleston, South Carolina, captured by Union troops.-.......Feb. 18, 
Wilmington, North Carolina, captured by Union troops...-.-. Feb. 22. 
Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina ...... AR ielivy SEA AN BE March 19, 20. 
Battle near Goldsboro’, North Carolina...... PHOS NS SQN March 21. 
Battle of Fort Steadman, Virginia.-.....................-2..March 25. 
Petersburg and Richmond captured.............2--+5--50-4- April 3. 
Surrender: of Lee’s ‘army... 22 a. Sanleig bon eee eee April 9, . 
Mobile, Alabama, captured by Union forces..............-.- April 13. 
President Lincoln assassinated... 222... 5.2 se jecbep scene April 14, 
Andrew Johnson inaugurated President..............-..--. April 15. 
Surrender of Johnsten’s army. 72. Scouse ees suic eee eee April 26, 
Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia ...........--+20-0e---0-- May 10. 
Close of tho Great Rebellion. 
Slavery declared abolished......... pec u ave wes eeece tee natem Dec. 18. 
Nebraska admitted into the Union...............--.--.---- March 1. 
Alaska purchased from Russia for $7,200,000............... June 20. 
The House of Representatives impeached President Johuson, Feb 24, 
The President was declared acquitted. ........-.-..-.....-- April 26. 
Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President .......-..----...-. March 4, 
The “ Alabama Treaty” was concluded. ..2.0.. 52.020 ..0 200007 May 8 
The great fire of Chicago ‘occurred... yee nae a Oct. 8, 9. 10. 
The Centennial Anniversary of American Independence. 
The * World’s Fair’ in Philadelphia..........--. May 10 to Nov. 10. 
Colorado admitted into the Union ............--..---2---22-- Aug. 1. 
Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President ...........-.-- March 5, 
James A, Garfield inaugurated” Pregident.......0-.e++s eeeeee- March 4. 


Aner ae ‘¢ shot by Chas. J. Guiteau, at Washington, July 2 
Pe 40, OF ** died at Long Branch......05....'. ace one seem ae 
Chester A. Arthur inaugurated President...+secccecseer sept. 20 








ip i 
1 


INTEREST LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, 


Sit a ae a ne op ii ys riid Tins 





60} 


INTEREST LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES, 





Strate. 





Alabama ee TE Ve 
PATAZOUE Oocc occ cusses. 
Arkansas....ccccccess 
California ....cccceess 
Colgradoy ok. dceecess 
Connecticut.....cese. 
Dakota... 
Delaware. . 
District of Columbia.. 
Florida . 
GaoewiAalel sco isos ce. 
Idaho eeeeeceee ee eetene 
PITIN OM See cess a0 
indiana.. 
Iowa. sete ee eovee OCR ee 
TANGA ee ee tees 
Bentuck yin ccc cceces 
Louisiana..... ese.. 
Maine 
Maryland? sss. icesuss 
Massacnusetts....... 
PATCDIGME ts cicidai ccc s's « 
“Minnesota............ 
Mississippi........... 
PATANOULT ec'o'6 siecle asics 
RODSEMNS ooo s lecceck ee 
WODTASEA: oss e ese as 
Nevada SPAR ARN Re 
New Hampshire...... 
New Jersey......... 
New Mexico.........« 
New York 


ereeeeeeseses 


ee eeee eeseee 


ee ee 


eeeee 


on eee @eoeeeeeeet 
Pennsylvania........ 
Rhode Island......... 
South Carolina.,...... 
Tennessee... 
Utah.... 
Vermont... i066. 5.60: 
Virginia. .........0.6. 
Washington Territory 
West Virginia........ 
WisconSin,...eccseee. 
Wyoming..... e@eoeneees 


eeeeeeeres sone 





Rate 
per cent. 
a\3 
tw | SO 
i?) ® 
ae 
8 | e 
BO) Lg 
6 | 10 
7] § 
10; § 
6/ § 
ilete 
6| 6 
6} 10 
8 | § 
TANS 
#10 | 24 
6) 8 
6; 8 
6 | 10 
Y oa ao 
6} 6 
5}. 8 
6] § 
6! 6 
6}; § 
7 | 10 
7 | 10 
6 | 10 
6 | 10 
10} § 
7110 
10} § 
6] 6 
6] 6 
6 § 
6 I! 
6/ 8 
6] 8 
10 | 12 
6] 6 
TO | § 
7 7 
6] 6 
8 | 12 
10 § 
6] 6 
6 § 
10 § 
6) 6 
7 | 10 
12 § 





PENALTY oF UsuRY. 





Loss of interest. 

None. 

Forfeiture of principal iid interes, 
None, 

None. 

None. 

Forfeiture of contract. 

Forfeiture of principal. | 

Forfeiture of all interest, 

None. 

Forfeiture of all interest, 

$300, or imprisonment 6 months, or beth, 
Forfeiture of all the interest. 

Forfeiture of the interest over 8 per cent. 
Forfeiture of interest, and costs. 
Forfeiture of excess over 12 per cent. 
Forfeiture of excess of interest. 
Forfeiture of interest. 

None, 

Forfeiture of excess. 

Hone. (Six per cent. on judgments.) 
Forfeiture of excess. {[cent. is charged. 
Forfeiture of contract if more than 10 per 
Forfeiture of all interest. 

Forfeiture of all interest. 

None. 

Forfeiture of all interest, and costs. 
None. [ceived. 
Forfeiture of three times the interest re- 
Forfeiture of all interest, and costs. 
None, {imprisonmens, 
Forfeiture of contract, $1000 fine, 6months 
Forfeiture of interest. 

Forfeiture of excess. 

Forfeiture of interest, principal, and costa 
Forfeiture of excess. Act May 28, 1858. 
Forfeiture, unless a greater rate is con- 
Forfeiture of all the interest. [tracted, 
Forfeiture of excess over 6 per cent. 
Forfeiture of all interest. 

None. 

Forfeiture of excess. 

None, 

None, 

Forfeiture of excess, 

Forfeiture of all the interest, 

None. 








* Usurers liable to arrest for misdemeanor. 
¢ Rate ou judgments unless otherwise expressed. 





+ On railroad bonds only. 
No limit. 


i No corporation can plead usury, 





€02 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. 


STATE LAWS WITH REFERENCE TO LIMITATION OF ACTIONS, 


SHOWING THE LIMIT OF TIME ON WHICH ACTION MAY BE BROUGHT. 











STATES Assault, Sealed 

AND slander, he’ eres Notes. eres instru- 

- ‘TERRITORIES. replevin.| *°COUnt. Mente | seenta: 

Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. 
AIGUAMS,s.sacs elec tcoie 1 8 6 20 10 
‘ATIZONG bvacece ceeeass - 2 4 5 ——_. 
Arkansas. ..ccccccecss 1 3 5 10 10 
Californigy ioc. escees. 3 2 4 5 6 
COLOTAGO. tot duleee sion 1 2 6 6 6 
Connecticut .......... 1 6 6 6 17 
DSKOUarot cisco es eine ce 2 6 6 20 20 
Delaware. ........0... 1 ie 6 20 20 
District of Columbia. 1 3 3 32 12 
MIOTIGS 3e3 cs wawe wees os 2 5 5 20 20 
GOOTBIA 2. -ecccccccens. i 4 6 7 20 
NOBHOM Ohi asicrs ox enice 3 2 4 5 5 
MUEATIOLS alate aiaie e cicetnels 1 6 10 20 10 
TRVGTANG .\p\e ee cle mis els 2. 6 20 20 20 
LOWS Gicales o oiuateuenetels 2 5 10 20 10 
WRADIBAS Ls ipelai ete lacerons tic sf 3 5 5 15 
Kentucky .\eie's s'e.s'e'ele nt 5 5 15 15 
MOUWIBIADA, elas siere.s Urs I 3 5 10 20 
MAIDO As sel oie se ban 2 6 20 20 20 
Maryland... ...cc0ce. 3 2 3 12 12 
Massachusetts...... 2 6 20 20 20 
Michigan. 2 ....'s.e+ 2 6 6 10 10 
Minnesota....ceee. 2 6 6 10 6 
Mississippi .,...... 1 3 6 7 7 
MissOUPL |S sso cic 1 5 10 20 10 
Montana ..cecoresss 2 2 4 5 4 
Nebraska, eeoeteoreere 2 4 5 20 10 
NOVAGA! ieee Gitte et aae 6 20 20 20 
New Hampshire..... 1 6 6 20 20 
- New Jarsey ..-ceee, 2 6 6 20 20 
New Mexico........ 1 4 6 10 15 
INOW YOrk jive Kick 1 6 6 20 20 
North Carolina...... 1 3 10 10 10 
COTO a es aretete$ (a isco 1 é 15 15 15 
COREPON Es eoreis\ aie bielia ais 2 1 636 10 lO 
Pennsylvania....... 1 6 6 20 20 
Rhode Island....... k 6 6 20 20 
South Carolina...... 2 6 6 20 20 
Tennessee. ...ecees 1 6 6 “10 — 
TORAH Gi elele patel sie tormie 1 2 4 10 10 
AEA cyclone mteieleseie elk 1 2 4 5 7 
WOTMODGE se'cieie w alates 2 6 14 8 8 
WAPGANIA Sock Soci. we i 5 5 5 10 20 
Washington Territory; | 2 38 6 6 20 
West Virginia....... 5 5 10 10 10 
Wisconsin ......... 2 6 6 20 20 
AN VOMING. ose ods) danny 1 4 5 10 21 











Notgt.—A statute of limitation begins to rum from the time at which a 
creditor is authorized first to commence suit. Upon mutual, concurrent, 
and open accounts, the statute,in general, begins to run with the date of 
the last item. A debt otherwise barred may generally by revived bya 
new promise made within the period of limitation. The new promise may 
be either express, or implied from a part payment, or any unqualified ac= 
knowledgment, from which a promise may be inferred, 





f 





INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMEN? LAWS. 603 


INSOLVENT, ASSIGNMENT, AND HOMESTEAD LAWS OF THE 
DIFFERENT STATES OF THE UNION. 


Srvcz the repeal of the United States Bankrupt Law, the laws of the 
different States respecting insolvency, assignments for the benefit of cred- 
tors, exemptions of property from Hability for debts, and attachments of 
property upon mesne process have become of general interest. A short 
epitome of them is here presented. ‘The following are some of the general 
rules governing these matters: A discharge in insolvency does not affect 
the rights of a creditor who is not within the jurisdiction of the State where 
the discharge is granted, and does not submit himself to that jurisdiction 
by proving his claim against the estate of the debtor. In the absence of 
statutes, assignments of property for the benefit of creditors are valid, even 
though they provide for preferences, and for the release of the debtor, by 
creditors taking the benefit of them. An involuntary assignment, under 
the laws of one State, of choses in action and other property, in another, is 
not good against attaching creditors in the second State. A voluntary 
assignment will not prevail against a prior attachment, nor against a sub- 
sequent attachment, unless the assignment is valid under, and executed 
with the formalities required by, the laws of the State where the property 
is attached. 

ALABAMA.—No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statute, 
which forbids preferences, or any provision for the release of the debtor. 
Attachments issue against a defendant who is a non-resident, or absconds, 
or removes his property from the State, or is guilty of fraud, &c. A bond 
is required of plaintiff. Real Estate Exemption—80 acres and house in 
country, or lot and dwelling to value of $2000 in city. Personal Property 
Exemption—To amount of $1000. 

ARIZONA.—No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments issue in ac- 
tions upon contract for direct payment ef money where plaintiff has no se- 
curity, or when defendant is a non-resident, &c. The plaintiff must give 
bond. Real Estate Exemption—Land and House to value of $5000. Pers 
sonal Property Exemption-—$150 library ; $600 household goods; $600 tools, 


stock in trade, &c. 


ARKANSAS.—No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statute, 
which forbids preferences. Attachments issue against a defendant who is 
a non-resident, about to leave the State, avoids service of process, conceals 
property, or is guilty of fraud, &c. Real Estate Exemption—160 acres in 
country; or city lot, with improvements to value of $2500. Personal Prop- 
erty Exemption—Unmarried person—specified articles $200; also, wearing ~ 
apparel. arried person—specified afticles $500; also, wearing apparel. 

CALIFORNIA.—An insolvent law by which a debtor surrendering his 
property may receive a discharge from his debts. No preferences permit- 
ted. No discharge in case of fraud, nor from debts due as a depositary of 
funds received as banker, broker, or commission merchant. Assignments 
not allowed, unless under this law. Attachments when defendant is a non- 
resident, or in an action upon contract for direct payment of money, where 
plaintiff has no security, tho plaintiff giving bond. Real Estate Exemption 
—Homestead to value of $5000. Personal Property Exemption—$200 libra- 

, &c.; $200 household goods, &c.; $2000 miner’s cabin, and tools, claims, 
sluices, &c.; and a multitude of special articles. 

COLORADO.—No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments (plaintiffs 

iving bond) when defendant is non-resident, or conceals himself, or stands 
in defiance of officer, or in case of fraud, &c. Real Estate Exemption— 
Homestead to value of $2000. Personal Property Exemption—Married per- 
son—$100 household goods; $200 tools in trade; $300 library; $200 working 
animals; $50 farming implements. Unmarried person—$300 tools, stock in 


trade, &c. 
CONNECTICUT.—Insolvent law, with compulsory proceedings, which 
may be taken by creditor to amount of $100, Property put into hands of 
















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i 


604 INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS. 


trustee. Discharge from debts proved, upon payment of seventy per cent. | 
Debtor’s property exempt for two years from legal process upon debts 
which might have been proved, Assiguments must be administered under 
this law. Attachments on mesne process, in all cases. Real Estate Ex- 
emption—There is no rea] estate exemption. Personal Property Exemption 
—$150 household goods, cattle, &c.; $250 horse, buggy, family stores, to spe- 
ied amount; $500 library of physician or surgeon; $200 boat used in 
ing. 

DAKOTA.—No insolvent law. A ssignments without preferences allowed, | 
but are void against any creditor not assenting thereto, if they tend to 
coerce the creditor to release his claim, or provide for payment of fraudu-| 
lent claim, or reserve any benefit to assignor, or confer any power upon 
assignee, which may delay the conversion of the assigned property, or ex- 
empt the assignee trom liability from negiect of duty, &c. Attachments 
(plaintiff giving bond) wiien defendant is non-resident, absconds, conceals 
or conveys property in fraud of creditors, &c. Real Estate Exemption— 
Homestead, 160 acres; or lot or plot of ground actually occupied in town,j 
Personal Property Exemption—$1500, books, wearing apparel, &c. } 

DELAWARE,—No insolvent law. Assignments governed by the common 
law, except that a special partnership may not give preferences. Attach- 
ments (plaintiff giving bond) when defendant has fraudulently left the 
State, &c. Real Estate Exemption—No real estate exemption. Personal 
Property Exemption—Married person, $275 tools aud fixtures. Unmarried 
person, $75 tools and fixtures, 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—No insolvent or assignment laws, except 
that assignments of the property of a special partnership, with preferences, 
are void. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when the defendant is non- 
resident, or removes or is about to remove his property, &c. Real Estate 
Exemption—No real estate exemption. Personal Property Exemption— 
$300 wearing apparel and furniture; $200 tools and implements of trade; 
stock to same amount; $300 library and implements of professional man or 
artist; $100 farmer’s team, &c.; $400 library and family pictures. 

-FLORIDA.— No insolvent or assignment law. Attachments (plaintiff 
giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, or about to part with his 
property fraudulently, or remove from the State, or fraudulently secretes 
property, &c. Real Estate Exemption—Homestead 160 acres land and im- 
provements in country, or half an acre in village or city. Personal Prop- 
erty Exemption—$1000 personal property. 

GEORGLIA.—No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statute, which 
forbids preferences, or making a release of the debtor a condition precedent 
to receipt of dividends. Attachments (the plaintiff giving bond) when the 
defendant is non-resident, absconds, Conceals himself, resists a legal arrest, 
removes or is about to remove his property, or fraudulently disposes of the 
same. Real Estate Exemption—Muarried person, guardian, aged or infirm 

erson, or any person having care of dependent. Female who is not the 
ead of family is entitled to amount of realty or personality, or both, to the 
value of $1600 in the aggregate. 

IDAHO.— Insolvent law, under which the debtor is discharged upon 
making an assignment, as therein provided, except in cases of fraud. At- 
tachments (plaintiff giving bond) in actions upon contract for the direct 
payment of money, when the plaintiff has no lien or security, or when the 
defendant is a non-resident, &c. Real Estate Exemption—No real estate 
exemption. Personal Property Exemption—$100 library, tables, desks, &e.; 
$200 grain, seed, or vegetables, mechanics’ tools, physicians’ or surgeons 
instruments, actors’ wardrobes, &c., miners’ tools and implements, cart. 
men’s specified horses and wagons. 

ILLINOIS.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference, al- 
lowed and regulated by statute. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when 
the defenjant is non-resident, absconds, reaps himself or his pro sinh 
is guilty of fraud, &c. Real Estate Exemption—Lot of ground and buil 
ings, value $1000, to head of family. Personal Property Exemptiou—Un 








TSANG LY icles Yi aR gs | Ee 
¥ wy Rie: LAT abe 24) 


ALR. E 
on? 





INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS. 605 


married person, books, pictures, wearing apparel, and $100 other property. 
Married person books, &c., $300 other property. 

INDIANA.— No insolvent law. Assignments, without ‘preferences or 
provision for release-of debtor, allowed and regulated by statute. Attach- 
ments substantially same as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—$300 real 
or personal, or both. 

10WA.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preferences, allowed 
and regulated by statute. Attachments substantially same as in Illinois 
Real Estate Exemption—$500 homestead of 40 acres in country, or half a1 
acre in town. Personal Property Exemption—$200 household furniture 

P also, wearing apparel, library, tools, &c.; $75 wearing apparel and selectec 
property to unmarried person. 
KANSAS.—No insolvent law. Assignments,without preference, allowed 
j and regulated by statute. Attachments substantially same as in Illinois. 
Real Estate Exemption—160 acres land; or one acre in town or city, with 
improvements. Personal Property Exemption—$500 household furniture, 
wearing apparel, &c.; $300 stock and farming utensils; $400 library and 
implements of professional man. 

KENTUCKY.—No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by statute. 
Any preference may be set aside in six months. Attachments substantially 
as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—$1000 house and land. Personal 
Property Exemption—$100 household furniture; $500 library and imple- 
ments of professional man; $100 mechanics’ tools. 

LOUISIANA.— Insolvent law, with compulsory proceedings by a judg 
ment creditor, upon return of the execution “‘no property found.” The 
debtor makes a surrender to the creditors, and may be discharged by the 
consent of a majority of creditors in number and amount, except in case 
fraud or preference is proved. Assignments, without preference, may be 

« Made without regard to the insolvent law. Attachments substantially as 
in Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—160 acres land, with improvements, 
and personal property; value in all $2000. 

MAINE.—Insolvent law, passed in 1878, modeled on the United States 

i Bankrupt Law. Voluntary petition may be filed by debtor owing $300, 
Involuntary proceedings by at least two creditors, having one fourth in 
amount of the provable debts. Debtors owing less than $300 may make an 
assignment. in a summary manner.’ No percentage is required to be paid 
to entitle a debtor, for the first time insolvent, to discharge. Attachments 
within four months from date of filing petition dissolved. Preferences 
given within two months void, and may be recovered by assignee. Assign- 
ments are probably acts of insolvency, and may be set aside by the assignee 
in insolvency, if made within four months of the filing of the petition. 
Otherwise, probably good, if without preferences. Attachments on mesne 
process in all cases. Real Estate Exemption—$500 in land and dwelling. 
Personal Property Exemption—$50 furniture; $100 sewing-machine; $150 
library; $350 animals, clothing, tools, &c. 

MARYLAND.—Insolvent law, under which the debtor is discharged 
upon surrender of his property, except where fraud or preference is proved. 
Assignments subject to rules of common law. Attachments (plaintiff 

iving bond) when defendant is non-resident, and in cases of fraud, &c. 
eal Estate Exemption—No real estate exempted. Personal FUnOKEY, 
Exemption—$100 in selected property ; also, tools and wearing apparel. 

MASSACHUSETTS. — Insolvent law, similar to the United States Bank. 
rupt Law. Proceedings generally the same, except that involuntary pe- 
tition may be filed by one creditor, and the acts of insolvency are not so 
numerous. Discharge upon payment of fifty per cent, or by consent of a 
majority of number and value of creditors. None in case of fraud or pref- 
erence. Assignments are acts of insolvency, but good if not avoided by 
assignee in insolyency. Attachments on mesne process, in all cases. 
Real Estate Exemption—3s00 farm, or lot of land and buildings. Personal 
Property Exemptiou—$720 household furniture, stock, library, provisions, &e. 








606 INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS. 


HICHIGAN.— Insolvent law, by which a debtor, with the consent of two 
thirds of his creditors, and upon surrendering his property, may be dis- 
charged. Assignments allowed. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) issue 
when defendant is a non-resident, or is guilty of frand, &c. Real Estate 
Exemption—40 acres of land in country; or one lot in city, with dwelling, 

1500. Personal Property Exemption—$250 household furniture; $150 li- 
rary; sheep, cows, &c., to householder, in addition. 

MINNESOTA.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference, 
allowed and regulated by statute. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) 
when defendant is non-resident, conceals his property, is guilty of frand.&e. 
Real Estate Exemption—80 acres land, or lot and dwelling in city, or village 
of more than 5,000 inhabitants; and half an acre in town of less than 5,000. 
Personal Property erent PON 2 household articles; $300 farming uten- 
sils; $400 mechanics’ tools, stock, and provisions; library and implements 
of professional man. 

MISSISSIPPI.—No insolvent law. Assignments not requiring a release 
of the debtor allowed. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when defendant 
is non-resident, conceals property, or is guilty of fraud, &c. Real Estate 
Exemption—80 acres land to any householder; $2000 worth of real tat 
in incorporated town. Personal Property Exemption—$250 furniture; h- 
brary, wearing apparel, tools, and implements. 

MISSOURI.— No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference, al- 
lowed and regulated by statute. Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) when 
defendant is non-resident, conceals himself or property, or is guilty of fraud. 
Real Estate Exemption—160 acres land to married man, to value-of $1500; 
18 square rods, value $3,000, in city of 40,000 or over; 30 square rods, value 
$1500, in city of less size. Personal Property Exemption—$300 personal 
property to head of family. 

MONTANA.— No insolvent or assignment laws. Attachments in actions 
ip contracts to pay money, the pentane giving bond in double the value 
of property attached; also before debt due, if debtor fraudulently disposes 
of his property to defraud his creditors. Real Estate Exemption—160 acres 
land and dwelling in conntry; or half an acre, with buildings, $2000 value, 
in city; or 20 acres in city, value $2000. Personal Property Exemption— 
$500 personal property ; $100 household furniture; $50 farming implements, 
‘library, tools, &c. 

NEBRASKA.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without preference. al- 
lowed and regulated by a recent statute (1877). Attachments (plaintiff 
giving bond) when defendant is non-resident, or conceals property, or is 
guilty of fraud, &c. -( 

NEVADA.— Insolvent law. No percentage or consent required for dis- 
charge, which is only from debts mentioned in debtor’s schedules. None, 
if fraud or preference, &c, Assignments forbidden. Attachments (plaintiff 
giving bond) in actions upon contract for direct payment of money, where 
plaintiff has no security. Real Estate Exemption—$5,000 homestead. Pers 
sonal Property Exemption—$100 office furniture and library; $400 house- 
hold furniture, seed, and stock; $500 miner’s cabin; $500 miner’s tools; 
$150 sewing-machine. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE.—No insolvent law. Assignments, without pref- 
erence or provision for release of debtor, allowed and regulated by statute. 
Attachments on mesne process, in all cases. 

NEW JERSEY.—No proper insolvent law. Assignment law, by which 
the debtor is discharged from the debt proved under assignment, except 
where the debtor is guilty of fraud or concealment, &c. Attachments when 
defendant is non-resident or absconds from his creditors. Real Estate Ex- 
emtion—No real estate exemption. Personal Property Exemption—$200 per- 
sonal by head of family, or $200 personal by widow of deceased. 

NEW MEXICO.— No insolvency or assignment laws. Attachments sub- 
stantially asin Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—$1000 homestead to head 
of family. Personal Property Exemption—$25 provisions; $10 furniture; 
$25 tools and implements, 








INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAY73. GOT 


NEW YORK.— Insolvent law, under which the debtor surrendering his 
property is discharged by cousent of the persons representing two thirds 
of the debts. No discharge if fraud or preference is proved, No involun- 
tary proceedings uuless the debtor is imprisoned. Assignments and the 
duties of assignees have been regulated by recent acts (1877 and 1878). 
Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—$1000 
pemesten’ for family. Personal Property Exemption—$250 household fur- 

ture, &c. 

NORTH CAROLINA.—A law by which, upon surrendering his property, 
the person of the debtor is free from liability to arrest er imprisonment, 
except when fraud is proved; but the debtis not discharged. Assignments 
allowed. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemp- 
tion—$1000 homestead. Personal Property Exemption—$500 personal te 
non-owner of homestead; $100 tools, &c. 

OHIO.—A law similar to that of North Carolina. Assignments, without 
preference, allowed and regulated by statute. Attachments substantially 
as in Illinois. 

OREGON.—Attachments (plaintiff giving bond) upon all contracts, pay- 
ment of which is unsecured. Voluntary assignment law dissolves attach- 
ments, if made at any time before judgment, distributes assets pro rata 
among all creditors presenting claims within three months. Real Estate 
Exemption—No real estate exemption. ,, Personal Property Exemption—$75 
library, &c.; $100 wearing apparel; if householder, $50 each member; $400 
tools, implements, &c. ; $300 household furniture and stock, to householder. 

PENNSYLVANIA. —Law similar to that of North Carolina. Assignments, 
without preference, allowed and regulated by statute. Attachments sub- 
stantially asin Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—$300 real or personal. 

RHODE ISLAND.—No insolvent law. Assignments allowed, and reg- 


lated bya recent statute, which took effect Septem ber,1878. Attachments, 


or levies, within sixty days after the same are made or commenced, may be 
dissolved by an assignment, without preferences, under the act. Upon the 
giving of a preference by the debtorfany three creditors, holding not less 
than one third of the debts, may petition the Supreme Court in Equity for 
the appointment of a receiver of his estate, who is to take possession like 
an assignee in bankruptcy. Preferences given by the debtor within sixty 
days of the commencement of proceedings are void, as under the United 
States Bankrupt Law. ‘There is no provision for the discharge of the 
debtor. Attachments, when defendant is non-resident, or fraudulently 
contracted the debt, or conceals or disposes of his property, or has refused 
to apply his property to the payment thereof. Real Estate Exemption—No 
Teal estate exemption. Personal Property Exemption—$300 household fur- 
niture, &c.; $200 tools, implements, &c. 

SOUTH CAROLINA.—No insolvent law. Assignments according to 
common law. Attachments substantially asin Illinois. Real Estate Exe 
emption—$1000 homestead to head of family. Personal Property Exemp- 
tion—$500 household furniture, tools, &c. 

TENNESSEE.— Law as to insolvency and assignments same as in South 
Carolina. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exempe 
tion—$1000 homestead. Personal Property Exemption—$200 of lumber gr 
product to mechanic; various household articles and stock specified. 

TEXAS.— Law as to insolvency and assignments same as in South Caroe 
lina. Attachments substartialiv asin Illinois. Real Estate Exemption— 
200 acres and dwelling in country, or lots in city, valne. $5000. Personal 
Property Exemption—Library, tools, wearing apparel, &c, 

UTAH. — Law as to insolvency and assignments same as in South Caro. 
lina. Attachments (when plaintiff has no security) substantially as in 
Tllinois. Real Estate Exemption—$1000 homestead. Personal Property 
Exemption—$100 office furniture; $100 seed; $400 mechanics’ tools or proe 
fessional library; $200 cash each member of family; also various articles. 

VERMONT.— Insolvent law of 1876, modeled on the United States Bank- 
rapt Law, with involuntary proceedings by oue creditor to amount of $250, 


* 


c 








2° 


608 INSOLVENT AND ASSIGNMENT LAWS. 


No discharge, unless assets equal thirty per cent of debts, or by consent of 
majority in number and amount of debts proved. No discharge also in ~ 
substantially same cases as in Bankrupt Law. Assignments appear to be 
acts of insolvency, which may be set aside by an assignee in insolvency, if 
made within four months of filing his petitions Attachments on mesne 

rocess, in all cases. Real Estate Exemption—500 homestead. Personal 

roperty Exemption—$200 library professional man; $200 cattle; $250 wag- 
ons, harness, &c. 

VIRGINIA.— No insolvent or assignment laws. Attachments substan- 
tially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—$2000 real or personal. 

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.— Law as to insolvency and assignments 
same as Virginia. Attachments substantially as in Illinois. Real Estate 
Exemption—$1000 homestead. Personal Property Exemption—$150 house. 
hold furniture; $200 farming utensils; $500 mechanic’s tools or materials; 
$500 professional library or instruments; $200 office furniture; $300 team- 
ster’s wagon, &c.; $200 boats, &c. j 

WEST VIRGINIA.— No insolvent law. Assignments regulated by stat- 
ute, preferences being allowed. Attachments same asin Virginia. Real 
Estate Exemption—$1000 homestead. Personal Property Exemption—$200 
personal; $50 mechanic’s tools. 

WISCONSIN.— Insolvent law, by which a debtor is discharged upon sur- 
rendering property and complying with law. Assignments, with prefer- 
ences, unless by limited partnerships, allowed and regulated by statute. 
Attachments substantially asin Illiieis. Real Estate Exemption—40 acres 
land and dwelling in country, or one fourth acre and dwelling in city or 
village. Personal Property Exemption—$200 household furniture; $50 
gues’ utensils; $200 tools and implements; $1500 printing-press and 
material. 

WYOMING.— No assignment or insolvent laws. Attachments substan- 
tially as in Illinois. Real Estate Exemption—$1500 homestead, Personal 
Property Exemption—$150 wearing apparel; $500 household property; 
$300 tools, teams, &c. : 





’ SUMMER, HEAT IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 


The following figures show the extreme summer heat in the various 
countries of the world :— 

Bengal and the African desert, 150° Fahrenheit; Senegal and Gauda- 
loupe, 130°; Persia, 125°; Calcutta and Central America, 120°; Afghanistan 
and the Arabian desert, 110°; Cape of Good Hope and Utah, 105°; Greece, ’ 
104°; Arabia, 103°; Montreal, 1039; New York, 102°; Spain, India, China, 
and Jamaica, 100°; Sierra Leone, 949; France, Denmark, St. Petersburg, 
Shanghai, the Burman Empire, Buenos Ayres, and the Sandwick Islands, 
90°; Great Britain, Siam, and Peru, 859; Portugal, Pekin, and Natal, 80°; 
Siberia, 779; Australia and Scotland, 75°; Italy, Venezuela, and Madeira, 
73°; Prussia and New Zealand, 70°; Switzerland and Hungary, 66°; Bavaria, 
Sweden, Tasmania, and Moscow, 65°; Patagonia and the Falkland Isles, 55°; 
Iceland, 45°- Nova Zembla, 34°. é; 





AMERICAN WARS, 


ing Philip’s War............. 1675°|| Tecumseh, War.iicuccessecuue 1804 
King William’s War..........- 689%" War of 1812528 fee eocceu ene mee 1812 
Bue WaT 2) Li aaa ibs Seer L673 |, “Algérine Wane se asetes ce secies 1815 
Queen Anne’s War .........--- 1744 || First Seminole War.-.......--- 1817 
French and Indian War. ...--- 1753 || Second Seminole War ..-.-.---. 1835 
American Revolution.....-..-. 17753] Mexican Wark tous a: aoe 1846 


p whan Warts 2: 3) eels 1790 |} The Southern Rebellion. .--n...1861 


Barbary War...... canbvabaanevane 








" 





FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS. 


603 


VALUE OF FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS IN 
UNITED STATES MONEY. 





GOLD COINS. 





































o.; Oo: 
Country. | Denomination. | 33 Country. | Denomination.| == 
atl: b> of 
Australia ..... Pound of 1852. . |$5.32|| Italy ......... Twenty lire -../$3.84 
SD ig ec eels Sovereign, 1855.| 4.86)| Japan........ Old cobang -.-..| 4.44 
Astrid ue Ducaw soa.) 2.28 ay aise ls oe New cobang ..-| 3.59 
DOS so Sovereign...... 6.75|| Mexico....... Doubloon .....- 15.61 
IOS oe es: Union Crown ..| 6.64 Naples ......- Six ducati (0c. 5.04 
Belgium. .....-. Twenty-five fr’s| 4.72/| Netherlands -.|'Ten guilders. .:} 4.00 
Bolivia ........ Doubloon ..--.-. 15.59} New Granada Bogota doubl’n-|15.61 
1 Ele? n | Ue aaa Twenty milreis /10.91 Doses sas Popayan doub’n/15.38 | 
Cent’l America|Two escudos...| 3.69}| Do. .....-- Ten pesos. ...-- 9.68 
Bi a Olid doubloon ..|15.59)| Peru.....--... Old doubloon ..|15.56 
Wyaeve sus vee Ten pesos.4-..-| 9.15|| Portugal ..... Gold crown....| 5.81 
Denmark...... Ten thaler..... 7.90)} Prussia, . 20222 Union crown..-| 6.64 
Heuador..2 55: Four escudos oe TOT Ph PROTOS aie ce MO TICEL Ah crecki ns 2.60 
England....... Pound, sover’gn| 4.86}| Russia ......-. Five roubles. ..| 3.98 
France .-...... Napoleon, 20 frs.| 3.86 SPaine Je - noe 100 reals ....-.. 4.96 
Germany,north = er thaler..... 7.90 BOcKE Se sultow BO reals Soule et 3.26 
Oy ies 2 28 l’en thaler, Pr’n| 7.97|| Sweden ...... DURA Te. oe 2.24 
NOs me 52 Krone (crown) H+ G.G4 SEONG Poke Css. 25 plastres...... 3.00 
Do. south. .|Ducat ......... 2.28}| Turkey ....-- 100 piastres ....| 4.37 
Greece. .-...<- Twenty drachm| 3.44/| Tuscany ....- SeQGin oan Val aeiok 
Hindostan ...:\Mohur......_.. 7.08 ‘ 
SILVER COINS 
28 oi 
Country. | Denomination. |-3> Country. | Denomination. | 3 
- > oe be “a 
Austria .......|/Old rix dollar .. a. “a Capans sence: hizebmen uo $0.38 
NO ge Se peo ld scudo.....- 1.0 Gs ous canus New itzebu,-..| .34 
PGs wade xa Florin bef. 1858. si Mexicosss3ue. Dollar, new... .| 1.07 
DOlgtacesont Union dollar...| .73|| Naples ..-..-..- ScudhsVstays sae 95 
Belgium......- Five francs..-..| .98)]| Netherlands ./24 guilders.....| 1.03 
Bolivia.......- New dollar ..-.} .79}| Norway ---..- Specie daler-..| 1.11 
LO go shea ak Half dollar... -. .39|| New Granada |Dollar of 1857..|  .98 
VAM eeu. Lc Double milreis.} 1.03 ha 6 Hb ane Rees Old dollar. ..--. 1.06 
Canada. .....-- Twenty cents..| 19} Do.......-... Dollar of 1858 -.} 95 
Cent’l America|Dollar .......-- 1.00 Dee es Ya Half dollar, 1835} | .38 
ee So... Old dollar.....- 1.07|| Prussia ..---- Thaler bef.1857| .73 
4 New dollar ....| .98 Doo eke eds New thaler-...] .73 
Denmark...... Two rigsdaler..| 1.11]) Rome ......-- Somdohl ste s2 LS 1.06 
England....... Shilling ©»... 2. 23}} Russia 2583 ous. 2.0 552: .79 
Iranee se 3 Five frances . 98]| Sardinia...... ive Liredst le 98 
Germany,north| Thaler bef. 1857] .73 Spain woes: New pistareen -| 1.20 
eS e aea New thaler . .73|| Sweden ...... Rix dollar .-... ati & 
Do. south..|Florin bef.1857.|  .42|| Switzerland ..|Two franes.-..| 40 


O., «eres. 


New florin .---- 


Greece ....---- Five drachms.. 


Hindostan -...|Rupee 





Tunis ee 


Five piastres ..| .64 
Turkey 


20 piastres ....- 87 
Hlorin’ wees... 28 


610 


POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS 


POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 


THE UNITED STATES, 
TO WHICH IS ADDED THE DEBT OF EACH CITY, AS FAR AS ASCERTAINED, 
Notr.— The ‘‘net debt” of cities is the aggregate funded and floating 

indebtedness, less amounts in sinking funds. 


IN " 











Alabama. 
Huntsville..... 
Mobile ......-. 
Montgomery .- 
Selnias gc? 

Arkansas. 

Little Rock. ... 

California. 

Los Angelos... 
Oakland -. 2... 
Sacramento... . 
San Francisco .- 


Stockton .....- 
Colorado. 
Denver........ 


Connecticut. 
Bridgeport .... 
Danbury ..-.-.-. 
MPELOY oe a SO 
Greenwich .... 
Hartford .....- 
Meriden....... 
Middletown ... 
New Britain... 
New Haven ... 
New London .. 


Waterbury.... 
Windham ..... 
Delaware. 
Wilmington... 
Dist. Columbia. - - 
Georgetown ... 
Washington -.. 
Florida. 
Jacksonville... 
Key West..... 
Georgia. 
PA TIANTA 2 .Usces 
ATHENS Joe... os 
Augusta....-..- 
Columbus ..... 
Macon......... 
Savannah...... 
Diinois. 
LANTOM Coe ees ote 
AUTOLA cscensee 


Popula- 





Popula-| wet debt. 


| | Oo | || - 






Dollars.}| Illinois (contin’d) 





tion, | Net debt. 
1880. 

4,977 46,800 
31,205] 2,671,100 
16,714; 567,900 
7,529] 323,600 
13,185] 335,243 
11,311 310,177 
34,556] 669,126 
21,420} 861.000 
233,956] 3,059,285 
12,567 None. 
10,287) 385,615 
35,630 20,000 
14 820) AEs 
29.148] 831.000 
11,669] 255.415 
11.649 80,243 
7.892] 183.307 
42.553) 3.689.855 
18.340]. 788,317 
ft Mr KS epoca WR me 
13.978} 494,843 
62.882} 1,359,619 
10.529} 496,611 
13,956} 522,495 
21.141) 1,191,256 
11,298 165,000 
20,269} 361,508 
8,265 44,193 
42,499) 1,372,450 
a Rated 1A liane ae 
147,307] 23,310,146 
TAGES 270,916 
9,890 10,000 
37,421} 2,180,000 
6,094} 107,950 
23.023] 1,961.319, 
6,152} 540.800 
12.748] 743,000. 
30,681] 3,425,000, 
9,851) 110,491! 
11,825 25,506) 


Belleville...... 
Bloomington. .. 
Carag ee Eas 
Ghi¢ago, 20.22 2. 
Deeatur...-.... 
East St.Louis. . 
LP: WORk an eons 
Freeport ...... 
Galena. 2225 2. 
Galesburg >.... 
Hyde Park .... 
Jacksonville. .. 


Peoria sie). 
Quiney ee 
Rockford... .. 
Rock Island ..- 
Springfield .... 
Indiana. 
Evansville..... 
Fort Wayne... 
Indianapolis... 
Jeffersonville. . 
Lafayette ..... 
Logansport. ..- 
Madison....... 
New Albany... 
Richmond ..... 
South Bend.... 
Terre Haute... 
Vincennes..... 
Towa. | 
Burlington .... 
Cedar Rapids... 
Council Bluffs. . 
Davenport... -.. 
Des Moines..-. 
Dubugque.....- 
Towa City ..-.. 
Keokuk ...-... 
Muscatine..... 
Ottumwa .....- 
Waterloo.....- 
Kansas. 
Atchinson..... 
Lawrence ..... 
Leavenworth .. 


Topeka. ...--0-| 


tion. 
1880.]| Dollars.- 
10,682 217,712 
17,184 221,463 
9,012 270.000 
503.304] 12,794.271 
9,548 80.075 
9,185 272.800 
8,789 34.336 
8,516 69,220 
6,453 147,076 
11.446 53,250 
15; TIB LR owen ae 
10,927 273.336 
16,145 54.000 
7,805 28.071 
7,598 60.000 
29.315 716.500 
27,275) 1,917,888 
13,136 178.0906 
11.660 289,050 
19,746 778,780 
29.280 None. 
26.681 856.900 
75,074) 1,914,500 
10,422) 240.350 
14.860 None. 
11.198 456.276 
8,945 232,051 
16.422 358, 482 
12,743 167.000 
13,279 337.600 
26,040 267.224 
7,680 38,831 
19.450 128.062 
10,104 40,867 
18,059 138,400 
21,834 290,675 
92,408 578,000 
22,254 804,611 
7,123 74,967 
12.117 372,375 
8.294) oh 
9,004 17,795 
5,630 2,000 
15,106 449, 687 
8,511 654,115 
16.550 396,573 
15,451 833,249 


" es 





~ 




















POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 611 
POPULATION AND DEBTS OF CITIES, &c.—(Continued.) 
Popula- Popula- 
tion, | Net debt. tion, | Net debt. 

Kentucky. 1880.| Dollars.||/ Massachusetts. 1880.) Dollars. 
Covington ..... 29,720} 1,030,000|)' Waltham...... 11,711 477,000 
Lexington .....| 16,656 84.316}|. Westfield. ..... 7,587 404,788 
Louisville ..... 123,645] 4,842,935 eee nronet Bie eet Ole 64.392 
Newport .--.-.- 20,433 966.618}; Woburn....... 10,198 626.602 
Owensborough 5,516 67.000}! Worcester..... 58,295] 2,447,543 
PauGube 12... 8,376 138,000) | Michigan, 

Lonisiana. AGYIAI eke 7,849 59,400 
New Orleans...| 216.140} = -..-.- Ann Arbor.... 8.061 16,000 
Shreveport ....| 11,017) = .-.... Bay City ...... 20.693 433,100 

Maine. Detraitng Ae 116,342] 1,282,772 
GANPOT Ns vic sss 16,257] 2,661,000); East Saginaw..| 19,016] 611.055 
Biddeford ..-... 12,652 183.874); Grand Rapids .| 32,015 471,000 
Lewiston .---... 19,083) 1,038,102)| Jackson ....... 16,105 183,500 
Portlang:>. 5-42 33,810] 4,322,154|| Kalamazoo ....| 11.937 25,000 

Maryland. Lansing ....... 8,319} 105,400 
Baltimore ..... 332,190) 27,092,690}} Muskegon..... 11,262 180,000 
Cumberland ...| 10,666 394,064|| Port Huron.... 8,883 349,000 
Bratenelkin 25. (ug se 559,989|| Saginaw City ..| 10,525 202,800 

Massachusetts. ; Minnesota. 

Abington...... 3.697 fiimreutenicreyy Minneapolis ...| 46,887} 1,137,467 
Attleborough..| 11.111) 16,600|| Red Wing..... 5,876] 45,445 
Beverly ......-. 8.445 986.969 Stillwater ..... 9,054 82.400 
Boston): hs.) 362, 535! 28,244.017}|* Saint Paul..... 41,498) 1,526,715 
Brockton ;..... 13,608 71,200} Winona ......- 10,208 183,000 
Brookline ..-.. 8.053) 1,476,350}| Mississippi. : 
Cambridge ....| 52,740} 3,403,723/| Natchez.....-. 7.058 21,734 
Chelsea :....-. 21,785} 1,554.496]| Vicksburg..... 11,814 373,218 
Chicopee ...... 11,325} 100,050|| Missouri. 
Clinton’ 4.2. 8.030 99.500: Canipbell s yocat ae BS tine 
Fall River..... 49.006] 3,169,765|| Central........ TABS AL 
Fitchburg ..... 12.405} 70.778}} Hannibal...... 11.074] 144,027 
Gloucester ....| 19.329} 193,370|| Kansas City...| 55,813) 1,339,224 
Haverhill...... 18,475 393,428]| St. Joseph..... 32,484} 2.445.600 
Holyoke....... 21,851 878,454 St. Louis ...... 350,522} 22,847, 761 
Lawrence ..... 39,178] 1.712,000]| Sedalia ........ Stig d ede Ae 
Lowell ......2. 59,485]. 1,554,275|| Nebraska. 
TANI cs be: 38.284] 2,072,815|| Lincoln........ 13,004} 199,615 
Malden.......- 12,017 483,523)|) Omaha .. 2.5.2: 30,518 227,578 
Marlborough ..| 10,126 151,951}| Nevada. 
Medford......- LOt€ 463,726|| Carson City -... FOOT eae 
MIN DPO S22... 9,310 194,550||_ Virginia City..; 13,705 112,000 
ENSL EEC pees ood 's-ule 8,480 303,303]; New Hampshire. 
New Bedford..| 26,875} 1,086,000}} Concord ....... 13,836 615,500 
Newburyport..| 13.537 428.706|| Dover ......... 11.687} 458,830 
ING Wton cs. 16,995 993.591|} Manchester....| 32.630 §$29.000 
North Adams..| 10.192 267,894|| Nashua.....-.-. 13,397 458,661 
Northampton..| 12.172 537,500|| Portsmouth ... 9,690 448, 400 
Peabody....... 9,028 289,300||New Jersey. 
Pittsfieid ...... 13.367 385.341 Bayonne. :..... 9.37 650,275 
EUMIGY ocak... 10.529 65.980|| Bridgeton ..... 8,729 74,060 
ALM... 27.598} 1,162.487}) Camden....... 41.658] 1,164,900 
Somerville..... 24.985| 1,596.974|| TElizabeth...... 28,229) 5,512,638 
Springfield ....| 33.340) 1,928,000} Hackensack...| ...-.-|  ------ 
Taunton.......| 21,213} '449,735|] Hoboken...... 30,999] 1,099,250 


s 





612 


POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 





POPULATION AND DEBTS OF CITIES, &c.— (Oontinued.) 


New Jersey. 
Jersey City.... 
Millville.....-. 
Newark 
NewBrunswick 
Orange 
Paterson)... 2... 
Plainfield....--. 
Trenton 

New York. 
Albany 
Amsterdam ... 
Auburn 
Binghamton . -. 
Brookhaven .- -. 
Brooklyn 
Buffalo 
Cohoes 
Elmira 
Fishkill 
Flushing -....- 
Greenburgh . .. 
Hempstead .... 
Hornellsville -. 
Hudson as. 5202 
Huntington ... 
Th ts Coes Rtg 
Jamaica 
Johnstown .-- 
Kingston 
enor ees Se 
Lockport 
Long Isl’d City 
Middletown ... 
Morrisania .... 
New Lots 


Newburgh .... 
Ogdensburgh .. 


ween ee 


Oyster Bay .- 

Palmyra pose 
Poughkeepsie - 
Port Jervis.... 
Rochester 


Sangerties..... 
Schenectady .. 

Seneca 
Syracuse 


~secreceee 


Hope 
tions: Net debt. 


| Popula- 


tion, 


——q— | | — | 


1880.| Dollars. 
120,728) 15,598,435 
7,660 37, 000 
136.400 9,070,032 
17,167} 1,618,946 
13,206 253, 832 
50,887| 1,359,500 
8,126 45,500) 
29,910) 1,664,501 
90,903} 3,138,500 
DET as oes 
21,924 530,000 
17,315 299,500 
11,544 


566,689] 38,040,000 
155,137} 8,211,934 





19,417 141,214 
20.541 270,400 
LOLS Qin 
15919) ee 
S61) ize aye i 
TS AGO) there 
8,195 54,400 
8,669 321,250 
BO9B 
9,105 66,303 
10,089 Ue Joes 
1G, P21 CH ewe ae ot 
18,342 644,880 
TO. QAO is cae cea 
13,522 108,667 
17,117 950,000 
TS:GSLW ieee 
1206,599| 109 425, 414 
18,050} 313,400 
10,340 135,000 
21,117) 1,264,224 
DSBS} aay Cas ba 
TSO Dri ah eae abs 
D1 AOS ah ye 
20,207} 1,939,198 
4,824 None. 
89,363} 5,701,686 
12,045 160,000 
10,822 297,600 
AOSTO ax need Ce 
13,675 118,000 
2. BUT etHe keaee Lhe 
51,791} 1,351.500 
56,747 958,296 
33,913 766,000 
AL A483 iieranio see 








New York(Cont’d) 
Watertown.... 
Watervliet .... 
West Troy .... 
VYonkers®.2.. .). 

North Carolina. 
New Berne .... 
Raleigh 
Wilmington ... 

Ohio. 


-eeeeee 


eee ew woe 


Canton 
Chillicothe .... 
Cincinnati... .-. 
Cleveland 
Pere 

RATLAOTA elt ok 
1 fades yuh 


Fremont 


Sandusky 
Springfield .... 
Steubenville. .- 


Youngstown . 
Zanesville 
Oregon. 
Portland 
Pennsylvania. 
Allegheny...-- 
Allentown..... 
Altoona 
Bethlehem ..-. 
Carbondale..-. 
Carlisle 
Chester 
Columbia.....- 
Cornplanter ... 
Danville. ...... 
Easton 
Brie. so 4 
Harrisburg.... 
Hickory t 
Lancaster 
Lebanon 


18,892 


6,443 
14,110 
17,361 


16,512 
8.025 
12,258 
10,928 
255,708 
160,142 


51,665} 


38,677 
6,894 
8,451 

12,121 
8,857 
9,859 
9,602 
6,033 
5,560 

11,314 

15,838 

20,729 

12,093 
7,879 

50,143 
6,252 
7,026 

15,431 

18,120 


17,598 


718,681 
18,068 
19,716 

5,193 
1,714 
6,209 
14,996 
8,312 


Net debt, 





Dollars. 
407,500 
Nothing. 
1,388,000 


3,227 
138,357 
539,845 


17.619 
106,000 
180,657 

None. 

21,992,500 
4,076,946 
1,259,162 
1,101,520 

77,300 

44,000 

48,067 _ 
243,758 
195,737 

55.402 
294,219 
151,000 
317,809 
381,215 

58,627 

30,190 

55,500 

3,232. 666 

32,903 

66,187 
193,406 
529,097 


16,500 


1,596,429 
430,443 
368,830: 
140,700 

9,369 
139,100 
357,084 


wee eee 
mee ees 


219,949 
1,201,229 
1,065,300 


464,142 
208 708 








- POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 7 613 


POPULATION AND DEBTS OF CITIES, &¢.— (Oontinued.) 

















. | Fevula-| net debt. Popula-}-Net debt. 
Pennsylvania. 1880.| Dollars.||Texas. ~~ 1880.| Dollars. 
Lock Haven... 5,845 208,743) |) Austin 20 . 10,960 106,744 
Mahanoy...:.- pa toa Re esas by Brenham ...... AUT AN re ta Glee 
Meadville ...-. 8,860 TEBOG ts: Dallasient tras a. 105358 304,356 
New Castle. -.. 8,416 72,624|| -Galveston ..-..| 22,253] 1,023,249 
Norristown.-...| 13,064 81,200!| Houston....... 18,646; 1,501,591 
, Oi City is. 2. 7,315 122,400] San Antonio...} 20,561 155,266 
, Philadelphia ..| 846,984) 16,251,696)| Sherman ...... 9,248}  .129,000 
Pittsburgh ....| 156,381) 14,134,296}|_ Waco ......... 7,296 100,000 
Pottsville... 2 .: POLIS awe heise Utah. 
Reading ......- 43,280 999,000}} Ogden City...) ...... 3,333 
Scranton ...... 45,850 325,202} Salt Lake City. 20,768 67,000 
Shamokin ..... 8,184 37,680|| Vermont. 
Titusville ..... 9,046 328,267}, Burlington ....| 11,364 383,427 
Wilkesbarre ..| 23,339 95,096||, Rutland ....... 12,149 202,460 
Williamsport..| 18,934 651,272|| Virginia. 
GEE ees o's 13,940 33,000}; Alexandria....| 13,658} 1,037,088 
Rhode Island. Dan River... .- S382 piace Wah cena 
Lincoln.......- 13,765 50,000}} Lynchburg...-} 15,959 794,837 
Newport ..-... 15,693 116,408 INOFTOLE gfe 21,966) 2,187,371 
N. Pr ey: 1,467 39,800|| Petersburg....} 21,656) 1,136,100 
Pawtucket . 19,030 935,000} Portsmouth ...| 11,388 283,014 
& Providence... .--} 104,050] 9,373,026|| Richmond...-- 63,803] 4, 399, 021 
Warwick...... 12,163 57,500|/ West Virginia. 
Woonsocket.--} 16,053 230,000|| Parkersburg . GO D82) Wi onenere 
: South Carolina. Wheeling ..... 31,266] 531,882 
: Charleston -...| 49,999] 4,129,102 Wisconsin. 
Columbia.-...-. 10,040 900,000|| Eau Claire ....| 10,118 101,000 
St. James, Fond du Lac ..| 13,091 165,000 
Goose Creek,| 10,615 Koad Green Bay .... 7,735| 147,140 
St. John’s, Janesville ..... 9,018 34,000 
Berkeley ---. DS 58G tna. pease La Crosse ..-... 14,505 135,000 
St. John’s, Madison. ..-.-.-. 10,325 136,768 
Colleton ....- TORS i een was Milwaukee....| 115,578] 2,160,289 
Tennessee. Oshkosh....... 15,749} ‘ 130,500 
Chattanooga...| 12,892 71,566)).. Racine 2). 6.2. 16,031] 218,512 
Knoxville ..... 9,690 212,288]| Sheboygan ..-- 7,314 230,000 
Memphis ...... 33,593 None.|| Watertown.... 7,883 229,400 
Nashville... --- 43,461! 1,606,200 
See ee ara TEER EnLLEE: =r SasEEEESSUEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE eee are 
Total Population of 299 Cities and Towns.............. 11,876,146 
Aggregate Debt of 299 Cities and Towns..-.........--. $549, 904,979 
AREA AND POPULATION OF THE EARTH. 
i wg : Pop. to 
Divisions. Area. Population. Sq. M. 
PANTIE eee og ole uate ema sue eames 14,700,000 95,495,500 6% 
PT GROEUP MET Utica ule «=e Jevanaasunou cas 3,800,000 315,929,000 
PANES Ree ob lo wav ob obiaisieh win clei pie er 15,000,000 834,707,000 554 
EAE LORE RIE RON Ue hein cic aa ccd ulaluaaid 6 able 10,800,000 205,679,000 19 


COU Gee eit 2S MRS RS a SP 4,500,000 27,896,000 6 





Mb PRON es Ce 48,800,000 | 1,479,706,500 } 305 











614 RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT. 


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POPULATION OF UNITED STATES BY RACES. 618 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY RACES, IN 1870 AND 1880. 


















Tnd'‘as, >. ‘Ind ns. 

States nd nae White. | Colored. bee civ. or| White, Colored. Baas civ. or 
iteri é 80. i *1t ; 370. S€. | taxed. 
Territories 1480, 1880 1880 1880. reg 1870. 13870 1870, te 





y{Alabama, | 1,262,794] 601,936] 600,141 4| 213) 621,384) 475,510] ....} 98 
3| Arizona 40,441) 35,178 1 9,581 2 


6} 20) = 3l 
362,115} 122,169} 98 
499,424)  4,272)49,310] 7,241 
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527,549 ay 2). 235 


eee 
102,221} 22,794] .... | .... 
88,278} 43,404) 8] 15 


3)Arkansas} 802,564) 591,611] 210,622) 7134] 19 
4|Calitornial 864,686] 767,266 6,168} 75,122|16,13 
5/Cvlorado 194,649} 191,452 2,459 610} 128 
6)Conn, 622,683} 610,884) 11,422 130} 241 
7|Dakota 135,180} 133,177 38] 238} 1,384 
8|Delaware}| 146,654] 120,198] 26,456 Silks (aN oe 
9| Dist. of C.| 177,638] 118,236] 59,378 18 


10| Florida 267 351} 141,249] 145,262 18 37 96,057| 91,689} ... 2 
i1/Georgia | 1,539,048] 814,218] 724,654 17 94} 638,926] 545,142 1 40 
32|Idaho 32.911 29,011 58} 3,378] 164 10,618 4,274 7 
343) Lilinois 3,078,769} 3,022,174] 46,248] 214) 133] 2,511,096] 28,762 1 32% 
14|Indiana | 1,878,362] 1,939,094] 38,998 37| 233) 1,655,837] 24,560) ... 240 


15|lowa 1,624,620} 1,614,510} . 9,442 47; 464) 1,1 
16|Kansas 995 966} 952,056} 43,096 22) 792 
17|Kentucky| 1,648,708] 1,377,077) 271,462] | 10 50 


18|Louisiana] 940,103} 455,063) 483,898] 483] 819 ,065! 364,210} 71) 569 
19| Maine 648,945] 646,903] 1,427 8] 607] 624,809 ,606 1} 499 
20\Maryland| 934,632} 724,718} 209,897 6] 11] 605,497] 175,391 4 
21|Mass. 1,783,012) 1,764,082} 18,6441 256) 341| 1,443,156] 13,9 97} 151 
22|Michigan | 1,636 331] 1,614,078] 14,986 29| 7,238] 1,167,282] 11,849 2| 4,926 
23|Minnes’ta] 780,806] 776,940] 1,558 54] 2,254) 438,257 759| 2.2. 
24|Mississ’pi | 1,131,592] 479,371] 650,337 52} 1,832] | 382,896] 444,201} 16} 809 
25|Missouri | 2,168,8C4| 2,023,568} 145,046} — #94! 96} 1,603,146} 118,071 3) 75 
26|Muontana 39,157} 35,468 202] 1,737] 1,750 306 183| 1,949] 157 
27\Nebraska| 452,433} 449,805} 2,376 18} 233] 122,117 TSO eee 
28\Nevada |° 62,265) 53,574 465] 5,423] 2,803) 38,959 857] 3,152] 23 
29|N. Hamp.| 346,984} 346,264 646 14 317,697 580], 23 
80|N. Jersey | 1,130,983! 1,091,856] 38,796 182 58} 875,407} 30,658 15 16 
81|N.Mexico} 118,430} 107,188 907 55|10,280 393 ee  at 
$2|New York} 5,083,810] 5,017,142} 64,943] 942] 783] 4,330,210} 52,081; 20] 439 
83|N. Carol’a} 1,400,0 867,467) 531,316 1] 1,216] 678,470) 391,650) .... | 1,241 
81/Ohio 3,198,239] 3,118,344) 79,665} 117]. 113] 2,601,946] 63,213 1 
$5|Orezon 174,767] 163,087 493; 9,508] 1,679 ,929 346, 3,330} 318 
36|Penn, 4,282,786] 4,197,106] 85,342] 17 3,456,609] 65,294 14) 34 
87|Rhvdel’d| 276,528} 269,933) 6,503 27) 67) =212,219] 4, seae tueOe 
38!S. Carol’a| 995,622) 391,253] 604,325 9} 114] 289,667) 415,814 124 
39/Teun, 1,542,463} 1,139,120] 402,992 26} 326} 936,119] 322,331] .. 70 
40|'Texas 1,592,574} 1,197,493} 394,007! 142] 932] 564,700) 253,475} 25 9 
41|Utah 143,906] 142,381 204| 518] 804 044 445| 179 
42/Vermont | 332,286] 331,243] 1,032) .... 11} 329,613 924| .... 14 
43|Virginia | 1,512,806] 880,739] 631,996 6| 65] 712,089) 512,841 4) 229 
44\Washin’n| 75,120} 67,349 357) 3,227| 4,187) 22,195 207| 234] 1,319 
45|West Va, | _ 618,443} 592,433] 25,729 14) 17} 424,033] 17,980) .... 

46) Wiscon’n | 1,315,480] 1,309,622} 2,724 16} 3,118} 1,051,351 d +. | 1,206 
47\Wyoming| 20,788) 19,436 299} 914] 139 5726 1 143] 66 


' |Total U.S. }50,152,866 |43,402,408 16,577 497 | 105,679 |65,880|33,592,245|4,886,387 | 63,254 |25,731 
SUS eh AE a oc ee 2d ara a i i hs Sahat be A rc beet eed i at ek asst oe election ea A 


Per Cent. or IncrEasE FRom 1870 To 1880, 


Total Population.......+.- ++++2-30.06 per cent. | Chinese Population........ ....67.07 per cent. 
White Population....-. Rasiiea ard 28,2 as Indian Population (civilized or 
Colored Pupulation.... .+++-++0> SETS hn Paxld) desta nvancs saemoaes 156.02. 


. Norg.—The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (both nnorganized as yet) are not 
included in the above total. The census of Alaska in 1880 showed: White, 392; Creoles (issue of 
fntermarriages between the whites and natives), 1,683; Aleuts, 1,960; Innuits, 17,483; Indians, 
8,655; total, 30,178. ; 

_ The Indian Territory is estimated to contain 60,000 to 75,000 inhabitants, 

The Indians included in the census in each State and Territory are those reckoned as civil- 
ized, or outside of tribal organizations. Indiansnot taxed are by law excluded from the gensus. 
Estimates of their numbers vary widely—from 200,000 to 350,000 (the latter as estimated in the 
census of 1670). 

‘In the Chinese colnmn have been reckoned a very few Japanese, East Indians, and Sandwich 

landers, Rotexeseding 200inalh ss. : 


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} 


616 POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE. 


POPUZAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, 1880. 


Total Electoral vote, 
Popular | Gar-; Han-) To- 





Gar- Han- | Weav-| goat. |@’rfa’s| H’ck’s 


TATES, field. cock. er. ; ; q 

r Rep. _ Dem. Gr, | tering.|Plu’ty.|Plu’ty.| vote, | field.| cock.|tal. 
Alabama 56,178| 90,687| 4,642] .... |... | 34,509] 151,507] ....{ 10! 10 
Arkansas 41,661] 60,489] 4,079] .... | .... | 18,828) 106,229] ....1 6] 6 
California 80,348} 80,426} 3,392) .... | -... 78| 164,166 1] 5] 6 
Colorado 97,450|  24,647|. 1,435) .... | °2,808)-.... | 58,5321 8). 8 
Connecticut 67,073} 64,417} 868} 412]. 2,656) .... | 132,770} 6} ....| 5 
Delaware AL I5O} 15,183} esc s- | bowel ee ee ch ok, O88) 29, 388) troany cen nee 
Florida 23.654). 27,964). occ | cages: [ucewho 104,300) 61,618) Valor inser ae 
Georgia 52,648| 102,522] 481] .... | .... | 49,874] 155,651 sl1| 11 
Illinois 318,037| 277,321| 26,358] 596] 40,716} .... | 622,312) 21 21 
Indiana 932,164] 225,528] 12,986] .... | 6,636] .... | 470,678} 15} ....| 15 
Iowa 183,904] 105,845] 32,327] 630) 78,059] .... | 322,706} M1] ....} 11 
Kansas 121,520] _ 59,789] 19,710] .... | 61,731] .... | 201,019] 5} ....) 5 
Kentucky 104,550| 147,999] 11,498} 257] .... | 43,449] 264,304] ....] 12] 12 
Louisianal 31,8911 65,310) 6c Peed aeee | S849}. 97,200 OU ee Bie 
Maine2 74,039; 65,171] 4,408) 235] 8,868! .... | 143,853) 7] ....) 7 
Maryland - 78,515| 93,706] 818] .... | .... | 15,191] 173,039] ....] 3! 8 
Massachusetts | 165,205) 111,960] 4,548! — 799] 53,245] .... | 282,512) 13] ....} 13 
Michigan 185,190} 131,300} 34,795] 1,156] 53,890] .... | 352,441) 11} ....} IL 
Minnesota 93,903} 53,315) 3,267 286} 40,588} .... 150,771 15) PR tod nek #3 
Mississippi 34,854] 75,750) 5,797 677} .... | 40,896] 117,078} .... 8) 8 
Missouri 153,567| 208,600) 35,045} .... | .... | 55,042] 397,221] ....] 15} 15 
Nebraska 54,979] 28,523} 3,853} .... | 26,456] .... 87,355] Bll 8 
Nevadas _ 8,732) 2° 0,011) Veena coding as 879} 18,343] .. 3} 3 
N. Hampshire | 44,852} 40,7941 528] 189) 4,058] .... 86,363} 5] ....] 5 
New Jersey 120,555} 122,565] 2,617} 191] .... | 2,010] 245,928) ..., 9| 9 
New York _ 555,544] 634,511! 12,372] 2,177] 21,033] .... {1,104,605} 35] ....| 35 
North Carolina | 115,878] 124,204) 1,136] .... | .... 8,326} 241,218) ....] 10; 10 
Ohio 375,048] 340,821] 6,456] 2,642] 34,227] .... | 724,967] 22| ....] 22 
Oregon i 20,619} 19,948} 249] .... 671| .... | 40,816} 3 3 
Pennsylvania 444,704] 407,428] 20,668] 1,983] 37,276] .... | 874,783} 29) ....| 29 
Rhode Island 18,195} 10,779] 236 25) 7,416) ss |e Ocoee ens yen Oe 
South Carolina | 58,071] 112,312} — 566 7| .... | 54,241] 170,956] .... They 
Tennesseé 107,677}; 128,191} 5,916 43) .... | 20,514} 241,827] .... 12} 12 
Texas4 57,845] 156,228] 27,405] .... | .... | 98,383] 241,478} .,.. 3} 8 . 
Vermonts 45,090] 18,181] 1,212] 110] 26,909] .... | 64,593} 51 ....] 5 
Virginiaé 84,020] 127,976] 139] ....| .... | 43,956] 212,135} .- .f 1) 11 
West Virginia 46,243] _ 57,391] 9,079] .... | ..-- | 11,148} 112,713] ....) 5] 5 
Wisconsin 144,397| 114,634] 7,980] 161] 29,763} .... | 267,172) 10} ....} 10 
Total 4,442,950} 4,442,035 |306,867| 712,576 |537,001|536,086|9,204,428| 214] 155/369 
Plurality 915 915 5O} 
Per cent. 48 .26 48.25; 3.33 BL Re £8 SOY aca wee»  |58.00}42.00 


Notr.—Numerous variationsin the Presidential vote are found in the different tables published. 
One principal source of discrepancy is in taking the vote for different Electors, of either party,as 
representing the vote for President. As the votes for Electors vary greatly, some tables take 
the highest vote cast for any one Elector; others, the highest cast for any Elector-at-large; and 
others still, the average vate cast for all the Electors of each party. 

1. In Louisiana, two Republican Electoral tickets were voted for: the regular Republican, and 
the Beattie, or Grant Republican. The latter received about 9,740 votes, not enumerated above: 

2. In Maine, the Hancock Electoral tickc¢ was styled ‘‘ Fusion,” containing 3 Democratic and 
4 Greenback Electors. Besides this, a ‘‘Straight’”’ Greenback Electoral ticket was voted for, 
with Weaver’s name at the head. 

3. The above vote in Nevadaand Tennessee is from the State Officers. Other statements vary 
largely in the vote of both parties, 

4, The footings in Texas are correct, as rendered to the Secretary of State. but three Counties 
made noreturn of votes for President (Denton, Galveston and McMullen). If thesecast as many 
votes for Electors as for Governor, it would increase Hancock’s vote in the State, 5,820, and 
Garfield’s 1,746, and Weaver’s 593. 

' 5. These figures are the finally corrected returns in the Officeof the Secretary of State. 
Farlier statements gave Garfield 45,567 votes, and Hancock 18,316 votes, 

6. Two Democratic Electoral tickets were voted for in Virginia, the Regular or Debt-paying Han- 
cock Ticket, and the Re-adjuster. or Mahone Hancock ticket. Both are added together above. 

7. Of the scattering votes, 10,305 were cast for Neal Dow, ‘‘ Prohibition ’’ candidate for Prese 
{dent, and 707 votes for John W. Phelps, ‘‘ American” or Anti-Secret-Society candidate. 

8. The Electoral vote of Georgia was cast irregularly, on the 2d Wednesday of December, ins 
stead of the 1st Wednesday, as required by Act of Congress. In the count of the Electoral vote, 
February 9, 1881, Congress declared Hancock to have received 155 votesif Georgia were counted, 
and 144 votesif not counted; thatin either case, Garfield had received a majority of the votes, 
fad was duly elected. 


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Governments. , Rulers, Title, z ete va 
a Accession. 
Argentine Republic....|Julio A. Roca.........|President..|.... Oct 12, 1880 
Austria-liungary ......|Franz Joseph I........|/Emperor ...|1830'Dec 2, 1548 
Belgium........se+++-.|Leopold IT............ RANG cao eca 1835|Dec 10,1865 
Bolivia..... eeveseees--|Nicolas Campero......|President..|.... Ju 1, 1880 
Brazil ......-.....-.+.-.|Pedro II. Alcantara....|Emperor....|1825/Apr 7, 1831 
OMI oes es BE Domingo Santa Maria.|President..}.... Sep 18,1881 
CHINA assis Ue aise eele teis's| KK WONTSHU, |. 3 eee eas Emperor.... |1871|Jan 12,1875 
DOLOMIDIA ties sa steas 4s |J./.: Otalota.. 43.05 <t President ..|.... Apr 1, 1883 
Costa Rica....... Woe ep Prospero Fernandez...|President..|...- Au 10, 1882 
Denmark ..... esoeeese- (Christian IX.......... Ringe occas 1818|No 15, 1863 
Ecuador...... Gey alee vaiate eibecss aswel t wie shale Sah tatale aichetats Presidents. <stssosinan soe 
MSG Nase diate sae) a Wicehers Tewfik Pacha ......... Khedive....|1852}/Au "8, 1879 
France.................{/Francois P.Jules Grevy President . .. {1813\Jan 30, 1879 
GOLINAD Mics sovetslewaclee LWALDOLOD Bese sas 20's ie she Emperor.... |1797|Jan 18.1871 
PTH ied owl sicialaie ante! viele c | YLCCTICE. \ wine ety sl a.e ---.-|/Duke....... |1831/Ma 22, 1871 
BACT ODE iilaeitl ee 5 Pan ae PTPOGIMCO NL vee yive «sleds Grand Duke/|1826! Apr 24,1852 
Bavaria........ eececees | LUGWIC IL sis cewaeees | MING... 4.06 ]1045| Ma 10, 1864 
US PIATLSNICIN s aicie aio) wicletelot | WAL ONIED Ls yd bis dbus selects LITRE oe t's 1806) Ap 20, 1881 
MAOSRGEG Ciate clelcidie' sino ca'e as i| aU CWA TLV. s\ora'al bese ois! aly Grand Duke|1837|\Ju 13, 1877 
TAPP age Cale ss calor 's owiaias |Oo dct WALGOIIAl! siac c'es |ETINCE\, scss's 1824| Dec 8, 1875 
Mecklemburg-Schwerin Friedrich Franz IIl....|Grand Duke|1851/ Ap 15, 1883 
Mecklemburg-Strelitz..|Friedrich Wilhelm....|/Grand Duke|1819\‘ ep 6, 1860 
Oldenburg..... Soars PebeT see ria seis otaies Grand Duke}1827 Fe 27, 1853 
Prussia...... Bal giaismea te Wilhelm Eee siceese ss King .......|1797|Jan 2, 1861 
Reuss-Schleiz.......... Henrich ae hi o+eeeess(Prince .....|1832' Juy 10,1867 
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha/Ernst ITI.. seeoees--(DUKe ...,../1818' Jan 29,1844 
Saxe-Meiningen........ Georg II...... Salaiinesjee tL O )s geistae 1826)‘ ep 20,1866 
- Saxe-Weimar Eisenach. |Karl Alexander......../Grand Duke}1818 Juy 8, 1853 
DIME a eiaieie' ae sie ss) o's of ALL DOLD viv cies oie'art Baa wieetacs Nga Pes ee 1828 | Oct 29, 1873. 
Waldeck. .........-..../Georg Victor .......... aang Patios 1831|/Ma 14,1845 
Wurtemberg........... Kapil cc sane welsi treis' PEMEDIO Se o/e10' 8 ars 1823'|Ju 25, 1864 
Gt Britain and Ireland. Victoris, )Bsi'srec eeese--/Queen & BE. 1/1819! Ju 20, 1837 
Greece ...............° |Georgois I.............|King... .|1845|Ju 6, 1863 
Guatemala Gia Wells Wain aiaiahs J. Rufino Barrios...... President. ARN CE Ma 7, 1873 
EABY UC eas a ehis ale alee aces Gen. Salomon,........|President...|....|No 25, 1879 
Hawaiian Islands. . «oe. (Kalakaua I....... .o...|/King........|1836) Fe 12, 1874 
ELORALMUAS ss '0/s'ew come ace ove cavetlaters Monalais vices oe PE TOSIGeN tc spaces Ma 29, 1877 
Italy... .s0e..cee0-se..-/Humbert I............|/King ..5....J1844/Jan 9; 1878 
Japan. ..........--...-|/Mutsu Hito.......+....|Mikado ..../1852 Fe 13, 1867 
Mexico....... SEEVD A Manuel Gonzales......|President..|.... ‘Dec 1, 1880 
Morocco. 2... ee ..-.|Muley-Hassan....-...- Sultan..... 1831;S ep 25, 1873 
Netherlands............|Willem III......... ...|King........|1817|Mar17,1849 
Nicaragua ......... ..../Adam Cardenas......../President ..|.... 1883, 
Paraguay ... sess, ---.|Gen- B. Caballero......|President ..|....|Oct—, 1880 ° 
POrsid < ..0004seercccees | NASST-CO-GEEN. .2ee es ..|Shah.......|1829/Sep 10, 1844 
POVUW! sic so csc'eeccce ese s| Miguel Iglesias. ...'. 25 Presid’ t, act}. "1883 
POPSUGAR Sse seS0 50. | LUIS Es ise aed cies Se od ARATE erie ateie 1838) No 11, 1861 
LOUNTIATLID Es cleldie\e < o'c o'd (NMP E ECU Gir eioh sjstiveis Were King ......./1839 Mar26,185] 
Russia ..... eeeseceeese [Alexander III.........|Emperor...|1845|Mar1,1881 + 
Salvador... 4.3 ..5'. voose |Rafael Zaldivar........ President ..|....|Ap 30, 1876 
Santo Domingo..... ...|Ulysses Heureuch.....|President ..|....|/Juy —.1882 
Servi... .cccceccvecioss Milan I, Obrenovitch..|King...... / |1855| Mar 6, 1882 
ML dciels e dats seen es Alfonso XII........... King........|1857, Dec30,1874 
Sweden and Norway...|Oscar JI...... aja aials Gelg MARR. ticlaane 1829|Sep 18,1872 
Switzerland ...co.s.e. es Hil Weltisiccn. wees aaa President’..|...-. Jan 1, 1884 
Turkey ............../Abdul-Hamid-Khan....|Sultan...... 1842}Au 31, 1876 
United States..........|/Chester A. Arthur..... President ..|1830|Sep 20,1881 
Uruguay..........++,.+|Maximo Santos..... ...|President ..|....|Mar1, 1882 





Venezuela ............./Guzman Blanco... 




















Heads of the Principal Nations of the World. 





President ..|. 


.'Fe 26, 1879 








THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 


The Dominion-of Canada forms (since 1867) a confederate government, 
embracing the British North American Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New 
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, North-west Territory, 
Vancouvers’s Island, and Prince Edward Island. It has a representative 
parliament, meeting annually at Ottawa, the capital, The members of the 
Senate, 77 in number, are nominated for life by the summons of the Gover- 
nor-General. The House of Commons, with 206 members, is elected by the 
people for five years, the right of suffrage being subject to a property quali- 
fication. The Governor-General, appointed in 1883, is the Marquis of Lans- 
downe, salary $50,000. The funded and unfunded debt in 1882 was $205,- 
$65,252, drawing interest at an average of 4.37 per cent., having increased ta 
this amount from $93,000,000, in 1867. Against this was sinking fund, 
etc., with cash on hand, $51,703, 601. The revenue for the fiscal year ending 
June 30, 1882, was $33,383,455, derived from the following principal sources: 
Customs, $21,581,570; excise, $5,884,860; public works, including railways 
and canals, $2,711,134; post-office, $1,587,888. The expenditure for 1882 was 
$27,067,103. The chief items of export were, in 1882: 


Agricultural products ....$31,075,712 | Fisheries...........+++0+«+$7,682,079 
Animals, and produce of.. 20,454,759 | Manufactured articles ..... 3,329,598 
Wood, timber, lumber, &c. 23,991,055 | Products of the mines..... 3,013,573 


Of the imports 50% millions came from Great Britain, 48 millions from 
the United States, and 14 millions from all other countries. Leading im- 
ports were: Cotton manufactures, 11 millions; flour and grain, 7 millions; 
iron and steel manufacture’, 12 millions; and woolen manufactures, 9 mill- 
ions. 

Of the exports $45,273,930 went to Great Britain, 43 millions to the United 
States, and 14 millions toall other countries. ‘Ihe Canadian lumber trade 
is of great extent and value, and from 94 to 96 per cent. of its aggregate ex- 
ports go to the United States. 

The merchant shipping of the Dominion, January 1, 1882, numbered 7,312 
vessels, measuring 1,260,777 tons, and is steadily increasing. Value of mer- 
chant shipping, $39,326,880. ‘THe canals of Canada are extensive and profit- 
able, and are managed by the Government. The Welland canal charges 20 
cents per ton on grain and other bulky freights, and 2% cents’a ton on each 
vessel. 

The Canadian banks held $67,000,000 in deposits, with a note of issue 0 
$17,500,000; coin $5,500,000; and bills discounted, $135,000,000. 

The census of the Dominion in 1881 showed a population of 4,352,080, 
against 3,686,596 in 1871, a gain of 18 percent. The Indian population of 
Canada. as reported by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, in 1877, was 
99,650. 

The average of duty on all imported commodities, subject to duty, was 
25.82 per cent.in 1882. Expense of collecting customs revenue, 3.87 per cent. 

The census of 1881 returned the amount of capital invested in manufac- 
turing industries at $165,302,623. The average wages of Canadian mechanics 
was $350,00 yearly, in 1881. Miles of railwayin operation, 1882, 8,069; miles 
under construction, 3,189. Receipts, passenger traffic, 1882, $10,018,478; 
freight traffic, $17,729,945; total receipts, $29,027,790. 








Aggregate Issues of Paper Money in War Times by the United 
States inthe Revolution and Rebellion, the French during 
the Revolution, and the Confederate States. 





i Amount 
Population. Amount Issued pr head 
Continental money... 3,000,000 in 1780. $ 359,546,825! $119 84 
Trench assignats..... 26,500,000 (France in I790.) 9,115,600,000! 343 98 
Confederate Currency| 9,103,332 (11 Confederate - 
States, 1860, 654,465,963) 71 89 


Greenbacks and na- 
tional bank-notes....! 31,443,321 (U.S. in 1860.) 750,820,228 23 87 











ie RAILROADS.— OCEAN STEAMERS. Gor 


~ -- THE RAILROADS OF THE WORLD IN 1882. 


















































CountTRIES. Miles. CountTRIES. Miles, 
United States (1883).} 117,717 Roumania ...--..... 916 
- Saeed i ; HAAG Unies... 7,894 Rudiaiy us. gael. ot 14,067 
. WM GRICO Mey sss. Le 2,219 ||4. EUROPE. . Spanos Foe sss ay 3,849 
; — ( Continued) } Sweden sys. 5.42 3,836 
Totals cs. -|North America..-... 127,830 Switzerland ......... 1,636 
ex soiree ie | PuRKe yy Lovley a 889 
Costa Rica..:--.. 2... 105 : ——— 
Cuba (Spanish).--.-- 858 Totalseci es. Europe ......-..- ----| 105,895 

2, Mippie Bonduras 20S) 56 Serr 
Amenica. } |Jamaica (British) . -- 25 Ceylon (British). .... 136 
Nicaragua Chimay 2 Sees ee ren ata ea 
ME Pudads Fe.'t3 sl India (British) ...-.. 9,872 
5, Asta. Daehn eons toe ‘ 96 
MT Otalscs veo. Middle America-.... 1,094 Java (Dutch) ...-... 3,498 
convener | Philippines (Spanish) 27 
Argentine Republic..| 1,619 (|Turkey in Asia...... 250 
BOVIS ae eres es 31 — 
IDEAZAM a SUSU, SA 1,899 Total? coset A Bin ee ea Sete 14,131 
Dotanain Waar OFS 3 at 28 Al (French) 804 

olombia, U.S. of... 99 geria (French).-.-. 0: 
3. ihe i Ecuador ..-.-- ea 75 Cape Colony( British) 905 
* | |Guiana (British) .... 21 Mey pte. o.Seeu cue han 942 
PATRBURY came soso: 44 |/6. Arrica. Mauritiisy ions soa 66 
MOCO eves Untctas a Mere 2,030 Namaqualand -...... 95 
WITOSM Ay eck oes oy 235 Natal (British)...-.. 101 
Venezuela .....-.-.- 70 ciate Ce eens Es 155 
Totals: 3..c< South America.--.--. 7,316 Total’. s20s ATIC R. LUSe See Sey 3,068 
Austria-Hungary....} 11,738 (|New South Wales. .. 1,183 
Belgium. os Se 2,597 New Zealand......-. 1,258: 

Denmark oo 20 8) 978 Queensland..-....... 801 
BYANS oto oe ee ou. 17,027 ||7. Austra’ra y |South Australia ..... 832 
German ec aa Se 4 21,565 Seepacin Pee Lae AT! ie 
: Great ritain an Iboria sees se 1,247 
4. Evror .. Treland 2.042500: 18,168 Western Australia .. 93 
Greece ys Fras eho ee 7 2 re 

eG Yipraass suena 5,410 Total..--... Australasia ..2..5... 5,592 

Netherlands --.-.... 1,227 
Norway. dsceo-3 52026 DAG HG BRANDT OPAL [ASS See cae ie cone 264,826 
Portugale. cers 1,039 








Railway Construction in the United States in 1882.—During the Calendar year 
1882, there were constructed 10,904 miles of new railways within the United States, as follows: 
New England, 60 miles; Middle States, 1,281 miles; Southern States, 2,241 miles; Western 
States, 6,302 miles; Pacific States and Territories, 1,020 miles. This exceeds the mileage 
built in 1881, by 2,301 miles. : ‘ 








QUICK PASSAGES OF OCEAN STEAMERS. 


Mites. STEAMER. : Dare. D. H. M 

New York to Queenstown...--. 25950: ste LATIZONB! sree ss cee one Sept., 1881...... FP aS 
New York to Queenstown. .----- yas eee Arizona; -.0.¢. 24.2.0 une, IBTO-S35/2 TD ee 
New York to capes Sears 2,950...-.. Britamnic 2). tsetse. DOC Wao Oru sf) ee he, 46 
New York to Queenstown.----- DATS City of Berlin.25 2232 sOehy 18tacs OY) Fi I5448 
ueenstown to New York.----- 2,050 22. 22% City of Berlin. ... 2.2.22 Pept, ISTO Asics 7 18 02 
ew York to Queenstown..-.-- 2,950.25. Russia .-.....-2...5-..-duly,) 1869...... SO ars 
Queenstown to New York.----- 2.950056. <- deassia . $305 ae eyou se une, LOGOe id 8 2 58 
Liverpool to New York. .-.-.-.--- 3,000- e022 RUSSIA See se cele aise estas cob 1869...... 0) 98. AD 
Philadelphia to Queenstown. -.-3,010----.- Lilinola sa sete seca ee se OC a LTO Lous 8 18 13 
New York to Havana. ....------ 1/2262 22.6. City of Vera Cruz...--- Aug., 18762...2. 4 0 43 
Havana to New York..-.....----1,225-...-. City of New York..-... Mey, . 1875...... Fan Cay 
New York to Aspinwall. .....--- ZIOO boasts Henry Chauncey .........:.. Do EPR Sat © SOS 
Aspinwall to New York....-..-- 2300 3 Dp oe Henry Chauncey -..-.....-.- 1875 ice. 6), 5 30 
San Francisco to Yokohama. ...4,764.-.-.. Oity ‘of Peking 7025 9s .co ssl —......15 9 .. 


Yokohama to San Francisco. ...4,764.----- OCEANIC Yea ete oye tae Sane 1876s 255234 ISS 








TELEGRAPHS.—— COAL, IRON, AND STEEL. ; 









































622 
THE TELEGRAPHS OF THE WORLD. 
IS al ls al 
L’gth'5. S| Number L’gth |45, | Number 
Date| of [Ba |.of ep Datel of ESE of 
ines = |sages seu ines |; )sages sen 
Miles |A © Miles [4 9| : 
Algeria, French! 1881} 4,212} 106; 1,007,000 ||Guatemala ..... 1881 1,160 63 222,000 
ArgentineRep’c| 1881} 7,303) 485] 291,000 || Hawaiian Islds.} 1880 39] cue JeGdeldies 
Australasia ....| 1880 | 27,831} 675 |.......-.- Honduras soso 610 508 (Pees 
Australia: ..... ; India, British ..| 1880] 20,468} 239] 1,431,000 
New So. Wales| 1880 | 7,955].-.-..]---2....2- Indies, Dutch..} 1880] 3,644 82 391,000 
Queensland. ..| 1880 | 5,763]...-..|-...- .-+-.||Italy ...........] 1881 | 16,692] 1,633] 6,250,000 
So. Australia .| 1880 | 4,754! -.-..0) 022.23 ..2. Jamaica ....... 188] 470 BGR Tl ea 
WestAustralia| 1880} 1,555).-.-...) 0.22.2... Japan ..-.4.-... 1850} 3,929} 125) 1,272,756 
Victoria -..-.. 1886) 3,215! oe doneteemers aces Luxembourg. ..| 1881 192 23 84,060 
New Zealand .| 1880] 3,706|.-.--.|-----....- Mexico2o 3.0 os 1881 | 10,578} 363] 745,000 
Tasmania -...| 1880 “STke J NCU oy VaR a Bait Montenegro....]..... 275 DS ae ee 
Austria-Hung’y| 1881 | 31,121} 3,598 | 8,865,000 || Netherlands ...| 1881] 2,448] 203} 3,282,000 
Belgium. -.2i--y 1881 | 3,535) 827 | 3,791,000 || Nicaragua..-... 1881 400} 22 2 Ocoee ae 
BGlIVidc rte Tae 475 MH aie ber ana es Norway.....-.-. 1881| 4,676] 132] 847,000 
Madr. t 4) Pare ne nee 1881 | 4,657} 131 254,000 || Orange Fr.State| .... - LOTde See heen ae ee 
BritishColum’ia}. .... 642) oe ecee cl araguay rock | 1878 7 EY Baan pakya 3 AF 2 
Bulgaria ......- 1881 | 1,495} 37} 280,000 || Persia..........|1879| 3,623 78| 500,000 
Canada......-.- 1881 | 10,994} 830 62,000. || Perm’... -2 220... 1,37: 34 111,000 
Cape Good Hope} 1880 |Philippines 713 Sil ceoe al wae A 
Ceylon .........{ 1880 Porto Rico..... 466 PATEL rae ae 
i og 8508 2) 1880 Portugal ....-.. 2,713 196} 1,121,000 
China se. oad ke 1881 Roumania..-.... 3,297 102) 1,150,000 
Cochin China, {ERIBRIB We cine once 53,736| 2,516] 4,710,120 
French...--.. 1878 HerVibesy-a\eves 1,341 67 233,000 
Colombia. ..---. 1880 ISPali 25s aan 10,013] 354} 2,222,000 
Costa Rica 05. Shs cc... Sweden ........ 3 5,195 171} 1,118,000 
6ST eas 1880 Switzerland ....| 1880} 4,114] 1,034] 3,130,000 
Denmark ..-... 1880 TUNG esc 599 10h ssesase é 
Ecuador.......- 1879 0 Turkey: vases op 1881 | 17,085! 417] 1,344,000 
MigeDE, cc ccetnd 1878| 4,872} 168]|.....-...- United States ..| 1882 | 143,940] 13,538] 51,942,247 
WYATICE’s = oe. si 1881 | 45,878; 5,481 |19,466,000 || Uruguay -...--- 1878 654 21 38,310 
Germany ..---- 1881 | 45,070) 7,366 |17,507,000 |; Venezuela .....|..... BOS Rhee eens thee 
Great Britain ..| 1882 | 26,289] 5,443 hetapee 
Greece .........| 1880 1,906 88 397,000 Total miles -. 550,841 




















THE WORLD’S PRODUCTION OF COAL, IRON, AND STEEL. 





































Coal 1. MingRAu Coat, 2 ver or Pre | 3. Stern, 1879. 
CounrtRIgEs. area + . Tons of Ee - Mar cS hte! 
sq. miles} Years P j fons 0: at 8. [2,2 
i 2,240 Ibs. |/Years! 9 949 Is, Ingots. Rails. 
Great Britain ........-. 11,900] 1879 | 133,808,000 1879 §,995, 337 834,511 509,786 
United States ..-..--.. 192,000} 1879 | 59,808,398 1879 2,741,853 829,439 610,682 
Germany...... bat aoee 1,770 1879 42,631,729 1879 2,161,192 450.000 0,068 
EP PAUNCB . Uieeic ak <cle'e'seel ais aes ee teeaes ae Lae 314,691 | 247,000 
(BEINN) us iJeeateseus 87 839, 175 379 493,5) 
Aaa Hungary say Ba 1,800 ae epee 1879 469,218 
RV DUAYE Sabi soo aareGee taane eek 79 ONO. O00 T| Peery Bese eee 
BEB ae saldscelepe sas { 30,000; 1878 1,709,269 1878 409,633 
PATIRLT HRs chic duioas satus feseeweas } 1878 1,575,926 |} 1877 2,600 
ROMATINU ENE yckbis'ses bobs d ninatouaisl. 1877 1,000,000 |) 1879 eae 
BWRNON fats deus copscoc lees cincae 1878 90,000 |} 1878 ¢ 
Spain..--- biisckwacepe es 3.500| 1878 765,000 1872 73,000 
JWT SE BR RIS oe BE a tiga 2,000| 1878 ees als mi 
MAUP ROU Rune we aneuisee cad} sed cistcleefaceets 150,00) 7 Ae 
Italy col GO Brees i878 | 220,000 || 1877 45,000 
hk rai Me leneo es bean eaal eal Mel ae iL bd isan oe 
ENED. Var Sens ages RPI te REC Peele ae PAN ra Ce oie 7 7,500. 
PJAVAM EIN, sc eesee ss 5,000} 187 600,000 |] 1877 7,400 
| Vancouver Island.....}...-.--- 187: PROTA asort| bane seadetand |e enctduase homeaeae 
DNOVE SCOLA ul cede s lecnenitins 187: 788,000 |}.2.-.. eee. Agee reed ioee acs ceedaaitne pa 
All other countries....|.. dislecmas Ini mn'n 1,000,000 ||-.-2.. 10,000 20,000; |e Sacee 
Bintan Casta aul de Mae eac lav evs AUT ORTGBT: MNS ok 14,140,332 |! 2,850,641 ! 1,921,094 





RT RE TE A REE A A PE A EE CS, . + 











RATE OF MORTALITY..-EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT ALL AGES, | 
The Oarlisle Tables, showing how many persons out of 10,000 will annually die, 
on the average, until ali are deceased; also, the expectation of life at all ages. 





Deaths | Expecta- Deaths | Expec- 


Number 





Number i 
Age. : each tion. Age, each | tation. 
Alive. | year. | Years. Alive. | year. | Years. 

Birth. | 10,000 |1,539 38.72 53 4.211 68 18.97 
“43 8,461 682 44.68 54 4,143 70 18.28 
2 7,779 505 47.54 5D 4.073 13 17.60 
8 7,274 276 49.81 56 4,000 16 16.90 
4 6,998 201 50.75 57 3,924 - 82 16.20 
5 6,797 121 51.24 58 3.842 93 15.54 
6 6,676 82 51.16 59 3,749 106 14.91 
7 6,594 58 50.80 60 3,633 122 14.33 
8 6,536 43 50.24 61 3,521 126 | 13.81 
9 |. 6,493 33 49.57 62 3,395 127 13.31 
10 6,460 29 48.82 63 3,268 125 12.80 
11 6,431 31 48.03. 64. 3,143 125 12.29 
12 6,400 32 47.21 65 3.018 124 11.80 
13 6,368 | 33 46.50 66 2.894 123 11.30 
14 6,335 35 45.74 || 67 2771 123 10.74 
15 6,300 39 45.00 68 2,648 123 10.22 
16 6,261 42 44.27 69 2.525 124 9.70 
17. 6,219 43 43.57 70 2401 124 9.14 
18 6,176 43 42.87 71 Q.277 134 8.64 
19 6,133 43 42.16 72 2143 146 8.15 
20 6,090 43 41.45 73 1,997 156 7.71 
21 6,047 42 40.74 74 1,841 166 7.32 
22 6,005 42 ~ 40.03 95 1,675 160 7.00 
23 5,963 42 39.30 76 1,515 156 6.70 
24 5,921 42 38.59 "77 1,359 146 6.40 
25 5,879 43 37.85 78 1,213 132 6.11 
26 5,636 43 37.13 79 1,081 128 5.80 
27 5,793 45 36.40 80 953 116 5.50 
28 5,748 50 35.69 81 837 112 5.20 
29 5,698 56 35.00 82 725 102 4.92 
80 5,642 57 34.33 83 623 94 4.65 
$1 5,585 57 33.70 84 529 g4 4,39 
82 5,528 56 33.02 85 445 78 4,12 
83 5,472 55 32.35 86 367 71 3.90 
84 5,417 55 31.68 87 296 64 3.70 
85 5,362 55 31.00 88 232 51 3.39 
86 5,307 56 30.31 89 121 39 3.40. 
37 5,251 57 29.63 90 142 37 3.29 
38 5,194 58 28.95 91 105 30 3.27 
39 5,136 61 28.27 92 "5 21 3.37 
40 5,075 66 27.60 93. 54 14 3.50 
41 5,009 69 26.97 94 40 10 3.52 
42 4,940 11 26.33 95 30 7 3.53 
43 4.869 "1 95.71 96 93 5 3.45 
44 4.798 11 25.08 97 18 4 3.27 
45 4127 10 24.45 98 14 3 3.07 
£6 4.657 69 23.81 99 11 2 2.77 
47 4,588 67 23.16 100 9 2 2.97 
eh 4521 63 22.50 101 7 2 1.80 
9 4.458 61 21.81 102 5 2 1.30 
50 4.397 59 21.10 103 3 2 0.83 
1 4.338 62 20.39 104 1 1 0.50 
62 4.276 65 19.68 


~ 


The rate of mortality of males of all ages is 1 in 40; and of females 1 in 
42, nearly. The expectation of life is thue reckoned at about 5 per cent 
longer for women than for men. 


~ 


624 


FINANCIAL CONDITION OF NATIONS. 





DEBTS, REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, AND COMMERCE OF 








_ NATIONS. 
CounrTRIEs. we Revenue. pres) Imports. | Exports. 





Argentine Rep|$ 68,416,043 
Austria proper|1,419,096,072 


Austria-Hung.} 205,999,970 
Beloium 2220. 232,684,553 
Bbliviay 10... 17,500,000 
BTAZIEycocw oak 368,351,139 
Canada: s2.c2: 112,248,378 
QHilie rere tee. 50,677,600 
Ching hwo je! 3,200,000 
Colombia.....- 15,399,304 
Denmark ..... 52,000,000 
Ecuador +...-.. 17,500,000 
Egypt......--. 450,540,000 
PRANCOe ee: 4,695,600,000 
Germany.....- 30,000,000 


Gt.Britain & Ir/3, 888, 907 980 


Greece........ 2,000 
Guiana-....... an 000 
Hawaiian Islds 548,022 
Hungary prop. 
India, British. - 
Aly Ss Wea Sika 
SA PAN ies un: 145,000,000 
Luxembourg .. 2,400,000 
Mexico. .......| 395,500,000 
Netherlands ..| 391,242,322 
Norway ood ci’ 13, 526,128 
araguay ...-- 12,098, 417 
OTM Paws SE 213,482,680 
Persia goc seh: No debt. 
Portugal .....- 428,977,613 
Roumania..... 90,000,000 
RUSS ia; vices eh 2,020,092, 043 
DOlVIae. cesses 5,000,000 
LSS han Seem Real a ip way ai Meera Soa 
Spain sie. oe be 2,401,612, 001 
Sweden .._-.-- 39,241,142 
Switzerland ... 6,225,000 
METIS Viti Se ee 1,212 772,200 
United States . |2,028,648,111 
Uresuay ii. . 43, 615, 000 
Venezuela..... 62, 659, 687 


Total debts. .$24,097,349,195 








SS eee ee aE nt OR ee ee See et 


$20, 683,537) $20,663,337| $ 34,910,290) $ 44,041,131 


186,776,170 
60,000,000 
50,048,972 

2,929,574 
72,548, 454 
22,700,000 
21,294,383 

230,000,000 

3,114,619 
13,464,066 
20,800,000 
54,820,818 

548, 605,716 

135, 584,249 





398, 825,180 
7,765,360 
1,580,000 

504,095 


63,120,600 
1,438,660 
23,207,671 
43,973,345 
11,364,220 
609,000 
29,201,195 
8,240,000 
29,568,816 
19,578,885 
489,377,280 
2.968, 422 
4,000,000 
131,500,000 
23,563,201 
8,297, 480 
88,764,050 





257, 763,879 
6,965,683 
3,549, 000 





202,035,039 
58,845,695 
49.045, 128 

4,505,504 
67,789,297 
24,100,000 
22,052,187 

2,779,410 
13,074,620 
21,500,455 
54,737,670 

589,334,162 

135,000,000 

412,017,475 

7,832, 768 

4,580,000 

460,000 


274, 358, 915} 106, 069,258) 116,902,036 
576, 634, 330 272, 649,885 292.503, 145 
1,977, 117,845 279,550, 000) 278,121,440 


62,993,850 
1,409,344 
24,891,522 
48,785,061 
10,726,500 
150,000 
33,755,375 
8,750,000 
29,720,336 
19,578,885 
430,557,403 
2.994.779 
4.000.000 
131,824,000 
21.872.193 
8,524,400 


140.000,000) - 


236,964,327 
6,800,000 
8 642,000 


258,450,000] 204,800,000 
258,504,000) 222,920,400 
5,750,000 5,000,000 
88,045,520] 104,232 800 
93,200,000] 89,851,328 
39,050,197| 37,139,961 
105,000,090) 114,000,000 
6,949,028] 9,994,386 
50,311,240] 33,933,640 
7,596,264 3,913,536 
29,000,000 68, 000, 000 
882,360,000 961, 540,000 
918,850,000} 608, 200, 000 
1,969, 695, 885}1 263, 883, 010 
24, 073, 400 15, 097,006 
1811,770 2:241:040 
1,682,000} 2,090,000 
244,000,000} 325,600,000 
265,899,000} 213,371,000 
24'0871515| 27,669,465 
29,062,407} 31,659,151 
305,416,000} 226,750,000 
52,017,220] 33,933,640 
565,595 607,653 
By 37,500,000 
5,625,000 2,813,000 
38,131,520} 26,448 600 
16,200,000} 28,440,000 
365,426,400] 286,484,000 
6,197,000 5,500,006 
7,100,000] 8,300,000 
66,670,000] 75, 564,000 
85,906,800 62) 532, 960 
Not given. Not given. 
72,430,000} 51, boo. 000 
466,872,846 739, 107,578 
21,917,800 16,953,000 
12, 000,000 17,000,000 














THE ARMIES OF THE WORLD. 625 


THE ARMIES OF THE WORLD. 


BR en RES TTS ESI EES SSSR AE EEE EISELE AOS 


COUNTRIES. Population. 


Austria-Hung’y .| 37,350,000 
Argentine Rep..| 1,812,490 


Belgium. ....2.:, 5,336, 185 
IDONYVIS scene yeas 2,000, 000 
raza ete su 11,108,291 
Canada. 2.65.2... 3,672,116 
Chibvtecraee . 2333568 
Obma) soca souk 3 433,500,000 
Colombia-......-. 2,774,000 
Denmark ....... 1,903,000 
1 ey a ey a 17,100,000 
France -.........| 36,905,788 
Germany: :./.-.-. 42,727,360 
Great Britain ...| 24,242,966 
Greece. 2.022 2... 1,457,894 
India, British. ...| 191,168,412 
La gp Rea 27,769,475 
Sepawe 2 ssl se. 34,338, 404 
Luxembourg .... 205, 158 
Moeaxicoetsas. 2 Gus 9,276,079 
Netherlands. .... 3,865,456 
Norwpy »- 234-5). 1,807,555 
Persie soo: Hie 6,000,000 
POPU yee ere es ake 3,000, 000 
Portugal). 2.2... 4,057,538 
Roumania.....-.- 5,073,000 
PUSSI = cise ie 12,392,927 
DOrvigeswecce ss: © 1,366,923 
RDPISLTE Loko a ate wee 16,526,511 
Sweden .-....... 4,429,713 
Switzerland ...-.. 2,759, 854 
ghey ioc... 9,573,000 
United States ~.| 50,152,866 
Uruguay ..<-:.-- 445,000 
Venezuela......- 1,784,197 


Regular 


Army. 





Cost Per ct 

B30 det Coe eames per total 
ooting. | of Army. expen 
f head.|aiture 


—————— | | | | 


296,218 
8,283 
46,277 
4,022 
16,500 
3,000 


3,516 . 


700,000 
2.600 
35,703 
62,920 
470,600 
419,659 
133,720 
12,397 
58,170 
199,577 
35,380 
513 
22,387 
61,803 
12,750 
28,400 
13,200 
35,733 
130,158 
787,900 
14,150 
330,000 
36,495 
106,102 
157,667 
26,914 
4,060 
5,494 


1,021,692 |$50,680,000 |$1 35 | 86.12 
Se: *4,514,018 |*2 49 | *21.84 
103,683 | 8,787,909 | 164] 17.91 
PENI) 1,126,916 | 56 | 25.01 
32,000 | 10,862,496 | 97 | 16.02 
655,000 | 1,013,944 | 27] 420 
28,274 
1/260, 0008 |. kas hE en 
30,000 228,000 | 10 | 10.36 


50,000 | 2,406,109 | 1 26 | 18.40 
128,000 | *4,452,422 | *26 | *8.13 
1,750,000 | 100,007,623 | 270 | 19.25 
1,034,524 | 92,572,403 | 216 | 68.57 
370,561 | 65,161,015 | 1 90 | 16.68 
30,000°} 1,494,860 | 102 | 19.08 


144,700 | 76,875,960 40 | 28.21 
867,509 | 37,983,755 | 1 36 | 13.65 
50,240 | 7,506,000 21 | 11.92 
Wace ees) 100,480 48} 7.12 
BURNS ray se *10,554,745 |*1 13 | *42.40 
160,000 | 10,266,990 | 2 65 | 21.04 
18,000 | 1,480,760 81 | 13.80 
108,500 | 3,400,000 56°) 37.12 
75,000 | 4,342,928 | 1 07 | 14.61 
144,668 | 3,310,198 65 | 16.90 
1,671,674 | 144,215,615 | 199 | 35.12 
150,000 869,138 63 | 29.71 
400,000 | 49,146,491 | 297 | 37.28 
156,970 | 3,579,940 80'| 16.36 
203,262 | 2,419,213 87 | 28.37 
618,100 | 24,763,095 | 2 58 | 17.68 
13,759,693 | 37,082,735 95 | 15.53 
24,000 | *2,364,100 |*5 31 |*34.76 


ee i i i ee ee 


Note.— The last column shows the ratio which the military expenditure 
bears to the total annual expenditure of each nation. 
t Militia foree, plus the regular army. 


* Army and Navy. 


626  § . NAVIES AND MERCHANT SHIPPING, | 


THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD. 


























Set 92 te 2 
2 YINo. of} Cost of was e ve Cost of 
‘4 N ‘ts Q 2 
COUNTRIEs. S$ @\Men.| Navy. COUNTRIES. s 2 Navy. 
ra ‘ (isha Oi 
Argentine Rep.| 28 | 3,135/$ 842.362 || Italy .-..-.-- 66 | 11,880} $7,543,388 
‘Austria- Hang’y| 68 | 6,319} 4,705,095 || Japan ......- 21] 3,944) 2,700,000 
Belgium .....-- 10 fs Ee RT Le Mexico...-.. AN. aeee *10,554,745 
Bolivia eR SB Wa da Be eT ANN Netherlafds.| 105} 4,996) 5,780.216 
Braap ooce ey 63 | 6,184] 9,994,147 |! -Norway ..... 119 4, 342} 652,340 
Canada fos... FG Kat Pa Ce A Pern cee). 184 Scere eas 
ORM bbc chGbe 15 S40 ee See Portugal ..-.| 37} 3,853} 1,585,494 
Chinas ssw. cz BM Bes 9 Bene Fe ee phy sf Roumania...| 9 "O66 id Paras 
Denmark .....- 33 | 1,125] 1,200,000 || Russia -.-...- 223 | 30.039) 20,030,704 
BOON oC. 2 aa! 14 abo R i A Shain es.’ 138 |14,648| 6,536,315 
France.........|226 | 50,517/33,178,699 || Sweden..--.- 141] 6,141} 1,352,792 
Germany .....- 60 | 8,051| 1,192,325 || ‘lurkey...--- 170 }\ 6,000] Cue regen 
Gt. Britain & Ir.|531 | 81,447|56,445,000 || United States| 146| 8,684] 14,077,974 
Greece......... 21 652) 391,978 








* Army and Navy, 





MERCHANT SHIPPING OF THE WORLD IN 1876, 


a 








Sailing | | Steam Total 
COUNTRIES. | vogcais.| Tonnage. || vessels, | Lonmage Tonnage. 

British ......... 20,265 | 5,807,365 || 3,299 | 3,362,952 9,170,357 
United States .. 7,288 2,390,521 605 789,728 3, 180, 249 
Norwegian ..... 4,749 1,410,903 122 55,874 1 466, TT 
Ttallan’ ss byu.sh 4,601 | 1,292.076 114 97,582 1.389.658 
German ........ 3,456 875,995 226 226,888 1,102.853 
Mrenchs eee. 3,858 725.048 314 .| 334.334 1,059.382 
Spanish. 02 220\ Q915 557,320 230 176.250 733,570 
Greek occ 2,121 426.905 11 7.133 434.038 
Duteh oe, 1,432 399.993 126 134,600 534.593 
Swedish eRe Le AN 2,121 399,128 219 88,660 487,788 
Russian ........ 1,785 391.952 151 105,962 497.914 
Austrian ....... 983 338.684 78 81.269 419,953 
Monatsh oy 1,348 188.953 87 60,697 249.650 
Portuguese..... 456 107.016 26 92.277 129.293 
Gouth . American 273 95,459 81 59,263 154,722 
@entral Ameri’n 153 _ 57,944 Oar 3,132 61.076 
Turk. & Egypt’n p05 48,289 30 28,264 

Belgian. ........ 54 23,344 Sa ih 40,700 

Asiatic ......... 42 46,019 ll 10,877 


Tiberian. 22.220. 3 454 














ee 





NATIONAL FINANCES AND COMMERCE. 6:7 


NATIONAL DEBTS, EXPENDITURE, AND COMMERCE, PER 








“ CAPITA, OF NATIONS. 
a area a a a a ee 
D Annual | Annual Annual 
COUNTRIES. er head, |©XPenditure| imports exports 
Pp * | per head. | per head. | per head, 

Argentine Republic....} $39.07 $12.04 $20.31 ~ $25.66 
Austria-Hungary-.....--. 5.7 1.63 7.19 5.70 
Austria proper ......... 65.26 F290 ter See eae 
Hungary proper........ 17.68 7.53 Aer eee 
Bera as sUcculewan's aac 48.08 10.13 53.41 46.06 
SIOLEG Hebe 2 oe cele dicle sole oe 10.04 2.58 3.30 2.08 
BRAGG olde at osaen eS 36.43 6.70 8.71 10.31 
CODAGR Enos. s5t sets 31.16 ' 6.69 25.87 24.94 
iis vats las pallicls ees 24.49 10.66 . 18.21 17.95 
MOOTA DIA aes aan sacs ote 9.22 .94 2.35 3.38 
Denman. dssecsok ls . 27.19 6.83 Oeste 17.95 
WUOUATON steele: aisles cies 20.20 24.36 8.77 4.51 
Bevnt.o)°t. roids uaa 85.82 10.42 5.52 12.94 
EUAN CO ac menise 5 osiarm ¢ 127.23 14.07 24.17 26.05 
ASOUIAO Ye edase as so cess -70 31D 21.54 14.21 
‘Prussia Jo. Ds ens aan 10.55 6.33 Lee pialtas 
Great Britain & Ireland} 114.62 12.35 59.11 40.59 

MWA TOCED ES oe ssh ~ ates “Se Qts00 5.35 16.49 10.30 

Geandias British, - 3.0.2.2... 3.01 1.42 93 1.48 
Ee REE eR pean 71.94 10.12 9.67 8.85 
PRA RED LSU ais iain s a'an. «6 42.63 _ 2.68 3.13 3.41 
Netherlands). ss 30.0220: 101.21 11.37 71.27 67,70 
ME WAV ot eel oe sel - 7.48 5.91 28.77 19.77 
Paraguay..... a 54.72 3.39 2.55 2.74 
PBT eee bat Dabble oe eet 79.82 _ 12.62 yates 14.02 
PGEGOUPAD Neca k es o'5.5 5h 5,5 96.84 6.70 8.60 5.97 
Roumania ss 5. se see 11.82 3.85 3.19 5.60 
IRIISSIAS Echos wee cates. 16.33 4.83 4.22 3.23 
DOLVIA ecole a melee s aeteres 3.61 1.43 4.58 4.06 
SURE aca vaso sat sls 142.71 7.83 3.96 4.48 
Swodentce sy 22 oe 8.86 4.93 19.39 14.11 
Switzerland ............ 2.25 3.08 pias RDI 
SOME ROVE tale nse dv cc edin as 31.70 4.38 2.23 1.59 
United States. ....2..... 52.56 6.13 12.64 16.92 
DUE 72) ens SS a 98.00 15.28 49.25 38.09 


PV OLLOZUOIB Aasionis = siskoct 35.11 2.04 6.72 9.52 





UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1872-76. 


The following is a statement of the aggregate number of this class of 
institutions, with instructors and students, as reported to the Bureau of 
Education each year, from 1870 to 1876, inclusive :— 








1870. | 1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. 
Number of institutions..... 266) : 290) 998) 823} 343) 355) 356 
Number of instructors ....¢| 2,823} 2.962} 3,040] 3.106] 3,783] 3,999} 3,920 
Number of students........ 49,163 |49, 827 45,617 [52,053 56,692 |58,894 156,481 





aN SRE RS Fe ee RR TORRES ET 8 A RE RE EN NS AEN San a RAR ET AS SE SOD 


i ow fi 
TATA 





628 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE UNITED STATES AND 
OTHER COUNTRIES. 


poneross adopted the decimal system in the subdivision of moneys. In 
1836 a law was passed for regulating the Weights and Measures of the 
Union, by which the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to supply 
standards of weights, of length, and of capacity, according to the standards 
of Great Britain, to the Governors of States and revenue-collectors. Mr. 
John Quincy Adams had reported, in 1821, in favor of the British standards, 
because they were in general use, and a change to the decimal principle, as 
had been effected in France, would be attended with great embarrassment. 
The measure of time and circular motion is the same in America and Eu- 
rope. The Troy weight of England was adopted in the United States for 
weighing coin and bullion. Our apothecaries compound their medicines by 
the Troy pound and a subdivision of theirown. The Avoirdupois weight 
used in England is also our legal standard for weighing all other articles 
bought or sold by weight. The British and the United States statute acre, 
- sq. yard, sq. foot, and sq. inch, and the mile, yard, foot, and inch are the. 
same. 

Congress retains the old English wine gallon as a measure for liquids, 
and the Winchester bushel for grain, &c., but England has abandoned both, 
and substituted what she terms the imperial measure, whether*for wines, 
beer, other liquids, or dry goods sold by measure. Her imperial gallon is 
exactly 1 1-5th of our wine gallon, and measures 277,274 solid inches; our 
Winchester gallon, abandoned by her, measuring 268.8, or about 8% cubic 
inches less; her new bushel is equal to 1.032 of ours. Heaped measure was 
abolished by law in Scotland two hundred years ago, though not always in 

ractice. McCulloch calls it a barbarous custom. England recognizes it 
in recent laws, and the United States have sometimes ordered duties to be 
collected by it. 

(U.S.) Troy WEIGHT.—24 grains make 1 pennyweight; 20 pennyweights, 
1 ounce; 12 ounces, 1 pound. 115 Troy is to 1ib Avoirdupois as 144 is to 
175; or, 5,760 grains make ifb Troy, and 7,000 grains 1ib Avoirdupois. 

(U. S.) AVoIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.—[1 drachm, or 27 11-32 grains, equal 1.7712 
grammes]; 16 drachms make 1 ounce [equal to 28.3392 grammes] ; 16 ounces, 
1 pound; 28 pounds, 1 quarter; 4 quarters, 1 hundred weight; 20 hundred 
weight, or 2,240 Ibs., 1 ton. ) 

In Philadelphia and many other places, 2,240 lbs. are generally considered 
aton. In the State of New York, unless by special bargain, 2,000 lbs. are a 
ton. Sales by the pound are the most common; nothing is sold by the cwt. 
of 112 lbs. In Avoirdupois, 7 lbs. make 1 clove of wool, and 14 lbs. 1 stone. 
A pack of wool is 2401bs. In Ohio, when sales are made by the bushel, 
without a special agreement, the following are the legal weights of a bushel: 
Wheat, 60 lbs.; Indian corn, 56; barley, 48; oats, 39; rye, 56; flax-seed, 56; 
clover-seed, 64. Corn is usually sold in the Western States 56 lbs. to the 
bushel. In Boston, 53 lbs. to the bushel of Western corn. 

In freights, a ton (by the rules of the New York Chamber of Commerce) 

is composed of 8 barrels of flour; 22 bushels of grain, peas, or beans, in easks; 
36 bushels of grain in bulk, or European salt; 31 bushels W. I. salt; 6 bar- 
rels of beef, pork, tallow, or pickled fish; 200 gallons, wine measure, of oil, 
wine, brandy, or other liquors; 29 bushels of sea-coal; 40 cubic feet of square 
timber, oak plank, pine, cotton, wool, and bale goods; 2,009 lbs. of bar or 
pig iron, ashes, and all other heavy goods. 
. (U.8.) LINEAR MEAsune.—3 barleycorns make 1 inch; 12 inches, 1 foot; 
3 feet, 1 yard; 53 yards, 1 rod or pole; 40 rods, 1 furlong; 8 furlongs, 1 mile. 
A hand is 4 inches; a fathom, 6 feet; a cubit, 14 feet; 694 statute, or 60 sea 
tailes, 1 degree of a great circle of the earth; 3 miles, 1 league. 

CLOTH MEASURE.—9 inches make 1 quarter; 4 quarters, 1 yard. 

(U.S.) SQUARE MBASURE.—144 square inches make 1 square foot; 9 sq. 
feet, 1 sq. yard; 303 sq. yards, 1 sq. pole; 4@ sq. poles, 1 rood; 4 roods, 
acre; 640 acres, 1 sq. mile, 











WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 629 


(U. S.) Sorip MEASURE.—1728 cubic inches make 1 cubic foot; 27 cubic 
feet, 1 cubic yard; 42 cubic feet, 1 ton of shipping; 40 cubic feet, 1 load of 
unhewn timber; 50 do., 1 load squared do. 

(U. S.) Wine Measurs.—4 gills make 1 pint; 2 pints, 1 quart; 4 quarts, 
1 gallon; 314 gallons, 1 barrel; 63 gallons, 1 hogshead; 2 hogsheads, 1 pipe; 
2 pipes, 1 ton. 

(U. 8.) Dry, OR WINCHESTER MEASURE.—4 gills, 1 pint = 33.6 cubic 
inches = 0,55053 French Mtres; 2 pints, 1 quart = 67 2-5 eub. in. = 1.10106 
litres; 4 quarts, 1 gallon = 268.8 cub. in. = 4.40424 litrss; 2 gallons, 1 peck = 
537.6 cub. in. = 8.80848 litres; 4 pecks, 1 bushel = 2150.42 cub. in. = 35.23392 
litres; 5 quarters, 1 wey or load. ; 

The Winchester bushel is 184 inches wide and 8 inches deep; it contains 
2150 2-5 solid inches, being 47 1-5 less than the imperial bushel. Of wheat 
the bushel is 60lbs. The barrel of flour contains 5 Winchester bushels, 
and weighs, net, 196 lbs. The barrel of Indian corn contains 3$ bushels. 
The weight of a gallon of molasses is usually 11 lbs., but sometimes 10 or 12. 

British IMPERIAL (NEW) STANDARD MEASURE, COMPARED WITH WINCHES. . 
TER AND WINE MEASURES.— Our extensive dealings with England make it 
useful for business men to have an explanation of the difference between 
the imperial measure for liquids and dry goods and our Winchester and 
wine measures, which latter were formerly used in England. It is greatly 
to be desired that uniform weights, measures, and coins may soon be used 
all over the world. : 

The English coal bushel was a quart larger than our Winchester; but 
selling coal by measure caused such extensive frauds that it was abolished. 
It is now sold in Great Britain by weight only. 

By the imperial standard, adopted in England in 1825, 1 gill is = to 8.665 
solid inches; 4 gills = 1 pint; 2 pints, 1 quart; 4 quarts, 1 gallon, or 277.274 

solid inches; 2 gallons, 1 peck; 4 pecks, 1 bushel, or 2218.192 inches; 4 bush- 
els are i coom; 2 cooms (8 bushels), 1 quarter. 

The quarter of wheat is equal to the quarter of a ton of 2.240 Ibs. = 560 
Ibs.; 70 lbs.in weight are an English bushel of wheat,while 60 Ibs. of wheat 
make our bushel; so that thé United States wheat bushel is just 6-7ths of 
the English, or imperial; and a quarter of wheat in England is equal to 
94 bushels in the United States. 

The United States grain gallon measures 268.8 solid inches; the wine 
gallon, 231 inches; the imperial measures 2773 in.; 36 of our wine gallons 
are very nearly equal to 30 imperial gallons. The obsolete English ale and 
beer gallon measured 282 cubic inches. 

The imperial standard gallon is a measure that will hold 10 lbs. A-voir- 
dupois of pure (distilled) water, weighed in air at 62 deg. Fahrenheit, the 
barometer being at 30 degrees. 

This is the unit standard, in Great Britain, of capacity for liquids, ale, 
beer, wine, spirits, and dry goods not measured by heaped measure. Our 
Winchester gallon weighs 9 lbs. 10 oz. and 1$ drachms of pure water. 





f 
« 
HOW INTEREST INCREASES, 


Very few persons have figured on the difference between six and eight 
per cent. One dollar loaned for one hundred years at six per cent, with 
the interest collected annually and added to the principal, will amount to 
$340. At eight_per cent it amounts 0 $2,203, or nearly seven times as much. 
At three per cent, the usual rate of interest in England, it amounts to $19.25; 
whereas at ten per cent, which has been a very common rate in the United 
States, it is $13,809, or about seven hundred times as much. At twelve 
per cent it amounts to $84,075, or more than four thousand times as much. 
At eighteen per cent it amounts to $15,145,007. At twenty-four per cent 
(which we sometimes hear talked of) it reaches the enormous sum of 
$2,551, 799,404, : 


» =e 


t + 





CHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE, 7 


The Sollowing is a@ List of the most important Events in the History of the 


World, from the Creation to the present Time. 


The Creation...... A usn vale, a'sie b\eicnse Oiat'esb see pw ieee Bley Bite valde ¢(a lea wine nia 
The deluge of Noah’s HOO Se vs'e's Leccceasis KOMBO ENED eb ee ns Coa w eee 
The ealling of Abraham... eeene See eet SS FeCeSSSSee- -. se SOSH eese ee ‘sate 
Moses born NAT te ieietia erereeeeee Teen eSeeeete eee ease Seseeseteoeos 
Cecrops founds the kingdom of Athens. ceecesesewedeccscccceccossveucl 
Cadmus carries Phoenician letters into Greece ..... wo 0 06 60 tebeneeieewns 
The Pentateuch, or first five books of Moses written .........cccceccee 
Tyre DUE ws ese sheds etc c wiscsesice nels Se hee ele 56 sec eccewerececceseccs 
Carthage founded by the Tyrians................... ode eose esse pieremiaias 
Mestruction?OLf- PLOY ics sacs pines wamie eee ciate Oc dco 00 Seb ee sw eeieehioune 
Dedication of Solomon’s temple at Jerusalem ........... ccc cece cccccce 
Era of the Olympiads began........sseee cece Palptaisiclels wale we siatee pi wie eieta 
Era of the building of Rome............ bts wipidici ec slele's sive so un peta aie eee aie 
Maps and globes introduced into Greece by Anaximander ...,........ 
Tarquin the Proud, the last king of Rome, expelled ....... ocecccnccces 
Xerxes’ expedition against Greecmided seauee cou reiel ss. 0 ae pais 
Ezra restores Jerusalem, seventy weeks of years, or 490 years ‘pefore 

thé death offour Savigury orem were a cise 4 pisisie.e. ol ances Sciatniometecece 


The history of the Old Testament closes aboit .............. vues eile eiasvn 


Alexander the Great born ....... cc cece eee We ateie tea len es siemens pews ai 
Sun-dial first erected in Rome. Vigtia picts Batew'n 2) Wicie p) sos ole et athe Cite eye oa 
Dionysius of Alexandria began his era, being the ‘first who ascertained 
the solar year to consist of 365 days, 5 hours and 49 minutes ..... 
The first Punic war began ............... PASH LO, it Sorcerer pephhets 
Hannibal,invades Italy over the Alps.......... bs Seah ais cielele tas Caen nena 
Paper invented in China.......... nie ule, w o's Wie alate Cie aipla slob s ate wieratelHiea inne ee 
The first library formed in Romo ... 0... sec cee cecs ak cece yiwcen's rincaee 
Corinth and Carthage destroyed by the Romans... s AGE elew scans stone 
History of the Apocrypha ends... 21.2... cesses ccesecce cin 9 eaiminl ste Ore eter 
Julius Cesar’s first descent in Britain..........cccccececcsecuces bipibers 
Cesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia.... 2... 2 eee c ee wee eee oe Via fo palied 
Cxsar murdered by Brutus and other conspirators ........ccc.eswcese 
The Saviour of the World DOLD .......ceeseeccccees woe ccesesesecs ona des 


The common Christian era, as settled by Dionysius, began on the Ist 
of January, Christ being then 4 years Old.........cec cece ccs vccccce 
Jesus Christ baptized by John .... ...s. cnc cevcnvcce Seb tua nee 
He suffers at Jerusalem at the 38th year of his AON, ev ebase aes s Choe 
Claudius Cxsar’s expedition to‘Britain. \..5..00ci des ee cenemescduene : 
London became a Roman station ..... seove\ne/eisrisine Ay eo Fa a uik siete mteledrecs 
Christianity said to be introduced into Britain,, cs, 0s ee eevee 
Jerusalem taken and utterly destroyed by Vespasian and Titus........ 
Pompeii and Herculaneum Overwhelmed by an eruption of Mbt: 
Pliny the elder dies..... aiisvolelplbivia thisiaseipicl sib /e\b drel ate (ete ie fe tietans i elena fe 
Agricola builiis his wall between the Forth and the Clyde............. 
Adrian builds a wall between Newcastle and Carlisle.................. 
Silk first brought trom India.............. aie betel sale a'ee'o psie'cls sine’s ehiecE 
Wines first made in Britain.) c.4).c. cnc ty fee Re DNA 
The Franks, a German nation, settle in Gaul, which from ‘thence was 
CALIOAEN TANCE 0s ase abrecircilialk olelive sOiticy Win leaps ra RatarE mtat renee byleeas 
Observation of Sunday enjoined under Contantine, the first Christian 
emperor of Rome... secs + cis Waitiewe's bea 5 ey en eRMaaleth ea. 6 ein ci ceeaanaes 
Constantine removes the seat of empire from Rome to: ‘Byzantium, 
thence called Constan tineple ol alates tem ergo) Sil tie! at otis Minka Sie leant ine foe eescveees 
Roman empire divided into eastern and western ......-seerccccecesees 


B. Cc. 
4008 
2352 
19385 
1571 
1556 
1493 
1452 
1252 
1233 
1184 
1008 

7176 
753 
600 


509 - 


481 
458 


A. 0. | 















i 
4 


CHEONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


fiurope overrun by the Goths WINGER AINMOT. caps wards leccsededeusnes 
France formed into a kingdom under Pharamond.....ccccccecccscscces 
RUS) OE) V CIM EOTEPUIDOEL Wola to ce (aw ala pama Mauda ies caudate de Vedele wate 
Ca id Sap pgs crn era of the Hegira, or ‘flight of Mahomet from Mecca 
éegins e- ee Pewee PO ee Fees eset esuse @eeeseetesesee . 
England invaded by the Danes . lalate Sousrat othe Mh dia wid cabs ad. 3/4 Cala Senile lw at 
Glass first brought to England...... oidisipietb'ace s olsiete leis p pce's'av clelst dai aisles 
The Britons subdued by the Saxons .............. Miu waie( scien eseratG eiaies 
Computations from the birth of Chrisé used in HIESLOLY? </s c/sicaterevcaeiereliiate 
Charlemagne founds the western empire.......... earetlews's Suclela suture wigs 
MUPICM MERC a POO LANG 2% oa ss ies aces Bede ak caeesceedecebe 
Arithmetical cyphers brought into Europe by Saracens: letters of ‘the 
alphabet had hitherto been used ......... aig aleiece ajslelarw ne se tise se Sele 
Paper made of cotton rags in USO... 0... cee ck ccc ces cece sepia tie ale acts 
Danes finally driven out of Scotlands. Meuslue b cdae tiaras slelsisieteivio’s't 
The conquest of England by William Duke of Normandy Siete wal gia! vesus 
The tower of London built by him..... aN aN Cae ATLL Sma e Sv aree voacuue 
First crusade for the recovery of the holy land....... wile acct er eiera Fa Sea 
Henry II. of England gains possession of Ireland....... Sergio oie! tirpigeie'ated 
Glass windows in private houses in England...............0.0+ yas el 
A conjunction of all the planets at sunrise, 16th September.. ecleys Sicisialalels 
Magna Charta signed by King John, ............ cece esc c ccc ceacce wate's 
Astronomy and geography revived by the Moors OP Spain aitis'ix serdies ee é 
Commons of England first summoned to Parliament ........ 
Parliament regularly held from this year, being the 22d of Edware i) 
Turkish empire founded by Ottoman............. dhin's olslaidiel sisisjeidiaees ee 
Mariner’s compass improved by Gioia of Amaldi..... Rel ahatnte a celeioisniuce 
Gunpowder made by a monk at Cologne........ ware ses etelticia hs a ig laie.sie- be 
Gold first coined in England by Edward IIL......6. cece cceccccccctcccce 
Edward ILL. had 4 pieces of cannon at ik poole NGiersitelsies pais sfale civ ercie vive 
Coals first brongut to London...... ae a ae valvaltems da eles eee bale 
Wickliffe, the English reformer, flourished... WeleR Ue eae lela. seid elaleis vikcw vars 
Canary Islauds discovered DY NOTINAIN IC. vine s/n s wily Nal Saal Wivia ed eeealo satis 
Painting in oil invented at Bruges by John Wan SVCKI ccscase ne Deedee 
Algebra introduced into Enrope . Siclblalseu ciara vs @ 
Printing invented by Laurence of ‘Haerlem, who diedin... ainlatcserars aiahera 
Constantinople taken by the Turks: Greek empire ends ...........00. 
Glass manutactured in England ..... ES a ate crore eels Mio Sele e' ees cvccceces 
Engraving and etching on copper about. .... 00. ccc cece tenecace cocce 
Printing brought to kngland by Caxton............. se eecececccccececes 
America discovered by Colon or Columbus..... Lidia diet ald e mel amte eras 
Portuguese sail to India round the Cape of Good Hope coger a Bis elele slate 
Shillings first coined in England............. ais oscesie sineece eeeloeaueies 
Martin Luther began the Reformation .... ........... aeecishias djs, usislen' 
First voyage round the world by Magellan’s SHIpS.........secceccccece 
Reformation introduced into England.............. moe eis ala'4 gia alee iwiatalauar 
Variation of the compass discovered by Canotiy oes licsiiicese neem 
Reformation completed in Scotiand by John Km0X....+....seee.eee eee 
Pope Gregory reforms the calendar..........+- ais ataiaiels Claleaisiaelarsts seth 
Tobacco first brought to England from Virginia io. cu sees. a - 
Mary Queen of Scotiand beheaded by Elizabeth. Seaeles sia'alelvewe' e/a s'b.s'el taal: 
Telescopes invented in Germany ......cerceercevccvccccessevceressecee 
Decimal Arithmetic invented at Bruges . Seed wis ealalp sels tarnveiacwaleras @cia'g 


‘Union of the crowns of England and Scotland Aad aisle mince ein alee knee ee ea 


Galileo of Florence discovers Jupiter’s Satellives screcnscmer sie sc Halse nee 
Thermometers invented by Drebelin Holland.........25 — .eecacccece 
Logarithms invented by Napier in Scotland ........ Ra es 
Circulation of the blood, established by Harvey: this had “been sug- 
gested in France in 1553. .......-.0.. se ee eeee cer erececescrecccee 
Barbadoes the first British settloment.....ccccsccccccvccescccceveseses 


Barometers invented in Italy by Torricelli rete eeen ee ceceecsrevegseeers 


~ or : 
Bi : 
FN Pn nD 





631 


A.C, 
401 
429 
452 


622 
653 
663 


748 
800 
979 


991 


. 1000 


1040 
1066 
1080 
1096 
1172 
1180 
1186 
1215 
1293 
. 1264 
. 1293 
1298 
1302 
1330 
1344 
1345 
1357 
1369 
1405 
1410 
1412 
1440 
1453 
1457 
1460 
1471 
1492 
1497 
1505 
1517 
1522 
1534 
1540 
1560 
1582 
1583 
1587 
1590 
1602 
163 
1610 
1610 
1614 


. 1619 
1625 
1643 





632 CHRONOLOGICAL. TABLE 


A. Cc. 
Pendulums applied to clocks by Hwigens .......cececcsescsccsscecesecs 1649 
Air-pump invented by Guericke Magdeburg............0s.... Sp esieimnije LOUo 
Restoration of Charles II, on the 29th of May......escccceeccccscees.++ 16060 
Royal Society of London éstablished ..........cec2eecveccecccce my tity 1662 
rea firstused in’ England 9%). 8.p 2 ese rs cis cues sienitiole tactic ss + +iethlReree eiieal OUI 
Newtonian philosophy published. . Wa acahe oi eras okiets ts sichieesa te becuse anne aon 
Land-tax enacted in England........... ode ald etake re miele lb s.s'g.e's asia see ane are 
Bayonets first used by the French...... ds cle aig she Maalote ie o.dle'e.6 o'eie bisetatetaltatahie Gores 
Bank of England established .............. sila ibibplsicieiecs o.0/s vio v,e@iatcth mamtane 1693 
Union of kingdoms of England and ‘Scotland Aeipieinin we sop\s0 b/e's 60 o/aebeinleate ann 
New Style introduced into Britain ........... Se aa lee ulie 'g wietare mp miaiolalorel Mb oiea 
Transit of Venus over the Sun, 6th of June .............. évclegaene ng e De 
Cook returns from his first voyage round the world ............ PIC gr O70 
Dr. Herschel discovers the planet called by his name....... PM Seni ty ML fed k 
Dr. Herschel discovers two of: its Satellites . 25.2.0... ...5 cs cenccccceess LIST 
Revolution:in) France! Deegan ic iei/cileiasie weteie lets seis olbie bala eerie ay cueanaS -. 1789 
King of France deposed 2% oi. sigs a oeeWentie seals nes < © Seu.) ear nenS - 1792 
United Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland met for the first time, 
On the 22d:of January os. eo eras Nets aia clei is = |a eo. year etal Ca 1801 
Restoration of Louis 18th, and peace between ‘France and the Antied a 
Powers, 1st Of May (Wee Foe uelestanemiaas ts AMEE ih Stitt bea! 
Peace proclaimed in London, June 20 Me dvianice se co's cise week eatin esa 1814 
Battle of Waterloo, June 18th..............0.. Ses cesee + cuieete se peminwte 1815 
Catholic Emancipation............ Uvialsie.g sleiy.c's 6 6c elsicb-0\e o os y ehoeah lolteatan memes 
Revolution in. France; d Uly DIG ives ines vesicle cevecch wus Gaicic aipetes ate 1830 
CHOLGE By be BORER NBO Ns Ora ea 3 A eee: sik cio fa a eel Seeded 
Sir Walter Scott died 21st September... s Rislge os is'o ee'n 6 oso 6:4.alere epi Mie Data enn eEe 
First Reformed Parliament assembled ........ Hes Panes on se ole naiatetg dh 8} 
West India Slave Emancipation Bill passed..... oe bso Sinise ite elelelem wis lace manners 
American Banks suspend payments, June.......-.4 aie we attta Mest Settee alters V9 
Victoria crowned in Westminster Abbey, J une DOC ys Sor ie tae aes te 1838 
Total Abolition of Slavery in all the British Colonies, August Ist ...... 1838 
ANSUTTECHION IN Canadas o's sais cueeics'elicn fs Ue dele alae elnie ante een ae ae 1838 
War between Great Britain and China: Squadron of 15 ships of the line 
Sail for China se dices ae hak eiboig Mae eae eae ee 1840 
Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe Cobourg Gotha.......... 1840 
The remains of Napoleon Bonaparte brought from St. Helena; and 


placed in the Church of the Invalides at Paris .. .................. 1840. 


Union of Upper.and Lower Canada {ocji.s 0. osc. Ju. ne vile tele Maes 1841 
The President steamship sailed from New York for Liverpool, and was 
lost on the passage, with 1386 persons on board ,................... 1841 
Death of W. E. Channing, D.D., the celebrated American author....... 1842 
Dreadful earthquake among the West India Islands, the town of Point- 
a-Pitre, in Guadaloupe, completely destroyed, and 5000 persons 
RUNG Ge a Se Se aie clasts seals cies ae broke aete se Gletard ld ntele' 4 ation ea 1842 
Louis Phillipe, king of the French, abdicated ....... andle Madore tenis bla eeare 1848 


Louis of Bavaria, abdicated .............. wis o Medias tlorois sioa tet GREE oooe, 1848 yy 


Slavery abolished in French Colonies ........-.seccceccsscese ose viboime LOSS 
Charles Albert of Sardinia, abdicated .......... daiete ale Mike aie Shee sje core 
Britannia Tubular Bridge opened ...........+.6.. ib. Mievamte wlgte lalate ales tae ye Oe 
Napoleon III. declared Emperor Of France ........cccccccsecvecscesces 1852 
Gold discovered in South Australia.............. che, aleidiele ce auate'e pialw ale cota eee cena 
Napoleon III. marries Eugenie .”.............- wb 5 ab thip Diperee we de ae Se ac eeeOe 


Balaclava, charge of the 600 Si ee ee ee Coeeeeeeresseesesoseesess 1854 : 


Sir John Franklin removed from Navy List........ siplelae Seca abide aleleld Eat Ons 
Gold discovered in Vancouver’s Island...... bis bleis « elena sere e /o\s- mnie leletel stg een 
Gold discovered in British Columbia ........... b alelelsiasivicts cro <'n via ¢ Ue nee ea es 
Gretna Green marriages abolished ...... a aida'd's palen epinielemieissle'a 9 ovate oh sae 
Sepoy mutiny, India........... ...... dWSGis oleic pete Uplele Riis b.0\e 0.6.6 a tuDRat ERI EOENT 
Stereotype printing for newspapers shave eos ceed eeelehee se 000s onan ae 
English and French force capture Canton o..sceceertoaceceverceecscece 1O08 


















Sf. 
ee ‘ 
wilde Deb a tytn 





CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 633 
oe A. oO. 
Emperor Maximilian Executed: iyecvsiays eanadheeVenwe vandacgiedteese LBOF 
Atlantic telegraph, first message, August, Ware ACS Se saie np hOuS 
minha Gremuusacsern Jaunched se cc cn6 one's sin cie's o's pee ailaieia ed citron 1858 
Quito destroyed by an earthquake. oli scces cece cw dansccscecesscccenee L859 
William Walker, filibuster, shot................6-- Hara 8 Gis et abate ied clave siz lates 1860 
Wictorian bridge: Canada, Opened i) Foil, iiesenaciedicces cesices at ahe raisin - 1860 
PrederiGeewiiam) LV; Of Prussia; Giedens cic cas aay oc obs cceiels ce cacuce -- 1861 
Serfdom abolished in Russia... 6 ic. cece ese e cece cece selaiesisk sicerere -. 1861 
Pee OMe Cee TTUY OTTDO CL Y54 5. c'.'s n\cisia hig stWidte eleidisiaia'da's'> 0s. sie eleisisieisisie bisa ees 1861 
PLOT AICRUMILEOL) Seth slice a cles Teig siete Sia ARE ciain’eia/e saan! Wola suarshewlcas 1861 
PyUSvian Porm vlockaded by Denmarky 132. 20 seis e'e'cis cies clesessusveicive 1864 
Feace between Prussia and Denmark..............006. Weishaieises ola irelnie . 1864 
First Parliament of the Dominion of Canada .............. cee eeeee --. 1866 
PNET RE Sa als as oC alla ear Nea es atpUtele Rldlc'a'e au we 04 abare Bn as 1866; 4%, 
Gen. Sir R. Napier defeated the troops of Theodore, King of Abyssinia, 
eM PONTURIN 5 dio dco gathen ts Gace CaR@ a ph ke Sst cua de aaleie .-- 1868 
George Peabody, the philanthropist, died........... 2... cee ee ec eeeeceee 1869 
Oneem isabella Ii, of Spain, abdicated. oo. ose es aideicecie'ssles)4 «einialsly dine LOTO 
See CEaGrE Paris: Li A WALLOOM: s.csis Daladalcie sie vielen vedere ass shicids ves ecwe 1870 
Battles of Vionville, Gravelot, and Sedan.........06 cc ccescelkecececucsce 1870 
RT LEEFUC OIG CVO Wiirais ticsad a.ere (aie als vislbie Stella Ble sg sul Sietala » saleies@Nibse Severe 1870 
Imperial crown of Germany conferred on William of Prussia,........ . 1870 
PEAT ULE CO MO CLALT cus ucaiie's, wletaaaiaga elaine e's pial e s'eleis Mabeaie lire wn doit ata aa ale -» 1870 
DIATMIONAS GISCOV ELGG: 1 SOULD ATPICH. cia s\clsreels wre eis els bbc clones s desiee 1871 
Livingstone and H. M. Stanly meet in Africa!....... 2... cc ccc cece sence 1871 
Tunnel under Mount Cenis opened..........-.-..20- eWelliaeeceleraieratetare LST 
Thiers elected President of the French Republic................ Er ey tei | 
Osptain Halt of the Polaris; died oo gis ees Seis cine oe siee eve ciae Biek cate etal Gk 1871 
Old Giscovered. IN NOW Zealand 5 5. ils nic!t cio side cisiei s/s stead Slee eis oae.sivlelcie's 1871 
William of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany................. . 1871 
The Tuileries destroyed by Communists ........... Dalaletmatuiaivis ats tw alateiteg 1871 
King Amadeus I., of Spain abdicated..... Sg, Slaieicca el diate Stee ate se Meise sicisrers 1873 
Belfort restored to France...............- A atbtste &(Gle Wis, wie rara uss heh AienGis Sespatone aye 1873 
Death of Napoleon ITI............ Natale onal etal den aialsislere a Nias 6 Walcunicere see 1873 
Miata en B AL AIG G:stIIKs 1OSS;) 100; cscie’ coos ve'scss ofa cneecicciacse sivas 1873 
PUGET OUUVT Tacos pela dinle(chibiulccletale sees ate Saige wislaivicleaalan Rai visit era taie 1874 
Fiji Islands become British Colonies ae PAL Risleales apieinncdvale’e sine seaown se iLone 
Bulcan abdul Aziz Of LULrkey, BOAICaAbEG.\is\vis/s:cainieisias os vie'gc cele ev's s/ele eels 1876 
Sultan Murad: V. of Turkey, abdicated ......6.0. ccc cece ccceccrcece aie Ce LOLe 
OEE WOMLSLEN CO. 1 so ce Uiasclast's sds stave etelaie eve a niaie al tie iors aufatalaathaleherwee aie Y. HLST6, 
PRDUREr TAU ox OT OLLLOIU AD LUABOLS ic 18 pedaleinie es ste bid Uidic aleie ciate arenes nels Se LORD 
Escape of Fenianprisoners from West Australia........cceseese-seenes 1876 
ERO MDG CLASS, DT OOUCOUrs 2 cablte co siclscsiatala ie sities ete'e ialei vce nia(s ea elelarniannuote . 1876 
Freedom of the City of London conferred on ex-President Grant....... 1877 
Zurich, cremation of human bodies legalized. ... ces... escsccecsceeee 1877 
Great Exposition in Paris ............. LbdielnGaicivinwiels Viale duieicaleye sige tela stenrecrit 
Peace between Russia and Turkey... Pali stet are diaiercioeis.e: aia say M said ear om aiatend lar 1878 | 
England at war with Zulus.. Melelcetd' sie wisls'ers a Ware ila dia $e ela weiaicisialete Swls tle hi Ley ho 
Prince Jmperial killed by TREN COURT STON UU BYE ht Aca SSR Si bs) 
Lesseps Company begin work on Panama Canal ....- 2... ...eeeeeeeeees 1880 
Trish Home Rulers silenced by majority in House of Commons..... eee 1881 


Bombardment of Alexandria by the British fleet, July 11.............. 1882 
Italy resumed Specie payments suspended since 1866,................. 1883 


The Brooklyn and New York Suspension Bridge formerly opened 


Java and neighboring islands devastated by volcanic eruptions, 100,- 
UNRINEMROSD CA USUAL. veces os delelcincass ciple Suu epee slow se vessedae ¢esie let Lond 
Defeat ‘of Egyptian rebels under Osman Digna by the British, 


LENE SOE ee een a beg a aba abin.e Ravin a 4 Peele cular REC eTE heb wce dee ceeens eevee LOGS 
\ 


<—e 
bat 


NE Se APL Sh, Oe RAN Ses PL) (lay Se Pee gb) 
Sot vats i ap AS Bt yest Te 





634 GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES. 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES. 


A. O. 

861. Ferne Islands, discovered about this time by a Scandinavian vessel. 

871, Iceland, discovered by some Norwegian Chiefs, who were compeiled to 
leave their native country. According to some accounts, it had been 
visited before this by a Scandinavian pirate, Naddodd, 

950. Greenland, discovered by the Icelanders about this period. The first 
colony established there was destroyed bya pestilence in the 14th cen. 
tury, and by the accumulation of ice between Greenland and Iceland 
all intercourse was cut off. 

1002. Winland dat Gode (Good Wine Land), a part of America, was discovered 
by the Northmen, Eric and Biorn. 

1344. Madeira, the well-known wine-producing island, was discovered by 
Juan Gonzalez and Tristan Vaz, Portuguese. 

1345, Canary Isles, discovered by some Genoese and Spanish seamen, having 
been known to the ancients. 

1364. Guinea, the coast of, discovered by some seamen of Dieppe, about this 
period, 

1418. Porto Santo, discovered by Vaz and Zarco, Portuguese, 

1440-1445. Senegal River, discovered by the Portuguese, 

1446. Cape Verde, discovered by Denis Fernandez, a Portuguese, 

1448. Azores Islands, discovered by Gonzalio Vello, a Portuguese. 

1449, Cape Verde Islands, discovered by Antonio de Noli, a Genoese in the 
service of Portugal. 

1471. Island of St. Thomas, under the Equator, discovered. 

1484. Congo, discovered by the Portuguese, under Diego Cam. 

1484. Cape Bojador, or Nun, doubled for the first time by the Deere 

1486. Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Bartholomew Diaz. 

1492. Lucayos, or Bahama Islands. These were the first points of discovery 
by Columbus. San Salvador, one of these islands, was first seen by 
this great navigator on the 11th or 12th of October in this year. 

1492, Cuba, Island of Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, discovered by Columbus 
in his first voyage. 

1493. Jamaica, St. Christopher’s Dominica, discovered by Columbus in his 
second voyage. 

1497. Cape of Good Hope, doubled by Vasco di Gama, and the passage to In- 
dia discovered. 


1497. Newfoundland, discovered by John Cnbot, who first called it Prima 


Vista and Baccalaos. 

1498, Continent of America, discovered by Columbus, 

1498. Malabar, coast of, discovered by Vasco di Gama. Y 

1498. Mozambique, island of, discovered by Vasco di Gama, 

1499. Guiana and Venezuela, discovered by Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, 
under Portuguese flag. 

1501. Brazil carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1501. Labrador and River St Lawrence, discovered by Cortecal, who sailed 
from Lisbon on a yoyage of discovery for the Portuguese. 

1502. Gulfof Mexico. Some of the shores of this gulf explored by Columbus 
on his last voyage. 

J502. St. Helena, the island of, discovered by Jean de Nova, a Portuguese. 

1506. Ceylon, discovered by the Portuguese. Ceylon was known to the Ro- 
mans in the time of Claudius. 

1506. Madagascar, island of, discovered by Tristan da Cunha, and revisited 
by the Portuguese navigator, Fernandez Pereira in 1508. This island 
was first called St. Lawrence, having been discovered on the day of 
that Saint. 

1608. Canada, visited by Thomas Aubert. Known before to fishermen, whe 
had been thrown there by a tempest. 

1508, Ascension Isle, discovered by Tristan da Cunha, 

1508. Sumatra, island of, discovered by Siqueyra, a Portuguese, 

1611. Sumatra, more accurately examined by the Portuguese, 


; 
¥ 
‘ 














A. 6, 
1511, 
1511, 
1612. 


1512. 
1613. 


1513. 


1515. 
1616. 
1516. 
1517. 
1517. 


1518, 
1519. 


1520. 
1621. 
1521. 


1524. 


1524, 
1525. 


1527. 
1530. 
1534, 
1535. 
1637. 
1541, 
1641. 
1542, 
1545. 
1552. 
1553. 

1553. 

1575. 


1576, 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES. 635 


Molucca Isles, discovered by the Portuguese. 

Sunda Isles, discovered by Abrew, a Portuguese, 

Maldives. A Portuguese navigator, wrecked on these islands, found 
them in occasional possession of the Arabians. 

Florida, discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spanish navigator. 

oes and Java. The Portuguese became acquainted with these 
islands. 

South Sea. The Great Ocean was discovered this year from the moun- 
tains of Darien, by Nuguez de Balboa, and subsequently navigated by 
Magellan. The supposition of the New oud being part of India atc 
ceased. 

Peru, discovered by Perez de la Rua. 

Rio Janeiro, discovered by Diaz de Solis. 

Rio de la Plata, discovered by the same.} 

China, discovery of, by sea, by Fernand Perez d’Andrada. 

Bengal, discovered by some Portuguese thrown on the coast by a tem- 


pest. 

Mexico discovered by the Spaniards; conquered by Certes in 1519, 
Magellan, Straits of, passed by Magellan with a fleet of di-covery fitted 
out by the Emperor Charles V. The first voyage round the world was 
undertaken by this navigator; and his vessel performed the enter- 
prise, although the commander perished. 

Terra del Fuego, discovered by Magellan. 

Ladrone Islands, discovered by Magellan. 

Philippines. This archipelago was discovered by Magellan, who lost 
his life here in a skirmish. 

New France. The first voyage of discovery made by the French under 
Francis the First, one of whose ships, after reaching Florida, coasted 
along as far as 50 degrees north latitude, and gave to this part the 
name of new France. 

North America, travelled over from Florida to Newfoundland by Verri- 
zana, & Florentine, in the service of France. 

New Holland, discovered by the Portuguese about this time; this im- 
mense tract was for some time neglected by Europeans, but was vVis- 
ited by the Dutch, at various periods, from 1619 to 1044. 

Ae Guinea, discovered by Sanvedra, a Spaniard, sent from Mexico, by 
Cortez. 

Guinea, the first voyage to, made by an English ship for elephants’ 
teeth. 

Canada, visited by Cortier, of St. Malo; a settlement having previously 
been made in 1528, by Verrizzani, who took possession in the name of 
Francis I. of France. 

California, discovered by Cortez, 

Chili, discovered by Diego de Almargo, one of the conquerors of Peru. 
Labrador, discovered by a French engineer, Alphonse. 

India, the first English ship sailed to, for the purpose of attacking the 
Portuguese. 

Japan, discovered by the Portuguese, Antonio de Meta and Antonio de 
Peyxoto, who were cast by a tempest on its coast. 

Potosi, mines of, discovered by the Spaniards. 

Spitzbergen, observed by the English, but mistaken fo part of Green- 
land. Visited by Barentz, a Dutch navigator in Sarah of a north-east 
passage, in 1596. 

White Sea. This sea, which had not been visita since the time of Al- 
fred, was now supposed to be discovered by Chancellor, the English 
navigator. 

Nova Zembla, discovered by Willoughby, an English seaman. 

Solomon’s Isles, discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, sent by the Gov- 
ernor of Peru. 

Frobisher’s Strait, discovered by the English navigator whose name it 





| 


636 _ GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES. 


A. 0. 

1576. Greenland, further explored by Frobisher, who also penetrated farther 
between this country and Labrador. 

1577. New Albion, discovered by Drake, who was the second to attempt a 
voyage round the world, which he performed in three years. 

1580. Siberia, discovered by Yermak Timophelevitch, Chief of the Cossacks, | 

1587. Davies’ Straits, discovered by the English navigator whose name it 
bears, in his voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage. 

1594, Falkland Islands, discovered by the English navigator, Sir John Haw- 
kins. 

1596. Marquesas, discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, on his voyage from 
Peru to found a colony in the Solomon Isles. ‘ 

1596, Solitary Island, discovered by Mendana on the above-named yoyage.  ~ 

1606. Archipelago del Espirito Santo, discovered by Guirus, a Portuguese 
sent from Peru. These islands are the cyclades of the Bougainville, 
and the New Hebrides of Cook. 

1606. Otaheite, supposed to be discovered by Guiros, who named it Segit- 


taria. 

1607-1610. Hudson’s Bay, discovered by the celebrated English navigator, 
Hudson, on his third voyage. Venturing to pass the winter in this 
bay on his fourth voyage, he was, with four others, thrown by his sail- 
ors into a boat, and left to perish. 

1607. Chesapeake Bay, discovered by John Smith. 

1615. Straits of Le Maire, discovered with the island of Staten on the east, 
by Le Maire, a merchant of Amsterdam,, and Schouten, a merchant of 
Horn. 

1616. Cape Horn, doubled by Le Maire and Schouten, Dutch navigators, who 
called it after the town of which Schouten was a native. 

1616. Van Dieman’s Land, discovered by the Dutch. 

1616. Baffin’s Bay, discovered by William Baffin, an Englishman. 

1636. Frozen Ocean. In this year the Russians discovered that this ocean 
washed and bounded the north of Asia. The first Russian ship sailed 
down tine Lena into this sea. 

1642. New Zealand, with the southern port of Van Dieman’s Land, discovered 
by Tasman, a Dutch navigator. 

‘654. Bourbon, isle of, occupied by the French. 

4673. Louisiana, discovered by the French. This country received its name 

* from Le Salle, a Frenchman, who explored the Misgissippi, in 1682. 

1686. Easter Islands, discovered by Roggewein, a Dutch navigator. 

1690. Kamschatka, the principal settlement of the Russians, on the coast of 
Asia, discovered by a Cossack chief, Morosko. This country was taken 
possession of by the Russians in 1697, 

1692. Japan, carefully visited by Kemfer, a German. 

1699. New Britain. This island, and the straits which connie it from New 
Guinea, discovered by Dampier. This enterprising seaman made a 
voyage round the world at the period of this discovery. 

1711. Kurile Isles, occupied by the Russians. The people of these islands, 
which are twenty-one in number, still pay tribute to Russia. They are 
principally volcanic. 

1628. Behring’s Strait, explored and designated by a Danish navigator in the 
service of Russia, whose name it bears. Behring thus established that 
the continents of Asia and America are not united, but are distant 
from each cther about thirty-nine miles. 

1728. Kamschatka, ascertained by Behring to be a peninsula. 

1741. Aleutian Isles, on the coast of North America, discovered by Behring. 
A more accurate survey of these islands was made under the Russian 
Government, by Captains Billing and Sarytchef, from 1781 to 1798. 

1765. Duke of York’s Islands, discovered by Byron. 

1765. Isles of Danger, discovered by Byron. 

1767. Otabeite, discovered by Wallis. 

1768. Cook’s Strait, discovered by Captain Cook on his voyage round the 
world, which occupied from 1768 to 1771. 














GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES, 637 


A. @. 
1770. New South Wales, discovered by Captain Cook, 


1772, Island of Desolation, the first land south of India, discovered by Ker- 
guelen, and called by his name, Subsequently called the Island of 
Desolation by Captain Cook, 


1774, New Caledonia, discovered by Captain Cook in his second voyage, 
1772-1775. 


1778, Icy Cape, discovered by Captain Cook, 


1778. Sandwich Islands, discovered by Captain Cook in his third voyage, 
which commenced in 1776. He lost his life in 1779. 


1797. Bass’s Straits. Mr. Bass, surgeon of H. M. 8. Reliance, penetrated as 
far as Western Port, in a small open boat, from Port Jackson, and was 
of opinion that a strait existed between New South Wales and Van 
Dieman’s Land. In 1799, Lieut. Flinders circumnavigated Van Die- 
man’s Land, and named the Strait after Mr. Bass. 


1804, 5, 6, Missouri, explored to its sources by Captains Lewis and Clarke, 
and the origin and source of the Columbia ascertained. 


1819. Barrow’s Straits, discovered by Lieut. Parry, who penetrated as far as 
teal ea Island, in lat. 74 deg. 26’ min. N. and long. 113 deg. 47 min. 


1819. New South Shetland, discovered by Mr. Smith, of the ane William, 
bound to Valparaiso. 


1819-1822. North America, the northern lintits of, determined by Captain 
Franklin, from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Cape Turna- 
gain. 

1821 Asia, the northern limits of, determined by Baron Wrangle. 


1825-26. North America. Franklin’s second expedition, in which the coast 
between the mouths of the Coppermine and M’Kenzie’s rivers, and 
the coast from the mouth of the latter to 14914 W. long., were discov- 
ered. 


1827. North America. In August of this year, Captain Beechey, in H. M. 8. 
Blossom, discovered the coast from Icy Cape to Point Barrow, leaving 
about 140 miles of coast unexplored between this Point and Point 
Beechey. Point Barrow is 156% W. long. 


1829-33. North America. North-west passage. Discoveries of Captain Ross, 
October 18th, 1833. 


1830. The Niger (termination of) discovered by Richard and John Lander, 
November 18th. 


1838. Arctic discoveries by Dease and Simpson. 

1849. Livingstone and friends trace River Zouga, Africa. 

1855. Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls, Africa. 

1856-1859, Du Chaillu explores Equatorial Africa. 

1857. Captain Burton crosses Equatorial Africa. 

1858. Captain Speke discovers Victoria Nyanza. 

1875. Cameron crosses the continent of Africa. 

1876, British Arctic expedition within 1,000 miles of North Pole. 

1877. Stanly surveys, take Tanganyika and crosses Africa from east to west, 
and identified the Lualaba with the Congo river. 

1878-79. Nordenskjold accomplishes the North-east passage from the Atlan- 
tic to the Pacific. 

1884. The Jeannette sailed for the Arctic regions, July 8, 1879. Crushed by 
ice June 23,1881. The remains of Lieut. Commander DeLong and 
party arrived in New York February 18, 1884, 





A BRIEF List 


OF 


MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES 


IN THE FABULOUS HISTORY OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS. 





Achates (a-ka/téz). The faithful friend of Aineas, the hero of Virgil’s Aneid. 

Acheron (ak/e-ron). The son of Sol and Terra, changed by Jupiter into a 
river of hell, or the infernal regions ;—used also for hell itself. 

Achilles (a-killéz). A Greek, who signalized himself in the war against 
Troy; and having been dipped by his mother in the River Styx, was 
invulnerable in every part except his right heel, but was at length 
killed by Paris with an arrow. 

Actzon (ak-té/on). The son of Aristeus, and a famous hunter, who, havin 
surprised Diana as she was bathing, was turned by her into a stag, an 
killed by, his own dogs. 

Adonis (a-do’nis). A beautiful youth beloved by Venus. He was killed b 
a wild boar. When wounded, Venus sprinkled nectar into his blood, 
from which flowers sprang up. 

Egeus (e-jé/us). A king of Athens, who threw himself into the sea, which 
after him was called the Aigean Sea. 

Egis (jis). A shield given by Jupiter to Minerva. 

Mneas (e-né/as). A Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus, 
the hero of Virgil’s poem, the Afneid. 

Eolus (6’o-lus). The god of the winds and storms. 

Asculapius (es-ku-la’/pe-us). The god of medicine, and the son of Apollo, 


illed by Jupiter with a thunderbolt on account of his skill, and par- 


ticularly for having restored Hippolytus to life. 

Agamemnon (ag-a-mem/non). King of Mycenez and Argos, brother to”*Men- 
elaus, and commander-in-chief of the Grecian army at the siege of Troy. 

Aganippe (ag-a-nip’pe). A fountain at the foot of Mount Helicon, conse- 
crated to Apollo and the Muses. 

Ajax (a/jaks). The son of Telamon, and, next to Achilles, the bravest of 
all the Greeks in the Trojan war. 

Albion (al’be-on). The son of Neptune, who went into Britain, where he 
established a kingdom. 

Alceste, or Alcestis (al-ses‘te, or -tis). The daughter of Pelias and wife of 
Admetus, brought back from hell by Hercules. 

Alcides (al-si/déz). A patronymic or title of Hercules. 

Alecto (a-lek’to). One of the three Furies. 

Ammon (am’mon). A title of Jupiter. i 

Amphion (am-fi‘on). The son of Jupiter and Antiope, who built the city 
of Thebes by the music of his harp. He and his brother Zethus are 
said to have invented music. 

Amphitrite (am-fe-tri‘te). The daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, goddess 
of the sea, and wife to Neptune. 

Andromache (an-drom/a-ke). The daughter of Eetion, king of Thebes, and 
wife of Hector. 

Andromeda (an-drom/e-da). The daughter of Cepheus and Cassiope, who, 
contesting with Juno and the Nereids for beauty, was exposed to a s¢a- 
monster, but was rescued and married by Perseus. 

Antwus (an-té’us), The son of Neptune and Terra, a famous giant, killed 
by Hercules, gn 
















MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 689! 


Antigone (an-tig’o-ne). The daughter of Gidipus and Jocasta, famous for 
her filial piety. 

Apollo (a-pol’lo). The son of Jupiter and Latona, and the god of music, 
poetry, eloquence, medicine, and the fine arts. , 

Arachne (a-rak’ne). A Lydian virgin, turned into a spider for contending 
with Minerva at spinning. 

Arethusa (ar-e-thi’sa). One of Diana’s nymphs, the daughter of Nerens 
and Doris, who was changed into a fountain. 

Argus Feet cag The son of Arestor, said to have a hundred eyes; but being 
killed by Mercury when appointed by Juno to guard Io, she put his 
eyes on the tail of a peacock. 3 

Ariadne (a-re-ad’/ne). The daughter of Minos, who, from love to Theseus, 
gave him a clew of thread which guided him out of the Cretan laby- 
Tinth, and she became his wife; but being aftePwards deserted by him, 
she was married to Bacchus, and made his priestess. 

Arion (2-ri‘on). A lyric poet of Methymna, who, in his voyage to Italy, 
saved his life from the cruelty of the mariners by means of dolphins, 
which the sweetness of his music brought together. 

Astrwa (as-tre’a). The goddess of justice; changed into the constellation 


Virgo. 

Atalanta (at-a-lan/ta). A princess of Scyros, who consented to marry that 
one of her suitors who should outrun her. Hippomenes was the suc- 
cessful competitor. 

Atlas (at/las). One of the Titans, and king of Mauritania, who is said to 
have supported the world on his shoulders, and was turned into a 
mountain by Perseus. 

Aurora (au-ro’ra). The goddess of the morning. 


Bacchantes (bak-kan'téz). Priestesses of Bacchus, 

Bacchus (bak’us). The son of Jupiter and Semele, and the god of wine and 
of drunkards. 

Bellerophon (bel-ler’o-fon). The son of Glaucnus, king of Egypt, very beau- 
tiful. With the aid of the horse Pegasus, he destroyed the Chimera; 

Bellona (bel-l0’na). The goddess of war, and sister of Mars. 

Belus (bé/lus). The son of Neptune and’*Libya, and one of the first kings 
of Babylon or Assyria, to whose statue divine honors were paid, and to 
whom a magnificent temple was built. : 

Boreas (b0're-as). The son of Astr#us and Aurora; the name of the north 


wind. 

Briareus (bri-a’re-us). A giant that warred against heaven, and was feigned - 
to have had fifty heads and one hundred hands. 

Busiris (bu-si’ris). The son of Neptune and Libya, a tyrant of Egypt, and 
a monstrous giant, who fed his horses with human flesh, and was killed 
by Hercules. 

Byblis (bib‘lis). The daughter of Miletus, who wept herself into a fountain 
through love of her brother Caunus. 


* Cacus (ka’/kus). The son of Vulcan, a most notorious robber, slain by Her- 


cules for stealing his oxen. 

Cadmus (kad’mus). The son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, the founder of 
the city of Thebes, and the reputed inventor of sixteen letters of the 
Greek alphabet. 

Calliope ao De). One of the Muses, who presided over eloquence and 
epic poetry. 

Calypso (ka-lip’so). One of the Oceanides, and one of the daughters of » 
Atlas, who reigned in the island Ogygia, and entertained Ulysses. 

Camilla (ka-mil/la). A famous queen of the Volsci, who opposed Aineas on 

- his landing in Italy. 

Capaneus (kap’/a-neis). A famous Grecian, killed by a stone at the siege 

of Thebes. 


Ceasandra (kas-san’dra). The daughter of Priam and Hecuba, endowed 


with tue gift of prophecy by Apolio, 





640 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 


Castalides (Ias-tal’i-dés).. The Muses, 80 called from the fountain Castalius, 
at the foot of Parnassus. 


Castor (kas’‘tor). A son of Jupiter and Leda. He and his twin brother ~ 


Pollux shared immortality alternately, and were formed into the con- 
stellation Gemini. 4 : 

Ceerops (26’krops). A very rich Egyptian, the founder and first king of 
Athens, who instituted marriage, altars, and sacrifices. 

Centaurs (sen’taurs). A people of Thessaly, half men and half horses, van- 
quished by Theseus, ; 

Cerberus (ser’be-rus). The three-headed dog of Pluto, which guarded the 
gates of hell. Hercules overcame and brought him away. 


Ceres (sé/réz). The daughter of Saturn and Cybele, and goddess of corn, 


harvest, and flowers. 

Charon (ka/ron). The son of Erebus and Nox, and ferryman of hell, who 
conducted the souls of the dead, in a boat, over the Rivers Styx and 
Acheron. 

Charybdis (ka-rib’dis), A ravenous woman, turned by Jupiter into a very 
dangerous gulf or whirlpool on the coast of Sicily. 

Chiron (ki/ron). The son of Saturn and Phillyra, a Centaur, who was pre- 
ceptor to Achilles, taught Zsculapius physic, and Hercules astronomy; 
and who was made the constellation Sagittarius. 

Chryseis (kri-sé'is), The daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo, famed for 
beauty and for her skill in embroidery. She fell to Agamemnon’s lot 
in the cause of the Trojan war, but was afterwards restored, in order 
to stop a Pete amongst the Grecians, which Apollo had sent at the 
request of her father. 

Circe (sir’se). The daughter of Sol and Perse, a noted enchantress. 

Clio (kli/o). One of the Muses. She presided over history. 

Clytemnestra (klit-em-nes'tra). The faithless wife of Agamemnon, killed 
by her son Orestes for her crimes. * 

Comus (k6‘mus). The god of revelry, feasting, and jollity. 

Crocus (kro‘kus). A young man who was enamored of the nymph Smilax, 
and changed into the flower of the name of crocus. 

Croesus (kré/sus). The king of Lydia, and the richest man of his time, 

Cupid (ka-pid). The son of Mars and Venus, a celebrated deity; the god 

- of love, and love itself. 

Cybele (sib’e-le). The daughter of Colus and Terra, the wife of Saturn, 
and the mother of the gods. d 

Cyclops (si‘klops). Vulcan's workmen, giants who had only one eye, in 
t 


e middle of their forehead, and were slain by Apollo in a pique 


against Jupiter. 


Deedalus (dé’da-lus). A most ingenious artist and artificer of Athens, who 
formed the Cretan labyrinth, and invented the auger, axe, glue, plumb- 
line, saw, and masts and sails for ships. 

Danaides (da-na'i-déz). The fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos, all 
of whom, except Hypermnestra, killed their husbands on the first 
night after marriage, and were therefore doomed to draw water out 
of a deep well, and eternally to pour it into a cask full of holes. 

Daphne (daf’ne), The daughter of the River Peneus, changed into a 
laurel-tree. 

Daphnis (daf’nis). A shepherd of Sicily, and son of Mercury. He was 
educated by the nymphs, and inspired by the Muses with the love of 


oetry. 
Geelanus (dar’da-nus). The son of Jupiter and Electra, and founder of 


Troy. ; 
Deidamia (de-id-a-mi‘a). The daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyres, wife 
of Achilles, and mother of Pyrrhus. ‘ 
Deiphobus (de-iffo-bus), The son of Priam and Hecuba, who married 
Beers after the death of Paris, but was betrayed by her to the 
Tee : e 


















eee 





MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 641 


Dejanira (dej-n-ni/ra). The daughter of (Eneus, and wife of Hercules, who 
killed herself in despair, because her husband burnt himself to avoid 
the torment occasioned by the poisoned shirt that she had given him 
to regain his love, according to the direction of Nessus, the centaur, 
from whom she received it. ; 

Dalos (dé/los).. An island in the Hgean Sea, where Apollo was born, and 
where he had a famous oracle. , 

Delphi (del’fi). A city of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo. 

Dewcalion (deu-ka‘li-on). The. son of Prometheus, and king of Thessaly, 
who, with his wife Pyrrha, was preserved from the general deluge, 
and repeopled the world by throwing stones behind them, as directed 
by the oracle. ; 

Diana (di-a’na). The daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the goddess of 
hunting, chastity, and marriage. 

rage ame (dic-tin‘na). A nymph of Crete, and one of the attendants of 

jana. 

Dido (di‘do). The queen of Carthage, daughter of Belus, and wife of 
Sicheus. She built Carthage, and, according to Virgil, entertained 
Aineas on his voyage to Italy, and stabbed herself through despair, 
because Aineas'left her. 

Diomedes (di-o-mé/dez). The son of Tydeus, and king of Aitolia, who 
gained great reputation at Troy, and who, with Ulysses, &c., carried 
off the Palladium. ' 

Dirce (dir‘se). The wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, dragged to death by 4 
mad bull. 

Draco (dra‘ko). An Athenian lawgiver, so severe as to punish every crime 
with death. 

Dryades (dri’‘a-déz). Nymphs who presided over the woods. 


Echo (ek’o). The daughter of Aer, or Air, and Tellus, who pined away 
through love for Narcissus. 

Electra (e-lek’tra). The daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, whe 
instigated her brother Orestes to revenge their father’s death upon 
their mother and #gisthus. 

Elysium (e-lizh’e-um). ‘The happy residence of the virtuous after death. 

Enceladus (en-sel’a-dus). The son of Titan and Terra, and the stronges¢ 
pi the giants, who conspired against Jupiter, and attempted to scase 

eaven. 

Endymion (en-dim’i-on). A shepherd and an astronomer of Caria, coa- 
demned to a sleep of thirty years. 

Epeus (e-pé/us). An artist, who made the Trojan horse, and invented the 
sword and buckler. 

Erato (er‘a-to). One of the Muses:—she presided over lyric and amorcus 
poetry. 
Erebus (er’e-bus). The son of Chaos and Nox, an infernal deity:—a river 

of hell, and often used by the poets for hell itself. 

Erinnys (e-rin’‘nys). The Greek name for the Eumenides, or Furies. 

Fumenides (i-men‘i déz). A name of the Furies. 

Euphorbus (i-for’bus). The son of Panthous, slain by Menelaus in the 
Trojan war. 

Euphrosyne (u-fros’e-ne). One of the three Graces. 

epee (a-ri‘a-le). A queen of the Amazons:—also one of the three 

orgons. 

Euryalus (a-ri/a-lus). A Peloponnesian chief in the Trojan war:—also a 
Trojan and a friend of Nisus, for whose loss Auneas was inconsolable. 

Eurydice (a-rid’i-se). The wife of Orpheus, killed by a serpent on her 
marriage day. ; 

Eurylochus (a-ril‘o-kus). One of the companions of Ulysses, and the only 
one who was not changed by Circe into a hog. 

Karystheus (i-ris’the-us). The son of Sthenelus, and king of Mycenz, who, 
at Juno’s instigation, set his brother Hercules twelve difficult labors. 

Euterpe (i-ter’pe), One of the Muses,the one who presided over musie 





642 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 


Fates (fates). Powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the 


life of mankind, were the three daughters of Nox and Erebus, named 
Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clotho was supposed to hold the distaff, 
Lachesis to draw the thread of human life, and Atropos to cut it off. ; 

Fauna (faw’/na). A Roman deity, the wife of Faunus. 

Fauni (faw’ni). Rural deities, described as having the legs, feet, and ears 
of goats, and the rest of the body human. 

Faunus (faw’nus). A king of Italy about thirteen hundred years B. C.; 
fond of agriculture, and revered as a deity. 

Flora (fl0’ra). The goddess of flowers and gardens. 

Fortuna (for-ti’na). A powerful deity, the goddess of fortune, from whose 
eee derived riches and poverty, happiness and misery ;—said to 

e blind. 


vs 


Furies (fa’ries). The three daughters of Nox and Acheron, Alecto, Tisi- — 


phone, and Megera, 


Galatwa (gal-a-té’a). A sea-nymph, the daughter of Nereus arid Doris, 
passionately loved by Polyphemus. 

Ganymede (gan’e-méde). The son of Tros, king of Troy, whom Jupiter, in 
phe ey of an eagle, snatched up and made his cup-bearer, instead 
of Hebe. 

Geryon (jé/re-on). A monster, represented as having three bodies and 
three heads, and as having fed his oxen with human flesh, and was 
therefore killed by Hercules. 

Gordius (gor’de-us). A husbandman, but afterwards king of Phrygia, re- 
markable for tying a knot of cords, on which the empire of Asia de- 

ended, in so very intricate a manner, that Alexander, unable to unravel 
it, cut it asunder. 

Gorgons (gor’gons). The three daughters of Phorcus and Ceto, named 

stheno, Euryale, and Medusa. ‘heir bodies were covered with im- 
penetrable scales, their hair entwined with serpents; they had only 
one eye betwixt them, and they could change into stones those whom 
they looked on. 

Graces (gra/sez). Three goddesses, represented as beautiful, modest virgins, 

} and constant attendants on Venus. 


Marpies (har’péz. The three daughters of Neptune and Terra, named 
Aello, Celeno, and Ocypete, winged monsters with the faces of virgins, 
the bodies of vultures, and hands armed with claws. 

Hebe (hé/be). The daughter of Juno, goddess of youth, and Jupiter’s cup- 
bearer, banished from heaven on account of an unlucky fall. 

Hector (hek’tor). The son of Priam and Hecuba, the most valiant of the 
Trojans, and slain by Achilles. 

Hecuba (hek’u-ba). The daughter of Dimas, king of Thrace, and wife of 
Priam, who tore her eyes out for the loss of her children. 

Helen (hel’en). The daughter of Tyndarus and Leda, and wife of Menelaus, 
the most beautiful woman of her age, who, running away with Paris, 
occasioned the Trojan war. 

Helenus (hel’e-nus). The son of Priam and Hecuba, spared by the Greeks 
for his skill in divination. 

Helle (hel/le). The daughter of Athamas, who, flying from her stepmother 
Ino, was drowned in the Pontic Sea, and gave it the name of Hellespont. 

Hercules (her’ku-léz). The son of Jupiter and Alemena, the most famous 
hero of antiquity, remarkable for his great strength. 

Hermione (her-mi/o-ne). The daughter of Mars and Venus, and wife of 
Cadmus, who was changed into a serpent. 

Hero (hé/ro). A beautiful woman of Sestos, in Thrace, and priestess of 
Venus, whom Leander of Abydos loved so tenderly that he swam over 
the Hellespont every night to see her; but at length being unfortu- 
nately drowned, she threw herself, in despair, into the sea. 

Hesione (he-si/o-ne). The daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, delivered 

. om a seamonster by Hercules, i 






















MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 643 


Plesperides (hes-per‘i-déz). Three nymphs, daughters of Hesperus, who 
guarded the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter. 

Hesperus (hes’per-us). The son of Japetus, and brother to Atlas; changed 
into the evening star. 

Hippolytus (hip-pol’e-tus). The son of Theseus and Antiope, or Hippolyte, 
who was restored to life by Ausculapius, at the request of Diana. 

Hippomenes (hip-pom’e-néz). A Grecian prince, who, beating Atalanta in 
the race by throwing golden apples before her, married her. They 
were changed by Cybele into lions. 

Hyacinthus (hi-a-sin‘thus). A beautiful boy, beloved by Apollo and Zephy- 
rus. The latter killed him; but Apollo changed the blood that was 
spilt into a flower called the Hyacinth. 

Hydra (hi‘dra). A celebrated monster, or serpent, with nine, or, according 
to some, a hundred heads, which infested the Lake Lerna. It was 
killed by Hercules. 

Hymen (hi‘men). The son of Bacchus and Venus, and god of marriage. 


Jearus (ik’a-rus). The son of Dedalus, who, flying with his father out of 
Crete into Sicily, and soaring too high, melted the wax of his wings, 
and fell into the sea,—thence called the Icarian Sea. 

To (0). The daughter of Inachus and Ismene, turned by Jupiter into a 
cow, and worshipped after her death, by the Egyptians, under the 
name of Isis. 

Iphigenia (if-i-je-ni‘a). Ths daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, 
and a priestess of Diana. ’ 

Iris (iris). The daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, 
and messenger of Juno, who turned her into a rainbow. 

Ixion (iks-i‘on). A king of Thessaly, the father of the Centaurs, who killed 
his own sister, and was punished by being fastened in hell to a wheel 
perpetually turning round. 


Janus (janus). The son of Apollo and Creusa, and first king of Italy, who, 
receiving the banished Saturn, was rewarded by him with the knowl- 
edge of husbandry, and of things past and future. 

Jason (ja/son). The leader of the Argonauts, who obtained the golden 
fleece at Colchis. : 

duno (ja‘no). The daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister and wife of Jupiter, 
the great queen of heaven, and of all the gods, and goddess of marriages 
and births. 

Jupiter (ji’pe-ter). The son of Saturn and Ops, the supreme deity of the 
heathen world, the most powerful of all the gods, and governor of all 
things. 

Zaocoon (la-ok’o-on). The son of Priam and Hecuba, and high priest of 
Apollo, who opposed the reception of the wocden horse into Troy. 

Laomedon (la-om’e-don). A king of Troy, killed by Hercules, for denying 
him his daughter Hesione after he had delivered her from the sea- 
monster, to which she had been exposed, on account of her father’s 
refusal to pay Neptune and Apollo for building the city walls. 

Lares seks Inferior gods at Rome, who presided over houses and 
families. 

fLatona (la-to’na). The daughter of Cus the Titan and Phebe, and mother 

'. of Apollo and Diana. 

Leda (lé‘da). The mother of Castor and Pollux, of Helen and Clytemnenira. 

Lucifer (la’se-fer). The name of the planet Venus, or morning star; said 
to be the son of Jupiter and Aurora. 

Lucina (lu-si‘na). A daughter of Jupiter and Juno, ang a goddess who 
presided over childbirth. 

Luna (li/na). The mocn, the daughter of Hyperion and Terra. 


Medea (me-dé/a), The daughter of Hetes, and 9 wenderful sorceress, or 
magician ; ‘ oh ae eg 


- 





644 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 


Medusa (me-dii’sa). Ono of the three Gorgons, whese hair Minerva changed 

into snakes. She was killed by Perseus. 

Melpomene (mel-pom’e-ne). One of the Muses,—the one who presided over 
tragedy. : 

memsion (mem/non). King of Athiopia, the son of Tithonus and Aurora, 
and king of Abydon, killed by Achilles for assisting Priam, and 
changed into a bird at the request of his mother. 

Menelaus (men-e-la/us). The son of Atreus, king of Sparta, brether of 
Agamemnon, and husband of Helena. 

Mentor (men‘tor). The faithful friend of Ulysses, the governor of Telema- 
chus, and the wisest man of his time. 
Mercury (mer’ku-re). The son of Jupiter and Maia, messenger of the gods, 
inventor of letters, and god of eloquence, commerce, and travelers. 
Minerva (mi-ner’va). The goddess of wisdom, the arts, and war; produced 
from Jupiter’s brain. 

Minotaur (min‘o-taur). A celebrated monster, half man and half bull, 
killed by Theseus. 

Mnemosyne (ne-mos/e-ne). The goddess of memory, and the mother of the 
nine muses, 

Momus (m0‘mus). The son of Nox, and god of folly and pleasantry. 

Morpheus (mor’fe-us). The minister of Nox and Somnus, and god of dreams, 


Naiads (na/idz). Nymphs of streams and fountains. 

Nemesis (nem/e-sis). One of the infernal deities, and goddess of vengeanee. 

Neptune (nep’ttine). The son of Saturn and Ops, god of the sea, and, next 
to Jupiter, the most powerful deity; represented with a trident in his 
right hand. ? 

Nestor (nes’tor). The son of Neleus and Chloris, and king of Pylos and 
Messenia. He fought against the Centaurs, was distinguished in the 
Trojan war, and lived to a great age. 

Niobe (ni/o-be). The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, who, 
preferring herself to Latona, had her fourteen children killed, and 
wept herself into a stone. 

Nox (noks). One of the most ancient of the deities, and goddess of night. 


Oceanides (6-se-an‘i-déz). Sea-nymphs, daughters of Oceanus; three thou- 
sand in number. 

Oceanus (6-sé/a-nus). A powerful deity of the sea, son of Celus and Terra. 
Orpheus (or/fe-us). A celebrated Argonaut, whose skill in music is said to 
have been so great that he could make rocks, trees, &c., follow him. 
Osiris (0-si'ris). The son of Jupiter, married to Io, and worshipped by the 

Egyptians under the form of an ox. 


Pan (pan). The son of Mercury, and the god of shepherds, huntsmen, and 
the inhabitants of the country. 

Pandora (pan do’/ra). A celebrated woman, and, according to Hesiod, the 
first mortal female that ever lived. Jupiter gave her a box which con- 
tained all the evils and miseries of life; but with hope at the bottom. 

Paris (par’is). The son of Priam and Hecuba, a most beautiful youth, who 
ran away with Helen, and thus occasioned the Trojan war. 

Pegasus (peg’a-sus). A winged horse belonging to Apollo and the Muses, 
which sprung from the blood of Medusa,when Perseus cut off her head. 

Penates (pe-na‘téz). Small statues, or household gods. 

Penelope (pe-nel’o-pe). A celebrated princess of Greece, wife of Ulysses, 
ceapeane for her chastity and constancy in the long absence of her 

usband. 

Philomela (fil-o-mélaz). The daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, whe 
was changed into a nightingale. 

Pluto (pli’to). The son of Saturn and Ops, brother of Jupiter and Neptune, 
and the god of the infernal regions. 

Plutus (pla/ tus). The son of Jasius and Ceres, and the god of riches, 

Pomona (pomi/na), Tho goddess of gardens and fruit-trees. 








> 
oe 





MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 645 


Priam (pri/am). The last king of Troy, the son of Laomedon, under whose 
reign Troy was taken by the Greeks. 

Prometheus (pro-mé’the-us). The son of Japetus. He is said to have stolen 
fire from heaven to animate two bodies which he had formed of clay; 
and he was therefore chained by Jupiter to Mount Caucasus, with a 
vulture perpetually gnawing his liver. 

Proteus (pro‘te-us). The son of Scaenus and Tethys, a sea-god and prophet, 
who possessed the power of changing himself into different shapes. 


’ Psyche (si/ke). A nymph beloved by eb and made immortal byJupiter. 


Pygmies (pig’/mies). A nation of dwarfs only a span high, carried away 

by Hercules. 

Remus (ré/mus). The elder brother of Romulus, killed by him for ridiculing 
the city walls, which he had just erected. 

Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man‘thus). Son of Jupiter and Europa, and king of 
Lycia, made one of the three infernal judges on account of his justice 
and goodness. 

Romulus (rom‘u-lus). The son of Mars and Ilia; he was thrown into the 
Tiber by his uncle, but was saved, with his twin brother Remus, by a 
shepherd; and he became the founder and first king of Rome. 


in 9 ante The daughter of Cadmus and Thebe, and mother of 

acchus. , 

Semiramis (se-mir’a-mis). The wife of Ninus, and celebrated queen of 
Assyria, who built the walls of Babylon, and was slain by her own son 
Ninyas, and turned into a pigeon. 

Silenus (si-lé’nus). The foster-father, master, and companion of Bacchus, 
who lived in Arcadia, rode on an ass, and was every day inebriated. 
Sirens (si/rens). Sea-nymphs, or sea-monsters, the daughters of Oceanus 

and Amphitrite. 

red ta (sis’e-fus). The son of Aolus, a most crafty prince, killed b 

heseus, and condemned by Pluto to roll up hill a large stone, whic 
constantly fell back again. 

Somnus (som’/nus). The son of Erebus and Nox, and the god of sleep. 

Sphinx (sfinks). A monster, who destroyed herself because Gidipus solved 
the enigma or riddle she proposed, 

Stentor (sten’tor). A Grecian, whose voice is reported to have been as 
strong and as loud as the voices of fifty men together. 

Sylvanus (sil-va/‘nus). A god of the woods and forests. 


Tantalus (tan’ta-lus). The son of Jupiter, and king of Lydia, who served 
up the limbs of his son Pelops to try the divinity of the gods. 

Tartarus (tar’ta-rus). The part of the infernal regions in which the most 
impious and criminal were punished. 

Terpsichore (terp-sik’o-re). One of the Muses:—she presided over dancing. 

Themis (thé’mis). The daughter of Ceelus and Terra, and goddess of justice. 

Tisiphone (ti-sif’o-ne). One of the three Furies. 

Titan (ti‘tan). The son of Celus and Terra, brother of Saturn, and one of 
the giants who warred against heaven. 

Tithonus (ti-tho’nus). The son of Laomedon, loved by Aurora, and turned 
by her, in his old age, into a grasshopper. 

Triton (tri/ton). The son of Neptune and Amphitrite, a powerful sea-god, 
and Neptune’s trumpeter. 


Venus (vé‘nus). One of the most celebrated deities of the ancients, the 
wife of Vulcan, the goddess of beauty, the mother of love, and the mis- 
tress of the graces and of pleasures. 

Vertumnus (ver-tum/‘nus),, A deity of the Romans, who presided over 
spring and orchards, and who was the lover of Pomona. 

Vosta (ves’ta). The sister of Ceres and Juno, the goddess of fire, and 
patroness of vestal virgins. 


Vulcan (vul’kan). The god who presided over fire and workers in metal 





646 INTEREST TABLES, | 


INTEREST TABLES, — cy 


Four per cent. 


a eS ne Ry 


Time. | $1 | $2 Rey $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 | $8 | $9 |$10/$25 |$50 |100}1,000 





4 days.| 0 | 0 ololo}lololololo tt D1 he ta 44 

8 O21 02107 FORO: VO OTE Oe ae Boy '4 ee 87 
12 “ O01 OO VO WO at ee 3) 6 | SR rei ae 
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24 % 0010 At Re Aa ees 7} 13] 26] 2.62 
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Dimon) 0.10 a QO Dele oi) Oils 8! 17] 33] 3.33 

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Sue 11/2/3]4151]6)%7 48 19 140 | 25] 5011.00) 10:00 

4 « 1/2]415 16 4] 8 |10 {10 |12 |13 | 33] 6611.33] 13.33 

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6 * 2141] 6 1] 8 |10 |12 |14 116 }18 120 | 5011.00/2.00| 20.00 

1 year. | 4 | 8 |12 |16 |20 |24 |28 132 |36 | 40 |1.00/2.00|4.00| 40.00 





ESSE A HL See me’, 


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| | | | | | | Se | |. 











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6 ¢ 315/719 |12 115 118 |20 |23 63 |1.25 [2.50] 25. 

1 year.| 5 {10 {15 | 20 {25 k 


30 | 35 | 40 | 45 50 1.25] 2.50 [5.00 








| 
| 








' 


INTEREST TABLES. 647 


SIX PER CENT. 








Time. | $1 | 73 | $8 | $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 | $s | $9 1910/$25/850/ 100/1,000 





| | | | | | | | | 





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> 4) Oey Ee PhO BO AO a OB IO 85 To BOL 4.83 
1 mo. Ore RS aS I Bena e a ST AST 254.501 5.00 
2mos.|/'1 |2)}3;]4/]5 {6 {748 | 9 |10 | 25) 50/1.00} 10.00 
ie ae DS eae GO, PT tO 10 1S BPS 4 BTS 75/150 |. 15.00 
my 2} 4] 6] 8 |10 |12 |14 116 |18 |20 | 50}1.00|2.00} 20.00 
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1 Loa 3} 6 | 9 |12 115 |18 |21_|24 |27 |30 | 75]1.50)3.00| 30.00 
1 year.| 6 {12 |18 |24 |30 |36 | 42 [48 | 54 | 60 |1.50/3.00|6.00} 60.00 


EIGHT PER CENT. 





Time. | $1 | $2 | $3 | $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 | $8 | $9 |$10)$25 |$50|100/1,000 


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Zmos. |} 1/2)4/5)] 6) 8] 9 }10 {12/13 | 33) 67/133] 13.33, 
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1 year. | 8 |16 | 24 | 32 |40 |48 | 56 | 64 | 72 | 80 |2.00/4.00|8.00} 90.00 

















648 INTEREST TABLES. 


SEVEN PER CENT. 
Time. | $1 | $2 | $3 | $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 | $8 | $9 |$10/$25/$50/ 100|/1,000 


i | | | | | | | | | 





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7 114 [21 (28 135 |4%|49 [56 |63 | 70 |1.75|3.50|7.00| 70.00 

















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08 09 < oP 9g cs me 09 | 09 | 09 | 2) OF | 09 =e OL 99 oP 8h 1 cé | 99] 09 eens 0D: 4:76 | 
*- ee ee “° . ee o* 09 09 o¢ 0g oe 09 0g a 9¢ OF QF z 9g 09 soe qynoyoouu0g 
= OOS FI a] SOP ie nies Fed 09 | °° | 249] ** | 09 | O09 | Od 9g ZG | SF | Zé | 99} 09 }°***** OpBIOTOD 
Sa a oe at = *% is ie se a = % mbes ta whe zg OF oc | ze #6 09 [rt ***eTULOTITeO 
50 ae Ax a = a Pe 09 ae — Pa ay a #9 “xs cH | ze 9g 09 f°****** euOZIIy 
08 09 | tL | oF 9g €¢ 4% | 9F | 09 “* 11g} og | 09 | OF | OL ee og) SF) cs | 98} O9 |" *SsBsuByIYy 
*ej108I| . *poas |"paas | , "so *s007 |. : *qog | "a109 z 
poes poses sotdde}, sdru/swor 8904 | [Ba qeoya |*£aq |, *SOTIOITIIO 
ue ssviz| £q}0 -qove . rl hk 
“F800 wee “ont ce “x8 ae Pena pets Sees “AML |-80 isean “340d | N00 a109 Sete “mon |B pop ET Deh RUS See 





, * SUIMOLIGUAL CNV SULVLS LNTYAAIG NI ‘SANNOd NI IGHSNE V JO LHOIAM 'IVOET 









660 THE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS. , 


THE HIGHEST MOUNTAINS OF THE WORLD. 


Names of Mountains. Country. Feet. Miles. 
Mount Everest (Himalayas)....-..--.---.-.- Thibetiseeeeece 29,002 .... 53 
Sorata, the highest mountain in America .. Bolivia .......-.. 25,380 3229 
PMI AUS Cee deals dws cso wh Ua aa etek ou peeO Ay Bolivia We sere cade 21,780 .... 4% 
REIIOEMAD is aoa oun bce aati. cee Gkeane Honadoriig se. cues 21,444 .... 43 
PAN GUGM OORR oso Ue i ee aie Afghanistan ..... 20,600 .... 3% 
Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world .... Ecuador ......... 19,408 .... 3} 
WAS LIS AITO ee oid Ke tok Som ene aku beer aa ane Houadoriiter yoke 19,150 22 2u-3e 
St. Elias, highest mountain in N. America . Canada .........- 18,000 .... 34 
Popocotepetl, volcano. -....-.-222.---22-00- Mexicoic gine. Vent 17, 735 se 
Mt. Roa, highest mountain in Oceanica .... Hawaii ...-...-..- 16,000 ....3 
Mt. Brown, highest peak Rocky Mountains, Canada .......--. 15/900 22 aes 

. Mont Blanc, highest mount.in Europe, Alps, Savoy........--.- 15; 76622223 
Mont Rosa, next highest peak of Alps ..... SAVOM ee vo. ava. 15,380% S13 
Limit of perpetual snow at the ............ Equator. ...3.. 15,207 /... 2% 
PAN COINGCAwe werewicc ee ele elec walewue Cae eee eee Hewauores. seco: 15,200 2Se527 
Mount Wihlimeyiouis Ula te ccc awe sie ee sea ae Californian: 2.2... 15,000 .... 22 
Mono Fair weabher occ ciwod ceece tee un aeue Alaska st ete 14,796 ._.. 2¢ 
Mount Sasha seotedccpoep co oheneeee jae eae California. oo... 2. 14,450... 23 
Pikes Peake oC NF ous is ae ae Colorado 2.25.22... 14,320... 22 
Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts.,volcano, Persia ...-...--.- 14,000 .... 28 
VEO COD BIT see Ct se ates awe ae eel aR Sumatra ......-.-. 13,800 .... 28 
Fremont’s Peak, Rocky Mountains ........ Wyoming........ 13,570... . 2 
Long’s Peak, Rocky Mountains.........-.. Colorado...-..---. 13,400 ....2% 
MOUND Ranier Gero glee e lt Ue eee Wash. Territory . 13,000 .... 24 
IMEOUIRE A TAT AG Ne es UE Rnd a eee ATrMeniatsss. 2c. 12,700... . 23 
Peak or Tenerifie, 20 620) Uh cee ee dad Canary Islands .. 12,236 ....23 
Miltsin, highest of Atlas Mountains -...... Morocco. -2l-,.-- 12,000... 2 
LM ACaNsh GN ofS & Loft h Were seeh e tem AUER ap UU eB BoC ig A 2 A Oregcon woe cues 11,570... . 24 
MONG Wie DaTON se Lies Ves ek eee Ls ee OVEIS Lowe tee 11,000 .... 24 
Mount Perdu, highest of the Pyrenees. .--. ETAanCe i eocew ce es 10,950 ....2 
Mounted elena: shes e ye, ae PS ee Orevon' = cea eee 10,150 ....1% 
Monn Astin a, VOLCANO. 2. Sole ee ee Sicthy see ae 10,050 ....1% 
Monte Corno, highest of the Appenines.... Naples.......-.-. 9,523 25. ..1¥ 
Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield mountains . Norway .-....--. 8,115....1% 
PTO TEN Sappho. atc te (Gy er woke Mise owt eeu Ara diate ee 8,000 ....14 
Pindus, highest mountain in.-.-....-....-. Greece... 22.- Petia Oh Vg Pave 
Black Mountain, highest mountain in--..-.. North Carolina .. 6,476....14 
Mount Washington, highest White Mount’s, New Hampshire . 6,234-...1} 
Mount Marcy, highest mountain in.....--. New York ...-. AO AOT cece 
Mount Hecla volcano: cio 2 ue tie 2a eeu Tceland vu seaeve ss D000 1 
Ben Nevis, highest mount. in Great Britain, Scotland .......-. 4,379 .... ¥ 
Mount Mansfield, highest of Green Mount’s, Vermont......... 4,280... £ 
meee ot Other.) ie osuie tee ees dean sue oe 4 Wirginias seins 4,260.... =} 
MOUNG WOsUVIlSs Pat Sua. Le Oe eS Naples. peeenae 3,932 .... ¥ 
Round Top, highest of Catskill Mountains . New York...... ~ 3,804.... % 





NUMBER OF PLANTS AND QUANTITY OF SEED TO USE. 


Asparagus roots.—1000 plants to bed | Melon.—1 ounce for 120 hills. 

4 by 225 feet. Onion.— Four pounds to the acre. 
Beans.—1 qt. plants 150 feet of row. | Radish.—1 ounce to 100 ft.of ground 
Beets.—1 ounce plants 150 ft. of row. | Spinach.—1 ounce to 250 ft. of row. 
Oabbage.—1 ounce gives 2.500 plants. | Sqwash.—1 ounce to 75 hills. 
Oelery.—1 ounce gives 7,000 plants. | Tomato.—1 ounce gives 2,500 plants 
Cucumber.—1 ounce for 150 hills. Turnip.—14 pounds to the acre, — 

.—1 ounce gives 7,000 plants. Re a eae , 


- 











OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS, LAKES, AND RIVERS. '6bL 


THE OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS, AND LAKES OF THE WORLD. 


OcEANS. Sq. Miles. Length. 
Pacific, dione 25.---2-..... 80,000,000 BAyYs. Miles. 
A tlaniaGy i ieee. 2ss-05-— 40,000,000 | Hudson’s, about ....- Jenbuwed ocd, 20 
InGiaw eas. st Sey ae 20,000,000 | Baftin’s, SiH oemewbic setae aac GOL 
Bouter cess ous-+.-- 2: 10,000,000 | Chesapeake, eee aweneeee-- 250 
ATOUICH MR ahs: oo dae vue soe 5,000,000 

Note.— The seas, bays, gulfs, &¢., Likes Length. Width. 
connected with each ocean, are in- : Miles. Miles. 
cluded in the foregoing estimate. It | Superior ........... S80 SO ee 120 
may be proper to remark, however, | Baikal :-..........- SOO soe crs ae 3a 
that the exact superficial extent of | Michigan .-......... Sa0 use oes 60 
the several oceans is not known | Great Slave ........ 300) 2 er uias 45 
with certainty, nor the exact propor- | Huron ............. Pl Baebes ies: 90 
tion of land and water. Winnipeg ..-.-..-.-.- 240 Firs ae 40 

Lensth | Briegsssyie 253s sf 2. 210s eee 50 

SEAS. in Miles. | Athabasca .......-. DUOs caeweseae 20 
Mediterranean, about ......... 2'000'| Ontario’. specs el.) TSO 2 sees co 
Caribbean, about .-.......-.--- 1,800 | Maracaybo......... 150d Caen ys 60 
China, TiN eden n Senne as 1,700 | Great Bear.......--. TSO. ote £0 
Red, DWN: Maker se saredp 1,400 | Ladoga... .......--- Np Sea Se ae 75 
Japan, has ge yeh gle ar 1,000 | Champlain ......-... EQS oe UPd Wi 
Black, Wy sb we ee sth wink sae 2 932 | Nicaragua ..... doy 1 ee id 40 
Caspian, ie a ee A eee 640} Lakeof the Woods... 70.........- 25 
Baltic, rile aac Bp ION os 600 | Geneva ........ BARNES] DEPRES SBER 10 
Okhotsk, Vit wad sab se cesione ahi. | CONSTANCE. coe ace YG AD BN 10 
White, DT ewiale abide ae seemed) S00! CRY IELR alate ys's'n'sn a! 36... a seage- 4 
Aral, ot COE ae IO 250 | George.........--.- SOL stv ees 3 








THE LONGEST RIVERS OF THE WORLD. 


Rivers. Locality. Rise. Discharge. Miles. 
Missouri ....- N.America.. Rocky Mountains...... Gulf of Mexico. 4,194 
Mississippi... N.America.. Lake Itaska ..........- Gulf of Mexico . 3,200 
Amazon...) BTAAW ecm A OSes oe ates Sa Atlantic Ocean . 3,800 
Hoang-Ho.... China....... Koulkoun Mountains .. Yellow Sea..... 3,000 
Murray -.---. Australia ... Australian Alps ....... Encounter Bay . 3,000 
2) RE Ra A Siberia. -....- Altaian Mountains..... Arctic Ocean. .. 2,800 
Nees ce Ce Egypt, Nubia Blue Nile, Abyssinia... Mediterranean . 2,750 

. Yang-tse-Kia. China....... BOOB eas Seas wh China Sea ....-- 2,500 
1 a Siberia...... Heights of Irkutsk .... Arctic Ocean... 2,500 
INSEER'¢ 25 2 '.!! Soudan ..... Base of Mt. Loma...... Gulf of Guinea - 2,300 
St. Lawrence. Canada ..... River St. Louis ........ Glf.St. Lawrence 1,960 
Volga ........ Russiaeecee Lake in Volhonsky..... Caspian Sea. -.. 1,900 
Maykiang.... Siam -..-..-- OIC Wig ae Sen dauewus Chinese Gulf... 1,700 
SNS 2s. 2s. Hindostan .. Little Thibet .......... Arabian Sea... . 1,700 
Danube ...--. Germany -.. Black Forest..........- Black Sea --..-.- 1,630 
Mackenzie ... N.America.. River Athabasca....... Arctic Ocean... 2,500 
Brahmapootra Thibet.-.---.- Himalaya ...- 25 .\ eee Bay of Bexgal .. 1,500 
Columbia .... N.America.. Rocky Mountains...... Pacific Ocean --. 1,090 
Colorado ..... N. America. San Taba: ..- 225222522. Gulf of Califor’a 1,000 
Susquehanna. N.America.. Lake Otsego ..........- Chesapeake Bay 400 
James. 05.5- N.America.. Allegheny Mountains.. Chesapeake Bay 500 
Potomac ..... N.America.. Gt.Black Bone Mount’n Chesapeake Bay 400 


Hudson ...-... N.America.. Adirondacks, Mt.Marcy Bay of N.York. 325 











652 CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES, 


STATISTICS OF CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES. 


| cat es a nese ok Nae RET MN SRT IES ST ASE RSTO ENE AS TURAY 9 Saif} Y AEE RAMEN 


Church Chureh| Church Church 


DENOMINATIONS. Organi-|,7;. gr 
zations..~“ifices| Sittings. | Property 











Baptist (regular) Pe veer rrereyey ayy 14, 474 12, 827 3,997,116 $39,229, 29% 


Baptist (other) -.--.-.------ eccsee} 1,355 | 13105 1) ° 363,019 2,378,977 
Christian. c,d cacnneabe souk amie’ wae 3, 578 | 2,822 865,602 6,425,137 
Congregational oo cso eee seks. 2.887 215) 15117;212 25,069,698 . 
Episcopal (Protestant) ........-.. 2,835 | 2,601 991,051 36,514,549 
Evangelical Association ........-- 815 641 193,796 2,301,650 
HTIBNUS Sea eeu celesceseyscsbeesan 692 662 224,664 3,939,560 
JOWISH Voseccclodeohessaeen musa 189 152 73,265 5,155,234 
Tnttheran scadadnomesmsercecowncnes 3,032 2,776 977,332 14,917,747 
MetNOdIShE ris vids suctaueoupoE ne 25,278 | 21,337 | 6,528,209 69,854,121 
Miscellaneous sie) eso opuwure sie Q7 17 6,935 135,650 
Moravian (Unitas Fratrum).-.... 72 67 25,700 709,100 
Mormon eich olen eon iy 189 171 87,838 656,750 
New Jerusalem (Seen ta, 90 61 18,755 869,700 
Presbyterian (regular) ......-...-. 6,262 5,683. | 2,198,900 47,828,732 
Presbyterian (other) ......-.-.... 1,562 1,388 499,344 5,436,524 
Reformed Church in America (late 

Dutch Reformed) ii Pleas 471 468 227,228 | 10,359,255 


Reformed Chureh in the United 
States (late German Reformed).| 1,256 1,145 431,700 DTT OpeLo. 








Roman Catholic ..)...-...-.-..--- 4,127 | 3,806 | 1,990,514| 60,985,566 
Second Adventec. uss e ses) 225 140 34,555 306,240 
Phakerern coches see suas euens 18 18 8,850 86,900 
DPPIUAISt ie chew eee ede 95 22 6,970 100,150 
UMItArTIaAn ceee co Suet Me boe es 331 310 155,471 6,282,675 
United Brethren in Christ.....--. 1,445 937 265,025 1,819,810 
Wnrversalists: ou ul ee ay 719 602 210,884 5,692,325 
Unknown (Local Missions) .-....- 26 27 11,925 687,800 ~ 
Unknown (Union) ..........-...-- 409 552 153,202 965,295 
Total—AJl Denominations .-.-.. 72,459 | 63,082 |21,665,062 | $354,483,581 | 
SEE ed aes Ee eT nee eee ee 





GENERAL COUNCILS. 


A.D. A.D. 
Jerusalem.....AgainstJudaizers 51| Rome .....-..-Third Lateran. ..1179 
APLAR 5. che Against Donatists 314] Rome ..-...-.- Fourth «voice dei 
i fh SR ea First Gicumenical 325 | Iyons......-.. Empe’r Frederick 
Oonstantinople, Arian ........-.-. 337 deposed........ 
ie 7) ee coe Athanasian .-.... 342 | Lyons......-.. Reunion of Greek 
Sardis ss.) Against Arius ... 347 Latin churches 1274 
\Oonstantinople, SecnaA Ecumen’l 381 | Vienna ....--- 15th Gicumenical,1312 
Ephesus. -...-.Third 4315) PAas@ wuoewcnnas Popes Elected & 
Chalcedon... -.. Fourth e. 451 Deposed .....-- 1409 
v ‘onstantinople, Fifth <t 553 | Constance ....- Huss condemned 
Constantinople, Sixth MS 681 to be burnt ....1414 
NERS Sas ee dis Seventh i TST.) Bdelerooe a eee 18th Gicumenical,1431 
onstantinople, Highth et 870 | Rome ......--- Fifth Lateran,1512-17 
TRATILE east ee First Lateran. --.1123) Trent 220.422: (@£cumenical - .1545-63 


LUO? eovsvevermogond “ ....1189 | Rome -.....---Gicumenical ..1869-70 








? 





He tee he re eae tee ie aa MAN ica te 


* 





PRICES”OF™ COMMODITIES. 653 


ib pont Mi fap is 


PRICES OF COMMODITIES FOR “FIFTY.THREE. YEARS — 1825-77, 


Showing the Average Price of the Articles named in the New York Market, in 
the month of January of each year. 


























Vg 8 e |c8'.|os g iene a Be ap Lee ee 
8 lMteut| =| 2 [aS S8|Comisa) &8 | & |e] hor [bee 
a Ai & 1 34°oAa Ob| KE | a jam AA 
t Bbl. | t |Bush.} Ton. | t6 |Bush.| ib | Bbl.| ib | t | Ton. | Ton. 
A825 8 78) 15 | 1 01 |10 00/163; 42 |14.| 513 | 94) 8) 87 50 | 42 50 
'1826] 9 16; 15} 90 |} 12 00|164] 74 {134} 480 | 93! 9 | 97 50 | 65 00 
1827; 9 02) 174 93 |} 12 00/144) 170 9$|} 514 |104] 8 | 92 50 } 50 00 
1828] 9 14) 154) 115 | 11 50/144) 57 9 | 558] 94) 8 | 82 50 | 51 00 
1829} 9 21) 13%) 1 63 | 11 50/124} 59 110 | 645] 93] 8 | 80 00 | 52 50 
1830] 8 99| 133] 1 04 |12 00/12 | 54 | 93| 4 9gal 92]. 72| 73 75 | 45 00 
1831} 8 50| 14%) 1 25 | 750/10 584 5 71 |102} 6 |.76 25 | 42 50 
1832) 9 46} 154) 1 26 |} 12 50/13 75 84| 5 764} 94} 54] 72 00 | 43 75 
1833} 9 38} 154] 1 194} 9 25) 13 B14 | 10$| 5 564] 93} 7 | 75 00 | 42 50 
1834) 9 17} 14 | 106 | 6 00;114| 593 |11 | 498 | 92] S| 75 00 | 42 75 
1835) 11 08} 174) 1 05 | 6 00|114) 74 | 163} & 863! 92} 6%] 68 75 | 40 25 
1836; 10 97} 193} 1 78 | 800,114) 904 115 | 7 494) 122] 94} 75 00 | 40 25 
1837) 13 49} 19 | 1 774/10 50)11 |1 06 {16 | 9 14 |} 124) 7] 98 75 | 65 00 
1838| 14 70; 20 | 192 | 9 00|}10$| 86 |114] 796 |123) 63, 87 50) 52 50 
1839) 14 81] 19 | 1 244} 8 25)104| 92 |i 7 30 |113| 65} 88 75 | 38 75 
1840) 13 02} 174] 1 06 | 7 50/10 594 | 8$] 5 294) 10 541 82 50 | 38 75 
1841} 9 01| 113} 103 | 8 00/i0g| 52 | 93| 5 533! 72| 6 | 73:75 | 36 25 
1842) 7 39} 114] 1 25 8 50) 9 67 841) 57 +} 6 | 61 25} 34 50 
1843). 715} 84 884) 5.75} 8%] 594-) 7 | 4.854) 8 4 158 75 | 27.25 
1844) 5 62; 102) 1 00 | 5 25) 63! 43 8 |} 467] 9 64] 57 50 | 32 00 
1845) 8 21} 133] 1 024; 5 50) 63] 514] 5 | 4 934] 6 4 | 63 75 | 30 50 
1846] 754) 13.) 131] 550] T4| 74 6$/ 5 06 | 64) 6 | 78 75 | 39 00 
1847/11 44| 16 | 1 024; 6 50) 7%} 80 |10 | 6 683 103 64| 76 25 | 33 50 
1848} 9 88} 16] 125] 5751 7 OF 741 5 96 3 5 | 70 00 | 36 25 
1849) 11 68] 15 | 1 224] 5 25] 53) 6448) 6 | 5°51 84] 44] 50 00 } 25 50 
1850) 9 08) 154] 1 25 | 5 75/114] 61 |11 | 555] 8 44} 43 75 | 23 50 
1851} 8 86] 142] 1 20 | 6 75/104 644 | 134) 4 52] 8 54] 40 50. | 22 25 
1852) 10 72| 182; 1 09 | 5 25} 84) 704 | 8 |} 500| 93) 5 | 34 50 | 20 15 
1853) 8 87} 18 | 1 32 | 5-25) 8h) 68h | 9b} 5 78 2) 5 | 67 50 | 31 00 
1854| 10 94| 194) 2 04 | 6 75|114) 824 |10 | 8 894] 74] 44] 67 50 | 38 00 
1855) 11 47 | 223) 257 | 725) 9 |1 01 7 | 8 76 | 8%) 44] 58 25 | 28 75 
1856] 8 57| 224) 214! 5 95|103| 93 9 |} 6 42| 9 8§| 60 50 | 32 50 
1857| 12 87 | 223) 1 75 | 6 50) 84] 734 |13 | 5 784/108|10 | 56 25 | 30 50 
1858/10 48) 183) 1 37 | 550) 7d] 61 9 | 4 293) 83) 64] 53 75 | 26 50 
1859} 759} 19 | 1 40 | 5 25;13$| 804 }11 | 411 | 82] 64] 46 50 | 26 50 
1860| 9 00/} 16 | 145 | 5 50/15 914 | 11 | 430 | 92] 74} 42 25 | 24 50 
1861) 6 00| 14 | 1 44) 5 75/284) 73 112 | 535] 8 5¢| 41 25. | 20 50 
1862} 5 50| 15 | 1 38 | 4°75|194} 67 |37 | 550] 6 84} 53 00 | 22 00 
1863] 12 00} 22 | 153 | 8 50/214} 75 | 664) 605] 8 9 | 78 75 | 33 60 
1864| 14 00} 24 | 1 823} 9 75|31 |1 26 |75 | 7 00 |} 11 | 1341105 00 | 44 00 
1865] 20 50| 45 | 1 85 | 10 00} 44 |1 95 |'70 |10 00 |20 | 193/125 00 | 50 00 
1866| 20 00| 30 | 1 874| 8.50145 | 958 |514| 8 75 | 164] 11%| 94 00 | 51 50 
1867| 18 00} 30 | 3 00 | 5 50|184|1 164 | 29 |11 00 | 124/10 | 90 00 | 47 00 
1868] 32 00}. 45 | 2 45 | 5 00}11$|1 20 |16 | 9 55 |12 | 134] 85 00 | 36 00 
1869) 28 00| 40 | 1 70 | 5 50/11 90 |26 | 6 00 | 154) 114! 85 00 | 40 50 
1870) 27 00} 30 | 1 30} 5 50/104\1 12 | 252] 4 85 115 | 10} 75 00 | 33 00 
1871| 27 00} 20 | 1 42 | 9 00/12 80 |154] 6 25 |11 | 114) 75 00 | 34 00 
1872! 21 00} 15 | 150} 4 50) 16 78 |20 | 6 40 | 93|11 |105 00 | 34 00 
1873) 21 00} 16 | 1 67 | 6 00/174} 66 | 203] 6 25 | 94] 9/110 00 | 48 00 
1874| 22 00} 27 | 1 65 | 6 00/19 84 | 164) 6 00 |10 7% \160 00 | 42 00 
3875] 21 00} 29} 1 25 | 5 25) 19 97 | 144] 450 | 11 8 |135 00 | 38 00 
1876) 23 00} 26 | 1 30 | 5 50/}18 71 | 134] 4 35 |124!} 8 |135 00 | 32 00 
1877| 20 00} 28 | 1 47 | 3 00) 20 59 | 124] 5 50 | 103] 9% |131 00 | 27 50 








654 RATE OF MORTALITY.— PETROLEUM. Zi 
RATE OF MORTALITY IN AMERICAN CITIES.—NUMBER OF 
DEATHS PER ANNUM OUT OF 1,000 INHABITANTS. 


ES EES ETE A OE SY SST SE ASE OSES IELTS SPRAES IDSTSINE NOMEN GISELE “RE PORE STRMTE TGS ST SST 


1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 
f 9months.| lyear. | l year. | 10 mos. 








Baltimores: ox .ioecsweunbwesuaee 21.23 21.26 21.25 19.19 
PSOStON 4h sc uwy pew aun cea meaataien 25. 23.58 20.43 20.85 
Brooklyn fisse wk tes dun eee necabs 25.91 24.92 21.61 20.23 
Buttaloy No We ee ee ora “Oa 16.61 10.43 heal 
Charleston, Si Os 72.5. 002ebe02 34.60 30.72 24.34 28.96 
Chicago 2... 5. ecnecenewesnens 20.29 20.42 18.24 15.75 
CinCMNAtilwes Soe saklc soba wa kets 20.39 23.10 181 16.59 
Dayton, O..). wwe cceee cnn cnweene 14.22 14.04 12.29 13.07 
Petrov, Mich ooo ee ceroween ee a all 15.97 14, ee 
Hlminay NOY wes Bo ee ee 17.01 15.56 14.53 18.66 
HTIG. raged So eoeee a cenkee 18.74 13.40 13.71 13.10 
Knoxville, Gennicu. sels ee 14.25 12.92 . 14.72 wae 
Memphis, ‘Tenn o eo oS se eee 29.79 24.78 26.06 = feaewe 
Mobile tAlg ht oysdeheseccdosenen 22, 24.34 24.14 21.19 
Milwaukee, Wis -.-.....--.0... 14.64 18.78 16.84 13.43 
Nashville, Tenn ...-....-2.0.-.- 43.17 31.82 29.57 21.77 
NewarkiiNa di lies oe oes eeeceen 20.29 27.15 Osa ous 
New. Haven, Conn.-.....-.....- 20.79 17.89 19.66 18.18 
New Orleans, La..---..-..----- 27.80 26.89 34.83 32.42 
INGWiCY OLK terol ocr oak cor 29.79 27.23 24.36 25.47 
Paterson Nas) Sie ecasee esos 30.94 26.72 24.28 21.24 
Petersburg. Valewecsuseuo eee. 31.06 31.31 24.46 Sa 
Philadelphia) sso. hoces sees te es 24.35 24.51 19.02 18.20 
Pittsburgh) Pa Cyc. eden sepeeer 21.69 21.90 23.87 23.41 
Providence, Holi Le cae teres 18.94 18.30 18.81 19.47 
eating Pe ul ose seee nee 19.55 27.95 22.50 pasa 
Richmond Vaio eee see 24.97 22.18 21.93 19.05 
ReochesterANe Wie 2a see cee ces 24.39 Q1 27's 18.41 14.82 
San LE PTANncisGOs ce wwcsciss where nes 19.28 18.89 19.86 15.56 
Selmav Ala .ehe ces soe eo os oo 22.53 16.87 19.62 30.81 
SEOs vee he ea ee ees 16.19 13.48 11.69 12.43 
Syracuse; Ne Yous hel. ee ee Age 10.26 13.20 11.33 
Toledo, Ofs28 ieee ee 24.90 14.80 13.54 12.32 
Washington, Dud sence suse oe 29.03 25.81 24.39 27.28 
Wheeling, W. Vai. .22s ce. 0.0%. 18.06 21.35 16.78 ay det 
WWonkeral Nia Vio eee be dei 19.29 pa St § 17.81 14.40 








AMERICAN PETROLEUM. 


’ Twenty years ago this article was little known. The first artificial well 
was sunk in August, 1859. Now there is an annual production in this 
country of aboug 15,860,000 barrels (600,000,000 gallons), and from $40,000,000 
to $60,000,000 worth is exported to other countries annually,—our exports 
ranging in importance, according to valuation—first, cotton; second, flour 
and grain; third, hog products (lard, hams, and salt pork); and fourth, pe- 
troleum. There are more than 10,000 oil-wells flowing or being sunk, and 


robably over $10,000,000 invested in the business, in one way and another. — 


ifteen million barrels (forty gallons to a barrel) of this oil would fill 
9,600,000,000 lamps holding half a pint each, or about seven such lamps for 
every man, woman, and child on our globe. All this has come to light, from 
the bowels of the earth, in less than twenty years, during which time we 
have not only used all the petroleum we have wanted ourselves, but have 
sent to other lands nearly $500,000,000 worth, at the custom-house valuation. 













NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 655 


NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES, 


























1850-1880. 
any i 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 
7 AND ——$. | | 
ERRITORIES. Circula- Circula- Circula- 
No.| “tion. No.} “tion. No. | “tion. No, 
Miahama. 2. 24 ee 60 34,282 96 93,595 89 91,165 +14 
PATIZONG 2) Jo Soc eee pew! een Ji NF RR Gee i 280 19 
Arkansas’: oiv ee 25) 9 7,250 37 39,812 56 29,830 103 
@alifornias -/.y 08. " 4,619 || 121) 229,893 |) 204] 491,903 310 
SPOLOLARO Hen ete Le Uh Wend he lckeaas By Ae suena 14 12,750 81 
Connecticut ......- 46 52,670 aS 95,536 71) 203,725 128 
Mico ase eke cee fal Geta ay gage may Facet 3 1,652 67 
Delaware .......... 10 7,500 14 16,144 17 20.860 24 
Distr’t of Columbia 18} 100,073 13 69,510 22 81,400 39 
PLOT a era oe 10 -5;750 22 15, 500 23 10,545 40 
eanci gs fe ue 51 64,155 105} 180,972 || 110) 150,987 186 
TORO ae Bie pois 2 ee ae ag BS Se Oa a 6 2,750 11 
MIULINOIS op oc sow kk S 107 88,050 286} 356,159 505} 1,722,541 863 
indiana osc. 5 107 63,138 186) 159,381 293} 363,542 429 
ONE fete Goce js co 29 22,500 130), 89,240 233} 219,090 518. 
WARN es ie Aca. eS ap a Be re 27 21,920 97 96,803 303 
Kentucky.......... 62 79,868 771) 179,597 89} 197,130 183 
Tiouisiana yo e220 ¢ 55 80,288 81} 120,650 92 84,165 100 
WEIN OS oe SONS ee 49 63,439 70} 126,169 65| 170,690 103 
Maryland. .....:... 68] 124,779 57) 122,244 |}. 88) 235,450 138 
Massachusetts... Wie ware 209} 718,221 222) 1,368,980 259} 1,692,124 392 
Michivan © 222 35. 58 52,690 118) 128,848 O11) 33255, 714 418 
Minnesota ......... a ten Sere 49} 32,554 |} 95} 110,778 209 
Mississippi Sy ER 50 30,555 713 88,737 ||’ 111 71,868 106 
Missouri...........| 61] 70,235 || 173} 354,007 || 279} 522,866 ||, 471 
Montana? oo sc ssc2 US WBS ONGC eel To WA SS RY EN 10 19,580 16 
Nebraska .........- i a TE 14}. 9,750 || 42] 31,600 179 
MV OVAGR S20 aaa PANY Sy eT Seu Ws ER A 12 11,300 31 
New Hampshire -.. 38 60,226 20 19,700 51) 173,919 &2 
New Jersey..-..-..- 51 44,521 90} 162,016 122 205, 500 200 
New Mexico....... 2 1,150 2 1,150 5 1, 525 18 
New York ........- 428) 1,624,576 || 542] 6,034,636 || 935] 7,561,497 || 1,241 
Worth Carolina .... 51 35,202 74 719,374 = 64 64,820 121 
1501 ee Wane A 261} 389,463 340} 1,121,682 395} 1,388,367 660 
PITEROW sooo 2 1,134 ¥6 27,620 39 45,750 64° 
Pennsylvania daeicrs 310} 984,777 367} 1, 432, 695 540} 3,419,765 866 
Rhode Island .....- 19 24,472 26 49, 690 32 82,050 37 
South Carolina..... 46 53,743 45 53,870 55 80,900 ar 
. Tennessee .-....... 50 67,672 83} 176,908 91} 225,952 170 
eae Dg 34} 18.205 |} 89} 108038 || 112] 55,250 254 
Utah..... ET BNE ae PM ay ees 2 6,300 10] ~ 14,250 17 
WErmante oi. o 35 45,961 31 47,415 47 71,390 76 
Virginia *.......... 87} 87,768 || 139] 301,622 |} 114] 143,840 177 
Washington Ter’ry| ..|  .«..--- a 2,350 14 6,785 27 
West Virginia th A Re 2) Sia) line cae k 59] 54,432 99 
Wisconsin pears Laide 46 33,015 155} 189,145 190} 343,385 319 
Wyoming.......... RY Ge Steins Satie sigur 6 1,950 10 
EOUAL Su ccs oa ee 2,526) 5,142,177 4, 051| 13,663, 409 5,871 871/}20,842,475 |1 10, 101 














TABLE OF WAGES BY THE DAY. 
COMPUTED ON A BASIS OF TEN HOURS’ LABOR PER DAY. 


25c. | 379C.| SOc. | 62ze.| T5e. | 87hc.|$1.00| 1.124| $1.25] 1.374 $1.50 1.623) $1.75) 1.874/$2.00 


a 










2.124|$2.25! 2.373 
4 br. 14} 1g, 2h) 88] 88] gl | gl al =~! =a! |=} og a0 | 105 Ta 11% 
1“ M4) 38] | 6a TB] 88} 10. | ana] tea] a3] 5 | tea] ava] eg] 20 | ong] ong| ang 


2hrs.| 5 7%] 10) 12k} 15) 17d} 20} gal 95} ema}: 30] 293] 35] srl 40] 405 45 | 47k 

































































































































































































































































































































































































m 3 4 7} 113] «15 | 183} 228} 263! 30] 333} 74] 41g} 45 | 48g] 528) 56a] 60} 633 674} Tt 
apes 10} 15} 20| 251° 301}; 35 {—- 40 | 451: “50 | 55} 60} 65/ 0} | 80| 85] 90] 95 
E 5 123] 183] 25| 313/ 37a)  433|. 50 | 564 624) 683} 75 | 814} 874] 9331 $1.00 $1.183 
si | “1.2%4| 1.35, 
ay eiiacaites anes tc ea Seo ees. Sse Deere per eed Seas ee ee 
m2 964| $1.05 
eg <t 20} 30} 40; 50} 60} 70) 80) 90 }$1.00 | $1.10 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 1.70 | 1.80 | 1.90 | 
Es 203} 333) 45 | 564 
© |tday.| 25| 37! 50 | 623} 75 | 874} $1.00 | $1.123/ $1.25 | $1.374] $1.50 | $1,624) $1.75 | $1.874] $2.00 | $2,193! $2.95 | $e.37% 
2] SS Dimas |S eek bun eae patente (Rea Se LS sis a Pea Pelion mre oe es Bis Ce ea See es 
: Qdys.| 50] 751} 1.00 | $1.25 $1.50 |$1.75 | 2.00 | 2.25 | 2.50 | 2.75 | 3.00 | 3.25 | 3.50 | 3.75 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 4.50 | 4.75 
BH i8 “ 75 |$1.224} 1.50. 1.873) 2.25 | 2.624] 3.00 | 3.373) 3.75 | 4.124] 450 | 4.874! 5.25 | 5.622| 6.00 | 6.373] 6.75 | 7.124 
£ “ |$1.00 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.50 | 3.00 | 3.50] 4.00 | 4.50 | 5.00 | 5.50 | 6.00} 6.50 | 7.00 | 7.50 | 8.00 | 8.50 | 9.00 | 9.50 
SS SS | | | ee ee ee 
5 “ | 1.25 | 1.873] 2.50 | 3.123] 3.75 | 4.374 5.00 | 5.623] 6.25 | 6.874) 7.50 | 8.124] 8.75 | 9.374] 10.00-| 10.624| 11.25 |11.874] 
1.50 | 2.95 | 3.00 | 3.75 | 4.50 | 5.25 | 6.00 | 6.75 | 7.50 | 8.25 | 9.00 | 9.75 | 10.50 | 11.25 |12.00 | 12.75 |13.50 [14.95 








Explanation.— The large figures at the top of the columns show the rate of wages per day, and the smaller figures 
the rate per hour or per day. For example, to find the rate per hour at $1.50 per day, begin with the figure I, in the left-hand : 
column showing the number of hours, and trace toward the right to the column headed by $1.50, where 15 cents is found, 
the rate of pay for one hour’s labor at $1.50 per day. In like manner the rate for several hours or days may be found. 


tn 








TABLZ OF WAGES BY THE WEEK. 


t 
3 








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pury-3jo] OY} Ul *_ old of} YA Ulseq ‘Yoo 19d QF 4v anoy aod ovr oy} puy 03 ‘ojduexe 10,iT 
Soinsy 1oy[VUs oy} pus ‘yoo aod sodvA Jo JV OY} AOYs 


‘Avp rod 10 anoy aod evi oy} 
SUUIN[OD OY} JO doz OY} 4U SOUND ovavyl oy, —*uoVUL_axg 


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fo seayras OA eee, Se | SETI | ge 
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658 


OCCUPATIONS, &c.— RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS: 





OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

















[From the Official Returns of the Tenth Census, 1880.] 

















AGE AND SEx. 










































































Directory for 1882), but church membership i is not reported. 








RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD. 
[Estimate from Schem’s Statistics of the World,] 


momanm@atholics fsscfba Jae ee Be aes pose: fis £ 201,000,000 4 
OHBINTIANS, Vids ETOLEStAULS 222.2. 5.2, se lenient oclnepa ses actate eames 106,000,000 388,000,000 
astern Churches <2 52). cores ee a Pee eee 81 000, 000 
BUG MBUBN Meee Eek as cabelgeb es 445 340,000,000 | Followers of Confucius ..-......... 80,000,000 
Mohammedan ...1- 2 n-cscenees--- 201,000,000 | Sinto Religion........-...... sgh coemade 000.000 


Brahmanism ...-...-eeeeeeeeee+ 175,000,000 


* 


ae 


SUARISIATCL. cad ae woe pe cee ta am ausicage 

















CLASSES RANE a le 8 LY ‘ 
eas All Ages. + 10 to 15 16 to 59 60 and over. * 
Male. | Female. | Male. | Fem. Male. | Female. | Male. | Fem. 4 
Agriculture... --- 7,075,983 594,510} 584,867) 135,862] 6,888,133 435,920| 602,983} 22,728 
Professional and 
Personal Services| 2,712,943] 1,361,295; 127,565] 107,830} 2,446,962| 1,215,189) 138,416] 38,276 
Trade and Trans- 
portation ._.... 1,750,892 59,364| 26,078] 2,547] 1,672,171 54,849| 52,643] 1,968 
Manuf’g,Mechan- ; 
ical, and Min’g.| 3,205,124 631,988} 86,677] 46,930] 2,978,845 77,157} 139,602] 7,901 
All Occupations.}| 14,744,942] 2,647,157} 825,187] 293,169) 12,986,111] 2,283,115 933, 3644 70,873 
RECAPITULATION. 
Persons occupied brApriculture:: (bas wel rek se) aI ee oan ae 493 
Persons occupied in Professional and Personal Services......---.. Dek cleo 4.074.238 : 
+ Persons occupied in Trade and Transportation. 2... 2,-2.2. 220.. J... oo con bbe aeee 1,810,256 nae 
Persons occupied in Manufacturing, Mechanical, and Mining ..-........---.------- 3,837,112 t % 
SAT OCCOpAatlONS son wcupeskes ea uecucemee 5, Nae an rl a Rem EN Sh Ah Nu cna Cg os 1S 9: 17,392,098 ale 
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, ‘ 
‘ 
hi Chur-|} Min- | Mem- 4 Chur-| Min- | Mem- 
DENOMINATIONS. ches. jisters.| bers. DENOMINATIONS. ches. |isters.| bers. 
Aeventist, oot 1s Sees. 91 107 11,100|| Methodist, Independ’t.| . 13 14} 2,100 . ‘ 
Adventist, Second. ...-. 583 501 63,500 Methodist, Primitive .. 121 50} 3,370 G 
Adventist,Seventh Day| 608) 138 14,733 Methodist, Protestant .! 1,501) 2,120}118,170. 
AmericanCommunities 14 8 2,838 Methodist, Wesleyan..| 260) 475} 17,847 
HeAvtsh se Wo tae eee ke 24,794 15,401] 2,133,044]! Moravian.........----- 74 96) 16,112 & 
Baptist, Anti-mission..} 1,090} 888 40,000]| Mormon..----.-.------ 654} 3,906) 110,377 : si 
Baptist, Freewill. .----- 1,485} 1,286 76,706|| New Jerusalem (Swe- i 
Baptist, Seventh Day..- 87 103 8,6061|  denborgian) ...------ 91 81] 4,734 ‘a 
Baptist, Six Principle.. 20 17 2,075) | Presbyterian \.---.....: 5,338] 4,920|/573,377 p 
Christian (Disctples of Presbyterian, South ...| 1,928} 1,031/119,970 f ¥ 
Christ) cee ec ee 4,681] 3,658]  567,448)| Presbyterian, Cumber- ; z : Mae ns.) 
Congregational .....-... 3,689)" 3,589)" 383,685) >! dand |. 22 eee 2,474) 1,386/111,855 Aan 
Dunkards (Brethren). . 710) 1,665 90,000] | Presbyterian, Reformed 4] 31} 6,020 ery 
Episcopal, Meotasent: -| 3,049} 3,496] 342,590] Presbyterian, United.. 793} 658} 80,236 tes " 
Episcopal, Reformed. . 55 63 10,459|/ Reformed Church in ; ¥ at 
Evangelical Association 1,332) 1,340 99,607 LA MeYICh, Recor ceae. ws 489| 6519) 78,917 ee eT 
PTisndsisweseaeeeses wes 621} 876 67,643 Reforinedchwrch in the : Hire ele 
BWR. suger Es an Wee eiee 269} 202 13,683]! United States....... 1,384) 752|154,742 ©. 
Tutheran 22.40 5,556) 3,102) 684,570} Roman Catholic*.--... 5,975} 6, Peas A) Eh eate 
Mennonite, New. .--..-- 31 44. 2.990) (Shaker .2.\ huey ane ee oe 17 68] 2,400 
Methodist Episcopal. 16,721] 9,261] 1,680,779] UnitarianCongregat’n’l| 342) 394) 17,960. ate 
Methodist Episcopal ‘United Breth. in Christ} 2,207] 2.200) 155,437 ; 
(Bowbh) cs oe Aa te sien 3,593] 828,013||United Evangelical....| 366} 363 144,000 
, Methodist Episcopal Universalist ..--.-...-- 719| 713) 26,238 
RoloKeds. 2s eel o ses 1,038; 648] 74,195]; Winebrennerians, 
Methodist, Free ...._.. 287) 601 12,120}| (Church of God)....- 569) 498) 20,224 
* The Roman Catholics claim to have 6,370,858 adherents in the United States (Catholic } 


7,000, 000 





ae ey. 





WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 















































ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, 


“ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 





A. A.S. (Academie Ameri-|C., Cap. (Caput.) Chapter. |Ep. Epistle.’ 
cane Socius.) Fellow of|Cal. California; Calends. E.S. E. East South-east. 


the American Academy. Capt. Captain. Esq., Esqr. Esquire. 
A.B. (Artium Baccalaureus.)|Cath. Catholic. - [Pleas.|Et al. (¢ alii.) And others. 
Bachelor of Arts. €. € P. Court of Common! Ki al.(#é alibi.) And elsewhere. 
A.B. S. American Bible So-/C. E. Civil Engineer. Kie., &. (Et cetera.) And 
ciety. [fore Christ.|Cent., Ct. (Centum). A hund-! others; and so forth, 
A.C. (Ante Christum.) Be-| red. 
Acct. Account. C.H. Court-House. Fahr. Fahrenheit. [of Arts, 
A. D. (Anno Domini.) In|€. J. Chief Justice. F.A.S. Fellow of the Society 
the year of our Lord. Co. County; Company. F. H.S. Fellow of the Histor- 
Adjt. Adjutant. €.0.D. Collect on Delivery. | ical Society. 


Adjt.-Gen. Adjutant-General.|Col. Colonel ; Colossians. FL, Flor., Fa. Florida. 
Et, HB. (4tatis.) Ofage; aged.|Con. (Contra.) Against, or|/Fo., Fol. Folio. 


A. &F.B.S. American andj in opposition. F.R.G. 8. Fellow of the Royal 
Foreign Bible Society. Con. Cr., C. C. Contra, Credit.) Geographical Society. 

A.H. M.S. American Home|Cong., €C. Congress. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal 
Missionary Society. Conn,, Ct. Connecticut. Society. 

Al, Ala, Alabama. [Cre Credit ; Creditor. 

A. M. (Arvtium Magister.)—|Ct. Cent; Court. Ga. Georgia. 


- Master of Arts.—(Ante Me-|Cur. Current, or thismonth. |G. B. Great Britain. , 
ridiem.) Before noon.—/Cwt. (Centum and weight.)|Gen. General; Genesis. 


(Anno Mundi.) Inthe year} Hundred-weight. Gov. Governor. 
of the world. ; D., d. (Denarius.) Penny. 

Am., Amer. American. D.C. District of Columbia, |H., h., hr. Hour. 

An. (Anno.) In theyear. |D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law./Hag. Haggai. 

Anon, Anonymous. D.D. (Divinitatis Doctor-)|H. B.M. Her Britannic Majesty 

Ark, Arkansas. Doctor of Divinity. Hhd. Hogshead, 

A.-S. Anglo-Saxon. Del. Delaware; Delegate.” |H. M. His or Her Majesty. 

A.S.S.U. American Sunday|Del. (Delineavit.) He drewit.|H. M.S. His or Her Majesty’s 
School Union. Dep., Dept. Department. Ship or Service. 

A.T.S. American Tract So-|Dep. Deputy. Hon. Honorable, 
ciety; American Jemper-|Dept., Dpt. Deponent. H. R. House of Representatives 
ance Society. i Dft., Deft. Defendant. H. R. H. His er Her Royal 

Att., Atty. Attorney. D.G. (Det Gratia.) By the| Highness. 

Atty.-Gen, Attorney-General.} Grace of God. 

A.U.C. (Anno Urbis Condite.)|Dict. Dictator; Dictionary. jIa. Iowa. [place. 
In the year from the build-|Dist.-Atty, District-Attorney. |Ib., Ibid.(Jbidem.}In the same 
ing of the city [Rome], D. M. Doctor of Music. Id. (Jdem.) The same. 

[ish America.]Do. (Ditto.) The same, Ioe., i.e. Ud est.) That is. 

B. A. Bachelor of Arts; Brit-|Dols., $. Dollars. LH.S. (Jesus Hominum Salva- 

B. €. - Before Christ. D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. tor.) Jesus the Saviour of Men 


B.C. L. Bachelor of Civil Law.|Dr. Doctor: Debtor; Dram. |Ill. Illinois. 
B.D. Bachelor of Divinity. D. VY. (Deo Volente.) God will-/In. Inch; Inches. 


Bd, Bound. - ; ing. Ind, Indiana. 

Bds. Bound in boards. Dwt. (Denarius and weight.)|Ind. Ver. Indian Territory. 

Bk. Bank; Book. Penny weight. Inst. Of the present month. 

B. L. (Baccalaureus Legume.) h Int, Interest. {passage, 
Bachelor of Laws. KE. East; Earl; Hagie. In trans. (Jn transitu.) On the 

B.M. (Baccalaureus Medi-|Ecelus. Ecclesiasticus. I. T. Indian Territory. 
cme.) Bachelor ofMedicine.|Ed. Edition; Editor, J.C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor.) 

Brig. Brigade; Brigadier. E. G@., e. g. (Exempli Gratia.)| Doctor of Civil Law. 

Brit. Britain; British. For example. J.D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doc- 

E. Lon. East Longitude.’ tor of Laws. 


C. © (Centum.) A hundred;|E.N. KE, East North-east.j] |%.P. Justice of the Peace, 
Cent; Congress, Eng. England; English. dr., Jun. Junior. 








‘WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. 


ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED, 


I. U. D. (Juris Utriusque Doc-|N. N. E. North-North-east. |R. BR. Railroad. 
tor.) Docter of both Laws;/N.N.W. North-North-west. |Rt, Hon, Right Honorable, 
i. ¢., Canon and Civil Law.|Non pres. (Non prosequitur.)|Rt, Kev, Right Reverend. 
Ky. Kentucky. He does not prosecute. 
N. P. Notary Public; New|S. South; Shilling; Sunday. 
L., lb. (Libra.) Pound weight.} Providence. S., St. Saint. 
L., 2... Pound Sterling. N. S. New Style; Nova Scotia.|S. A. South America. 
La. Louisiana. N.T. New Testament, S.C, South Carolina. 
Lat. Latitude; Latin. N. W. North-west. Se., Seulp. (Sculpsit.) He, or 
L,I. Long Island, N. ¥. New York. she, engraved it; Sculpture. 
Lib. Librarian. (Liber.) Book. 8S. E. South-east. 
Lieut., Lt. Lieutenant. 0. Ohio; Oxygen. Sec., Sect. Secretary; Section. 
Lieut.Col.Lieutenant-Colonel.|Ob. ob., (Obiit.) Died. Serg., Serjt. Sergeant. 
LL.B. (Legum Baccalaureus.)|Ont. Ontario. ~ 8.d.C. Supreme JudicialCourt. 
Bachelor of Laws. [of Laws.|/Or. Oregon. Sol.-Gen. Solicitor-General. 
LL.D. (Legum Doctor.) Doctor|O.S. Old Style (before 1752).|S. P. A.S. (Societatis Philo- 
Lon., Long. Longitude. 0.'T. Old Testament. sophice Americane Socius.) 
L. 8. (Locus Sigilli.) Place|Oz., oz Ounce, or ounces. |,,“Member of the American 
of the Seal. Philosophical Society. 
L. S. D., 1.8.d. Pounds, shil-|/P, BE. Protestant Episcopal] |Sq., Sqr. Square. [namely. 
lings, pence. P.E.I. Prince EdwardIsland.)$S., ss. (Scilicet.) To wit; 
Per an. (Per annum.) By the|S,8, E. South-South-east, 
M., Mon. Monday. [Academy.| Year. 8.8. W. South-South-west. 
M. A. Master of Arts: Military|Per cent.. peret. (Percen-|S,7.D. (Sacre Theologie 
Mass., Hs. Massachusetts. tum,) ‘By the hundred. Doctor.) Doctor of Divinity. 
M.B. (Medicine Baccalaure-|Ph.D., P.D. (Philosophie|Ster., Stg. Sterling. 
us,) Bachelor of Medicine.] Doctor) Doctorof Philosophy |S, T. P.( Sacre Theologie Pro- 
M.B. (Musice Baccalaureus,)|Pinx., Pxt. (Pinit.) Heor| fessor.)Professor'of Theology 
Bachelor of Music. she painted it. Supt. Superintendent. 
M.C. Member of Congress;|P. M. (PostMeridiem.) After-|S. W. South-west. 
Master Commandant. noon ; Postmaster. 
M. D. (Medicine Doctor.)|P.M.@. Postmaster-General.|/Tenn, Tennessee. 
Doctor of Medicine. P. P.C. (Pour prendre conge.)|Tex, Texas. 
Md. Maryland. To take leave. 
Me. Maine. P.Q. Province of Quebec. Ult. (Ultimo.) Last month. 
M.E. Methodist Episcopal. |Profs Professor. [the time.|U, 8. United States. 
Mem. (Memento.) Remember.|Pro tem. (Pro tempore.) For|U. 8. A. United States Army; 
Mem, Memorandum. Prox. (Proximo.)Next month.| United States of America. 
Messrs. BM.  (Messieurs.)|P.S. Privy Seal. (Postscrip-|U.8. M. United States Mail; 
Gentlemen; Sirs. tum.) Postscript. United States Marine. 
Meth. Methodist. Ps, Psalm, or Psalms. U.S. N. United States Navy. 
Mex. Mexico, or Mexican. U.8.S,_ United States Ship. 
Mich, Michigan; Michaelmas./Q.98., q- 8 (Quantum stf-|U.T. Utah Territory. 
Minn. Minnesota. [tentiary.| jicit.) Asufficient quantity. ; 
Min. Plen. Minister Plenipo-|Qu.,Qy.,q- (Que@re.) Query.|¥., Vi, Vid. (Vide.) See. 
Miss. Mississippi. Q. Vey qe Ve (Quod vide.)|Vsy vs. (Versus.) Against. 
Mo. Missouri; Month. Which see;—( Quantum vis.)|VYa. Virginia. 
Mons. Monsieur or Sir. As much as you please. Y.-C. Vice-Chancellor. 
M. P. Member of Parliament; Viz.( Videlicet.)To wit; Namely 
MS. Manuscript. R. (Rex.) King ;—(Regina.)|V. R. (Victoria Regina.) 
MSS. Manuscripts, Queen. Queen Victoria. 
‘ R. A. Royal Academy; Royal|Yt. Vermont. 
N. A. North America. Academician; Royal Artil- 
N. B. New Brunswick; North] lery; Rear Admiral. W. Welsh; West. 
Britain ;—(Nota bene.) Mark|R, E. Royal Engineers. W. J. West India; West Indies. 
well; take notice. Rec. See. Recording Secretary|Wis._ Wisconsin. 
N.C. North Carolina. Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. |W. Lon. West Longitude. 
N.E, New England; North-east/Reg. Prof. Regius7’Professor.|W. Vae West Virginia. 
Neb. Nebraska. Rep., Repub. Republic, ’ 
N. F. Newfoundland. Rey. Reverend; Revelation. |Xmas., Xm. Christmas, 
N.H. New Hampshire. R. I. Rhode Island. Xu., Xtian, Christian, 
N. J. New Jersey. R. N. Royal Navy, 
N. Lat., N. L. North Latitude.|Rom, Romans. Y.,or Yr. Year. 
N.M. New Mexico. Rom. Cath. Roman Catholie.|¥d. Yard;—Yds. Yards. 

















ie 


WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 





A-1 


661 #ESTHETE 





SUPPLEMENT 


ADDITIONAL 


WORDS AND DEFINITIONS, 


COMPRISING ALL THE WORDS OF ANY IMPORTANCE NOT CONTAINED IN THE BODY OF THE BOOK, 
A LAEGE PROPORTION OF WHICH ARE 


NOT TO BE FOUND IN ANY OTHER DICTIONARY. 


Al 


#STHETE 


Al(awun),a.registry-markde-|Acceésive (ak-ses’siy), @. ac-|Adiathermic(a-di-a-ther’mik), 


noting a ship of the first or 


cessory ; additional. a. not pervious to heat. 


highest class; hence, collog.,|Acclimatation (ak-kli-ma-ta/-| Adipsous(a-dip’sus),a.tending 


the very best; first-rate. 
Abalone (ab-a-lo’ne),n. a shell 


shun), ». acclimation; ac-| to quench thirst, as fruits. 
climatization. Adjuratory (ad-jar/a-to-re), a. 


found on the coast of Califor-|Accrescent (ak-kres/sent), a@.| pertaining fo adjuration, 


nia, worked into ornaments. 


growing larger; increasing.|Admissive (ad-mis/siy), a. of 


Abandon (a-ban’‘dn), n. unre-| Acetated (as’e-tat-ed), @ com-| the nature of admission. 


served devotion toa particu- 


bined with acetic acid. ‘ Admittable (ad-mit/ta-bl), a. 


larobject, taste, emotion, &c.|Acetify (a-set’e-fy), v. to be| that may be admitted. 


Abandonment(a-ban’dn-ment) 


changed into acid orvinegar.| Admittedly (ad-mit/td-le), ad, 


mn. the yielding to a passion,|Acetin (as’e-tin), m. an ether} by admission; confessedly. 


taste, object, or emotion. 


derived from glycerine. Adobe (a-dd’ba), n, a brick 


Ahanga (a-ban’gah), mn. the/Acetone (as’e-tén), m. acolor-| baked in the sun. 


fruit of a West Indian palm. 
Abas (a-bah’), a French excla- 


less, limpid, very inflamma-| Adonis (a-d6/nis), n. a foppish 
ble liquid, of peculiar odor. young man; a dandy; a fop, 


mation, equivalent to Eng-|Achromatopsy (a-kro-ma-top’-| Advance (ad-yanse’), n. a sum 


lish ‘‘ Down with.”’ 
Abeam (a-bém’), ad.ina line at 


se), 2. incapacity to distin-} of money paid in advance. 
guisb colors; color-blindness.|Advaneed (ad-vanst’), a@. im- 


rightangles to a vessel’s keel.) Acidifie (as-id-ifik), @.render-| bued with new ideas. 


Abey (a-ba’), n. kindof mahog- 
any found in St. Domingo. 
Abiogenesis (2-bi-o-jen’e-sis), 

nm. living beings developed 
from dead matter; sponta- 
neous generation of life. 
Abiogenist (a-bi-oj’e-nist), n. 
a believer in abiogenesis. 
Abiogeny (a-bi-oj’e-ne), 2. the 
same as Abiogenesis. 
Able-bodied (a’bl-bod’id), a. 
noting a seaman of sound 
body, skilledin seamanship. 
Abloom (a-bioom’), ad. or a. 
in full bloom; blooming. 
Aborted (a-bort’ed), a. noting 
an organ slightly developed. 
Aborticide (a-bor’te-sid),n. de- 
stroying foetus in the womb. 
Abortient (a-bor’shent), a. 
sterile; barren; unfruitful. 
Absinthiate (ab-sin’the-at), v. 
. toimpregnate with absinthe. 
Absolutist (ab’so-li-tist), a. 
characterized by absolutism; 
absolute; despotic. 
Abselvable (ab-solv’a-bl), a. 
capable of being absolved. 
Absorptivity (ab-sorp-tiv’e-te) 
n. capacity for absorption. 
Abstainer (ab-stan’er), n. one 
who abstains from liquors. 


ing acid; causing acidity. |Molus (€’o-lus), m. the god of 
Acidimetrie (a-sid-e-met’rik),| the winds; 2 portable engine 
a. relating to the measure-| forchanging the airin rooms, 
ment of the strength of acids] Kon (€’on), mn. an immeasura- 
Acidulated (a-sid’/G-lat-edj, a.| ble period of time; an eon. 
slightly imbued with acid. |#piornis (ep-e-or’nis), ». a gi- 
Acidulent (a-sid/i-lent), a.| gantic bird, now extinct, 
somewhat sour; acidulous. remains of which have been 
Aciernge (as/ér-ij), 2. coating} found in Madagascar. 
metal plates with steel. Aeriferous (4-er-if'er-us), a. 
Acierate (as’ér-at), v. to con-| conveying air; air-bearing. 
verfinto steel. [barnacle./Aerognosy (a-er-og’ro-se), n. 
Acorneshell (a’korn-shel), m.a| the science of the properties 
Acosmism (a-koz’mizm), .de-| and phenomena of the air. 
nying existence of the world. | Aeroklinoseope (4-er-o-klin’o- 
Acosmist(a-koz/mist),n.denier| skdp), 2. a device to show 
of the existence of the world.| the way the wind blows, and 
Acoustically(a-kow/stik-al-le),} to exhibit variations in bar- 
ad. as regards acoustics. ometric pressure, 
Acoustician (a-kow-stish’an),|Aerolithology (a-er-o-le-thol’- 
m. one versed in acoustics. o-je), n. science of aerolites. 
Acoustics (a-kow’stiks),. the|/Aerophobia (a-cr-o-fo/be-ah), 
science of sound, including} m. a disorder accompanying 
vibrations of elastic bodies. hydrophobia, hysteria, &. 
Acrobatic (ak-ro-bat‘ik), a, | sthesiography(cs-thé-se-og’- 
pertaining to an acrobat, ra-fe),2.description ofsenso- 
Acrotism (ak’ro-tizm), m, ab-| rial apparatus of the body. 
sence or defect of pulse. JEsthesodic (es-the-sod’ik), a. 
Acting (akt/ing), a. discharg-} conveying sensory impulses. 
ing the duties of another. |Aisthete (es-thét’), n, one who 
Adam’s-appie (ad’amz-ap’pl),| affects a peculiar propriety 
n. & Variety of banana. of manner, taste, dress, etc. 








_ WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. : 





JESTHETICIAN 


662 


AMPHI 





Esthetician (es-the-tish’an),n.|Agriology (ag-re-ol’o-je), . the; Alfalfa (al-fal/fa), m. a plant of 


a person of zsthetic tastes. 
Estheticism(es-thet/e-sizm),n. 
zsthetic principles,taste,&c. 
Mistival (es'te-val), a. relating 
to or occurring in summer. 
Estivation (es-te-va/shun), n. 
dormant state of some ani- 
mals during the hot season. 
Afferent (af’fer-ent), a. noting 
nervesthatconvey sensations 
to the nervous centers, 
Affiliable(af-fil’e-a-bl),a. capa- 
ble of being affiliated. 
Aflow (a-flo’), ad. or a ina 
flowing state. 
Afoam (a-fom’), ad. in a state 
Africander (af-re-kan‘dr), n.a 


comparative study of man- 
kind in the natural state. 
Ahead (a-hed’), ad. farther for- 


the clover family. 
Algoid (al’goyd),a.resembling 
or of the nature of seaweed. 


ward; inadvance; onward. | Algonquin (al-gon‘kin),q@. not- 


Ai (ah’e), n. an ape-like ani- 
mal of South America, 
Air-bath (air’bath),. a meth- 


ing a tribe of Indians. 
Algonquins (al-gon’kinz),n.pl. 
family of American Indians. 


od of drying bodies in air of|Algous (al’gus), a. relating to, 


any required temperature. 
Air-brake (air’/brak), n. a rail- 
road brake operated bymeans 
of compressed air, 
Air-cushion (air-kush'un), n. 
a cushion inflated with air. 


{of foam.| Air-drain (air/dran), n. cavity 


between the external wallsof 
a building, for ventilation. 


native of South Africa, of|Air-flue (air’/fii), m. a flue for 


European descent. 
Africanization(af-re-kan-i-za/- 
shun), n. negro ascendency. 
Africanize (af're-kan-iz), v. to 
place under negro domination 
Afterdamp(af’tr-damp), 7. gas 
emitted in coal-mines, very 
fatal to life; choke-damp. 
After-years (af’tr-yérz), . pl. 
after-times ; later times. 
Agamic (a-gam‘ik), a. noting 
any mode of reproduction 
without union of the sexes. 
Agamogenesis (ag-a-mo-jen’e- 
sis), m.reproduction without 
the sexes; parthenogenesis, 
Agamogenetic  (ag-a-mo-je- 
net/ik), a. pertaining to aga- 
mogenesis. (bling agate. 
Agatine (ag’a-tin), @. resem- 
Agave (a-ga/ve), n. American 
aloe, from the juice of which 
the liquor piiquwe is made, 
Age (aj), v. to grow old; to 
show the effects of age. 


} Azedness (aj’ed-nes), n. state 


of being aged or old. 
Ageless (aj/les), a. having no 
age or limits of duration. 
Agenesic (aj-e-nes/ik), @. per- 
taining to agenesis, 
Avenesis(a-jen’e-sis) n.incapa- 
bility of producing offspring. 
Aging (4j'ing), . the process 
of growing old or older. 
Agnostic (ag-nos’tik), m. one 
who professes to know noth- 
ing in regard to the being of 
aGod,&c.;—a. professing in- 
ability to judge of God, &c. 
Agnosticism (ag-nos’te-sizm), 
n. inability to affirm or deny 
in regard to God, &c. 


conveying air to the various 
parts of a building. 
Air-machine(air/ma-shén’), n. 


or of the nature of, seaweed. 

Alienage (4l'yen-aj), 2m. the 

Alienism (al/yen-izm), § statc 
of being an alien. 

Alienist (al’yen-ist), n. a phy- 
sician who makes a specialty 
of insanity;—a. relating to 
insanity, or to the study ofit. 

Alligator-apple — (al’/le-ga-tr- 
ap’pl), 2 a West Indian 
fruit of narcotic properties. 

Alligator-pear (al'le-ga-tr- 
pare),n.a West Indian fruit. 


an apparatus to regulate and|Alkalify (al-kal’e-fi), v. to be- 


purify the air in mines, &c. 
Air-trunk(air’trunk),n. a tube 
passing from the ceiling ofa 
room to the open air. 
Air-valve(air’valv), 2.2 valve 
in the boiler of a steam-en- 
gine, to prevent a vacuum 
when the steamiscondensing 
Alarm-gauge (a-larm’gaj), 7. 
a devicein asteam-engine to 
show when the steam is too 
strong or the water too low. 
Albata (ai- ba‘tah), nm. a com- 
pound of tin, zine, nickel, 
and copper ; German silver, 
Albeseence (al-bes’sense), 7. 
the process of growing white. 
Albicant (al’be-kant), a. grow- 
ing white; albescent. 


come changed into an alkali. 
Allocation (al-lo-ka’shun), 7, 
apportionment; assignment. 
Allottee (al+lot-té’), m. one to 
whom anything is allotted. 
Alpen (alp’en), a. belonging to 
the Alps; alpine. 
Alpensteck (alp’en-stok), n. a 
strong iron-pointed etyy 
used in climbing the Alps, &e 
Alphabetize (al’ta-bet-iz), v. to 
arrange alphabetically. 
Althorn (alt‘horn), m. instru- 
ment Jike the French horn, 
Altruism(2l’tru-izm),2.regard 
for the rights, interests, feel- 
ings, and well-beingof others 
Altruist (al’tru-ist), 2. a pro- 
moter of the welfare ofothers. 


Albinotie (al-be-not/ik), a. af-|Altruistie(al-tru-is'tik),a.per- 


fected with albinism. 


taining to altruism. 


Albion (al’be-un), n. the an-|Amarin (am’a-rin), n. the bit- 


cient name of Great Britain. 


ter principle of vegetables. 


Albronze(al’bronz),n. mixture|Amateurish(am-a-tewr'ish),a. 


of copper and aluminum. 


like an amateur. [love. 


Albuminine (al-bi/me-nin), m.| Amative (am’a-tiv), @.given to 
the substance ofthe cells in-| Ameer (a-méér’), x. the title of 


closing the white of eggs. 


a Mohanimedan prince. 


Albuminoids (al-bi/me-noydz)| Ameliorative (a-mél’yo-ra-tiv) 


n. pl. a class of substances 


a, producing amelioration, 


foundin all living organisms.| Amenomania (a-mé-no-nla/ne- 


Aleoholism (al/ko-hol-izm), 2. 


ah),n.a gay form of insanity, 


disease caused by the exces-} Amenorrhea (a-men-o-ré/ah), 


Sive use of alcoholic liquors. 
Aldermanie (al-dr-man’ik), a. 


n.absence or stoppage of the 
menstrual discharge. 


appropriate to an alderman.|Amnion (am/ne-un), ». inner 


Alethoscope (a-leth’o-sk6p),n. 
optical instrument through 
which pictures are viewed. 


Agriologist (ag-re-ol’o-jist), 2.| Alewife(al’wif),7. a fish of the 


astudent of human customs, 


herring kind; a gaspereau, 


membrane which surrounds 
the fetus in the womb. 

ai (am'fe), prefixin words 
of Greek origin, signifying 
around, about, &c. 








AMPHIGEAN 





lating to or extending over 

all the zones of the globe. 
Anemia (a-né’me-ah), 2 a 

diminution ofthe quantity of 


blood in the human system.|/Annihilatory (an-ni’hi-14-to-| Antipodism (an-tip’o-dizm), n 


Anemic(a-nem’ik),a@. pertain- 
| dng to anemia; bloodless. 


-WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. 


663 


Amphigean (am-fé'je-an),a.re-) Animism (an/im-izm), n. the|Antiperiodie (an-te-pé-re-od'- 


doctrine of spiritual beings. 
Annihilationist (an-ni-hi-la/- 
shun-ist),7. a believer in the 
annihilation of man at death 


re), a. tending to annihilate 
or destroy; destructive. 


Angmotrophy(an-e-mot/ro-fe)| Anonyme (an’o-nim), m. an 


nm. a deficiency of blood. 


Anesthesia (an-es-thé'zhe-ah)| Anonymity (an-o-nim/e-te), n.)Amtizymie (an-te-zim'ik), a. 


m. loss of sensation. 


Anestheties(an’es-thet/iks), n.| Antagonize (an-tag/o-niz),v. to} Aphasia (a-fa/zhe-ah), n. loss 


pl. agents that produce in- 


sensibility to pain, as ether. | Antaphrodisiac 


Anegsthetize (an-es’‘the-tiz), v. 


assumed or false name. 
the state of being anonymous 
actin opposition; tocombat. 


(ant-af-ro- 
dizh’yak), a. having quality 


to put under the influence of} of quelling sexual desire. 


an anesthetic. 
Anamniota (an-am-ne-6’tah), 


n.pl.the group of vertebrates} Antenatal (an-te-na’tal), 


in which the fetus is desti- 
tute of an amnion. 
Anamorphism (an-a-mor’fizm) 


Antaphroditie ant-af-ro-dit/'ik 
m, Same as Antaphrodisiac. 

a. 
before or preceding birth, 

Antenave (an’te-nay),7. porch 
at the entrance of a church. 


n. progression from a lower|Antennal (an-ten’nal), a. of or 


type toa higher one. 


pertaining to the antenna. 


Anchor-ice (ank/ur-ice), ”. ice| Antennules(an-ten’/nulz),n.pl. 


formed at the bottom of ariver 

Android (an’droyd), a. resem- 
bling a man or male. 

Androphagous(an-drof’a.gus), 
a, addicted to cannibalism. 

Anelectric (an-e-lek’trik), a. 
not electric. 

Anemoscope (a-nem/o-skép), 
2. an instrument toshow the 
direction of the wind. 

Angle-bar(ang’gl-bar), } 

Angle-iron (ang’gl-i’/urn), 
bar ofironrolled to the shape 

of the letter L, designed to 


n. 


the smaller pair of antenne. 
Anthography (an-thog’ra-fe), 
n. a description of flowers. 
Anthropogenetic (an-thro-po- 
je-net'ik), @. pertaining; to 
the origin of mankind, 
Anthropogeny. (an-thro-poj’e- 
ne), n. the origin and devel- 
opment of mankind. 
Anthropoid (an’thro-poyd), a. 
resembiing aman; man-like. 


a |Anthropomorphic(an-thro-po- 


mor’fik), @, characterized by 
human qualities. 


form the joints of plate-iron| Anthropomorphism (an-thro- 


for girders, boiler-plates,&c. 
Anglican(ang’gle-kan), @. not- 


po-mor’fizm), m. ascription 
of human qualities to God. 


ing the high church party| Anthropopathical(an-thro-po- 


of the church of England. 
Anglicanism(ang’gle-kan-izm) 


n, the principles of the high| Anthropophagist 


church party, of England. 


path’e-kal), a. subject to hu- 
man feelings and passions. 
(an-thro- 
pof’a-jist), m. a cannibal. 


Anglo (ang’glo), aprefixsigni-| Anthropophuism (an-thro-po- 


fying English. 


fi'izm), m.the nature of man 


Anglo-American (ang’glo-a-|Antilithie (an-te-lith/ik), a. 


mer’e-kan), m. an American 
born of English ancestors. 


tending to prevent or destroy 
stones in the bladder. 


Anglomania(ang’glo-ma’ne-ah| Antiparalytie(an-te-par-a-lit’- 


nm. excessive attachment to 
England or her institutions. 


ik), m. medicine or remedy 
against paralysis. 


Anglophobia (ang’glo-fo’be-ah| Antipathetic (an-tip-a-thet/ik) 


m. insane hatred of England. 


Angola (an-go'lah), 2. a light| Antiperistaltic 


cloth made from the wool of 
the Angora goat. 
Angola-seeds (an-go'lah-sédz), 


n. pl. small red seeds of wild] Antipharmic (an-te-far/milk)a.| Aquatinta (a-kwa-tin’ta), 


' liquorice, used for beads, &c. 





eee rie: se 






resulting from antipathy. 
(an-te-per-e- 
Stal’‘tik), a, noting an un- 
natural or reversed action of 
the alimentary canal. 


counteracting poison. 
















AQUATINTA 






ik), n.amedicine or remedy 

against periodic ailments. 
Antipodal (an-tip’o-dal), a. on 

the opposite side of the earth. 







condition of being antipodal. 
Antiguarianize (an-te-kwa're- 

an-iz), v. to pursue. anti- 

quarian researches. 







preventive of fermentation. 






of the memory of words. 

Aphasie (a-fa’/zik), q. relating 
to or affected by aphasia. 

Apiomb (a-plom’), n. down- 
rightuess of'manner; self- 
possession; coolness. 

Apo (ap’o), a prefix in words 
of Greek origin, signifying 
from, away from, off. 

Apogamie (ap-o-gam/ik), a. 
characterized by apogany. 

Apogamy (a-pog’a-me), 7. ab- 
sence or Joss of reproductive 
power, as in certain plants. 

Apotheosize (ap-o-thé’o-siz),v. 
to elevate to the dignity ofa 
diyinity; to deify. 

Apparitional (ap-pa-rish’un- 
al), a. pertaining to or re- 
sembling an apparition. 

Appellability (ap-pel-la-bil’e- 
te), m. capability of appeal. 

Appellable (ap-pel/la-bl), a, 
capable of being appealed. 

Appellate (ap-pel’lat), a. relat- 
ing to appeals. 

Appendicular (ap-pen-dik’i- 
lar), a. noting those parts of 
the skeleton, as the limbs, 
attached to the axial column, 

Appetizer(ap-pe-tiz’er),n. that 
which excites an appetite. 

Apple-bee (ap’p!-bé), ; Nn. | 

Appie-cat (ap’pl-kut), § collec- 
tion of young people to cut 
up apples for drying. 

Apple-borer (ap’pl-bor’er), n. 
a worm infesting apple-trees. 

Apple-brandy (ap’pl-bran’de), 
m. applejack; cider-brandy. 

Apple-butter (ap’pl-but/tr), n. 
sauce made of apples stewed 
down in cider. 

Applejack (ap’pl-jak), 7. a liq- 
uor distilled from fermented 
apple-juice; apple-brandy. 

Aquatics(a-kwat/iks),n. collec- 
tive name for aquatic sports. 

Aquatint (3/kwa-tint), bn 
































engraving by aquafortis, 








WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 





ARBOREAL 664 AZULINE 





Atomistic (at-o-mis’tik), a.per- 
taining to atoms. 

Atomization (at-om-e-za/shun) 
mn. act of reducing to atoms. 

Atomize (at’om-iz), uv. to re- 
duce to atoms. 

Atrabiliar (at-ra-bil/e-ar), a. 
atrabilious; atrabiliary. 


Arboreal (ar-bé’re-al), a. fre-;Arteritis (ar-te-ri’tis), “”% ins 
quenting or inhabiting trees.| flammation of an artery. 
Arborized (ar'bor-izd), a. fig-|Artotype (ar’to-tip), n.a pid- 
ured likeatree; arborescent.| ture produced by artotypy. 
Arbor vite (ar’bor vi'té), n.|/Artotypy (ur-tot’e-pe), 2. pro- 
ramifications in the human] cess of taking pictureson a 
brain, resembling a tree. film of sensitized gelatine. 
Archaist (ar/ka-ist), nm. an ar-|Ash-cake (ash’kak), m. a corn- 
cheologist; an antiquarian.| cake baked in the ashes. Attal (at’tl), m. waste matter 
Archbrick (arch’brik), mn. a|Asininity (as-e-nin’e-te),n.ob-| from mines; refuse; rubbish, 
wedge-shaped brick usedin} stinate stupidity; assishness. | Attitudinize(at-te-ti/de-niz)v. 
the construction of arches. |Asphyxiated. (as-fiks’e-at-ed),| to assume affected attitudes. 
Archebiosis (ar-ke-be-d/sis),.} @. suffering from orin a state| Audiphone (aw’de-fon), n. an 
the origin oflivingfromnon-| of asphyxia. instrumentto enable the deaf 
living matter; abiogenesis.|Asphyxiation(as-fiks-e-4’shun)} to hear, by conveying the 
Architectonics (ar-ke-tek-ton’-| . state of asphyxda, sensation of sound tothe au- 
iks), m. arranging of knowl]-|Aspiratory (as-pir‘a-to-re), a.) ditory nerve through the 
edge intoasystem; capacity) pertaining to breathing. medium of the teeth. 
for organizing knowledge. |Assegai (as-se-gi’),~. a kind of|Audition (aw-dish’un), 2. the 
Architectoni¢ (ar-ke-tek-ton’-| javelin used by the Caffres,} act or sense of hearing. 
ik),a.havingscientific,archi-} Zulus, &c., of South Africa.}Auditorium (aw-de-td/re-um), 
tectural, or constructive skill.|Assish (ass'ish), a. resembling) m. the part of a theater or 
Arctogeal (ark-to-jé’al),a. not-| an ass; stupid ; asinine. public hail in which the au- 
ing colder parts of the earth.! Assishness (ass'ish-nes), m.ob-| dienceis placed. [the ear. 
Ardassine (ar/das-sin),. very| stinate stupidity. (starfish. |Aural(aw’ral), a. pertaining to 
fine variety of Persian silk. |Asteridian (as-ter-id'yan), n.a|Auriscope (aw’re-skop), 7. in- 
Are (ar), 2. 2 measure of su-|Asthenia (as-then’e-ah), .| strument for examining the 
perficies equal to 100 square} bodily weakness; debility. interior parts of the ear. 
meters, or 119.6 square yards] Astrogeny (as-troj’e-ne), n. the|Auriscopy (aw-ris‘ko-pe), n. 
Areal(a're-al), @ pertaining to} creation of the heavens. examination of the ear by 
area, or superficial extent. |Astucity (as-ti’se-te), m. as-]| means of the auriscope. 
Arenated (ar’e-nat-ed), @.| tuteness; craftiness. Aurite (aw’rit), . salt consist- 
ground into sand. Asymmetric(as-im-met'rik),a.| ingofaurous acid and a base. 
Arenicole (a-ren’e-kél),”. ani-} Dot symmetrical, Auroral (aw-rd’ral), a. relating 
mal or plant living in sand.|Asymmetrical (as-im-met/rik-|_ to dawn, or to the aurora. 
Aretaics(ar-e-ta/iks),7. partof| al), a. unsymmetrical. Autogenetic (aw-to-je-net/ik), 
ethics relating to virtue. Atajo(a-ta/ho),%.[Sp.]adrove| a.self-generated or produced. 
Argentate (ar/jen-tat), 2. salt} of pack-mules. Autogenous (aw-toj‘e-nus), a. 
of argentic acid and a base.|Athermaney (a-ther’man-s@),| self-generated; autogenetic. 
Argonaut (ar’go-not), m. oneof| 2. impermeability to heat. |Automorphie (aw-to-mor’fik), 
the pioneer settlers of Cali-| Athlete (ath’lét), 2. onedevot-| a. patterned after one’s self. 
fornia, who went in 1849. ed to athletic exercises. Autonomy (aw-ton’o-me), n. 
Arius (a/re-us), 2. a species of|Athleties (ath-let/iks), n. ath-| self-government; political 
catfish found on the coast| letic exercises and sports. independence. 
of South America. Atmologie (at-mo-loj’ik), Autophagi (aw-tof‘a-jf), n. pl. 
Arming-press (arm’ing-pres), Atmologieal(at-ino-1ojiXe-al) ¢ birds which, soon as hatched, 
mn. 2 bookbinder’s tool for] a. pertaining to atmology. obtain food for themselves, 
stamping titles on books. Atmology (at-mol’o-je), m. de-|Autophagous (aw-tof’a-gus), 
Armor-plated (ar‘mor-plit/ed)} partmentof physical science| a. feeding one’s self. 
a. covered with iron plates} which treatsofaqueous vapor|Autotype(aw’to-tip),n. picture 
for defense, as a ship ofwar,|Atmolyzation (at-mol-e-za/-| taken by meansof autotypy. 
Armure (ar’mir), n. a twilled| shun),. separation ofgases.|Antotypy (aw-tot/e-pe), n. a 
woolen fabric,surface-ribbed.|Atmolyze(at’mo-liz),v.tosep-| photographic process of fine- 
Army-worm (ar’me-wurm),m.| arate gases and vapors. art printing, or phototyping. 
@ voracious caterpillar, ap-| Atmolyzer (at’/mo-liz-er),. an} Avian (av’e-an), a, relating to, 
pearing in vast numbers. instrument for separating} or of the nature of, birds. 
Arrow-wood (ar’ro-wood), ”.| gases from one another. Avieular (a-vik’i-lar), a. per- 
a shrub of which Western|Atmolysis(at-mol/e-sis),n.sep-| taining to birds. 
Indians make their arrows, | aration of gases of different| Awesome (aw’sum), a. full of 
Arta (ar’ta), m. a remarkable} densities from one another. awe; awful; appalling. 
species of catfish found in|Atom (at‘om), n. the smallest] Awn (awn), n.the beard ofsuch 


















Ceylon waters, having the] particle of matter. plants as barley, 
power of moving on land by/Atomivity (at-o-mis‘e-te), m.}Azuline(azh’i-lin),n. fine blue 
means of its side fins. condition in regard toatoms.| color, produced from aniline. 








WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. 


BABA 665 BEGGAR'S-LICE 


5 


small flag into a bull’sneck.{ ceous, half-living matter, at 
B. . Bandicoot (ban‘de-koot), n. a} the bottom of the sea. 
species of rat found in India/Bathymetric (bath-e-met’rik), 
Baba (b3’ba), 2. kind ofcake| and Australia. a. pertaining to bathymetry. 
filled with plums. Bandmaster (band’mas-tr), n.| Bathymetry(ba-thim’e-tre), 2. 
Babbitt metal (bab/it met’l),,| conductor ofa musical band,} the artof deep-sea sounding. 
alloy ofcopper, tin, and zinc.|Bandoline (ban‘do-lin), 2. a; Batswing(bats’wing),n.a form 
Baby-farm (ba/be-farm), m. a} preparation for the hair. of gasburner giving a jetin 
house where board and at-|Bang-up (bang’up), a. of su-} shape of a bat’s wing. 
tendance for babes are offered| perior quality; first-rate. {Batten (bat’tn), m, a skylight- 
Baby-farming(ba/be-farm‘ing)|Banjo(ban/jo)nmusicalinstru-| shutter; a flap. 
2. Keeping a baby-farm. ment resembling the guitar.| Battens (bat/tnz), n. pl. boards 
Bachelorhood(bach’e-lor-Hood)|Bank (bank), v. to deposit, as} used for flooring, &c. 
nm. state of being a bachelor.| money,in a bank; to cover|Bawhee(baw’bé)n. old Scottish 
Backbone (bak-bén’), 2. moral] With small coal or ashes, as} coin of the value of one cent. 
stamina; firmnessof purpose} a fire in a furnace. Bayberry(ba’ber-re) n.ashrub 
Backing (bak’ing),n, the act of|Bantingism (bant'ing-izm), .|_ having fragrant leaves. 
supporting and encouraging} a dietary system designed to|Bayberry-tallow (ba’ber-re- 
another in a difficulty, &c. reduce corpulence. tal’/l6), n. a green wax con- 
Back-pressure (bak-presh’ur), |Barbadoes-cherry(bar-ba/duz-| stituting the outer coating of 
n. resistance to the piston of} cher-re),n. West Indian tree,| the bayberry; myrtle-wax. 
@ steam-engine by waste] yielding pleasant, tart fruit.|Bay-ice(ba’ice),n. ice of recent 
steam or by the atmosphere. |Barbadoes-tar(bar-ba/dtiz-tar)| formation, in bays, &e. 
Back-settler (bak-set/lr), 7. a| m. a kind of bituminous oil|Bay-leaf (ba/léf), n. leaf of the 
settler in the remote and} usedinmedicineandsurgery| bay-tree. [a lake. 
wild parts of a country. Barbotine(bar’bo-tin),7, mode] Bayou (bi’00), n. the outlet of 
Back-stream (bak’strém), m. a} of ornamenting pottery-ware| Baywood (ba’wood), n. name 
side current in ariver, flow-|Barege(ba-razh’) n. gauze-like] for Honduras mahogany, 
ing up-stream. material for dresses, veils, &c| Beachcomber(bétsh’kom-er)n. 
Backwoods (bak/woodz), n. pl.|Barkentine (bark’en-tin), 21.a]| a long wave rolling on the 
partly cleared lands of a} bark rigged as a schooner. beach; a vagabond sailor. 
newly settled country. Barograph (bar’o-graf), m. an|Beach-wagon (bétsh’wag’on), 
Baggage-master(bag’gaj-mas’-| instrument for recording] n. alight open wagon, with 
tr),.man onarailroad who} changes in the air. two or more seats. 
takes charge of baggage. - |Barrel-vault (bar’rl-volt), ».|Bend (béd), v. to form bead-like 
Baggy (bag’ge), a. bulged out] asimple semicircular vault.| bubbles, as liquors. 
like a bag. [mercial traveler.|/Barrette (bar-ret’), m. the|Beading (béd’ing), n. 2 mould- 
Bagman (bag’man), n.acom-| squareredcapofacardinal.| ing formed torepresent beads 
Bah (bah), interj. an exclama-|Barwood (bar’wood), 2. a red|Beading (béd’ing), n. a prep- 
tion of contempt or disgust.}_ wood used as a dyewood. aration for causing liquor to 
Balance-sheet (bal’anse-shét),|Bashi-bazouk(bash’e-ba-zook’)| form beads in a glass. 
n. ashbeet having Dr. and Cr.} .aTurkishirregular soldier| Beady (béd’c), a. bead-shaped; 
account, striking a balance.} whoactsasaskirmisher,&c.| small, clear, and globular. 
Balanism (bal’a-nizin), n, the|Basso (bas’so), n. the bass or|/Beak (bék), m. a policeman. 
application of a pessary. base part; a singer of base.|Bear (bar), v. to depress or 
Balanitis (bal-a-ni'tis), m. in-| Basswood(bas’wood),m. Amer-}| lower the price of stocks or 
flammationoftheglanspenis| ican linden; whitewood. shares, by false reports, &c. 
Baleen(ba-lén’),n. platesofthe|Bate (bat), m, an alkaline|Bearing-rein (bar’ing-ran), n. 
palate of whalebone whales.| lixivium made of the dung} acheckrein used to make a 
Baling-press (bal’ing-pres),.| of animals, used in tanning.| horse hold his head up. 
a press used for compressing|Bathbrick (bath’brik), nm. #|Beaucatcher (bd’Katsh’er), », 
goods into bales. block of compressed sand,} a small flat curl worn on the 
Balk (bawk), v. tostop abrupt-| taken from the bed of the} temple by women. 
ly or turn aside, as a horse.|’ river near Bath, England. |Beefwood (béf’wood), 2. a red- 
Baiky (bawk’e), a. apt to balk.|/Bathchair (bath’char), m. a} colored wood from Australia. 
Balloon-fish (bal-loon’fish),n.| hand-chair in which an in-|Beeswing (béz’wing), n. crust 
a fish which inflates itself] valid is wheeled about. of tartar formed on wines 
with air; the globe-fish. Bath-metal (bath/met/l),.an] which have been long kept. 
Ballooning (bal-loon’ing), .| alloy of copper and zine. Befog (be-fog’), v. to mystify. 
running up stock beyond its| Bathometer (bath-om/e-tr), n.|Befrizzed (be-frizd’), a. having 
value by fictitious sales, &c.| aninstrumentusedfordeter-| the hair frizzled. 
Banderillero (ban-der-él-ya’-| mining depths in the sea. Befuddle(be-fud’dl), v.to cloud 
T6),7.in a Spanish bullfight, |Bathybius (ba-thib’e-us), m. a] and confuse, as with liquor. 
one who sticks a dart with a} plastic,gelatinous, proteina-|Beggar’s-lice (beg’garz-lis), n, 








- WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. - 





BEGONIA 666 BLASTEMA 





















Bioplasmie (bi-o-plaz’mik), a. 
pertaining to orconsisting of 
bioplasm; bioplastic. 


pl. prickly seeds of a plant,|Bibliolater (bib-l¢-ol/a-tr), n. 
which adhere to theclothing.} a worshiper of the Bible. 
Begonia (be-g6’ne-ah), n, a|Bibliolatrist (bib-le-ol’a-trist) 
genus of hothouse plants. n. one given to bibliolatry. |Bioplast (bi‘o-plast), 2 @ mi- 
Begum (bé/gum), n. an East-|Bibliolatry (bib-le-ol’a-tre),.} nute particle of bioplasm. 
Indian lady of high rank. excessive or superstitious|Bioplastie (bi-o-plas’tik), a. 
Bejuco (ba-hi’k6), nm. a thin,| reverencefor the Scriptures.| pertaining to bioplasm. 
pliable, reed-like twining|Biconcaye(bi-kon’kav), @.con-|Biotaxy (bi’o-taks-e), m- the 
plant, of tropical America, cave on both sides. systematic classification of 
Belaying-pin(be-la/ing-pin),”.| Biconvex (bi-kon’veks),q@.con-| animals and plants. 

a@ strong pin round which| vex on both sides, as a lens.|Biotite (bi’o-tit), mn. a mag- 
ropes are belayed in a ship. |Bicycle (bi’sik-l), m. a vehicle} nesia-iron variety of mica. 
Bellbird (bel’bird),”. an Aus-}| with large wheelin front and|Birk (birk), 2. the birch tree. 

tralian bird, with a tinkling| a small one behind, between|Birthmark (birth’mark), n. a 
voice heard over two miles. which is the seat for therider}| congenital mark on the skin 
Bellbuoy (bel’/bwoy), ”. a buoy|Bicyeling (bi’sik-ling), m. act] from some prenatal cause. 
having a bell attached, used} or art of riding on a bicycle.|Birthroot (birth’root), m. a 
to mark arock, shoal, &c. |Bicyclist (bi/sik-list), 2. one] plant of the lily family. 
Belleek (bel-1ék’), m. a green-| who rides on a bicycle. Bise (béz), 2. a cold northwest 













































glazed Irish pottery-ware. |Biela’s comet (bé/la’s kom’ect),| wind on the Mediterranean. - 
Bellfiower (bel/flow-er), a] ashort-period comet, which|Bisexual(bi-seks'a-al),a,.char- ' 
choice variety of apple. returns every 644 years. acterized by two sexes, 
Bellows-fish (bel/l6z-fish), x. a|Biforked (bi’forkt), a. having] Bisque (bisk), nm. a soup made 
spiny fish; the trumpet-fish.| twopron ; two-forked. With shellfish. 
Belongings (be-long'ings), .|Bile-duct (bil’dukt), n. a pas-|Bissextile year (bis-seks’til 
pl. what belongs toa person; sage for bile; he tic duct. | yér),leapyear—every fourth 
or thing ; personal property.|Biliousness (bil’y -> s), m.| year, haying 366 days. 
Belting (belt’ing), m. system] the state o/ being bilious. |Bitter-cress (bit/tr-kres), n. a 
of belts from a steam-engine|Bimetalism (bi-mct/al-izm),n.| plantofthegenus Cardamine 
tothe machinery ofafactory.| the useof two metals of fixed] Bitternut (bit’tr-nut), n. the 
Beluga (be-loo’gah), mn. the} relative valucs, ascurrency.| swamphickory,an American 
white sturgeon, which fur-|Bimetalist(b)-met/al-ist),2.an| tree of the walnut family, me 
nishesisinglass andcaviare.| advocate o! bimetalism. Bitts (bits), 2. pl. vertical pro- 
Bench-show (bentsh’shé), 7.|Bimetallie (bi-me-tal’lik), a@.| jectionsin thedeck of aship, 
an exhibition of dogs, &c. consisting of two metals. for securing ropes, &c. i 
Bend (bend), n. form of aship|Bioblast(bi/o- last),7. minute] Blackbird (blak’burd), nm. the in 
from the keel upward. mass of living protoplasm. grackle,or American starling ‘ 
Bender (bender), n. aspree; a|Biogenesis (bi-o-jen’e-sis), .| Blackeap (blak’kap), n. Amer- is 
frolic; a jollification. doctrine t at living matter] ican titmouse; the chicadee. - 
Benjamin (ben‘ja-min), m. a] arises from living matter. ~|Black-hole (blak/hdl),n. adark +9 
kind of Wnglish overcoat. |Biogenetic (bi-o-je-net/ik), a.| dungeon in a prison. in 
Benthamic (ben-tham/ik), a.| pertaining to biogenesis. Black-list(blak/list),n. a list of ‘ 
pertaining to benthamism. |Biogenist(bi-oj'e-nist),2.abe-| personsdeserving censure or i 


Benthamism (ben’tham-izm),| liever in biogenesis. i punishment, 
n, the greatest happiness of|Biogeny (bi-oj’e-ne), n. origin| Black-maria (blak-ma-ri’ah), 


the greatest number. of life from pre-existing life.]| 9. the close van in which 
Benthamite (ben'tham-it), n.|Biological (bi-o-loj'ik-al), a@.| prisoners are conveyed from 
a believer in benthamism. pertaining to biology. one city prison to another. 
Benzoline (ben’zo-lin), 7. fluid} Biologist (bi-ol’o-jist), 2. a stu-| Black-sheep (blak’shép),2. one 
obtained from coal tar. dent of biology. ofafamily guilty ofloosecon- 
Berg (berg), ». a towering|Biology (bi-ol’o-je), %. the sci-|_ duct, and unlike the others. 
mass or mountain of ice, ence of living organisms,|Blaek-silver(blak’sil-vr),72. an 
Bergilt (ber’gilt), n. a fish re-} whetheranimalor vegetable.| ore ofsilver, consisting ofsil- 
sembling the perch. Biolytic (bi-o-lit‘ik), a. de-] ver, sulphur, and antimony. 


Blackstrap (blak/strap), n. a 
mixture of gin and molasses, 
Bianck (blansh), v. to scald or 


Berlin-wool (ber/lin-wool), ».| stroying or impairing life. 
a kind of fine worsted yarns. |Biomagnetic (bi-o-mag-net/ik) 
Berlin-work (ber/lin-wurk),7.| a, relating to biomagnetism. 
embroidery of berlin-wool. |Biomagnetism (bi-o-mag’net-| parboil vegetables or fruit,to 
Bertha (ber’tha), m.akindof| izm), m. animalmagnetism.| remove their hulls or skins. 
cape worn by ladies. Biometry (bi-om/e-tre), n.cal-| Blase (blah-za’), a. surfeited or 
Besique (ba-zék’), n. a French| culation of the length of life.|| palled, as with pleasure, &c. 
game at cards. Bioplasm (bi'o-plazm), n. the|Blastema (blas-té’ma), n. fluid 
Bethel (beth'l), m. 2 house of] germinal  self-propagating| capable of forming animal 
worship for seamen. matter of living beings. and vegetable tissues, 









WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 





BLASTHOLE 


667 BRAIZE 





Blasthole (blast’hél), m. hole 
in the bottom of a pump. 
Blastogenesis(blns-to-jen’e-sis) 


overawe jn. bullying talk.)Bonne (bon), ”. a nursemaid, 
Blunderhead (blun‘dr-hed), 7.| Bonspiel(bon’spél), n.amatch 
a stupid, awkward fellow. at the game of curling. 


m. increase of organisms,|Blunging(blunj‘ing),n. process 
by budding or gemmation. of softening clay for the pur- 
Blather (blath’er), v. to talk! pose ofmaking earthenware, 
nonsense ; to babble. Blunt (blunt), 2. money ; cash. 
Blazing-star (blaz'ing-star),n.| Bob (bob), . English slang 
plant named fromits flower.| name for a shilling. 
Blets (bletz), ». pl, spots on|Bobbery (bob/er-re),n, & noisy 


Bon-viyant (bong’vé-voug’),. 
a jovial companion, 

Boof (boof), n. peach-brandy. 

Boodle (boo’di), m. money. 

Boohoo (boo'hoo), v. to weep 
aloud; to blubber; to bawl. 

Bookmaker (book’/mak-er), 7. 





decaying fruit. 


Blindfish (blind’fish), 2. a ge-}Bobolink (bob/o-link), nm. an 


nus of fishes found in the 
Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 
Blizzard (bliz/zrd), n. ablind- 


squabble; a tumult. a sporting man who keeps 
a record of his bets. 

Bookplate (book’plat), 7. label 
on a book to indicate owner- 


ship or place in a library. 





American singing-bird,—the 
reed-bird, rice-bird, or rice- 
bunting, [the bobolink. 


ing snowstorm, with violent) Boblincoln (bob/ling-kun), n.|Boom (boom), m. an enthusias- 


wind and extreme cold. 
Blockage (blok’ij), 2. a block- 
ing or closing up. 


Bobwhite (bob’whit), mn. the 
popular name of the North 
American partridge or quail. 


tic and spontaneous popular 
movement in favor of a per- 
son, thing, or cause. 


Bloodguilty (blood’gil’te), a.| Bock-bier(bok’bér),n. a stroug| Boomerang (boom’er-ang),7. & 


guilty of murder. 
Bloodmoney (blud/mun’ne) ,n. 
money paid to a witness for 
testifying on a murder-trial. 
Bloodwood (blood’ wid), n.log- 
wood, socalled fromits color. 
Blow (516), v. to boast; to brag. 
Blueback (bli/bak), 2. a spe- 
cies of trout found in Maine. 
Bluebottle (blu'bot-tl),2.plant 
having blue bottle-shaped 
flowers ; the cornflower. 
Bluecap (bla’kap), n. the blue- 
bonnet, or blue-titmouse. 
Blue-curls (bli’kurlz), n. an 
American plant of the mint 
family; bastard pennyroyal. 
Blueedevils (bla'dev/1z),n. low- 
ness of spirits; hypochondria 
Blue-eyed-grass (bliid-gras), 
n. & plant of the iris family, 
with delicate blue flowers, 
Bluefish(bla‘fish),.fish allied 


sort of lager-beer. 
Body-snatcher (bod’e-snatsh’- 
er), %. 2 resurrectionist. Bootlick (boot’lik), n. a lick- 
Body-snatching(bod’e-snatsh-| spittle; a toady. 
ing), n. act of stealing bodies| Bort (bort), 2. fragments from 
from the graye fordissection.| diamonds in cutting. [grove. 
Boer (b0’er),7.a South-African|Bosk (bosk), n. a thicket; a 
farmer of Dutch origin. Boss(bos),v. to govern; torule. 
Bogie (56’ge),7.a kind of four-|Boston (bos’tn), m. 2 gameat 
wheeled railroad-truck. cards, played by four persons 
Bogus (b0’gus), @ Sspurious;| with two full packsof cards. 
counterfeit ;—n, a2 mixture of| Bothersome (both’er-sum), a. 
rum and molasses. causing bother; vexatious. 
Bogwhort (bog’kwurt), 2. the|Bottle-helder (bot/tl-hdld’er), 
whortleberry. m. an attendant on a prize- 
Bogwood (bog’wood), ». hard] fighter, to supply him with 
jet-black wood found in peat} water, sponge off blood, &. 
bogs,—madeintoornaments.| Bottom (bot/tm), m, rich, allu- 
Bohemisem (bo-bé’me-an), 2. a} vial,flatland, near astream, 
literary man or artist of ir-| Bottom fact (bot'tm fakt), the 
regular or dissolute habits. whole truth in a matter. 
Bohemianism (bo-hé’me-an-|Bouilli(b6dl-yé’)7.stewed heef, 
izm)n. literary vagabondism| served with sauce. 


missile weapon used by the 
natives of Australia, . 








to the mackerel, but larger. |Bolide (bd/lid), 2. a large and| Boule (bool), %. a decoration of 


Blue-grass (bli’gras),n. a val-| ' brilliant shooting-star. 


tortoise-sheill and brass. 


uable kind of pasture-grass,| Bolt (bolt), n. a sudden spring| Bourbon (bdér’bun),n, an anti- 


which attains its greatest 
perfection in Kentucky. 


Biuejay (b10'j4), 2. a beautiful| Bolter (bolt/er), 2. a deserter 


American bird, with bluish 
feathers of changing hue. 
Bluejoint (blijoynt), nm a 
kind of grass common on wet 
grounds in North America, 


Bluelight (bli’lit), 2. a light)Boneash (bén’ash), 
used as a signalin ships, &c.|} Boneblack (bén/blak), 
Bluepill (blu’pil), n. a pill of 


prepared mercury. 
Bluestone (bli’stén), mn. blue 
Bluespar (bli’spar), m. a min- 

eral of an azure blue oolor. 
Bluetangle (bli'tang-gl), n, 

the same as Danglederry, 


[vitriol.| Bonecave(bon/kav),n.acavein 


or start to one side; deser-| quated, obstinate politician. 

tion of one’s political party.| Bourbonism (bddr/bun-izm),2. 
antiquated political notions. 

Bow-oar (bou’ér), nm. the oar 
nearest the bow of the boat. 

Bowse (bowz), n. a drinking- 
bout; a carouse;—v.to drink; 
to revel; to carouse, 


from a political party. 
Bonanza (bo-nan/za),n. @ min- 

ing term signifying an abun- 

danceofore; hence, success, 


prosperity, good fortune, 
; n. the| Boxberry (boks’ber-re),”. the 
resi-| wintergreen,orcheckerberry 
due from calcined bones. Boyeott(boy’/kot),v. to have no 
dealings or communications 
which fossil remains of pre-| with; torefuse to sell to, and 
historic animals are found. | decline to buy from; to re- 
Boneset (b6n/set),2, medicinal] fuse to work for or toemploy. 
plant of sudorific and tonic) Braise 2 (braz), v. to stew, as 
properties, [the tunny kind./Braize ; beef, vegetables, &., 


Bluff (bluf), v. to bluster; to|Bonite (bo-né’to), m. a fish of| inaclose-covered kettle. |; 






















WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. — 


BRAISER 668 BYZANTINE . 
















Braiser (braz’er), 2, a close-; graded inrank; cashiered. | who intimidates another by 
covered kettlo for stewing. |Bromategraphy (brom-a-tog’-| violent and unlawful means. 
Braising ; (braz’ing), m.aslow| ra-fe),n. description of foods.| Bulletin-koard(bul’le-in-bérd) 
Braizing § process of stewing. |Bromatology(brom-a-tol'o-je),| 2. a board on whieh an- 
Branch-pilot(branch-pi‘lot) m.|_ m.a treatise on the nature,| nouncemepts are posted. 
a commissioned pilot, quality, andusesoffood, |Buliheaded (bull’hed-ed), a. 
Brandied (bran’did), a. mixed|Bromism (bré‘mizm), .con-] obstinate; unyielding. 
ortreated with brandy. [new| dition of the system induced|Bullnut (bull’/nut), m, a large 
Brand-new(brand’nu),a.quite| by the use of bromine, kind of hickory-nut. 
Brant (brant), m. a wild goose.|Bronco (bronk’k6), n. cross be-| Bullwhacker(bull-whak’er),n. 
Brazen age (bra’zn-aj), prehis-|| tween a horse and mustang.| slangname for acattle-drover 
toric age of the world which! Bronze age (bronz’aj), prehis-| Bummer (bum’‘mr),n.2 spong- 
succeeded the silver age. toric age characterized by} er; a drunken loafer, 
Breadroot (bred’root), m. root} implements and ornaments|Burl (burl), 2. a knotin wood. 
resembling the beet, growing] of copper or brass, which|Burlap (bur’lap), 2. @ coarse 
near the Rocky Mountains, succeeded the stone age. fabric made of juteorhenmip. 
Breadwinner (bred’win-nr), .|Brownbread (brown’bred), n.| Burning-bush(burn’ing-bush) 
one who supports a family. bread made of wheat or rye| . an ornamental shrub, 
Break(brak),v.todegrade orre-| mixed withmaize, bearing crimson berries. 
duce toa lower rank. Brown-thrasher (brown-| Burnoose (bur-noos’), n.a loose 
Breakbone(brak’b6n), 2. fever} thrash’er), m.asong-bird of} cloak worn by women. 
causing painsin the bones.| the thrush family. Bernt-ear(burnt/ér),n.disease 
Breakdown (brak/down), ». a|Brumous (broo’mus),a. foggy.| in grain, resembling smut. 
failure ;—a riotons dance. |Brusquerio (brus‘ke-re), m.|Bur-eoak (bur’6k), 2, a kind of 
Breastbeam(brest/bém), 2. the; bluntness of speech orman-| oak,yieldingaclose-grained, 
front crozsbeam of a lecomo-| ner; brusqueness, tough, durable timber. 
tive frame; the buffer-beam.|Bubo (bi’'bo), m. an inflamed|Bus (bus), m. an omnibus, 
Breastbone (brest’b6n),n. the| swelling in the groin. Busby (buz’be), m. a tall, mili- 
bone to which most ofthe ribs} Buck(buk),m.amale American| tary bearskin cap. 
are attached, in front. Indian; also, a male negro.|Bushbean (bush’bén), m. the 
Breasthooks(brest’/hooks)n.pl. | Buckskot (buk’shot), 2. coarse} common low garden-bean. 
iron or timber knees gonnect+| shot, used for large game. |Bushelman (bush’l-man), n.a 
ing the two sides of a ship, |Buffalo-berry(buf'fa-lo-ber’re)| tailor’s assistant for repairs. 
Breastwheel (brest/whél), m. a} . & shrub bearing edible,|2ushman(bush’man),m. one of 
wheel turned by the force of| acid, scarlet berries. a degraded, stunted race of 
water }:v. withits center. |Buffaloechips(buf’fa-lo-chips),} South-African savages. . 
Breeze (bréz), m. refuse from] .dry dung of buffaloes, used| Bush whacker(bush’whack-er) 
burning coke or charcoal. as fuel on the prairies. n.a guerilla, robber, &c.,who 


















































Breozy(bréz’e),a.brisk; lively.|Buffaloeclover (buf’fa-lo-kl6’-}|_ lurks among bushes. 
Breloque(bra-lok),n.a trinket.| vr), ”. @ species of clover|Bushwhacking (bush’whack- 
Bretzel (bret’zl), ». ~ hard} common on the prairies. ing), ”. making one’s way 


brittle cake in ‘ormofaring,|Buffaio-fish (buf’fa-)p-fish), 7. 
Brewing (broo‘ing , 2, extrac-| the American gar-pike. 
tion of malt liquor fromgrain|Buffalo-grass (buf’fz-lo-gras), 
Bric-a-brac (brik’ah-brak’), 2.| 2. a species of short grass} .a beautifulupivalveshell, 
a collection of articles of ver-|_ on which the buffaloes feed.| resembling a butterfly. 
tu, as of china, curios, &c. |Buffaloenut (buf’fa-lo-nut), 2.|Butterine(but’tr-in), nm. oleo- 
Brimmer (brim’r), nm. a drink-| ashrubof the sandal-wood| margarine,—artificial but- 
ing-cup full to the brim. family ; the oilnut, ter, made from animal fat. 
Brit (brit), m. afish of the her-|Buffer (buffr), m. a good-|Butler-scotch (but'tr-skotsh), 
ring kind, 1to4inches long.| humored, jolly old fellow. n. kind of candy, composed 
Broad-arrow (brod-ar’ro), 7. 2| Buffo-singer(buffo-sing’er),.| mainly of sugar and butter. 
British government-markon| asinger of comic songs in|Buttonbali (but'tn-ball),n. a 
materials used in the nation-| opera-bouffe. [protuberant | large tree; the buttonwood. 
al ships, dockyards, &c, Bulgy (bulj’e), a, bulging out;|Buttonhole (but/tn-hdl), v. to 
Broadbill (brod’bil), m. a spe-|Bull (bull), v. toraise the price} detain in close conversation. 
eies of wild duck. of stocks, illegitimately, Buttons (but’tnz), n. a name 
Broadbrim (brod’brim), m. a|/Bullbrier (bull-bri‘er), 7. a! foraboy employedasa page. 
sportive name for a Quaker.| large species of brier from|Buttonwood (but'tn-woed), n. 
Broad-gauge (brod’gaj),a.not-| the root of which the West-| the Western plane-tree, 
‘ing arailroad whose width is} ern Indians make bread. Byzantine (biz’an-tin), a. re- 
4 feet 814 inches or upward.|/Bulldoze(bull’déz),v. tointim-| latingto Byzantium,orto the 
Broken (bro‘kn), p. a shat-| idate; tooverawe; to bully.|, Eastern empire, of which it 
tered in body ; infirm ;—de-|Bulldozer (bull/déz-er), m.one] was the capital. 


through bushes; — fighting, 
robbing, &c., among bushes, 
Butterfiy-shell(but’tr-fil-shel) 





WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 


GABLE 669 OCENTRALIZE 


Cc. Calorie(kal’o-re),”.the French ; does iris ase ter ees d 
unit of measure of heat. arpus (kar’pus), n. the sm 
Cable (ka’bl), v. to send a mes Calorimeter(Kal-o-rim’e-tr},n. aes forming the wrist. 
Sage by telegraphic cable. instrument to measure heat.|Carrara (kar-rah‘ra), a. noting 
Cablegram (ka'bl-gram), ”. a/caj\ing (kav/ing),n. breaking| a marble used for statuary. 
message by telegraphiccable.| “of of icebergs from glaciers. |Carry(kar're),.a portage from 
Cable-laid(Ka’bl-lad) a.twisted/ (2 misole (kam’e-s6l), m. dress-|. one river or lake to another, 
in the styleofacable. ing-jacket; straight-jacket. | round waterfalls, rapids, &c. 
Caeaine (ka-ka‘in), 2. essential Campanile (kam’pa-nil),n. the|Cashmeret (kash’me-ret), n. a 
principle of cacao. upper part ofa cupola. fabric resembling cashmere. 
Cachou (ka-shoo’), n. aconfec-/¢ampbellite (kam’bel-it), m.|Cassolette (kas-so-let’), nm. a 
tion to sweeten the breath. | oneofasectwhorejectcreeds,| perforated scent-box. 
Cachuea (ka-tshi’ka), 7. lively) taking the Bibleas their guide| Cussowary (Kas’so-wa-re), n. a 
dance by a man and woman.-! Camwood (kam’wood), m.ared| bird found in New Guinea. 
Cabinet-picture  (Kab’e-net-| “ ayvewood; barwood. Cast-steel (kast/stél), n. steel 
kt'yur),”.apicture ofsmall| Gaynabin(kan’na-bin),”.sub-| fused and cast into bars. 
size, for close inspection. stance obtained from hemp.|Catalpa (ka-tal’pa), n. atreeof 
Cad (kad), m. a mean, vulgar,/(anaille (ka-nal’), 2. name for| southwestern states, whose 
affected fellow; a snob. shorts, orlow grades of flour.| wood is of great durability. 
Cadaver (ka-da’vr),'n. a dead! canned (kand), p. a. preserved | Catalytic (kat-a-lit'ik),n. medi- 
human body; a corpse. in airtight cans. cine to purify the blood. 
Cadmium (Kad’me-um), 2. 2) ¢annel-coai(ian’nl-kdl)'n.coal|Catbird (kat/bird), n. a bird 
white, soft, tin-like metal. | “used for gas-making, &c. allied to the mocking-bird. 
Cadre (ka'dr), n. the frame or Cannery (kan’ner-e), 7. a place|Catblock (kat’blok),. block to 
skeleton nd aregiment, &c. |" for canning meat, fruit, &c.| raise the anchor to cathead. 
Cesar (se’zr}, n. general naMe| pay ojst (ka-noo’ist), n.one who|Catehdrain (katch’dran), n. a 
for an emperor; a kaiser, manages 2 canoe, drain across a declivity, to 
Cesarism (sé'zr-izm), ”. PeI-| cant (kant), m. hypocritical re-|_ intercept surface-water. 
sonal rule ; imperialism. ligious pretence; slang talk.|Cathead (kat/hed), n. projec- 
Caffeine (Kkafe-in), m. a bitter! ¢. fatrice (kan-ta-tré’che), n.| tion from the bow of a ship. 
crystalline alkaline base,| “4 female professional singer.|Catnap(kat’nap),n.short sleep. 
found in tea, coffee, &c. Cantores (kan-t0'réz), n. pl. a| Catoptries(ka-top’triks),2.sci- 
Caffre-bread (Kaf fr-bred),n. a general name forsong-birds.| enceof the reflection of light. 
plant found in Africa, from Canyon (kan’yon), 2. deep nar-|Cattle-plague (kat'tl-plag), n. 
which bread is made. row gorge, with steep sides.| contagious distemper affect- 
Cahow (ka‘how), n. a bird of Cantilena (kan-té-la’na), 2. a] ing cattle and sheep. 
Bermuda, the shearwater. little song; a melody. Caudate (kaw’dat), a. belong- 
Calamites(Kal’a-mits, or kal-a-| canine (kan-tén’), 2. case of| ing to the tail; caudal. 
mi'téz), n.pl. fossil reed-like) “), ottles and glasses forliquors.|Cave (kav), 7. the falling in of 
plants found in coal. =r €aniiniere (kan-tén-yar’), z.a| the top of a mine, &c. 
Caleareous rocks (Kal-ka re-us} “tomate sutler; a vivandiere.|Cavendish (kav’en-dish), #. @ 
zoks)rocks composedof shells) cantor (kan’tr), n. the leader] particular sort of tobacco. 
_andcoral. or precentor of a choir. Cavette (isa-vet’), m. a small 
Calearia (Kal-ka’re-ah), 2. FUs/ Canel (ica’pl), x. rock of quartz,| concave molding. 
dimentary legs in snakes, hornblende, and schorl. Cavort (ka-vort’), v. to bound; 
Caleic (kal’sik), m. chief con-|o.)itaries(kap'il-la-riz),n.pl.| to frisk ; to prance. 
stituent of shells and coral. | “s.tem of veins and arteries. |Cayman (kd’man), n. a reptile 
Calelfieation _(Kal-se-fe-ka’-| ¢. hitalization (kap’e-tal-e-za’-| of the crocodile kind. 
shun), ”. change into lime.| “<1 un), n. the conversion into| Ceiba (sae-ba), 7. the silk-cot- 
Caleified (kal’se-fid), a. formed capital, as stock or money. ton tree, of tropical America, 
of lime or calcareous matter. Capsicum (kap’se-kum), 7. a|Celebre(se-leb’r),a.celebrated. 
Caleify (kal’se-fi), v. tochange| “Fant from which Cayenne|Uello (chel'ld), 2. 2 Violoncello. 
into lime. _ {of lime.| pepper is obtained. Celt (selt), n. a prehistoric im- 
Calcite (kal’sit), 2. carbonate! q. st (ka-raf’),n.glass water-| plement of stone or bronze. 
Calibration(Kal-e-bra'sbun),| “ pottie for the table or toilet. |Centennial (sen-ten’ne-ai), n. 
the peereremncnt of tubes. Caramel (Kar’a-mel),2.akind| commemoration of an event 
Calicium (ka-lis’e-um), n. fUN-| “oF confection. which occurred a hundred 
gus patches on damp wood. |.) oie acid (kar-bol'ik as‘id) years previous; a centenary. 
Callus (kal/lus), m. hardened), ..:4 obtained from coal-tar/Centralism (sen'tral-izm), 7. 
skin; hard deposit on a bone. Carnivora (kar-niv’o-ra),2,pl.| doctrine of a supreme cen- 
Caimative(kam’‘a-tiv), v.medi-| “foch-eating animals. tral governmental power. 
cine for soothing the syste™.| oo pothagsertiar’pet-bag’er),|Centralize (sen’tral-iz), v. to 
Caloreseence (Kal-o-res'ens).7.)" »°, noliticaladventurerina| combine detached elements 
conversion ofheatintolight.) part ofthe country where he| into one force or power; to 





ar: 





WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. 









CENTURY-PLANT 670 CLAPE 


















a string in a carriage to call|Choker (chék’er), . a cravat. 
Chop (chop), m. sort; quality. 
Chordee (kor-dé’), 2. a painful 
affection of the penis, 
Choves (chérz), n. pl. the odd 


increase central authority. 

Century-plant (sen’'tu-re-] the attention of the driver. 
pleut), 2. plant that ‘lowers|Cheek (chék), n. cool impu- 
once in a hundred 3 vars. dence; insolent conduct. 

Cepheus(sé’fe-us), 2, one ofthe} Cheeky (chék’e), a. saucy; for- 
























northern constellations. ward; impudent; insolent.| jobs ofa household. | 
Cerebration (ser-e-bra/shun),|Cheeper (chép’er), 2. a name|Christmas-tree (kris’mas-tré), 
n, the workingsof the brain. given to young gamebirds, n,. asmall evergreen tree, set 





Cerebro-spinal (ser’e-bro-spi’-|Chef (shaf), n. a head-cook. up about Christmas-time. 
nal), a. relating to the brain|Chef-@’euvre (sha-doo'vr), 2.|Chromatism (kr6’ma-tizm), n. 
and spinal cord. {brain.| amasterpiece, asin art, &c.| aberration of rays of light. 

Cerebrum (ser’e-brum), 7. the/Chelonia (ke-l6’ne-ah), 2. pl.|Chromaty py (kro-mat’e-pe), n. 

Cerise (se-réz’), @. ci.:rry-col-| tortoises and turtles. chromatype photography. 
ored; of a cherry color. Cheloniphagous (ke-lon-if’a-| Chrome-red(kroém-red’),7. pig- 

Cetacea(se-ta’sha),.pl.aquat-| gus), a. feeding on turtles. ment obtained from red lead. 
ic animals, as whales, &c. {Chenille (she-nél’), n. silken|€hromism (kré'mizm), m. un- 

Chablis (shab-1é’), m, a white] cord for trimming dresses. natural color of flowers, &c. 
wine made in France. Chervot (she-rd6t’), n. a kind|Chromo (kré’mo), n. abbrevia- 

Chaff (chaf), 2. insincere or| -of cigar of delicate flavor, ation for chromo-lithograph. 
sportive talk ;—v. to ridicule|Cherry-bird (cher’e-bird), #%.|Chromogen(kré/mo-jen),n. the 
or hefool a person by talk. the American waxwing. coloring-matter of vegetables 

Chaffer (chaffr), v. to talk|/Cherry-bounce(cher’e-bowns),|/Chromo-lithegraph (kré’mo- 
much and idly ; to chatter. n. cherry brandy and sugar.j lith’o-graf), n. a lithographic 

Chaffering (chaf fr-ing), p.éa.|Cheviot (chev’e-ot), 2. arough]| picture in oil-colors. 
chirping; chattering. woolen fabric for clothing. |Chromo-lithography (kré’mo- 

| Chaffinch (chaf’finsh), m. a/Uhiaroscuro(ké-a-ro-skiro),m.| le-thog’ra-fe), m. production 
bird of the finch family. the distribution of light and| of lithographs in oil-colors, 

Chalet (sha-la’), 7.a summer} dark colors in paintings. Chromometer (kro-mom’e-tr), 
hut on amountain. Chic (shék), m. style; Knack ;] #2. device for ascertaining the 

ChamLer-music (cham’br-mii’-}_ manner ;—a. stylish. chemical constitution of a 
zik), m. music suited for a|Chiffehaff (chif’chaf),. small] body, based on its color, 
select or private assembly. European song-bird.[picker.| Chrome-phvtugraphy(kr6’mo- 

Cham pak (cham’pak), 2. a tree|Chiffonier (shif-fon-ér’),2. rag-| fo-tog’'ra-fe), 2. art cf yro- 
of India, having a rich odor.|Chignon (shéu’y6n), backhair} ducing « Jored photographs, 

Chancre (shank’er), 2 a ve-} oOtfalady, naturalor artificial} Chromo-typography (kré’mo- 











































































nereal sore, or ulcer. Chigo (ché’go),”.asmall kind| ti-pog’ra-fe),n. the artor pro- 
Chansonnette (shon’son-net),] of West-Indian sand-flea. cess of printing in colors, 

n. alittlesong; a ditty. Chills (chils), n. pl. moulds of|Chronopher (kron’o-fer),~, in- 
Chanterelle (shan-ter-el’), 2.) metal in which iron is cast. strument’ signaling ie. 











an edible mushroom. Chimney (chim‘ne), ”. in min-|Chronoscope (kron’o-sk6},, n. 
Charivari (sha-ré’va-ré’), n. a] ing, arich spot in @ lode. apparatus for measuring the 
serenadeof discordant music|Chimney-swallow (chim’ne-) velocity cf projectiles, &c. 
Charqui (char’ké), n. strips of} swol'ld), ”.aspecies of swift,|Chuckle (chuk’l), n. a short, 

beef dried in the sun. building nests in chimneys.| suppressed laugh. 

Chartography(char-tog’ra-fe),|Chimpanzee (chim-pan’zé), 7.|Chuecklehead (chuk’l-hed), 2. 
n. art of constructing maps.}| the African orang-outang. a numskull; a dunce. 

Chat (chat), m. popular name|Chineapin (chink’a-pin),.the|Chuckesteak (chuk’stik), n. 
ofagenusofsmall birds; as,} dwarf chestnut, beefsteak cut from between 
fallow-chat, stone-chat,&c. |Chinchbug (chinch’bug), . a] the neck and the collar-bone. 

Uhatelaine (shat‘e-lin), m. an} bug resembling the bedbug. |Ci-devant (sé-de-vong’), @, for- 
ornamental watchguard, &c.|Chipmunk (chip’munk), m. the}. mer; previous; late. 

Chattiness (chat/te-nes)n. talk-| small striped squirrel. Cigaret (sig-a-ret’), n.a paper 
ative disposition or habits, {Chipper (chip’pr), a. lively ;| tube filled with fine tobacco, 

Chauvinism (shé’vin-izm), ”.| cheerful; talkative; gay. |Cirri(sir’ri), n. pl. twining ap- 
fanatical patriotism. Chippewas (chip'pe-waz), v.pl.|_ pendages, tendrils, &. 

Chauvinist (sho’vin-ist), 2. an] a tribeof American Indians.|Cirrus (sir’rus), 2, small light 
intense patriot or partisan. |Chipping-bird (chip’ing-bird),| ¢louds. {herring kind. 

Chauvinistic(shé-vin-is'tik),a.| .a sparrow of small size. |Ciseo (sis’ko), m. a fish of the 
intensely partisan. Chiropody (ki-rop’o-de), n. art/Civet-eat (siv’et-kat), nm. a 

Checkerberry (chek’er-ber’re),} of treating disease of the feet.}| small carnivorous animal. 
m. & creeping plant whose|Chokeberry (chok’ber-re), n. a/Claim(klam),n.a miner’s term 
foliage and brightred berries} shrub related to the apple. for a located space of ground. 
have an aromatic flavor, Chokecherry (chok'cher’re),n. | Clape (klap), x. golden-winged 

Checkstring (chek’string), n.| an astringent wild-cherry. woodpecker, or flicker. 















































































| Collodion (Kol-lé‘de-un), ”, a 





WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 





OLAQUE 671 COSMOPOLITE 

















Qlaqne (klik), 2. a band of) ether and alcohol. plant of tonic properties, 
persons hired to applaud. |Collodionize (kol-16’d¢-un-iz),|Cooper (koop’er), n. a2 mixture 
Claqueur (klak’ur), 2. ahired| v. to treat with collodion. of porter and stout. 


Colorado-beetle (kol-o-ra/do/Cop (kop), 7. a policeman ;—so 
Clarence (klar’ense), 2. aclose,| bé’tl), m. a small, yellowish,} called from copper badges 
light, four-wheeled carriage.| destructive kind of beetle. formerly worn, 
Clasplock (klasp'lok), 2, alock|Color-blind (kul/ur-blind), a./Copperbell (kop’pr-bel), n, a 
thatsecuresitselfbyaspring} unable to distinguish colors.| nameofthecopperheadsnake 
Clear-stuff (klér’stuf), n. name|Color-blindness (kul/ur-blind-|Copperhead (kop’pr-hed), n. a 
for lumber clear of knots. nes), 2. inability to distin-| venomous serpent of the rat- 
Clientage (kli‘en-tij), us cli-| guish colors; daltonism. tlesnake kind. [oring matter. 
Clientele (kli/en-tél),§ ents/Color-sergeant (kul’ur-sar’-|Coralline(kor‘al-lin),n.redcol- 
collectively ; body ofclients.| jent), . sergeant who car-/Cordelier (kor’de-lér), . a ma- 
Clove (klov), ». a gorge in a| ries thecolorsofaregiment.| chine for rope-making. 
mountain; arayine; a gap./Colostrum(ko-los’trum), ». the|/Cordeliere (kor-de-ly-ar’), n. a 
Coach (kéch), v. toprepareone| firstmilkofanimalsafterde-| black knotted neckerchief. 
to pass any ordeal; totrain.| livery; mixture of turpen-|Cordiilera (kor-dil-lé’ra), n. a 
Coalheaver (k6l’hév’r), m.one| tine and the yolk of anegg.| series ofranges of mountains 
who loads and unloads coal.|Comedown (kum/down), 2. a/Corespondent = (ko-re-spon’- 
Coaloil (kél’oil), m, petroleum,| sudden descent; adownfall.| dent),n,anassociateinasuit 
from beingderived from coal.|Commode (kom-m6d’),n,acon-| at law; a joint respondent. 
Coalpasser (k6l’pas-er), m. one] venience for a bedroom. Corinthian (ko-rin’the-an), n. 
who passes coal toa furnace.|Commonish (kom’mn-ish), a@.| orderof Grecian architecture 
Coamings (k6m‘ingz),”.raised| somewhat common. Corked (korkt), a. tasting of 
edges of the hatches of aship.|Compass-plant(kum’pas-plant)| the cork ;—said of wine. 
Coastline (kést/lin), 2.the line] . a plant growing on the|Cornbread(korn’bred),n.bread 
or boundary of a seacoast. Western prairies, havingfive] made of Indian-corn meal. 
Coati-mundi(ko-at’e-moon’de),| leaves resembling the spread/Corneracker (korn-krak’er), n. 
n.an animalofSouth Amer-| fingers of the human hand,| auative of Kentucky. 
ica, similar to the raccoon. which present their edges|Corncrake eens na 
Coceyx (kok’siks),n. terminal] north and south,—the rough|Cornerouw (korn’kro), bird } 
portion ofthe spinalcolumn.| side facing the east,and the} which frequents cornfields. 
Coceygeal (kok-sij’e-al),a.con-| smooth side facing the west. |Corn-exchange (korn’-eks- 
nected with the coccyx. Compsognathus (komp-sog’-| chanj), n. place where grain 
Cochlea (kok’le-ah), x. spiral] nath-us), 7”. a reptile which| is sold by samples. 
cavity of the internal ear. hops like a bird. {nal ear. |Cornfritter(korn’frit’tr) } na 
Cock-of-the-plains(kok-of-the-| Concha (kong’ka), 22. the exter-|Cornoyster(korn‘oys'tr) § kind 
plans), n. a species of grouse|Concretianism (kon-kré/sban-| of fritter made of batter of 
found near the Pacific coast.| izm), m. the doctrine that| grated green Indian corn. 
Cock-of-the-rock (kok-of-the-| body and soul are generated|Cornsheller (korn’shel-er), , 
rok),”.South-American bird] and grow together. a machine to separate corn 
of brilliant orange plumage.|Conductivity (kon-duk-tiv/e-| from the cob. 
Cockshy (kok’shi), m. object to| te), m. quality of conducting. | Cornshuck(korn’/shuk),n.husk 
throw sticks, stones, &., at.|Confederacy (kon-fed’er-a-se),| covering ears of Indian corn. 
Cocktail (kok’tal),»”. spirits} m.ageneral name for South-|Cernstarch (korn’/starch), n. a 
sweetened, flavored,andiced| ern States during the war. preparation of Indian corn. 
Cocky (kok’e), a. conceited ;|Confidence-man (kon’fe-dense-|Corporealism(kor-p6‘re-al-izm 
self-assertive ; swaggering. man), %. plausible swindler.| s.doctrinethatthe body isthe 
Codilla (ko-dil'la), n. coarsest) Consensus(kon-sen’sus),”.hur-| only existence; materialism. 
part of flax or hemp; tow. | mony; unanimity; concord.|Corpuscle (kor’pus-sl), ». an 
Coiffure (koif‘fir),. style of|Consomme (kong-som-ma’), n.| ultimate organic body; a 
dressing the hair. a kind of strong broth. protoplasmic cell. 
Coldchisel (k6ld/chiz-1),. n. a/Constabulary (kon-stab’i-la-/Corral (kor-ral’), nm. inclosure 
stout, blunt steel chisel, tem-| re),n.the bodyofconstables;| for cattle;—v. to surround 
pered to cut cold metal. constables collectively. and inclose; to coop up. 
Coldcream (k6ld’krém) ,n.oint-| Contango (kon-tang’go), n. in-|Correectible (kor-rek’te-bl), a. 
mentmadeof whitewax,rose-| terest charged by brokers. capable of being corrected. 
water,almond-oil,and borax,|Contretemps (kon’tr-tong), m.|Corsage (kor’sej), 2. the waist 
Coleoptera (kol-e-op’te-ra), .| [Fr.] unexpected accident. of a woman’s dress. 
pl.insects of the beetle kind.| Conventionalize (kon-ven’-|Cosey (k6/ze), n. covering for a 
Collard (kol’lard), nm.akindof| shun-al-iz), v. to establish.| teapot, to retain the heat. 
open‘leaved cabbage. Convivium (kon-viv’e-um), 2.|Cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pol’e-tn 
a convivial gathering. Cosmopolite(koz-mop’o-lit),n. 
Coolwort (kool’wurt), m. a] manofenlarged,liberalviews 


or interested applauder. 


solution of guncotton in 


e ~ 





WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 


COTTONADE  _— 672 CUTTER-BAR 


Cottonade (kot’tn-ad), n. stout) m. operation in obstetrics. roads ; walk across a street. 
thick fabric ofcotton cloth. |Crank (krank),7.ill-tempered,|Crosslode (kros/léd), n. a lode 
Cotton-belt (kot’tn-belt),n.ex-| odd, or half-crazy person. crossing the main lode. 
tent of territory adapted to/Cranky (kran’’e}, <. ill-hu-|Croton-oil({kré’tn-oil), n. anoil 
the cultivation of cotton. mored; wiimsical; oad. forming a powerfulcathartic, 
Cotton-boll (kot’tn-bdl), m. the|Crash (krash), n.acoarse kind| and also used externally. 
pod of the cotton-plant. of linen of unbleached hewp.|Crown-antler(krown’ant-Ir),n. 
Cotton-flannel (kot’tn-flan’nl),|Crayon (kra’un), n. pencil of| highest branch ofstag’s horn 
nm. heavy twilled fabric of] carbon used in producing|Crown-wheel (krown’whél), n. 
cotton cloth, with plush nap.| electric light, &c. a wheel having teeth cut.on 
Cottonmoth (kot’tn-moth), ”,.|Craze (kraz),.adefect inthe} the edge of the rim. 
thesame as Cotton-worm. glaze of earthenware which|Crumbly (krum’ble), a, easily 
Cottonmouth (kot/tn-mowth),} causes it to crack. crumbled ; friable; brittle. 
n. & poisonous serpent. Creamery (krém’er-e), n. place|Cruorine (kroo’o-rin), n. the 
Cotton-press (Kot/tn-pres),.a] where milk and its products] coloring-matter of the blood. 
machine for pressing raw] are prepared for market. Crush-hat (krush’hat), n. a 
cotton into bales. Creeper (krép’er), m. a small} soft compressible hat. 
Cotton-seed(kot/tn-séd), n.the] iron frying-pan ; aspider. |Cryptonym (krip’to-nim), n.a 
seed of the cotton-plant. Cremate (kre-mat’), vy. to con-| secret or concealed name. 
Cotton-waste (kot’tn-wast), 2.| sume a dead body by fire. |Crystalline lens,ethe fibrous, 
refuse of a cotton-factory. |Cremationist(kre-ma’shun-ist)| doubly convex lens in theeye 
Cotton-worm(kot‘tn-wurm),7.| 2. one who believes in burn-| Crystalloids (kris’tal-oydz), n. 
a destructive worminfesting] ingthe bodiesofdeadpersons.| pl. resemblances to crystals. 
the growing plants of cotton.|Crematory (krem/a-to-re), 2.|Cueujo (ku-koo’ho), . a firefly 
Cotton-zone (kot/tn-z6n),n.:the| a furnace for the purpose of| found in tropical America. 
girdle of the earth within] burning dead human bodies.|Cucumber-tree (kua'kum-br- 
which cottoncan be grown. |Crepitant (krep/e-tant), «.| tré), m. a tree whose fruit 
Count (kownt), n. a terrapin| crackling; rattling. resembles a cucumber. 
. over seven inches in length.|Crescentie(kre-sen’tik).a, hav-|€ulls (kulz), 2. pl. refuse tim- 
Coupler (kup’ler), n. a hook to] ing the form of a crescent. ber, fish, oysters, apples, &c. 
unite railroad-cars. Cretonne (kre-ton’),n.a strong| Cult (kult), m, particular form 
Cousinship (kuz’n-ship),n. the} whitefabricofhempand flax] of worshipor religious belief. 
relationship of cousins. Cretonnes (kre-tonz’), n. pl.|Culture (kult’yur), m. high 
Cowbird (kow’bird), . one of} prints of gay patterns. civilization; refinement. 
the American starlings. Cribbing (krib’bing),2. plank-| Cultus (kul’/tus), 2. cult; cul- }. 
Cowboy (kow’boy),”. a cattle} liningofthe shaft of a mine.| ture; worship. 
j drover; a herder. Crinkly (krink’le), a having|Cundurango(kun-du-rang’go),” 
Cowper’s Glands, glands situa-| crinkles; wavy. [maker.| m. vine growingin Ecuador. 
ted between the prostate and|Crispin (kris’pin), m. a shoe-|Cunner (kun’nr), n. the salt- 
the bulb of the urethra. Crith (krith),n. unit of weight} water perch; the chogset. 
Cowtree(kow’tré),7.a plant of! of aeriform substances. Cuprie (ka’prik),a. pertaining 
Brazil, from which a kind of|Croaker (krok’er),n.small fish] to or obtained from copper. 
milk is obtained, found onthe Atlantic coast. |Curare (ku-ra’re), 2. resinous 
Coxalgia(koks-al'je-ah)n.pain|Crooked whisky, whisky on} substance used by Indians 
in the hip; hip-joint disease.} which the internal-revenue| for poisoning their arrows. 
Coyote (koy’ét), 2. the small} tax has been evaded. Curarize (Kt'ra-riz), v. to poi- 
barking prairie-wolf. Crookneck (krook’nek), m. a| son with curare. 
Crabwood(krab’wood),».light] kind of curved-neck squash.|Curassow (kt-ras’s6), 2. a bird 
cabinet wood from Guiana. |Croon (kroon), v. to sing in a! resembling a turkey. 
Crackled(krak/ld),p.a. having} lowtone; tohum. [a horse.|Curios (ki’re-6z),n.pl. curiosi- 
cracked surface, as pottery.;Cropper (krop’pr), 2. fall from] ties, or articles of virtu. 
Crackleware (krak’l-war), ».|Crops (Kreps), n. parts above|Curviform (kury’e-form), a. 
the same as Cracklin. the shoulder of an ox. curved in shape or outline. 
Cracklin(krak’lin),. a kindof|Croquet (kro-ka’), m. an out-|Cush (kush), 2. a preparation 
china with cracked enamel.}| door game played with long| of boiled crackers. 
Cracksman (kraks/man), n. al mallets and wooden balls. |Cuspidore (kus’pe-dér), n. an 
burglar by force or violence.) Croquette (kro-ket’), m. a ball| earthenware vessel to receive 
Cradle-hole (kra’dl-h6l), ».lit-| ofminced meat, &c., fried. waste matter; a spittoon. 
tle gully acrossasleigh-track|Crossbones (kros’bénz), m. hu-|Cuteness (kut’nes), n.-acute- 
Crane (kran), v. to stretch the} man thighbones crosswise. ness} sharpness; smartness 
neck forward, to see better. |Crosseut (kros’kut), 2. a level|Cutis (ki’tis), nm. layer of true 
Cranial (kra‘ne-al), a. belong-} cut across a-veinin amine.| skin beneath the epidermis. 
ing tothe cranium, or skull.|Crossing (kros‘ing), m. mixing|CQutter-bar (kut/tr-bar), m. bar 
Craniotomy (kra-ne-ot’o-me),| ofbreeds; anintersection of] to fasten cutting-tools. 




















WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 


OYANINE 673 ~ DENTURE 


- 


Cyanine (si’a-nin), 7. the blue;Dash (dash), . asingle trial of Decimally (des’e-mal-le), ad. | 


coloring-matter of flowers. speed on a racecourse. in accordance with decimals, 
}Cymrie (kim/rik), a. Welsh;—|Dashy (dash’e), a. ostenta-] or with the decimal system, 

nm. Welshlanguage.  ([race.| tiousl¥ fashionable; showy.|Decime (da-sém’), n. a French 
Cymry (kim‘re), x. the Welsh |Davyum (da/ve-um),7,asilver-| coin, worth nearly 2 cents. 


Cypress-vine (si’pres-vin), .| white, hard metal. Decister (des‘is-tr),n. the tenth 
an American climbing plant.|Dawdle (daw’dl), v. to waste} partofastere,orcubic meter, 
Cysted (sis’ted), a. in acyst. time by trifling. Decitizenize (de-sit/e-zn-iz), vy. 


Cysticle(sis’te-kl),7.small cyst. |Deadbeat (ded’bét),.a plausi-| to deprive of citizenship. | 
tytode (si'tod),2. the simplest} bleswindler;'an artful rogue.|Deckhand (dek’hand), mn. a 
form ofindependent life. Deadbroke (ded’/brok), a.with-|_ worker onthe deck ofavessel 


Uy logenesis (sit-o-jen’e-sis),”,| out money. Decollette (da-kol-le-ta’),a.cut 
the development of cells in|Deadhead (ded/hed), ~. one] low in the neck; low-necked. 
organic structures. who obtains privileges with-|Deerberry (dér’ber-re), n. a 

Cytogenetic (sit-o-je-net/ik), a.] out payment, plant with large, greenish, 


pertaining to cell-formation.|Deadheat (ded’hét), 2.aracein} mawkish berries. 
Cytogenous (se-toj’e-nus), a.| which two competitors come|Deergrass(dér’gras), n. aplant 


producing or forming cells. in even. : with large, showy flowers, 
Cytogeny (se-toj’e-ne), n. cell-/Deadhouse (ded’house), 2. a] and bright purple petals. 
formation ; cytogenesis. place for temporary recep-|Defibrinate (de-fi/brin-at), v. 


Cytoplasm (si’to-plazm), m.| tionofunknown dead bodies.| to deprive of fibrin. 
the same as Protoplasm. Deadlock (ded'lok),”, a state of|Defibrination. (de-fi-bre-na/- 
Czardom(zar‘dom),. the rule] legislative affairs in which} shun), n. the act or process 


or authority of the Czar. no progress can be made, of depriving of fibrin. 
Czarist (zar’ist), n. an adher-|Deadset (ded’set), 2. a com-|Deflected (de-flekt/ed), a. bent 
ent or partisan of the Czar. bined attack. downward; curved over. 


Czarevna (za-rev’nah), n. wife|Deadwall (ded’wal), n.a blank|Defoliated (de-fo'le-at-ed), a. 
or consort of the ezarowitz. wall, unbroken by openings.} stripped of leaves. 
Czech(tshek),n.onecofabranch|Deadweight (ded’wat), mn. a|Deforest(de-for’est), v.toclear 





of the Slavonic race. weightthatimpedes progress] of forests. 
Deathlike (deth’lik), a, resem-|Defrayal (de-fra’al), n. act of } 
2 bling death. defraying or paying, ascosts. 
By, Deathrate (deth’rat), n. ratio] Deglutitory(de-gli’te-to-re),a. 
of deaths to population. pertaining to deglutition. 
Dado (dah’do), ». imitation|Death’s-head (deth’s’hed), n.|Delaine (de-lane’), n. a fabric 
wainscoting ofpaperorwood.| the skull of a dead person. for ladies’ dress-goods. 


Dagos(da’g6z),n.pl.namegiven|Debeige (de-bazh’), n. a kind/Deliriant (de-lir’e-ant), n. a 
in Louisianato Italians, Por-| of goods resembling alpaca.}| drug which causes delirium. 
tuguese, and Spaniards. Debuscope (dé’bus-kop), w. a|Delirifacient(de-lir-e-fa/shent) 

Daintify(dan‘te-fy)v.torender} modifiedkind ofkaleidoscope] ™. any preparation or sub- 
dainty, delicate, or fastidious| Debutant (da-bu-tong’), m.one} stance that causes delirium. 

Dairy-farm (da/re-farm), 2. af who makes his first appear-|Demi-monde (dem’e-ménd), n. 


farm where dairy-produce is} ance before the public. a collective name for women 

chiefly raised. Debutante (da-bu-tont’), 2. a} of doubtful reputation. 
Dairy-produce (da/reprod’ts),}] female making her first ap-|Demobilization (de-mob-e-le- 

milk,butter,cheese, cream &c| pearance beforethe public. za'shun), n. the disarming, 


Daitonism (dal’tn-izm), 7. in-|Decadent (de-ka’/dent), a. fall-} disbanding, and dismissal of 
ability to distinguish colors.| ingoff; decaying; declining.| troops from active service. 
Dangleberry (dang’gl-ber-re),|Decagram (dek’a-gram), n._ a|/Demobilize(de-mob’e-liz),v. to 


n. a kind of whortleberry. weight of ten grams. disarm, disband, and dismiss 
Danites (dan’its), 2. pl.a secret| Decaleomania (de-kal-ko-ma’-] troops from active service. 
association of Mormons, ne-ah), n. art of transferring| Demonetization (de-mon-e-te- 
Danseuse (don-sooz’), n. a fe-|_ pictures to china, glass, &c.| za/shun), n. act of divesting 
male dancer in public. Deecaliter (dek-a-lé’tr), %. ten} money of its value. 
Darbies (dar’bez), . hand-| liters. Demurral (de-mur’rl), n. hes- 


cuffs, or fetters; manacles.|Decarburization(de-kar-bu-re-| _itationin decidingor acting. 
Darwinian (dar-win’e-an), a@.| za’shun), mn. act, process, orj/Denseness (dense’nes), m. the 


pertaining to Darwinism. resultef decarburizing. state or quality of being 
Darwinism (dar/win-izm), n.|Decarburize (de-kar’bu-riz), v.] close, compact, or thick. 
the doctrine of continuous] to deprive of carbon. Densimeter (den-sim/e-tr), n. 


development, based on the|Decaster (dek’as-tr),”. a solid] instrument for ascertaining 
theories of natural selection,| measure equal to ten steres.| thespecific gravity ofliquids. 
struggle for existence, and Decigram (des’é-gram), n.one-| Denture’ (dent/yure), n, an ar- 
survival of the fittest. tenth of a gram. tificial tooth or set of teeth, 


ce 








WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. : 














DEODORANT 674, EPILEPTOID. 


% 





Deodorart(de-3/dr-ant),2. any|Dimorphie (di-mor’fik), a 0¢-|Elephantiasis(el-e-fan-ti’a-sis) 
substance which destroys or| curring under two forms, ~ n. a disease of the Bkin, at- 
removes disagreeable odors. |Dimplement (dim’pl-ment), n. tended with deformity, 

Dermalgia (der-mal'je-ah), .| the state of being dimpled. Elite (a4-lét’), m. a choice or 
neuralgia of the skin. Dingo (ding’go), 7. the native select body. : {a tumult. 

Derringer(der’rin-jer)n. short-| or wild dog of Australia. Emeute(a-mot ), 2. an uproar ; 
barreled, non-revolving pis- Emir (@’mir), m. an Arabian 

4 tol, carrying a large ball. ' Upbed Of eeanun ieee a 
re ee Sey tet yak E, pier iee : repurchasing 
in a despotic manner, arte! F ° 

pote peel oi An wane forae ot mere 

, 
pekiche apodeean = gokrer es, ostrich, found in Australia, 

Devastator(dev’as-ta-tr)”. per- Encke’s comeny® comet which 
son or thing that devastates. returns every a eeres 7 

Devil’s darning-needle,n.com- Endocardium (en-do-karde- 
mon nameof the dragon-fiy. um), ”. an ee lining 

Sled rier niisge ne age uae 

sh of hideous form ;—also gar 2 he Rap rsid tee 
called sea-devil,fishing-frog, pat eel bab oe Lares 
bellows-fish, goose-jish, &, Pad the sane oe ye os 
nh Sites pie eons csc Tmarriage to members of the 
chief; deviltry. 1 t 

Devilwood (dev’/l-wood), . B : poe family Debio ae 
sedeotihe Southern States: qustrument for making ex- 

Deekores eeihen eo Ae aminations of the bladder, 
low species of blackberry. Endoskeleton(en-do-skel’e-tn) 

Dhow (dow), ”.akind of coast n.the internal or bony struct- 
vessel used in Eastern seas. ‘| ure oe and mie Snips 

Diactinie(di-ak-tin’ik)a.trans- sa ha Mpa Rot J 
mitting actinic rays oflight.} gyrrent. Bosilage (entsete Aes AH 

Diagnose (di'ag-n0z), v. to dis-| Bleetrogenesis (é-lek-tro-jen’-| of preserving fresh fodder for 
cover a disease by diagnosis. e-sis), . the production of| cattle by berying iieende 

dit biprareeeg ah orien ML Enieralgia (en-ter-al/ge-ah), tt. 
ik), @. exlubited > hae ke Eleetrogenie(8-lek-tro-jen'ik),| pain in the intestines; colic. 
ted by a aid of a diagram. Rleetrogenetie (é-lek-tro-Je-| Bnierliis (en-te-ri/tis), . ine 

Diamonded (di'mund-ed), 4.) ner/ik), a. pertaining to the] flammation of the intestines. 
paras ay al er sigan production of clectricity. |Entoiie (en-tot/ik), a. pertain- 

ey ate eerske vo nm, oven |Electro-gilt (c-lek’tro-gilt), @.| “ing to the interior of the ear. 

Da eer eae colored figures! gilded by means of Voltaic| Entr’acte (on-trakt’), .inters 
eee . eer fa ant electricity. val between theactsof a play 

Diavt : is (di-af'e-sis yee Electro-magnetism (e-lek’tro-| Entree (on-tra’), n.2 name for 
vealed art ofa Ae bans ©) mag’net-izm),n.therelation| a side-dish at dinner. 

Dinpnol ans aKy ne. | of electricity to magnetism. |Entremets (ong-tr-ma'), % @ 
Bpnols AU Apes phaetti Electrometer(é-lek-trom’e-tr),| food-dainty ; a delicacy. 

Se teaticn an insensible per-| n, instrumentto measure the| Entrepot (ong-tr-po'), 2. a free 

Diey athe ‘aia -et'ik) force of an electric current. port where goods are re- 

‘ada ee Py ti » &-|Electrometry(é-lek-trom’e-tre] ceived and deposited, for 

Minne Gi ite LOD nm. art or process of making| exchange or sale. 

hator AS jake ema), % 8) electrical measurements. Entropy (en’tro-pe), #. loss of 

Diath os le At Electropathy(é-lek-trop’a-the)| energy and usefulness. 
fathermometer  (di-a-ther-} , the treatment of diseases] Zon (é/on), n. a long period of 
opel 15 Pay in pers by means ofclectriccurrents.| time; an 2ge. 
ating power fli nee Electrophone(e-lek’tro-fon),n.| Rosine (é/o-sin), n. a rose-red 

Dicker (dik’en) pe iquie’s.) an instrumentfor producing| fluorescent dyestuff for silk. 
Feineustiate aoe hartee cel sound by electric currents. |Epieal (ep’e-kal), a. containing 

Diosinker(di’sink-er) a ee Electro-plated (e-lek’tro-plat/-| narration; narrative; epic. 

raver ofdies for coins &o. | ©): @ plated by means of|Epigastrinm (ep-e-gas'tre-um) 
pitt tiata(dif-fer-en’/sh oy] ger o talc electricity, m. upper part of the abdomen. 
erentiata(dif fer-en'she-at)| Eleetrotypie (é-lek-tro-tip'ik), | Epileptiform (ep-e-lepte-form 

Niy dally (dil/ledal/ley oto |yir por eaining to electrotypy.| a. resembling epilepsy. 

Dilly-dally (dil'le-dal'le), v. to | Rlegize (el/e-jiz),v. toeelebrate|Epileptoid (ep-e-lep’toyd), a 

loiter,or wastetimeintrifiing| jn elegiac verse; to bewail. ' resembling epilepsy; epilepth 






















































Earwig (ér/wig), ”. 2 species 
of caterpillar. 

Eearte (a-kar-ta’), 2. a French 
game at cards, 

Egret (6/gret), 2. a small white 
heron; tuft of feathers or hair 

Egyptologist(é-jip-tol/o-jist)n. 
one devoted to the study of 
Egyptian antiquities. 

Egyptology (@-jip-tol’/o-je), n. 
the science or the study of 
Egyptian antiquities. 

Eidograph (i'do-graf), m. an 
instrument used for the re- 
production of drawings. 

Elan (4-lon’), 2. passionate 
enthusiasm; ardor; zeal. 

Bleetrie light, light evolved 
from materials heated to in- 
candescence by the passage 
through them of an electric 




































































































































































aoe 


WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA., 





EPIORNIS 675 GET-UP 





Epiornis (ep-e-or'nis), 2. large; tractof lowland mostly cov- |Fiasco (fe-as’ko), 7. @ failure; 


ostrich-likebird, nowextinct| ered with water. a blunder. 
Epitaphial (ep-e-taf’e-al), a.|Evolutional (ev-o-li/shun-al), | Filicide (fille-sid),. the mur- 
pertaining to an epitaph. a. relating toeyolution. der ofone’s ownchild. 
Epsom salts, a salt of cathar- | Evolutionist (ev-o-lu’shun-ist)|Find(find),n.somethingfound; 
tic properties, prepared from| mn. a believer in evolution. a discovery. 
sea-water. Ex (eks), a prefix to words, sig- | First-elass(first-klas),q@. ofthe 
Equestrienne “2-kwes-tre-en’),| nifying out of. best quality ; first-rate. 
n. a female equestrian. Exacting (eks-akt/ing), a. se-|Fizzle (fiz’/zl), 7. a failure, 
Ergo (er’g0), ad. therefore;; vere; hard; extortionate. |Flicker (flik’er), 7. thegolden- 
consequently. Exactingness(eks-akt/ing-nes)| headed woodpecker. 
Ermine-moth (er‘min-moth),| n.themaking ofand insisting|Fluke (fluk), m. an unexpected 
mn, @ species of moth having} upon oppressive demands. advantage. 


wings resembling ermine. |Exanimate (eks-an’/e-mat), n.|Foothill (fcot/hil),. a lower 
Errata (er-ra'ta), n. pl. errors| destitute of life; spiritless. hill at the foot ofamountain. 


in writing or printing. Excelsior (eks-sel/se-ur), a.|Forecast (for’kast),n.a predic- 
Eruptionai (c-rup’shun-al), a.| still higher; ever upward. tion in regard to the future, 
pertaining to eruptions. Exeretory organs, the skin,|Formalism (for’mal-izm)”. an 


Erythrogen (e-rith’ro-jen), %.| the lungs, and the kidneys.| excessive adherence to form, | 
the base of the coloring mat-| Exogamous (eks-og’a-mus), @.| Fourth estate, the whole body 


ter of the blood. marryingoutofthe sametribe| of journalists. 
Erythroid (er’e-throyd), @ of|Exogamy (eks-og’a-me),n.pro-|Fraud (frawd), n. a deceitful 
a red color; reddish. hibition of marriagebetween} person; adeceiver; acheat. 


Esthetics (es-thet/iks), m, the] membersofthe same tribe. |Fresh (fresh), @. forward; 
science of taste and beauty.|Exoskeleton (eks-o-skel’e-tn),| bold; impudent. 

Etagere (et-a-zhar’), n. apiece] n.shells oflobsters,crabs,&c.|Fuiminate (ful’me-nat), n. an 
of furniture with shelves for) Ex-parte (eks-par’te), @upon} explosive compoundofgreat 
articles of elegance or use. or from one side only., destructive power, 

Itherize (é’ther-iz), v. to put|Expropriate (eks-pro’pre-at) 
under the influence ofether.| vv. to deprive of property. 

Ethnogeny (eth-noj’e-ne), ”.|Expropriation (eks-pr6-pre-a’ G. 

the origin ofracesandnations} shun), 2. act of depriving of 

Lihnologist (eth-nolo-jist), 2.| orseparating from property.|G@adabout (gad’a-bowt), 2. one 
a stadent of ethnology. Extradite (eks’tra-dit), vy. to} who rambles about idly. 

Etiology (é-te-ol’o-je), m. the} deliver an offender to the|@ala-day (ga’/la-da),n.a day 
science or study of causes,; governmentunder whichhis| of mirth and festivity. 
as exhibitedin thestructure| offence was committed. Gallinipper (gal'le-nip-pr), 7. 
of animals and plants. | |Eyns(i'as),n.ahawktooyoung| a Species of large musquito. 

Ethnograph (eth’no-graf),2.@| to leave its nest, Gallivant (gal/le-vant), ¥. to 
history or description of a/Eyebolt (i/bolt), n. abolthav-| play the beau; to bean. 
race or tribe of mankind. ing an eye at one end. Galoot (ga-loot’>,#. a worthless 

Etude (a-tid’), 7. a piece for|Eyebright (i’brit),m. a herb] fellow; a rowdy. 
study, in music,finearts, &c.| used medicinally fortheeyes. |Gameness (gam'nes),. plucky 

Euchre (i'ker), v. to outwit;| Eyeglass (i’glas),n.spectacies.} endurance; pluck. 
to baffle; to foil. Byelids (i/lidz),7.pl. the folas(Gamin (gam’in), 7. an unruly 

Eudiometer (G-de-om’e-tr), m.| of skin which cover the eyes. street-urchin. 
instrument to measure gases. | Eyepiece (i’pés), 7. lensin an|@askins (gas‘kins), 2. pl. inner 

Endiometry (i-de-om’e-tre),n.| optical instrument %o which} part ofthe thighs of a horse. 








the measurement of gases. the eye is applied, Gassy(gas’se),a.full ofinflated, 
Eugenesic Scheme gt a. conceited, or deceitful talk. 
Eugenetic (i-je-net'ik) Spreed-|—-~— Gastric fever, a fever accom- 
ing with a different species EF panied with severediarrhea. 
Engenesis (i-jen’e-sis),. pro- t) Gastro-enteriiis (gas’tro-en- 
duction of offspring between te-ri’tis), 7. inflammation of 
parents of different species./Falling weAtshery 2 rainy or| theintestines, — 
Euphemize (i’fe-miz),v-to ex-| snowy tim. _ Gastritis (gas-tri’tis), 7. in- 
press in delicate language. |Faubourg ‘fo/bGdrg),. asub-| fiammation of the stomach. 
Euphuism (i'fi-izm),”.anaf-| urb in French cities. Gastronome (gas‘tro-nom), n. 
fectation ofextra refinement|Faux pas (*)-paw),afalsestep;| one fond of good eating. 
EBuphuize(i/fi-iz), v. tobefas-|_a mistake, Genesis (jen’e-sis),n. the mode 
tidiousin the useof language|Feraze (féz) %.condition of fret-|_or conditions ofreproduction. 
Erentlesa(e-vent/les), a. with-| ful excite™ent; worry. Geomancy (jé’om-an-se), n. the 
out events ; monotonous. Femur (femur), mn. the thigh-} rulesof wind and water. 
Everglade (ev/er-glid), m. a| bone. Get-up (getup), m. combina- 


—7 < <= CFIA oc 





ee fe SP el) _, ~~ 2” 87 yl Pre : 
ey ae 2 8° eT EL BR b OR LAS Heap tar gnu 











WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA, 





GINGLES 


676 


KANAKA 





tion of parts ; style ofdress.;Quaco {gwaw’ko), ”. a SouthjImpecuniosity {im-pe-ki-ne- 


Gingles (jing’glz), 7. pl. small 
shells, &c.,on the seashore. 


American plant used as an 
antidote to serpent-bites. 


Glade (glad), n. tract of land |@uipure (gé-pur’),7. animita- 


covered with water, inter- 


tion of antique lace. 


os’e-te), n. the lack of money. 


Impresario (im-pra-sah’re-6), 


m. conductor of an opera- 
troupe. 


spersed with bunches of|Qulch (gulch), ”. a ravine, or|{nsensuous (in-sen’shu-us), a. 


grass, &c. 


dry watercourse. [deceived. 


not sensuous; insentient. 


Glamour (g14/moor), 7. fasci-|Gullible (gul’le-bl), @. easily|Insistence (in-sist’ence),2. act 


nation; witchery; charm, 
Gloaming (glém’ing),7.partial 

darkness; twilight; dusk. 
Glower (glow’r), v. to regard 

eagerly; to stare fixedly. 
Glucose (gli’kése), . a kind 


of sugar obtained from dried|@urt (gurt), 2. a channel for 


grapes, honey, and starch. 


Gulden (gul/den), m. an Aus- 


of insisting ; persistence. 


trian silver coin, worth 40cts.|Insistent (in-sist’ent), @. per- 


Gunny (gun’ne), m. a strong, 


sistently urgent. 


coarse cloth, t0 make sacks.|Insomnia (in-som‘ne-ah), 2. 


Gurry (gur’re), 2. the offal of 


fish ; crude fishoil. 


water in a mine, 


want of sleep. 

Insouciance (an-soo-se-ons),n, 
carelessness; indifference; 
apathy. 


Go-ahead (gd’a-hed), a. pro-|@Gushing (gush’‘ing), a. effus-|Intelleetion (in-tel-lek’shun), 


gressive; pushing; energetic. 
i Goatee (goat-é’),7. beard hang- 
ing down from the chin, 
Geb (gob), n. a mouthful; also, 
the mouth. 
Go-by (g0’by), nm. a passing 
without notice. 


ively sentimental; demon- 
Stratively affectionate. 

Guy (gi), v. to sportively de- 
ceive: to fool. 

Gynecology (jin-e-kol’o-je), n. 


n. intellectual activity. 
Interaction (in-tr-ak’shun),. 

mutual or reciprocal action. 
Intermediary (in-tr-mé‘de-a- 

Te),n. go-between; mediator. 


the science of the nature|Itemize (i'tem-iz), v. to state 


and diseases of women. 


Godspeed (god’spéd), m. pros-|Gyratory (ji/ra-to-re), @ moy- 


fH perous issue; success. 
{ Goldfinch (gold’finch), 2. the 
yellow-bird; thethistle-finch, 
Gourmet (goor-ma), n. a deli- 
cate eater; an epicure. 
Gram (gram), ”. the unit of 
weight,in the metric system. 
Grape-sugar (grap/shug-ar),7. 
the same as Glucose. 
Gvass-widow (gras/wid-6), wife 
livingapartfrom her husband 
Grassecloth (gras‘/Kloth), n. a 
fine fabric resembling linen. 
Greenback (grén’bak), 2. a le- 
gal-tender U.S. bank-note. 
Greenbacker (grén'bak-er), n. 
an advocate of the issue of 
legal-tender bank-notes. 
Greenbrier (grén’bri-er), n. a 
climbing shrub witha prick- 
ly stem, bearing blue-black 
berries ; the cat-brier. 





ing in a circle, 


EH. 


Habitue (ah-bit-u-a/),2. a con- 
stant attendant at a certain 
place. [cod family. 

Hake (hak), n. a seafishof the 

Handicap (han’de-kap), v. to 
burden ; to encumber. 

Hard-up (hard’up),a.destitute 
of money; poverty-struck. 

Haricot (har’e-ko), n. a ragout 
of meat and vegetables. 

Heat (hét), n. sexual excite- 
ment of animals. 

Heliotype (hé’le-o-tip), n. a 
Sun-picture or photograph. 
Heredity (he-red’e-te),,trans- 
mission of the characteris- 
tics of parents to offspring. 


Griffe (grif), n. a half-bseed ;| Hinny (hin’ne), n. offspring of 


a mulatto. 


a Stallion and female ass. 


Griping (grip'ing), n. exact- Highfaluten(hi-fa-li’tn) high- 


ing; extortionate; grasping. 
Grilse (grilse), 2. a salmon 
under two years old. 


flown language; bombast. 
Hoodlum(ho6d'/lum),n.arough 
fellow; a young rowdy, 


Griqua (gré‘Kwa), n. the child Hoosier (h60’zher), n. anative 


ofa Dutch boer and Hotten- 
tot female. 

Groschen (grosh’en), n. a Ger- 
man coin worth two cents. 
Grouper (groop’er), n. a fish 

of the perch family. 
Grouty (grou'te), a. cross-tem- 
pered; surly; irritable. 


of the state of Indiana. 


nr rR 


I. 


Ichthyotomy (ik-the-ot'o-me), 


n. the anatomy of fishes. 


Eland (i/land), ~. this is the 


proper spelling of Island. 


in full detail. 


J. 


Jab (jab), v. to thrust. 

Jackass (jak’ass), n. a dolt; a 
xery stupid person ; aplock- 

ead. 

Jamboree (jam-bo-ré’), n. @ 
drunken frolic; a spree. 

Jayhawker (ja’‘hawk-er), n.a 
lawless armed man; arob- 
ber; a guerilla. | 

Jeu-d’esprit. (zhii'des-pré), nm. 
a Witticism; a joke, 

Jibe (jib), v. to suit ;toagree; 
to harmonize, 

Jiffy (jif'fe),n. a very short 
time; an instant. 

Jimber-jawed (jim’br-jawd), 
a. having a projecting lower 
jaw. {ium-tremens. 

Jimjams (jim/jams), n. delir- 

Jimmy (jim’me), n. a sharp- 
pointed iron lever. 

Johnny-cake (jon'ne-kak), n. 
bread made of the meal of 
Indian corn. 

Jug (jug), m. a prison. ; 

Julienne (ja-le-en’), n. a kind 
of vegetable soup. 

Junebug (jan’/bug), n. a beetle 
which appears in the month 
of June. 








K, 


Kaiser (ki’zr), n. an emperor. 


Grubby (grub’be), a. greedy ;| Impecunious (im-pe-kt/ne-us),| Kanaka (ka-nah’ka), mn. a na- 
a. destituteof money; poor.| tiveofthe Sandwich Islands, 


meanly avuricious, 











WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 





KATYDID 677 PHENOMENAL 





Katydid (ka/te-did), . @ spe-| Lark (lark),n. a prank; a frolic N. 
cies of grasshopper. Leatheret (leth-er-et’), n. art- 
Ken (ken), m. a low tavern. ificial or imitation leather. |Nag v. to tease; toannoy; 


Khedive (ke-dev’), n, title of} Liabilities (li-a-bil/i-tes),.pl.| to worry ; to scold. 

the viceroy orrulerofEgypt.| amount of obligations or in-|Natty (nat/te), a. neatly fine; 
Kid (kid), n, achild; a boy. | debtedness; debts collectively} spruce. 
Kilo (kil’o), a prefix implying|Lightwood (lit/'wood), ». pine|Nickel (nik’l), n. ‘a five-cent 


one thousand. knots, dry sticks, &c., for} coin made of nickel, 
Kilogram (kil’o-gram), mn. a] kindling a fire. Nincompoop(nin’kum-poop),n. 

French measure of weight,|Lignose (lig’n6s), n. an explo-| a silly focl; a blockhead. 

equal to 1000 grams, sive compound of woody fiber|Nobby (nob’be),a.stylish; fash- 
Kiloliter (kil/o-li-tr), m. a} and nitro-glycerine. ionable; modish. 

French measure of capacity,| Lilypad (lil’e-pad),n. the broad|Nonchalance (ndn-sha-lons’), 

equal to 1000 liters. floating leaf of the water-lily.| m. inditference; carelessness. 


Kilometer (Kil/o-mé-tr), n. a}/Limelight (lim’‘lit), 2. a very|Nonchalant(non-sha-long’), a. 
French measure of length,} brilliant light obtained from| indifferent; careless; cool. 
equal to 1000 meters. quicklime. {talk.| Nutrient (ni'tre-ent), a nour- 

Kilostere (ke’lo-stér), m.-a|Lingo (ling’o), ». language; ishing; nutritious. 

French measure of solidity,|Linoleum (lin-d’le-um), n. a 





equal to 1000 steres. kind of floorcleth made of 
Kingbird(king’bird),n.asmallj hardened linseed-oil. oO 
bird, noted for its courage in| Lithofracteur(lith-o-frak’tur), : 
attacking larger birds. n. a powerful explosive com:|Octopus(ok-td’pus),n. akind of 
Kingerab (king’krab), 2. a} pound of nitro-glycerine, cuttle-fish having eight arms, 
species of crab, having the|Litterateur (lé-ta’ra-tur), n. a|Oleomargurine —_(6-le-o-mar’- 
form of a horse’s foot. writer for the press. ga-rin), m. artificial butter 
Kingeup (king’kup), m. the|Lobbyist (lob’be-ist), 2. a per-} made from animal fat. — 
buttercup. : son who frequents the lobby|One-horse (wun’hors), a. infe- 
Knick-knack (nik/nak), m. a] of a legislature for the pur-| Tior; insignificant; limited. 
trifle or toy; a gewgaw. poseofinfiuencing legislation|Open (6’pn), m. open space of 
Knowing (n0'ing), a. artful;|Loony (loon’e), a.crazy; men-} land in a forest, &. 
shrewd; sharp. tally unsound. Opera-bouffe (op-er-a-bddf’),n. 


Kouniss (koo’mis), n. a spirit-| Lopsided (lop’sid-ed), @. un-] @ comic opera. 
uous liquor distilled from| evenly proportioned; uubal-|Oroide (6’ro-id), 7. an alloyre- 
mare’s or camel's milk. anced, z sembling gold. 

Kreutzer (kroot’zr), n. a small|Love-child (luv’child), . an|Outre (60-tra’), a. uncommon; 


German coin. illegitimate child. : extravagant. — 
Krooman (kroo‘man), m. one|Lush (lush), n. liquor; drink. Outrigger (owt’/rig-gr), n. pro- 
of a negro race inhabiti1 3|Lushy (lush’e), a. drunk. jecting rowlock of a boat. 


Outspoken (owt-spok’n), a. 
free-spoken; candid; frank. 


the coast of Western Africa. 











M, 


LL. Majoliea (ma-jol’e-ka), n. a P, 
soft enameled earthenware. 
Lacrosse (1a-kros’), 2. & Cana-| Menhaden (men-ha/dn), n. a|Papeterie(pap-a-tré’),n. a box 


dian game at ball. salt-water fish of the shad] or case for stationery. 
Lactein (lak’te-in), 2. concen-}| kind; the moss-bunker. Parti-colored (par'te-kul’urd), 

trated or solidified milk. Menu (me-noo’), m. the bill of} @. of various colors; varie- 
Lambrequin (lam/ber-kin), 7.]| fare at a banquet. gated. 

ornamental drapery pendent| Mesa (ma’sah), n.atable-land|Part-song (part/song), n. a 

from the top ofa window, &c.! bordered by mountains. song in two or more parts. 
Landlordism (land’lord-izm),|Miff (mif), ». a slight degree] Passe (pas-sa'), a. out of use; 

m. the ownership of land] of anger. {fended.}| worn; faded. 


rented to tenants; interest|Miffed (mift), a. slightly of-|Peritenitis (per-e-to-ni’tis), n. 

and influence of landowners.| Moonglade (m66n’glad), 2. the] inflammation of the lining 
Land-warrant(land-wor'rant),| track of moonlight on the} membrane of the abdomen. 

m. a government warrant en-| water. Pesky (pesk’e), a. mischievous; 

titling a person to a certain|Moony (mé6n/e), a. dreamily} troublesome ; vexing. 

tract of the public lands. sentimental; moonstruck. {Petite (pe-teet’), @. small in 
Lantern-jawed (lan’tern-jawd)|Morceau(mor-s6’), m.amorsel;} size; little and neat. 

nm. having a thin face. ~ a bit. Phenomenal (fe-nom’e-nal), a. 
Larcenous(lar’se-nus), @.char-| Mossbunker (mos’bunk-er), m.j extraordinary ; exceptional; 

acterized by larceny. a fish of the shad kind. extremely rare. 











WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. 





PHILOGYNIST 678 SHINDIG 











Philogy nist (fi-loj’e-nist), m. af up; tomakeover; torenew.} salt-water fish; the pig-fish. 
lover of women, fof women.|Rhino (ri’no), nm. money; cash. |Seaspider (sé/spi-dr), 7. a spe- 
Philogyny (fi-loj’e-ne), n. love/Rigor mortis (rig’or mor’tis),j cies of crab, having long and 


Photophone (fo'to-fon), m. an} the stiffness of death. hairy legs; the spider-crab. 
apparatus for producing ar-|Road-agemt (rod’-4-jent), n. a|Seatang (sé/tang), 2. anedible 
ticulate speech by the inci-| highway robber. seaweed; tangle. 
dence ofbeams offight flashed|Reue (roo-a’), n. a rake; a de-|Seeretive (se-kré'tiv), a. char- 
on a sensitive diaphragm. bauchee; a libertine. acterized by secretiveness. 

Phylarch (fi’/lark), . the chief|Houstabout (rows’ta-bowt), n.|Seetionalism (sek’shun-al-izm) 
of a tribe. @ deckhand on a Western| mn. sectional preference or 

Phylloxera (fil-lox’e-ra), n. a} steamboat; a vagabond. feeling. 
species of plant-lice infesting|Rowdy (row’de), 2. a riotous, |Secularist (sek/i-Ir-ist), n. one 
grapevines. turbulent fellow. _who rejects revealed religion. 

| Phylogenesis(fi-lo-jen’e-sis),.|Rowdyism (row’de-izm), 7.|Seediness (séd’e-nes), m, shab- 
thetheory ofthedevelopment| noisy blackguardism, biness ; wretchedness. 


of varied races of mankind. |Royalty (roy’al-te), n. asum of|Seed-wool (séd’ wool), n. cotton 
Phylogenetic ((fi-lo-je-net/ik),| money paid to an inventor,| not cleared ofits seeds. 
a. pertaining to the develop-| owner, &c., from the product/Seep (sép), v. to drain or ooze 





ment of a race or tribe. ofhisinvention,property,&c.} out slowly. 
Phylogeny (fi-loj/e-ne), . de-|Ruche(roosh), n. a delicate ma- |Seepage(sép'ij),.liqguidrefuse; 
scentofatribe; tribaldescent| terial of blonde, net, &c. leakage; drainage. [moist. 
Physicism (fiz'i-sizm), ». the Seepy(sép’e), a. oozy; swampy; 


science or study of physical S Self-assertive (self-as-sert/iv), 
phenomena. [a negro baby. ma . a. confident in assertion or 
Pickaninny (pik’a-nin-ne), n.|Sage-brush(saj’brush),m.alow,] manner. [self-love; egotism. 
Pickerel (pik’er-el), n. a fresh-| irregular shrub, growing on|Selfism (self'izm), m. excessive 


water fish of the pike family.| the Western plains. Septemia(sep-té’me-ah),7.poi- 
Pie-plant (pi’plant), n. a name|Sage-cheese(saj’chéz),r.cheese] sonous infection of the blood 
of the garden rhubarb. flavored with sage. from pus or putrid matter. 


in horses, resembling catarrh.|Sage-grouse(saj‘grouce) ¢large} mn. the same as Septemia. 
Plucky (pluk’e), a. spirited ;|Sage-hen (saj’/hen), Sp ¢-|Septiferous (sep-tifver-us), a. 
courageous; resolute. cies of prairie-fowl; thecogk-} producing putrid poison. 
Possum (pos/sum), 2. a com-j of-the-plains. Septin (sep’tin), m. a peculiar 
mon name for the opossum. |Scalawag (skal'a-wag), ”. a] poison in-putrefying blood. . 
Potency (pé’ten-se), 2. poten-|_ Mean scamp; a scapegrace. |Shaky (shak’e), a. likely to fall; 
tial power or ability. Sealy (ska’le),a@.mean; shabby.| tottering; insecure; unsound; 
Pyrmia (pi-é’me-ah),”. blood-|Serawny (skraw’ne), a. low in| —wavering; uncertain. 
poisoning caused by the ab-| flesh; bareboned ; scraggy.|Shebang (she-bang’), n. a low 


Pinkeye (pink’i), n. a disease|/Sage-cock (saj’kok), Us alSepticemia (sep-te-sé’me-ah), 





sorption of pus. Scrouge(skrowj), v. tosqueeze;} drinking-house; a crib. 
to crowd. Shedder-eral(shed’dr-krab) n. 
@ Serub-oak (skrub’6k), 2 a] acrab which hasrecentlycast } 
» dwarfish species of oak. its shell; a softcrab. 
Quahog (kwaw’hog), . @ spe-|/Serumptious (skrum’shus), @.|/Sheeny (shén’e), % cant name 
cies of clam, {money.| very fine or nice; excellent. | fora Jew. : 
Queer (kwér), m. counterfeit/Seuppernong (skup’r-nong), n.|Sheep-laurel (shép'law-rl), n. 
Quod (kwod), n. a prison. the Southern foxgrape. a plant of poisonous proper- 
Surry (skur’re), ». to run in] ties; also called calj-kill and 
R haste; to scud. lamb-kill. 
. 


Seythewhet (sithe’whet), m. al|Sheepshead (shéps’hed), n. a 

Rabies (ra/be-éz), 2. rabidness;| species of American thrush.}| fine, large, salt-water fish. 

hydrophobia, Seacat (sé’kat), m. the catfish;|Shagbark (shag’bark), 2 2.tall 
Recker (rak’er),. a horse that] the sea-wolf; the wolf-fish. |Shellbark (shel/bark), ; and 

moves with aracking pace. |Seadevil (sé/dev-1l),2. the devil-|_ handsome species of hickory. 
Ramshaeckle (ram/shak-l), a.| fish. (coral. |Shenanigan(she-nan’e-gan), 7, 

falling to pieces; loose; old./Seafern (sé/fern), n.akind of} a scheming trick; trickery; 
Ranchman (ransh’man), n. a/Seagoing (sé/gé-ing), a. going] chaff; foolery; nonsense, 

cattle-breeder; a herdsman.| to sea; seafaring. Shimmer (shim’r), m, a quiv- 
Rattler (rat’Ir), n.arattlesnake Seugrape (sé/grap), n. the sar-| ering light; a glimmer. 
Razorefish (ra’zr-fish), nm, al gassum, or gulfweed. [louse./Shimmering (shim’r-ing), a. 
Razor-shell (ra’zr-shel), § bi-/Sealouse (sé/lous), m. the fish-| gleaming tremulously; glim- 

valve shellfish shaped like Searaven (sé’ra-vn), m.afish of] mering. 

the handle of a razor. the bullhead orsculpin family |Shindig (shindig), n. a riotous 
Revamp (re-vamp’), v. to patch|Searobin (sé'rob-in), m.asmall} dance; ashindy; aspree. 

















Pe ee cape oF) 
ear AD 7 aD 


4 ein gered Fat a a ag 





WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA, 





SHINDY 679 THERMOPILE 





Shindy (shin’de), 2 @ riotous|Spooney (spoon’e), a. weakly|Technicist (tek'ne-sist), .one 
spree; a row. or foolishly fond. skilled in any practical art. 
Shin plaster (shin’plas-tr), m.a/Spreadeagle (spred-é’gl), a.|Technique (tek-neek’), n. the 
banknote of less valuethana| boastingly grandiloquent;} same as Technic. 
dollar, [the heronspecies.| bombastic; pompous, Technism (tek/nizm), m,. skill § 
Shitepoke(shit/pok),m.abirdof|Spruced-up (sproost/up), a.| in technics; technicality. 
Shotgun (shot/gun)n.asmooth-| madeneator fine; welldressed|Teknology (tek-nol’/o-je), 2. a 
bore fowling-piece. Sternum (ster‘num), ”. the] treatise on children. 
Silkgrass (silk’gras),”,aplant} breastbone. . Telegrapher (te-leg’ra-fr), 2.8 
otherwise called Bear-grass.|Stirpiculture (stir/pe-kul-tir),} telegraphic operator. ; 
Skipper (skip’r), m. a small} m. the breeding of special|Telemeter (te-lem/e-tr), 2. an 


maggot found in cheese. Stocks or races. instrument used for measur- 
Skullduggery (skul-dug’er-e),| Stock(stok),n. to take stockin;} ing distances. 
m, underhend plotting. to feel confidencein. [thick.|Telepheny (te-leffo-ne), m. the 


Skunk-bear (skunk’bear), 2.|Stocky (stok’e), a. short and| artor process of reproducing |} 
the wolverine; the carcajou.|Straight-out(strat/owt)a.pure;| Soundsata distance by means 
Skunk-blackbird (skunk’blak-| genuine; unsophisticated. of the telephone. 
bird), 2. the marsh blackbird|Strapped (strapt), a hardup|fendo-achillis (ten-do-a-kil’is) 


Skunk-cabbage(skunk’kab-ij),|_ for money. m. a tendon connecting the 
n, astrong-scented plant, o1|Straw bail, worthless bail. heel and the calf of theleg. 
repulsive odor. Stuckup (stuk’up), @. vain and|Tensioned (ten/shund), @ ex- 

Sky-pilot (ski/pi-lot), 2. slang} affected ; conceited.’ tended, or drawn out. 
name fora clergyman. Stuffy(stuffe),a. angry; sulky;|Teredo (te-ré’do), n. a worm. 

Slabsided (slab’sid-ed), @. hay-| obstinate. that bores and penetratesthe | 


ing thin, flat sides; lank. |Sucrose(soo’krés),”.sugarob-| bottoms of ships. 
Slopwork (slop'wurk), n. work| tained from beets, corn, &c.|Terpsichore (terp-sik’o-re), . 

done cheaply and imperfectly | Swell-mob(swel/mob),, well-| the muse that presided over 
Sneaky (snék’e),a.likeasneak;} dressed thieves, who appear| singing and dancing. 

sneaking.. [alcoholic liquor.| like gentlemen. Terry (ter/re), m. a material of 
Snifter (snift/er), n. a dram of silk and worsted used in up- 
Snippety (snip’et-e), a. ridicu- T holstery. 

lously small; insignificant. : Thermally (ther’mal-e), adv. 
Sociable (sd’sha-bl), 7. asocial|Tableanx-vivants (tab/16-vé-| with reference to heat. 

gathering of friends. von), 2. pl. [F'r., living pic-|Thermal unit, a unit chosen 
Sockdologer (sok-dol/o-jr),m. a] tures], groups of persons so} for the comparison or caleu- 

heavy finishingblow;asettler| dressed and placed astorenp-| lation ofthe quantity ofheat. 
Soft money, paper money, as| Tresentpaintings, statuary, &c|/Thermo-chemistry (ther’mo- 





distinguished from coin. Table-d’hote (tah’bl-dot), m.| kem/is-tre)n.thescience ofthe 
Soft-sawder (soft-saw'dr), m.| the general table for guests} relations existing between 
flattery; blarney. at a hotel, chemical actionand the force 


Soft-soap (soft-sdp’), m. akind|Tachometer (tak-om/e-tr), m.| termed heat. 
of soap :—flattery ; blarney.| instrument for measurement|Thermo-electrometer (ther’- 


Soilpipe (soil’pip), 2. a drain} of velocity of machinery. mo-e-lek-trom’e-tr), n. anin- 
to carry off night soil, + |Tantrum(tan/trum),72.awhim| strument for measuring the 
Solferino (sol-fe-ré’no), m. bril-| or burst of ill-humor. strength of an electric cur- 
liant deep-pink aniline color.|Tartuffe (tar-tuf’), n.anhypo-| rent by the heat which it pro- 
Somnambular(som-nam’bu-lar| critical devotee. duces. 
a. pertaining to sleep. Tasimeter (ta-sim/e-tr), n. an|Thermogenous(ther-moj’e-nus 
Soph (sdf), 2. an abbreviation] instrument for detecting or] a@. producing heat. 
of Sophomore. measuring minuteextensions|Thermograph (ther’mo-graf), 


Soppy (sop’e),a.saturated with| ormovements ofsolidbodies.| m. an instrument which reg- 
moisture; soaked; sop-like.|Teak (teck), 2. an HastIndian| isters variationsin heat. 
Soupecon (soop’sén), m. & very| treewith very durabletimber|Thermology (ther-mol’o-je), n. 
small quantity; a taste. Teal (teel), 2. a water-fowlal-| the science of the properties 
Spelter (spel’tr), 2. crudezine.} lied to the common duck, and relations of heat. 
Spider-erab (spi/dr-krab), m.|Team (tém), m. a number of/Thermo-magnetism (ther’mo- 
aspecies of crab havinglong| persons associated in a per-| mag‘net-izm), n. the science 


and hairy legs; sea-spider. formance, asin a game, &c.} of the relations of heat and 
Spirality (spi-ral/e-te), 2. the) Tea-rose (tée'rdz), m. a2 delicate} magnetism. 

state of being spiral. rose, introduced from China.|Thermophone(ther’mo-fén),7- 
Splurge (spiurj), . a bluster-|Teasthings (té/things), .pl.| an apparatus for producing 

ing demcustration ; a dash. a tea-service or tea-set, sound from heated bodies. 


Spondulicks (spon-doo'liks), .|Teehnie (tek/nik), m. technical/Thermopile(ther’mo-pil),.an 
a slang term for money. skill; artistic execution. | instrument for measuring 








WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 


THERMOSTAT 680 VIPERISH 


minute differences or degrees|Tsarina (sah-ré/nah), . the|/Unveracity (un-ve-ras’e-te), 7. 
of heat. title ofthe empressof Russia.| want of veracity; untruth- 

Thermostat (ther’mo-stat), .|Tsarowitz (sar/o-wits), 2. the] fulness. 
anelectricalapparatuswhich| title of the eldest son of the|Upgrowth (up'gréth), n. new 
gives an alarm of fire on the] emperor of Russia. growth; upspringing. 
leastincrease of temperature.|Tulie (tul), n. a kind of silk|Urmmia (i-ré’me-ah), n. a dis- 

Thickhead (thik’hed), m. astu-| open-work or iace. ease produced by retention 
pid person; ablockhead. |Tunny (tun’e), n. a fish of the] of urea in the blood. 

Threnody (thren’o-de), m. a] mackerel family. Uremic(a-rée’mik) 2 a. pertain- 
song of lamentation. Turbot (tur’bot), 2. a flat fish,|Uremie (i-rem‘ik) ; ing to or 

Throttle-valve(throt'l-valv),n.| with a body nearly cireular.| tending to produce uremia. 
a valve working in a pipe, so/Tureo (tur’ko), 2. an Arab|Urination (i-re-na/shun), n. 
as to regulate the quantity of|Turko (tur’ko), f soldier in the] the act of passing urine. 
steam, water, &c., passing} French army, or one dressed |Urogenital (t-ro-jen’e-tl), a.re- 
through in a given time. in Eastern fashion; azouave.| lating to the urinary and 

Tie-douloureux (tik-doo-loo-|Turcoman Seoul ae m.| reproductive organs. 
roo’), n. neuralgia in the face|‘Purkeman (tur’ko-man), § one|Urogenitals (a-ro-jen’e-tlz), n. 

Toady (téd’e},n.a mean flatter-| of a nomadic peopledwelling| pl. collective name for the 
er; a base sycophant. in Turkestan, and parts of} urinary and reproductive 

Toggle-joint (tog’l-joint), % a]! Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan.| organs. 
bar jointed inthe middle. |Turfite (turf'it), te @ vo-|Ureter (i-ré’tr), m. a tube pass- 

Tomalley (tom-al'le), % the|Turfman(turf’man),$tary of; ing from the kidney to the 
liver of the lobster. the turf, or racecourse. bladder, conveying urine. 

Tomeat (tom'kat), m. a male)Turntable (turn’té-bl), m. alUrethra(i-ré'thra),n. atubeby 
cat, of large size. platform capable ofrevolving| which the bladder is emptied 

Tomeod (tom’kod), .asmall} horizontally on railroads, to|Urinary organs, the kidneys, 
fish found on the American} turn engines, &c., around. ureters, bladder, urethra. 
coast; the frostfish. Twiddle (twid’dl), n. to play|Urinometer (a-re-nom’e-tr), 2. 

Tomfool (tom’fool), x. a great} withortwirl withthefingers.} an instrument for measuring 
fool; a trifier. Twinlike (twin‘lik), a. like a} the density of urine. 

Tomfoolery (tom-fool’er-e), m.| twin, or twins. Usquebaugh (us-kwe-baw’), n. 
foolish trifling. Type-writer (tip’ri-tr), m. an] the Scotch name for whisky. 

Tomnoddy (tom’‘nod-e), m. a| instrument for reproducing|Uterus (i’tr-us), m. the womb. 
fool; a dunce; a blockbead.| manuscripts, &c., in printed|Uvula (a’yu-la), m. a prolonga- 

Tomtit (tom’tit),2.alittle bird; letters. tion of the soft palate at the 
the titmouse. - back of the mouth. 

Tonite (t6n’it), 2. an explosive U Uxorial (uks-d/re-al), @. ex- 
compound of great destruo- ® cessively fond of a wife. | 
tive power. Umbreua-bird(um-brella-bird 

Toupee (too-pee’), nm. acurlor| m. abird of South America, V 
artificial lock of hair. having an  umbrella-like if 

Tourmaline (t6r’ma-lin), m. a] plume adorning its head and|Vaceinin (vak’se-nin), 2. the 
mineral of the topaz group. a tuft of feathers hanging] specific matter of cowpox. 

Tourniquet (toor’ne-ket), n. a] from its breast. Vacuity (va-ki’e-te), n. lack of 
bandage applied to prevent|Unconventional (un-kon-ven’-| object or interest; mental 
the flow of the blood through] shun-al), a. not having re-| vacancy. 
an artery. gard to conventionalities ;|Vaquero (va-ka'ro), n.a man 

Tout-ensemble (toot-ong-song’| natural, having charge of cattle, &. 
bl), m. the general effect tak-|Underestimate (un-dr-es'te-| Varicose (va‘re-k6s), a. dilated; 
én as a whole. mat), v. to undervalue ;—n.| swollen. 

Trichinous(trik’e-nus), a. per-| too low an estimate; under-|Variolin (va-ri/o-lin), m. the 
taining to or infested with} valuation. matter or virus of smallpox. 
trichine. Ungrudging (un-gruj'ing), a.|Vesicle (ves‘e-kl), . a small 

Tricycle (tri/sik-1), 2, a three-| without grudge; liberal;| bladder. [fervor; spirit; life. 
wheeled velocipede. hearty. Verve (very), 7. animation ; 

Trisection (tri-sek/shun), .|Union-jack (in’yun-jak), ,|Via (vi'ah), adv. by the way of. 
divisionintothreeequalparts| the national flag of Great|Vim (vim), 7”. enthusiasm ; en- 

Troupe (treop), nm. a band or| Britain. ergy; vigor; spirit. 
company of performers, asin|Unmerchantable (un-mer~|Vinaigrette (vin-a-gret’), n. a 
opera, &c. [cringing fellow.| chant-a-bl), a not fit for| sauce made of vinegar,oil, & 

Truckler (truk'Ir),. aservile,| market; unsalable. Vin-ordinaire(van-or-de-nair) 

Tsar (Sar), m. the title of the|Unveracious (un-ve-ra/shus),a.| m. a common French wine. 
emperor of Russia ;—a better] withoutregard for truth; un-|Viperish (vi’pr-ish), a, likea 
form of spelling czar, &c. truthful. viper; venomous; malignant, 











WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 





VODKA 681 ZYMOSIS 





Vodka (vod’ka), m. a Russian) Xanthrophyll (zan’thro-fil),7.| dye, and for medical purpoges 















































liquor distilled from rye. a bright yellow coloring mat-|Yellowthroat (yel’lo-throt), n. 

Vraisemblance(vra-son-blons),} ter found in leaves. @ small singing bird of the 
n. appearance of truth; prob-| Xerodermia (zé-ro-der’me-ah),} warbler species. 

ability; likelihood. 2. an unnatural dryness and|Yellowtop (yel/lo-top),.aspe- 

harshness of the skin. [fish.] cies of herdsgrass. 

WwW Xiphias (zif’e-as),n.thesword-|Yellowwood (yel/lo-wood), 1. 

® Xylite (zi'lit), m, a mineral,| a flowering tree of the locust 

Wait (wat), n. a strolling mu-] chiefly iron-ore. family, having yellow wood 
sician. Xylo (zi'lo), a prefix implying| used for dyeing. 

Walkever (wawk’é-vr), ». aj some relation to wood. Yerba (yer’ba), n. a South 

complete and easy triumph.|Xyloid(zi‘loyd), a. resembling} American holly, whoseleaves 

Warpath (war’path),7. warlike| wood. are used as tea. 


expedition of the Indians. |Xylene (zi’leen), } n. a hydro-|Yokel (y6’kl), n. @ raw coun- 
Wastage (wast/aj), n. acciden-| Xylote (z1'ldl), carbon pre-| \tryman; a greenhorn. 
tal wasteof abarrel, box,&c.} pared from coai naphtha. Yoni (y6’ni), nm. the Hindoo 
Waterseape (waw’'tr-skap), m.|Xylophilous (zi-lof‘e-lus), a.) name for the female power 
a view of the sea, lakes, &c,| growing upon, or living in,| in Nature. 
Watershed (waw’tr-shed), n.| decayed wood. Yopon(yo’pn), n.a plant found 
thedistrictofcountry drained|Xylopkone (zi'lo-fon), m. a} in North Carolina, whose 
by 2 river. ; musical instrument consist-| leaves are used as tea. 
Waxplant (wax’plant), n. a] ingofpiecesof woodarranged|Younker (yunk’er), n. ayoung 
white, fleshy plant, looking] in the order of their notes,| person; a youngster; alad. 
asifmadeofwax. _ played on with two little|Yuca (yi’ka), n. a nameof the 
Westernmost (west/ern-mést),] Wooden mallets. mandioca, or tapioca root. 
a. situated farthest toward Yucea (yuk’ka), 2. an Ameri- 
the west. VY can liliaceous plant; Adam's 
Whole-souled (h6l/séld), a. a needle. 
noble-minded; free-hearted.|Yahoo (yah/hoo), » 2 raw 
Wideawake (wid'a-wak),@.on| countryman; a greenhorn; a 
the alert; prepared; ready.| lout; anoodle. [suddenly. SZ. 
Wing-dam (wing’dam), . a|/Yank(yank),v.totwitchorjerk 
dam extending but partly} Yankeedom (yank’e-dm),n,the|Zeus (zis), m. the supreme di- 
across a stream. New England States; also,| vinity in Greek mythology. 
Wintergreen (win’tr-grén), .| the United States. Zither (zith’er), 2”.amusic- 
a plant of the heath family. | Yankeefled(yank’e-fide),a.like|Zithern(zith’ern), ; al instru- 
Winter-killed (win'tr-kild), a.) a Yankee; Yankee fashion.| ment, having 28 strings, 
killed by the cold of winter,|Yankeeland (yank’e-land), m.} placed on the table before 
as wheat, clover, &c. | New Engtand; alsothe Unit-| the player, and played with 
Wirepulling (wire’pul-ing), m.| ed States. both hands. 
political intriguing. Yawp(yawy),7.a loud outery;|Zoon (zd’on), n. an individual 
Wishy-washy (wish’e-wosh’e),| —v. to cry out; to bawl. animal, whether mammal, 
a.insipid; trashy; weak. |Yeleped (e-Elept’), p.p.called;| bird, &. 
Woodchuek (wood’chuk), ».a] named. Zoonic(zo-on‘ik), a.relating to, 
speciesCsmarmot; the ground! Yearbook (yére’book), . an| or derived from, animals or 
hog, : annualreport or summary of| animal substances, 
Woodlot (wood'lot), 2. a piece} thestatistics or factsof ayear|Zootic (zo-ot/ik), a. containing 
of land where wood for fuel,! Yeasty (yést’e), @ like yeast;| fossil animal remains. 
&c., grows. {of Wood.| frothy; foamy. Zoroastrian (Zor-o-as'tre-an), 
Woodriek (wood’rik), n. a pile] Yellowbird (yel'lo-bird), m. a] a. pertaining to Zoroaster, 
Worm-fenee (wurm’fens), m. a! small incessorial bird of the} the founder of the ancient 
rail fence laid up inazigzag| family of finches. Persian religionor Parsecism 
manner. Yellowhammer  (yel/lo-ham-|Zoroastrianism: (zor-o-as’tre- 
Worriment (wur're-ment), 7.| mr), m. the golden-winged| an-izm), 7. the religious sys- 
trouble; anxiety; worry. woodpecker. [low fever.| tem founded by Zoroaster. 
Worrisome (wur're-sum), @.|Yellow jack, aterm for the yel-|Zounds (zowndz), interj. an 
causing worry or annoyance.| Yellowjacket (yel'lo-jak-et),m.| exclamation expressive of 
Wrathy (rath’e),@ very angry.| a small but venomous wasp} anger or wonder. 
of yellow color, Zygoma (zi-go’/mah), m. the 
xX Yellowlegs (yel'lo-legz), m.an| arch at the side of the skull. 
° American gamebird of the/Zymic (zim‘ik), a. relating to 
Xanthate (zan’thit),n. 2.com-| snipefamily; thestone-snipe.|| or producing fermentation. 
bination of xanthic acid with| Yellowroot (yel’lo-root), n. al\Zymosis(zi-mo’sis),n.amorbid 
a base. root used by the Indians as al ‘condition of the blood. 


























WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. 





682 Historical and Statistical Table of the United States, 


HISTORICAL & STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES 


AND THE TERRITORIES, 
SHOWING THE AREA OF EACH IN SQUARE MILES AND IN ACRES; THE DATE OF ORGANIZATION: 
OF TERRITORIES; AND DATE OF ADMISSION OF NEW STATES INTO THE UNION, 


Ratified the | Areas of the States. 
Constitution. |Sq. miles.| In Acres. 


New Hampshire ............ ubevese ence Eb cenbeas June 21, 1788. 9,305 5,955,200 
Massachusetts xy ewe te gee ear soeberes nicat aces aaes| (ke CD, oes a rae 8,315 §,321,600 
Rhode Island ........... apa aeteatwekedek eases May 29, 1790. 1,250 800,000 
Connecticutsts..bascescss. sete Unece weceveuceees Jan. 9, 1788. 4,990 3,193,600 
IN GW OPK is poce cubs see ae ce waeteeer ete anes July 26,1788. | 49,170 31,468,800 
New Jersey ........02-+.- te eae ge Died Dec. 18, 1787.| 7,815 5,001,600 
PONNEYIVAIIA so i8e- ws aces semen oo ce eee RR O55 Dec. 12, 1787. | 45,215 28,937,600 


Del Dec. 7, 1787. 

Maiviand meer nt toes aamenaes pees eo .--| April 28, 1783, |. 12,210 7,814,400 
Virginiascesooe Ul cece oskeu caboose eomem an auepee June 25, 1788. | 42,450 27,168,000 
North Caroling sis. coh cs soc wn dece eee owes pee Noy. 21, 1789. | 52,250 33,440,000 
South: Carolina ss. -ss eas swe os eens paae elaeee May 23, 1788. 30,570 19,564,800 
COT RIA sa See ELC a eo Bueds ine ee aeeee Jan, _ 2, 1788. 59,475 38,064,000 







Tue THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. 




































Admission 





Act organizing 

















Act admitting 
State. 






































































































































































































Admitted. Territory. took effect. acres. 
Kentucky .....| Out of Virginia}, Feb. 4, 1791. | June 1, 1792. 25,856,000 
Vermont ...... OutofN.H&N.Y| Feb. 18, 1791. | March 4, 1791. 6,121,800 
Tennessee ..... Out of North Ca.| June 1, 1796. | June 1, 1796, 26,912,000 
Ohid..=.5. .----| Ordinance, 1787.| April 30, 1802. | Nov. 29, 1802. 26,278, 
Louisiana..-.... March — 3, 1805.) April 8, 1812. | April 30, 1812. 31,180,800 
Indiana ....... May 7, 1800. Dec, 11, 1816. | Dec. 11, 1816. 23,264, 
Mississippi. .-.. April 7, 1798.| Dec, 10, 1817. | Dec. 10, 1817. 29,958,400 
THinGis': i cae ss February 3, 1809.) Dec. 3, 1818. | Dec. 3, 1818. 36,256, 
Alabama .. Merch — 3, 1817.| Dec. 14, 1819. | Dec. 14, 1819, 33,440, 
Maine... Out of Mass’tts.| March 3, 1820. | March 15,1820. 21,145, 
Missouri. June 4, 1812.| March 2, 1821. | Aug. 10, 1821. 44,425,000 
Arkansas March 2, 1819.] June 15, 1836. | June 15, 1836. 34,464,000 
Michigan January 11, 1805.| Jan. 26, 1837. | Jan. 26, 1837. 37,705,000 
Florida .. March 30, 1822.} March 3, 1845. | March 3, 1845. 37,555,200 
Iowa ..-- June 12, 18338.| March 3, 1845. | Dec. 28, 1846. 35,856,000 
Texas ..... ..| Annexed ......- March 1, 1845. | Dec. 29, 1845. 170,099,200 
Wisconsin. ...- April 20, 1836.} March 3, 1847. | May 29, 1848. 35,865,000 
California ..... From Mexico...| Sept. 9, 1850. | Sept. 9, 1850. 101,350,400 
Minnesota. .... March 3, 1849.| May 4, 1858. | May 11, 1858. §3,353,600 
Oregon ........ August 14, 1848.| Feb. 14, 1859. | Feb. 14, 1859. 61,459,200 

Onsas: we May 30, 1854.| Jan. 29, 1861.) Jan. 29, 1861. 52,531,200 
W. Virginia....| Out of Virginia.| Dec. 31, 1862. | June 19, 1863, 15,859,200 
Nevada.....--. March 2, 1861. March 21,1864. | Oct. 31, 1864. 70,848,000 
Nebraska ..----. May 30, 1854.| Feb. _ 9, 1867. | March 1,,1867. i 49,187,200 
Colorado ------ Feb. 28, 1861.1 March 3, 1875. | Aug. 1, 1876. fi 66,512,000 














ORGANIZATION AND AREA OF THE TERRITORIES. 


Act organizing | Area of Territories. 















Geeks f Territory. |Sq. miles.) In Acres, 
MEW MLESICO 0.0. ssc22 2g aeten hep ae cee Sept. 9, 1850.] 122,580 | 78,451,200 





AeA ee pee c coals Sen ataccise see eRe Smee eee Sept. 9, 1850. 84,970 | 54,380,800 
Washington...... sedendesceweneeateonsetee rs March 2, 1853, 69,180 | 44,275,200 
SPUR eer ee Ls Ae eee oe ee March 2, 1861. | 149,100 | 95,424,000 
TREO 125, Se Ee Ry nd eee lb EO Fy ig Feb. 24, 1863, | 113,020 | 72,332,800 
MAAN OWeree tech ds socs ace scos creas seeenete eceee-e-| March 3, 1863, 84,800 | 54,272,000 
WIOHCAN A Geced aa cs sas cow ase cctcadscocctonadouceens May 26, 1864. 146,080 | 93,491,200 
WIV GIMME emese rage tics sou na can sccae soso eee seee July 25, 1868, 97,890 | 62,649,600 
Indian [no territorial sop oment Wecabarteeeals June 30, 1834, 64,690 ideas 


District of Columbia [no territorial government]| March 3, 1791. 70 
Alaska ......... Pemer artes <a nasaeo eas sec en eee July 27,1868. | 577,390 | 365,529,600 



















PME RE Pe OAT Coe Nad REE LE NESE PURE AR LPT RO a oe Re 
sos ys TAs hers St ae sc cael St sea MS Me Bee een Mn OSM S87, Sea Rt 


ite % 





“ 









WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 






The States and Territories of the United States. 683 
THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 


Table showing the number of persons, the area in square miles, the number of fam- 
ilies, the number of dwellings, the nummer of persons and of families to a square mile, 
the number of acres to a person, and the number of persons to a family, census of 1880, 













































mn - |a : a 
States and No. of | Areas.* a recta as = es | Acres Bat 
a : : ‘t Families| Dwell’ gs Ze 5 Ee &| toa Eos 
Territories, ersons, |sq. miles. a” g |S” g| Person.| 0 a 
Alabama << 70% 1,262,505 51,540 | 248,961 | 240,227 24.50} 4.83 26.13 | 5,07 
ATIZONG b2cuc ence 40,440 | 112,920 |- 9,536 9,033 0.36 | 0.08 |1,787.06 } 4,24 
Arkansas ........ 802,525 53,045 } 154,272 | 149,377 15.13 | 2.91 42.30 | 5.20 
California........ 864,694 | 155,980 | 177,508] 161,037 5.54] 1.14] 115.45] 4.87 
COlbTadOs Jaws sae 194,327 | 103,645 41,260 39,018 1.87] 0.40] 341.35] 4.71 
Connecticut ..... 622,700 4,845 | 136,885 | 108,458 | 128.52 | 28.25 4.98} 4.55 
Dakota e252 525 135,177 | 147,700 31,202 29,324 0.92} 0.21] 699.29 | 4.33 
Delaware ........ 146,608 1,960 28,253 27,215 74.80 | 14.41 8.56 | 5.19 
Dist.of Columbia. 177,624 60 34,896 28,687 | 2,960.40 |581.60 0.22 | 5.09 
MIGTIOR eo 56 o 269,493 54,240 54,691 52,868 4.97} 1.01] 128.81} 4.93 
SSCOTPIA 2420. +-s- 1,542,180 58,980 | 303,060} ,289,474 26.15 | 5.14 24.48 | 5.09 
OWanOe ecw. ie 32,610 84,290 7,77 7,700 0.39 | 0.09 }1,654.27 | 4.19 
WHingisi-socos 532. 3,077,871 56,000 | 591,934 | 538,221 54.96 | 10.57 11.64 | 5,20 
Indiang 232s. 23 1,978,301 35,910 | 391,203} 375,225 55.09 | 10.89 11.62 | 5.06 
WO WAND Ee oso: ccs 1,624,615 55,475 | 310,894 | 301,507 29.29 | 5.60 21.85 | 5.23 
WRADNARI Coe! s ce 996,096 81,700 197,679 189,432 12.19 | 2.42 52.49 | 5.04 
Z, Kentucky -.--.... 1,648,690 40,000 | 302,631 286,600 41.22 | 7.57 15.53 | 5.45 
Louisiana.....-.. 939,946 45,420 | 192,833 174,867 20.69 | 4.25 30.93 | 4.87 
Maine) c. 0 ates 648,936 29,895 | 141,843] 124,959 21.71 | 4.74 29.48 | 5.58 
Maryland.......- 934,943] 9,860] 175,318| 155,070| 94.82]/17.78| 6.75] 5.33 
Massachusetts ...| 1,783,085 8,040 | 379,710] 281,188} 221.78 | 47.23 2.89} 4.70 
Michigan ........ 1,636,937 | 57,430 | 336,973} 321,514] 2850] 5.87| 22.45] 4.86 
Minnesota..-..--. 780,773 79,205 | 143,374 136,458 9.86 | 1.81 64.92 | 5.45 
Mississippi. ...-.. 1,131,597 46,340 | 215,055 | 208,290 24.42 | 4.64 26.21 | 5.26 
Missouric soi) 2,168,380 68,735 | 403,186 | 369,180 31.55 | 5.87 20.29 | 5.38 
Montana ........ 39,159 | 145,310 9,931 9,205 0.70 | 0.27 |2,374.89 | 3.94 
Nebraska ........ 452,402 76,185 89,135 85,848 §.94} 1.17] 107.78] 5.08 
Nevads -602.4:. 26: "62,266 | 109,740 15,158 14,557 0.57 | 0.14 |1,127.96| 411 
New Hampshire.}| 346,991 9,005 80,286 68,381 38.53 | 8.92 16.61 {| 4.32 
New Jersey..-.-.. 1,131,116 7,455 | 232,309 190,403 | 151.73 | 31.16 4.22} 4.87 
New Mexico..... 119,565 | 122,460 28,255 26,311 0.98 | 0.23} 655.50] 4.23 
New York ...<...} 5,082:871 | 47,620 |1,078,905 | 772,512] 106.74] 22.66] 6.00] 4.71 
North Carolina ..| 1,399,750 | 48,580 | 270,994} 264,305] 2881] 5.58| 2221] 5.17 
Ditoe.. v.28: 3,198,062 | 40,760 | 641.907| 686,664| 78.46|15.75| 816| 4.98 
Oregon. .........- 174,768} 94560] 33,468] 32,374 1.85 | 0.35 | 346.28 | 5.22 
Pennsylvania....} 4,282,891 44,985 | 840,452} 776,124 95.21 | 18.68 6.72 | 5.10 
Rhode Island .... 276,531 1,085 |, 60,259 41,388 | 254.87 55.54 2.51} 4.59 
South Carolina .. 995,577 30,170 | 202,062 |} 191,914 33.00 | 6.70 19.39 | 4.93 
Tennessee ...--.- 1,542'359 | 41.750 | 286/539 | 276,734] 36.94] 686| 17.32] 5.38 
RRRRS), <=> ¢ sau8 1,591,749 | 262;290 | 297,259 | 287,562 6.07| 1.13] 105.46] 5.35 
Ue ae 143,963 | 82,190} 28373] 26,710 1.75 | 0.35| 365.38] 5.07 
Vermont ......-- 332,286 9,135 73,092 66,769 36.38 | 8.00 17.59 | 4.55 
MANTIS: oes. ssc 1,512,585 40,125) 282,355 | 265,611 37.70 | 7.04 16.98 | 5.36 
Washington By 3 A 75,116 66,880 16,380 15,512 1s12] 0.24] 569,83} 4.59 
‘West Virginia... 618,457 24,645 | 111,732] 108,349 25.09 | 4.53 25.50 | 5.54 
Wisconsin.....-. 1,315,497 54,450 | 251,530 | 239,361 24.16] 4.62 26.49 | 5.23 
Wyoming ....--- 20,789 | 97,575 4,604 4,289 0.21} 0.05 |3,003.90 | 4.52 





| | |] — 









United States ....|50,155,783 |2,900,170 |9,945,916 |8,955,812 17.29 | 3.43 37.01 | 5.04 
oF Deg 2 Ect ide el a iat WE td I het hii etal peor eile a wet pc Regehr e seeded tia 5 





* Land surface only. The total given fcr the United States is exclusive of the Indian 
Territory and tracts of unorganized territory, aggregating 69,830 square miles. 





Re 


WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. 





684 


Population, Capitals and Area of all Nations, 


POPULATION, CAPITALS, AND AREA OF ALL NATIONS. 


CounTRIES. 





——_= 
ALZOTIR. cic soy se nie otsie es ia:h-eeb'/> 
Argentine Republic...........- 
Austria-Hungary. ..c.sesee 
Bel Sinise ssacicnecotevats saesm 
Boliviass .cccccccescscccccscccs 
BraZil cpisssess ts = esl py eogace 
Canada, Dominion of.,.....-.. 
Cape of Good Hope ..... 
Ceylon... s 
CONETT Te", craic wip actue’aieraie stale nies eal 
Chinese Empire........%...... 
Colombia, United States oe aeeiate 
Costa Rica..... ese we pace des os 
DENMArK Tec veg ccecss ce saes alge 
EcUad Or ccccwecsccedevccsesct< 


By Db isc ccs valcees sree 
RYADCG voc on at vecbe tee seets Abe 
IROTINANY sic ccysesetiecges esis $54 


Great Britain and Ireland. Lae 
MSTGOGE: sc ciieosccste nize 
Guatemala.... 


eeeere toons 


sete ewer ere teoees 





HMavil sc stewcace bins wana cieten te 
HGDANESSC Ce ep eaves ee o cesses 
Hong Kong. osicn tee Sopes ceeea 
India, British.............. ose 
BERL Sete b a teciwe eV cats tae Moroes 
DADLD sireic cons Semisigtuiva's ik folsi wes 
AN Sa ciey 0s wives dices ners Seleiae ee 
TUBCTIA Recep cues coos ccus'ee his Jee 
MAS TIUS pee cselae eodeee ne oan 
WextGGr css ccensie ses lenses nice 
Montenegro. 

Morocco..... 

INALST Eiciecnm cap ore Bimrerate 
Netherlands. Gi cies sais s Srtoe 
New South Wales.............. 
New Zealand............. Samer 
INICATALURT Ss vais clejeweee eeecie « os 


Norway.... 
Paraguay cc<.ce vceces 
Persia.,... 





POLtugal. psice Bowe 
Queensland... csecessesccs sere 
BOMMANIA:, sce sup sleics alone snes 
Russian Empire.....:......00s 
San Domingo... 
San Salvador... 


BREYER a iie'ns sas Rt eerek 
BSANE octcinis cicecaco cee ani rales be 
South Australia........ccccceee 


GRICE sia a'a's.c Wide oa Goeromemanee 
sh 20 (2 ae 


Switzerland .............06.0, 
RLS uaeisav oa wiels's eect c vist es 
PEUMLROV Gs wp acscsislsncesessooses 











CAPITALS, 





Algiers... oa 6 pa pris 
Buenos Ayres.. 

Viens. isssicsseenes 
Brussels, 96 s.0n6 ore aes 
Li PAZ sors outcese pa vee 
Rio de Janeiro... 
Otla Ws cecpeeciat se ssnr 
Cape Town.........s. 
Colombossessciaatrerae 
Santiago ...sccessoe.- 
Pekin; sneee es 


fee 





wees 


Copenhagen .... 
QUITO. o cscccasiennseesns 
Calrou vs pslscscinse Selttia 
Parisiccsencaees 
Beri. seemsaeeae pee sis 
London.. ..... 
AIDODSS 6s a'bs defer wisisd 

Santiago deGuatemala 
Port-au-Prince........ 
Comayagua.... cccee- 








eeceeee 





Hong Kong... P 
Calcuttas cccitsc. ssces 
ROME Siecle encase ° 
Yeddo...... a daislapalowe 
Batavia sicet ws aaeewe 
Monrovia....... T5 
Port Louis...... sn sme 
DECRIOO. fine ore tani ae ere 
Cetiene. so cise. snes 





Morocco..... 


Port Natale. kc. 
s’Gravenhage........ 
BLANGYvicscsetcns o nears 


eee eeeroeee Be eeses - 


Managua..cesscercoes 
Christiana... .ceccees 
ASenCiOn, Mies acean: 
HW ONCTAN ute rcceeen tae 
DATA Soe ae cwa'e chasis arene 
LISDON: samen svesls ees 
BrispauGssceabecescce 
BuUucHAreShe sy cscsseeee ee 
St. Petersburg........ 
San Domingo......... 
San Salvador.......... 
Belgrades. veces tices 
BaneKOkKuweenhste ees 
Adelaide ..... 
Madrid: ccs. 

Stockholm,........... 
Berne scasicrcces we 


ste eeeee 


eee eee 


Constantinople,....... 
Montevideo,........ 
Washington, ......... 
Caracasieietesecsesct 


Population, 





2,867,626 
2,400,000 
37,741,413 
5,476,668 
2,080,000 
10,108,291 
4,352,080 
720,984 
2,758,166 
2,400,396 
434,626,000 
2,951,323 
180,000 
1,969,454 
1,146,000 
17,419,980 
36,905,788 
45,194,172 
35,246,633 
1,679,775 
1,215,310 
572,000 
250,000 
139,444 
252,541,210 
28,209,620 
34,338,404 
19,067,829 
1,068,000 
357,339 
9,389,461 
250,000 
6,370,000 
406,675 
3,981,887 
503,981 
534,008 
350,000 
1,806,900 
293, 844 
7,000,000 
3, 050, 000 
4) "348,551 
"213, 525 
5,376,000 
82,330,864 
250,000 
554,785 
1,589,650 
5,750,000 
279,865 
16,333,293 
4, 531, 863 
{2,831,787 
2,100, 000 
25,036,480 
447,000 
50,155,783 
1,784,197 


Inhabi- 

tants to 
Square 
Mile. 


Area 
Square 
Miles, 





165,500 
827.177 
240,415 
bon'sae 
3,218,166 
3,204,381 
199,950 
24,702 
124,084 
4,560,107 
320,638 
26,040 
o48's13 
1,152,948 
204,030 
208,624 
121,571 
20,018 
41,730 
10,204 
39,600, 
29 
810,542 
114/380 
146,568 
51,336 
14/300 
676 
141,598 
3,550 
313,560 
21,150 
12)727 
310,938 
105,342 
49,500 
122,823 
91,980 
636,203 
12,413 
34,595 
669,520 
50,159 
8,138,541 
18,045 
9594 
18,781 
280,564 
903,690 
193,171 
170,927 
15,908 
42,000 
860,322 
72,151 
8,602,990 
439,119 


LE I CE, CC IS 





. , A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


APPENDIX. 





A. 


BORN, 





685 


DIZD. 


Aaron. First High Priest of the Jews.....esscccceseesesTS74e.145T BCs 


Abbot, Joseph Hale. Scientist, Philologist, Teacher........ 1802.. 


1873 


Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. American Historian.......... 1805..1877 
Abd-El-Kader. Arab Prophet and Military Chieftain...... 1807..1879 
Abdul-Aziz. Sultan of Turkey. ...............cccccccccccs . 1830... 1876 


Abell, Mrs. Elizabeth. (Memoirs of the First Napoleon).... — .«. 
Abercrombie, John J. Bvt. Brigadier-General, U. 8. Vols. 1804.. 
Abercromby, David, M.D. Medical and Miscel. Writer.... —.. 
Abert, John J. American Engineer..........ccccccecceseces I7QO+- 


1871 
1877 
1701 
1863 


Abijah. King of Judah (8. 0. 958-955)..... ed vuselsegatssesdime B.C.O04 
Abner. Captain of Saul, King of Israel......cccccccccsesecs —BC.1048 
ewabtam < Patriarch 22.3. aceon canine fodvedpetcecsiiecesiGQ0saLOar Be Ce 
Absalom, son of David, King of Israel...... Beee eee tseeccudl == E.C.IO2E 


Achard, Touis Amédée Eugene. French Writer............. 1814.. 
Acton, Charles Januarius Edward. English Cardinal........ 1803.. 


1875 
1847 


Acworth, George, Lu. Dp. Civilian and Controversialist...... — ..1577? 


Adalbert, Heinrich Wilhelm. Prussian Admiral............ 1811... 
Adalbert, William George Lewis. Prince of Bavaria........ 1828.. 


1873 
1875 


Adams, Clement. Authorof Travels...............ccccecces 1519 «1587 


Adams, Daniel, m.p. Author of School Text-books....co0. —.. 
Adams, Edwin. American Actor. .......00..cecccsccsccccce 1834.. 
Pair BICHON ce E OOb 4% sc wshieucc csc eatinccuveccosebecesenes Sich 
Adamson, John. Author...... eosece CPP ee roee reese e OO leSsoe W7O7 a0 


1863 


1877 
1661 


1855 


Addison, John, D.p. Roman Catholic Writer............... fi. 1538 


Ade, Charles. Antiquary and Artist.........ncceccscscces so eee rere 
Adler, George J., PH, D. Ger. Scholar and Philologist..... we ESaEe: 
Afzelius, Arvid August. Swedish Historian ...... ......... 1785... 


Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, M. D., PH. D., F.R. 8. Scientist. 


Prorousor ir uarvard. COlere so sie ehcccacseed ete secaeaae 1807.. 


Agoult, Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, Countess d’. 


Daniel Stern. Authoress.,..... Rag dee deers codee eee SER LOO te 


1858 
1868 
1871 
1873 
1876 


Ahab. King of Israel (B. c. 918-897).......ccccsccccsccsesece = B.C.897 
Ahaz. King of Judah (. ©..742-726) 0... ccccccsccccsceccss . —B.C.726 
Ahaziah, son of Ahab. King of Israel (B. 0. 897-896)......++ — B.C.896 
Ahaziah, son of Jehoram. King of Judah (8. c. 885-884)..926..884 B. Cc. 


Ailkins, Arthur. Scientist and Writer. ....0.sccccscsccareess 1773;- 
11876 


Aird, Thomas. British Poet eee reer ee @oPePGeeeeaegeeseeeeree 1802, 


Alberi, Eugenio. Italian Historian...............cccceceeee « 1809... 
Albrecht, Wilhelm Eduard. Ger. Jurist and Scholar....... - 1800.. 
.1834 
Aldridge, Ira. ‘‘The African Roscius.”” Negro Actor..... . 1805?.. 


Aldini, John. Italian Experimental Philosopher............ - 1762. 


1854 


1878 
1876 


1867 


Alencar, Jose Martiniano de, Brazilian Statesman and Auth. 1829,,1877 


686 <A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED. 


Alexander, Barton Stone: American Engineer............. . 1819..1878 
Alexander, James Waddell, p.p. Amer.Scholar and Writer. 1804..1859 
Alexander, JohnH. American Chemist and Physicist...... 1813..1867 


Alexander, Joseph Addison, p. D., Br. Div. and Linguist.... 1809. .1860 
Alexandra, Amelia. Princess of Bavaria................-+.. 1826..1875 
Alford, Rev. Henry, D. p. Eng. Clergyman, Poet, Philologist. 1810, ,187z 
Alice, Maud Mary. Princess of England, Grand Duchess of 

Hesse-Darmstadt. 2 chev sscect st canes gene ape cics sreen 1843..1878 
Alison, Sir Archibald, Baronet, p.c.u. British Author...... 1792..1867 
Alkmar, Henry von. German Writer. (Reineke de Voss.)... fl. 1475 
Allen, David Oliver. American Missionary and Writer...... 1800, . 1863 
Allen, or Alen, Edmund. Bishop elect of Rochester. Theol. — ..1559 
Allen, George A. American Lawyer and Editor.............. x822..1878 
Allen, Henry Watkins. ‘‘ Confederate *’ Brigadier-General... 1820,.1866 
Allen,’ John. }Bibliopraphers: 75.353 etucessee cece oases — ,, 1835 
Allen, Richard L. Editor and Apriculturist. (The American 

MOI BOOK.) «des oN cle epee late teh eee See oe oes acai .. 1803..1869 
Allen, William, p.p. Amer. Scholar, Teacher and Author... 1784..1868 
Allen, William. American Lawyer, Senator, Governor.......-1806..1879 
Allot, Wm. Roman Catholic Divine. (Thesaurus Bibliorum.) — ..15902 
Almonte, Juan. Mexican General and Statesman............ 1812?, 1869 
Alzog, Johann Baptist. Roman Catholic Theologian......... 1808, ,1878 
Amat, di San Filippo e Sorso, Luigi. Vice-Chancellor of the 

Holy Roman. Church...............s0<. 55 Seale paebae cae 1796..3878 
Amaziah. King of Judah @. c. 880-810) ifs ose cece 863..810 B.C 
Amberly, John. British Statesman. (Analysis of Religious 

BIGGS.) 25.3 8 oS vis SoG ty Maat Me ee eed ae ee ee 1842,.1876 
Ambros, August Wilhelm. German Composer and Author... 1816..1876 
Ames, Edward R. American Preacher and Bishop..... eeseee 1806 ,1879 
Ames, Joseph, N. A. American Portrait Painter..... ovéateserkerOlgEore 
Ames, Oakes. American Manufacturer.....:...........-eee. 1804..1873" 
Ammen, Frederick Augustus von. German Medical Writer.. 1799..186 
Amon. King of Judah (@. co. 643-641).............. «oe ved «e005 ys4k Dee 
Amos. .Prophet of Tarael::; }.'s ci) viveneogessee eee PPO ky obs. 
Amyot, Thomas. Treas. Soc. Ant. (Life of Windham.)..... 1775..1850 
Anastasius Grfin. (See Auersperg.) 
Ancelot, James Arséne Francis Polycarp. French Dram..... 1794..1854 
Ancelot, Marguerite Louise Virginie Chardou. Fr. Authoress 1792..1875 
Ancessi, M. Abbé Victor. Semitic Scholar................. 1845..1878 
Andersen, Hans Christian. Danish Author. (fairy Tales.) 1805..1875 
Anderson, Dr. Alexander. American Wood Engraver....... 1774..1870 


Anderson, George B. ‘‘Confederate’’ General.............. . 18349. 1862 
Anderson, Henry James, mM. p. American Scientist.......... 1798..1875 
Anderson, Richard H. ‘Confederate’? Lieutenant-General.. 1816..1879 
Anderson, Robert. Brevet Major-General................. .. 1805..1871% 


Andersson, Charles John. African Explorer and Author.... 1812?. 1868 
Andlaw, Franz Xaver von. German Diplomatist............ 1799..1876 
Andral, Gabariel. French Physician...,........cceeceeseeses 1797..1853 
Andree, Karl. German Geographer............- ecebebaevceks' s TeGe gram 
Andrew, John Albion. American Statesman..........0..++0 1818,.1867 
Angell, Joseph Kinnicutt. American Law Writer.......+++++ ¥794e02897 


a 











A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


Angouleme, Louis Anthony de Bourbon, Duc d’, son of 
Charles X 
Angus, Caleb. Agriculturist and Writer on Free Trade.....,. 
Anlaby, William. Roman Catholic Missionary ; martyred... 
Annesley, Alexander. Legal and Political Writer.......... 
Anne, Louis Francois Theodore. Fr, Soldier, Polit., Novelist. 
Anschutz, Karl. German Musical Composer...............+ 
Anthon, Charles. Amer. Class. Scholar, Téacher and Author. 
Antinori, Vincent, of Florence. Scholar................... A 
Antonelli, Giacomo. Cardinal Deacon 
Antonucci, Antonio Benedetto, Italian Cardinal........... 
Appleton, Dr. Charles Edward C, B. English J ournalist. 
(Founder of the Academy.)......6.cceccescecss reer “ee 
Appleton, George S. American Publisher........... PR OCEE 
Appleton, Nathan. American Merchant................... 
Arago, James Stephen Victor. Fr. Journalist and Author... 
Arcano, Mauro d’. J/7 Mauro. Italian Burlesque Poet....... 
Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August. Ger. Astronomer... 
Argentine, Richard, m.p. Sexten. Roman Catholic Writer.. 
Arjona, Manuel de. Spanish Ecclesiastic and Poet........... 
Arlincourt, Victor, Viscount d’. French Poet and Novelist.. 
Armansperg, Joseph Louis, Count von. German Statesman. 
mrimeluni, Charles. Italian Patriot.s: .<:\s-<.00 de lndades cbae's 
Armengaud, Jean Germain Désiré. French Art Historian 
BM TBbG aia Se hae rae tak eet, Gan vae et 
Armistead, Fewie “‘Confederate *? General. 
Armsby, James H. American Physician 
Armstrong, Robert Archibald. Scottish Philologist... Seaver 
Arnaud, Frédéric. French Senator and Author............. 
Arnot, William. Scottish Preacher and Author............. 
Arnott, Dr. Archibald. Scotch Physician............-..... 
Arnott, Neil. Brit. Physician, Physicist, Philanthropist. 
Arrest, Heinrich Ludwig d’. German Astronomer...... 
Arrowsmith, Edmund. Jesuit ; executed.................0% 
Asaky, George. Moldavian Poet, Historian, Journalist...... 
_ Asboth, Alexander Sandor. Bvt, Major-General U. S. Vols. 
Companion of ICORSULG hoes eereire sic Rete fateresie: sais 
Ashby, Turner. ‘‘ Confederate’? General.............cecees 
Ashe, Thomas. Captain Ashe. Author of Travels.......... 
Ashmun, George. American Lawyer and Politician........., 
Ashpitel, Arthur, F.s.A. Architect and Writer............. 
Aspinwall, William H. American Merchant.......... me o¥eu 
Asplin, Rev. William. Theologian. (A/kid/a) 
Assarotti, Octavius John Bapt. Teacher of Deaf and Dumb.. 
Aster, Ernest Louis. German General... 
Aston, William. Jesuit. Writer Geedseyeoess 
Astor, William Backhouse. American Capitalist....,........ 
Athaliah. Usurping Queen of Judah.......cccocsceee 
Athanagildus. Gothic King in Spain.............cececccces 
Atherton, Charles Gordon. American Politician............ 
Atherton, John. Bishop of Waterford; executed....+0e- 00s 


ek ee ry 


sew essere reseseeeeseres 


OOF er ee aeeeseseessece 


Seserseoes we eeeerneoeres 


687 


BORN, DIED, 


1775..1844 
1782..1860 
-- 1597 
— ..1813 
1797..1869 
1813..1870 
1797..1867 
— ..1865 
1806, .1876 


. 2798..1879 


1841. 
1821,.1878 
1779. .1861 
1790. .1855 
1490? 1536 
1799..1875 
— ..1568 
1761..1820 
1789..1856 
1787..1853 
1776..1863 


.1879 


1797..1869 
1863 


1809. .1875 
1788, 1867 
1819. .1878 
1808. . 1875 
1771..1855 
- 1788..1874 
1822, .1875 
— ..1628 
1788..1869 


1811. ,1868 
1824?, 1862 
= +1835 
1804..1870 
1807, .1869 
1807. .1875 
— ..1758 
1735..1829 
1778. .1855 
.- 1800 
1792..1875 
— B.C.878 
— .. 567 
1804,,1853 
— »,1649 


— 





688 <A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED. 
AttalusI. King of Pergamus (B. C. 241=197)....sesceecees 2082..197 B.C. 
Attalus II. (@. c. 159-138.) Philadelphus......cececceses 220000138 B.C. 
Attalus III. (B. c. 138-133.) Philometor.......... LR ey — B.C. 133 
Atterborn, Peter Daniel Amadeus. Swedish Poet.......... - 7790..1855 
Auber, Daniel Francois Esprit. French Musical Composer.. 1782.,.1871 
Audley, Mervyn, Lord, and Earl of Castlehaven ; executed... — ..1631 


Audubon, Mrs. Lucy Bakewell, wife of J. J. Audubon....... 1786, ,1874 
Auenbrugger von Auenbrug, Leopold. Physician at 

Vienna. Inventor of Percussion.................22e00 - 1722..1809 
Auersperg, Anton Alexander, Count von. Anastasius Grim. 

Austrian Statesman and Poet........ 0 OT «s.- 1806,.1876 
Auffenberg, Joseph von, Baron. German Dramatist..... sees E7QS.. 1087 
Aufrere, Anthony. Miscellaneous Writer and Translator.... 1756?..1833 
Augur, Hezekiah. American Sculptor....................+. - 1791..1858 
Augusti, Christian John William. German Theologian..... - 1771.. 1841 
Auld, John Blakely. American Editor and Author.......... . 1815..1866 
Aust, Mrs. Sarah (formerly Murray). (Guide to the Lakes).... — ..1811 
Austin, John. Jurist. (Province of Jurisprudence)........ . 1797..1860 
Austria, Caroline Augusta, Dowager Empress of............- 1792..1873 
Austria, Sophia Frederica Dorothea Wilhelmina, Archduchess 

Of ccs Sip ee pase chee aree ees die ene nies Dew cielsie se be «lceermene 1805..1872 
Autran, Joseph. -French*Poet.t 4.5..2....020-cee+. ogee . 1813,.1877 
Avempace, or Ibn-Bajja. Spanish Arabian Philosopher..... — .1138? 
Avenbrugger, or Auenbrugger, which seé..........2+e00 sees 1722,.1809 
Avenzohar, Abumeron, Arabian Physician in Spain....... 1072?..1162 
Avenzohar, Alhafid, son. Arabian Physician in Spain...... r114..1199 


Avery, Benjamin P. American Editor and Diplomatist..... 1828..1875 
Avezac-Macaya, Marie Armand Pascal de. Fr. Geographer, 1799..1875 
Avicebron, or Solomon ben Gebirol. Jewish Philosopher... fi. 11th c. 


Ayer, JamesC. American Chemist and Capitalist...........- — ..1878 
Ayre, Rev. John. Biblical Scholar and Author........ eseee. I801,,1869 
Ayrton, William. Writer on Music.............. cakes ence - 1777..1858 
Azais, Peter Hyacinth. French Philosopher................. 1766,.1845 


Azeglio, Massimo Taparella, Marquis d’. Italian Statesman, 
Author, and Artist.., COHHTHS OTOH OCC H EOE ATTT ATA RARE KER 1801..1866 


B. 


Baasha. King of Israel (B. ©. 953-030). scesesscscetsecvcccecese —= BCs 930 
Babbage, Charles, LL. D., F.R.S8. English Mathematician, in- 

ventor of Calculating Machine..............ccccce cece ce 1792..187% 
Babcock, Rufus. American Clergyman and Author......2.. 1798..1875 
Babinet, Jacques. French Physicist and Astronomer........ 1794..1872 
Babington, Benjamin Guy. English Medical Writer........ 1794, .1866 
Bache, Alexander Dallas. American Physicist and Author.. 1806, ,1867 
Bache, Franklin, mM. p. American Physician, Savant, and 

Author, oa j dctece chien seek ee Lee ee 1792..1864 
Bache, Hartman. Brevet Brigadier General U. S. A.......... 1797..1872 
Back, Sir George. English Admiral, a distinguished Arctic 

NAvigator..cccccccese CROP OTT EHH CO. e FAS OHOT OEE 0 Anis 1796.. 1878 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 689 


BORN. DIED, 

Bacon, David W., p. p. Roman Catholic Bishop............. 1814..1874 

Bacon, Ezekiel, tu. p. American Jurist and Politician...... 1776. ,1870 
Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans. Life by Anon. 1626 
(reprinted in Harl. Misc.) ; Rawley, 1657; R. Stephens, 
1736; Mallet, 1740 (also in German and French); 
Pouillot, 1755; Anon., 1787; Bertin, 1788; Courtier, 
1803 ; Montagu, 1834; Ozanam, 1835; Macaulay, 1837; 
Wilhelmy, 1843 ; Craik, 1846 ; Sortain, 1851; M. Napier, 
1858; Campbell, 1853; Rémusat, 1857; Spedding, 1861; 


Pexmeanns-onlarced, 1862. 00 ici eee ho kel sw Coe ol evs -» 256r./32626 
Bacon, Joel S. Am. Clerg. , Prof., and Col, President........ “1801, .1869 
Bacon, Nathaniel. Insurrectionary Leader in Virginia 

PRN MERN ed cs oe oy hoc a tau Ov ine ee aw anc op eewa ec’ 1630..1677 
Badger, Milton. American Clergyman and Writer .......... 1800, , 1873 
Baer, Carl Ernst von. Russian Naturalist..........0.....e006 1792..1876 
Bagby, Arthur P.” American Statesman .......... ...0...08. 1794..1858 
Bagehot, Walter. English Journalist and Writer on Political 

RA AECLINURS Se OU RM ar si ome Cae sin 9 ord web ones Rea es 6 o0 8 1826,.1877 
meee nemcnards~ Biahow OF OXTOTO.,. 70.6. 6e.cc sc occc ca deceoes 1782..1854 
Bailey, Gamaliel. American Journalist...................... 1807..1859 
Bailey, Jacob Whitman. Am. Microscopist and Algologist.. 1806..1857 
Bailey, Joseph. Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols............... — ..1867 
Bailey, Samuel. English Writer. (Zssays on the Formation 

PE PPELROOIESs 84 vad ala scans Gee iaca eine ik sy eccives Gaeaeowies 1792..1870 
Baily, Edward Hodges, rR. a. English Sculptor............... 1788, .1867 
Baines, Thomas. British Painter and Explorer.............. — ..1875 
Beira, ludmas D, “American Professor:: 3... 20c.0.2si50 0000s 1819. .1873 
Baker, William H. American Artist................. cece cee — ..1875 
Bakewell, J.C. English Journalist, Physicist, Author...... 1800, .1869 
Bakunin, Michael. Russian Political Agitator........ events 1814, .1876 
Balard, Antoine Jérébme. French Chemist................... 1802. .1876 
Baldasseroni, Giovanni. Italian Statesman................. 1790..1876 
Balfe, Michael William. Violinist and Composer............ 1808. . 1870 
Balfour, Rev. Walter. Universalist Writer.................. 1776. .1852 

.Ball, Dyer, M. D. American Clergyman and Missionary...... 1796. . 1866 
mavdniine, vanes: British Authorien; cc iscses tess secs. 1808, .1877 
Ballou, Hosea, 2d, p. p. ‘Divine and Writer................ . — ..1861 
Balthazar, Casimir Victor Alexandre de. French Artist.... 1809. .1875 
Bamford, Samuel. English Author................. cece cece 1788. .1872 
Bandel, Joseph Ernst von. German Sculptor................ 1800, ,1876 
Bangs, Nathan, p. p. Methodist Writer.............:...0.. . 1788..1862 
Baraguay D’ Hilliers, Achille. Marshal of France........... 1795..1878 
Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper Brugiére, Baron. 

French Historian and Diplomatist..................4... . 1782..1866 
Barham, Thomas Foster. English Scholar, Author and 

DE RURIDIAE Gos Ga he ARSE Ss oda ee neta Re wana dutieewes ¢ 1794. .1869 
Barili, Antonio. Italian Composer.............sccecsescoeees 1824. .1876 
Barker, James N. American Writer,.............+6+ Pees ceoy — ..1858 
Barker, Jacob. American Banker and Lawyer............ +. 1779..1878 

‘Barksdale, William. ‘‘ Confederate’? General............ . 1821, ,1863 


Barnard, Charlotte A. Claribel, English Musical Composer, — .,1869 


~ 


690 A BREIF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED. 
Barnes, Rev. Albert. American Scholar and Author,........ 1798..1870 
Barnes, James. Major-General U.S. Volunteers. .......... 1809%,.1869 
Barni, Jules Romain. French Scholar..... Diep less + ape «- 1818,.1878 
Baroche, Pierre Jules. French Advocate and Politician...., 1802..1870 
Barras, Charles M. American Dramatic Author:....... he sna SOLO AST S 
Barriere, Théodore. French Dramatic Author.............. 1823 ..2377 
Barringer, Janiel Moreau. American Politician and Dipl... 1807..1873 
Barron, James. American Naval Officer...............ce00. . — ..1851 
Barry, William Farquhar. American General............... . 1818..1879 
Barstow, Zedekiah Smith. Am. Clergyman and Educator.. 1790..1873 
Bartlett, William Francis. American General.. oivs.e’pele pe LOAOL ESTO 
Barye, Antoine Louis. French Sculptor.............sccecces 1795..1875 
Bascom, Henry Bidleman, p.p. Am. Divine and Writer.... 1796-.1850 
Bassini, Carlo. Musical Composer and Writer.............+- 1812..1870 
Bastide, Jules. French Political and Historical Writer...... 1800. .1879 
Bastianini Giovanni. Italian Sculptor ...............c0cee0s — ..1868 
Batthyanyi, Cassimir, Count. Hungarian Statesman. ate ce aknte 1807. .1854 
Battle, William Horn. American Jurist.............ceeceece 1802, . 1879 
Baudissin, Wolf Heinrich Friedrich Karl. Ger. Author..... 1789..1878 
Bauer, Bruno. German Theologian and Metaphysician....... — ..1809 
Bauer, Clara. Karl Detlef. German Authoress......... sees 1836, .1876 
Bauer, Wilhelm. German Inventor..............-. code pent ue SOLS SaTE 
Baumstark, Anton. German Philologist...,........ seceacse. 18005, 1890 
Baur, Ferdinand Christian. German Church Historian.. .... — ..1791 
Baur, George Lawrence, German Theologian. (Hermeneutica 

BQCPG) Ws 25% 0s Nalsceaciicees trees yeegae bubes aaa co see 1755 x3 1800 
Bavaria, Ludwig, Carl August (Louis I.), Ex-King of......... 1986. .1868 
Bayard, George D. American General............. ee i ee 
Bayer, August von. German Painter.............cceseeceee- 1803..1875 
Bayer, Hieronimus Johan Paul von. German Jurist......... 1792. .1876 
Bayley, James Roosevelt. American Archbishop...... ae 1814. .1877 
Baxter, George. Inventor of Oil-color Printing........ .... 1805. .1867 
Beach, Moses Yale. American Publisher and Editor,........ 1800,.1868 
Beal, Abraham. Reformer and Philanthopist................ 1803?,.1872 
Beaufort, Henry Somerset, Duke of. Soldier in Peninsular 

Ware eR AED MARS ah ae NN ie et er 1792. .1854 
Beck, Charles, Ph.D. Prof. of Latin in Harvard College..... 1788..1866 
Beck, Charles. American Scholar and Writer,........... +.-. 1798. 1866 
Beek, John Brodhead. American Physician...............- « 1794..1851 
Beck, LewisC. American Naturalist.............0.cccceeeees 1800, .1853 
Beck, Theodore Romeyn, M.D. American Medical Writer... 1791..1855 
Beck, Johan Heinrich. German Painter...........--..ceeeess 1789..1875 
Beck, Prof. Tobias von. German Theologian..............-+- 1804..1878 | 
Becker, Karl Ferdinand. German Musician and Composer.. 1804..1877 
Beckwith, John Charles. Major-General.................. . 1790... 1862 
Becquerel, Antoine César. French Physicist ........... wees 1788... 1878 
Bedel, John. American General... ..........0.000. ths ee . 1823..1875 
Bedford, Gunning S$. Amer, Medical Professor...........- «. 1806..1870 
Bee, Barnard E. ‘‘ Confederate’ General............... os on 2d i ae Oe 
Beecher, Catherine Esther. American Anthoregs............ 1800, .1878 





Beerslxi, Count Johnde, Russian Army Officer and Painter.. 1798%,,1868 


¢ 








, A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 69 I 
a BORN, DIED. 
Beke, Charles Tilstone. Eng. Geologist, Geog., Ethnologist. 1800..1874 
Bekker, Ernst Immanuel. German Philologist............... 1785..1875 
Belcher, Sir Edward. English Admiral and Author......... 1799..1877 
Bell, Henry H. Rear Admiral, U. S.N.............-sc0ec02-- 18082, 1868 
Bell, John. American Statesman...... gon cbiaee Sdn ah vas aeiea sec T7Q7 1.2069 
ell nonertayMoeish Writer.... sect vstsesaseces Set doay eeu, S000. c 15O7 
Bell, Samuel Dana, tu. p, American Jurist. ........... seeeee 1798..1868 
Belloguet, Baron Roget de. Archeologist and Author....... — ..1872 
Benavides, Chilian General.........0.0.c.ceceesevceccs seeee — 2.1823 
Benedek, Ludwig von. Austrian General..............ecee0- 1804. .1871 
Benedix, Julien Roderic. German Poet and Dramatist....., 1811..1873 
Benjamin, Park. American Editor and Poet................ « 1809, .1864 
Bennett, William. Bishop of Cloyne. Scholar and Archeol. 1745..1820 
Bennett, James Gordon. American Journalist.............. I795..1872 
Bennett, Milo Lyman. American Jurist and Writer......... 1790..1868 » 
Bennett, Sir William Sterndale. Eng, Composer and Pianist. 1816. .1875 
Bentley, Richard. English Publisher.........5......c.eceeees 1794..1871 
Bentley, Robert. English Botanist and Author.............. 1821..1871 
Bentley, Samuel. English Publisher and Editor. (Zxcerpta 

LELPRCORECH nea) cite at etate ee Dale tw cicfels wie wie ke « sles eeelens 1785, 1868 
Benton, Nathaniel S. American Politician.......... diseas te o7'E7925. 1009 
Benton, Thomas Hart, American Statesman................ 1782..1858 
Berardi, Guiseppe. Italian Cardinal-priest..................- 1810, ,1878 
Berbrugger, Louis Adrien. French Philologist and Author. 1801. .1869 
Berdelle, Johann Baptiste. German Painter.............. ¢.. 1811. .1876 

‘Berg, Joseph Frederick, p. p. American Theol. and Author., 1812..1871 
Bergenroth, Gustave H. Prussian Historic Scholar......... > — --1869 
Bergmann, Karl. German-American Musician............... 1821..1876 
Berlioz, Louis Hector. French Musician and Composer...... 1803, ,1869 
Bernard, Claude. French Physiologist...... ASS RC 1813..1878 
Bernard, William Bayle. Dramatist......... .. ae team en & c 1808, .1875 
Bernhardy, Gottfried. German Philologist... ... meas saa acl 1800, .1875 


Berri, Marie Caroline Ferdinande de Bourbon, Duchess de..., 1798..1870 
Berrien, John Macpherson. Amer. Lawyer and Statesman... 1781..1856 


Berry, Miss Mary. Friend of Horace Walpole............... 1763 2.1852 
Berryer, Pierre Antoine. French Politician and Author..... 1790. .1868 
Berthold, Arnold Adolphus. German Naturalist............. 1803. .186r 
Bertin, Louise Angélique. French Artist and Poetess....... . 1805,.1877 
Bertini, Henri. French Pianist and Composer............... 1798..1876 
Berwick, William. English Historical Painter.............. 1796..1866 
Beta, Heinrich. German Novelist. 22... 62. icc e ce cece ene — ..1876 
Bethmann-Hollweg, Moritz August von. German Jurist..... 1795..1877 
Betts, Samuel R.,1u.p. American Jurist........ Tekeg detente 1787..1868 
Bibb, George M. American Jurist and Statesman............ 1772. .1859 
Bibra, Ernst von, Baron. Bavarian Naturalist...... oN oeeh alas 1806. . 1878 
Biddlecomb, Sir George. British Naval Officer.............. 1507. .1878 
Biel, Gabriel. German Theologian and Philosopher.......... — ..1495 
Bienvyille, John Baptist Lemoine, Sieur de. Second Colonial 
‘Governor of Lonisiana..... ,...0..0..200 ait newe els Bike 1680. .1768 


Bigelow, George Tyler. American Jurist..........s.esseee0- I8I0..1878 
Bigelow, Jacob, American PHYSician....ccccssyeevveeseesees 1787-21879 


ope 





692 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED, 
Bigsby, Robert. English Historian and meine 1806, . 1873 
Binney, Horace. American Lawyer...........2.2..-- Lik eese 2780 kere 
Bird, Rev. Charles Smith. Controversialist. . paw cs Vs ee oveesss a 705.0860 
Bird, Robert M., m.p. American Meda aber oo 1803. .1854 
Birney, David Bell. American General.............0.- eerek 1825. .1864 
Birt, John Baptist. French Savant...............-i cs lecses .- 1774..1862 
Bixby, Thomas. Classical Scholar and Book Collector...... . 1799..1863 
Bizet, Georges. French Composer:s....i2.......:ceecececcee 1840, ,1875 
Blaauw, William Henry. English Antiquarian. (The Ba- 

PONS’ WAT). eave av viele ccatvc cee Seem ran tase bop ee 1793..1870 
Black, Adam, m. p. British Publisher and Politician......... 1784..1874 
Black, David. American Clergyman, Historian, Author...... 1779..1874 
Blackford, Isaac. American Jurist and Law Writer......... — ..1859 
Blackwood, John. British Publisher......................- 1818..187g 
Blagden, Miss Isa. English Novelist............... asocectss tt erege 
Blair, Francis Preston. American Journalist............. ... 1791. . 1876 
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr. Amer. Journalist and Politician... 1821..1875 
Blake, Rev. John Lauris, p.p. Writer. (Biogr. Dict.)....... 1788. .1857 
Blake, William Hume, tu. p. Canadian Jurist............... — 1870 
Blanchard, Joshua P. American Philanthropist............. 1782. .1869 
Blanchard, Thomas. American Mechanic and Inventor..... 1788. . 1864 
Blasius, Ernst. German Physician............cccecvesvceese 1802. .1875 
Blatchford, Richard M. American Diplomatist.............. 1798. 1875 
Blau, Dr. Otto. German Archzologist..............0eeeeree — ..1879 
Bleek, Wilhelm Heinrich Emmanuel. Philologist............ 1827. .1875 
Blenker, Louis. American General..............seesceeeeses 1812, .1863 - 
Blunt, Edmund. American Hydrographer..... Soe ustac ees 1799. .1866 
Blunt, George W. American Marine Surveyor............... 1802. .1878 
Bockh, August. German Classical Antiquary and Philologist, 1785..1867 
Bodisco, Alexander. Russian Diplomatist................... 1779..1854 
Bogardus, James. American Scientist and Inventor......... 1800, .1874 
Boglé,; Jantées. | American: Painter, >< .35.3,252...s0eeeenamnee 1817. .1873 
Bohlen, Henry. American General...................-- eee — 2.1862 
Boileau, Sir John Peter, Bart. Physicist and Antiquarian... 1795..1869 
Bonaparte, Mrs. Elizabeth Patterson..............-...c0e0ee 1785..1879 
Bonaparte, Napoleon Eugéne Louis Jean Joseph, Prince 

Imperial of France 2/0) eos foc nnc sh cose 1856. .1879 
Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon (Patterson)........... SOP ES 1805. .1870 
Bondi, Rev. J. Hebrew Rabbi and Editor............... veeee 1804..1874 
Boner, Charles. English Author, Journalist, Translator..... + = ..1879 
Bonomi, Joseph. English Archeologist...............-...60- 1796. .1878 
Boole, George, Prof. Mathematician and Metaphysician..... 1819?..1864 
Booth, James. English Clergyman and Author.............. 1814..1878 
Bopp, Franz. German Philologist.............2.scecsevceees . 1791..1867 
Borden, Gail. American Inventor and Philanthropist........ 1801. .1874 
Borland, Solon. *‘Confederate”’ General... svecwes sew sues — ..1864 
Bosio, Astyanax Scevola. French Sculptor.............++++.. 1798?..1876 
Bosworth, Joseph. Anglo-Saxon Scholar........ boas’ 000 sige s Lg Oman mE 
Bottiger, Karl Wilhelm. Swedish Poet...... Seite Seeks .. 1807..1878 
Botts, John Minor. American Politician.............. oo cies se POOR AGO 


Bouiilhet, Louis. French Author and Poet., cove eroeereve or 1824, ’ 1869 





_¢. 4 BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONA:: 


o— 


Bourbon, Enrique Marie Ferdinand, Prince de..........0.... 
Bourbon, Marie Amélie de. Widow of Louis Philippe....... 
Bourdon, Peter Louis Mary. French Mathematician......... 
_ Boutaric, Edgar Paul. French Wistorian...........5........ 
- Boutell, Charles. Brit. Archzologist. (Hnglish Heraldry.).. 
Bouton, Nathaniel. American Congregational Clergyman... 
Bowen, John’S.: ‘Confederate’ General...........6.. 0.000. 
Bowers, George Vining. American Actor.................00. 


BORN. 
1823, 


sir fable. 
..1854 
. .1878 
EST 7 
3. 107G 
. 1863 


Bowes, Andrew Robinson Stoney, m.p. Husband of Countess — 


of Strathmore. Life by Jesse Foot... 0. .ccsccesccccoees 
Bowles, Sir George. British General..............cscceceees : 
Bowles, Samuel. American Journalist............ Ceara cddes 
Bowring, SirJohn. Poet, Philologist, Publicist........ Sea ede 
Boyd, James. Classical and General Editor.........2........ 
Brace, John Pierce” American Teacher and Journalist....... 
Brachvogel, Albert Emil. German Novelist and Dramatist.. 
Brackenbridge, Henry M. Amer. Polit., Diplom., Author.. 
Bradbury, William B. Musical Teacherand Composer...... 
Bradford, Alexander Warfield. Amer. Jurist and Editor. .... 
Bradley, Warren Ives. Glance Gaylord. American Author.. 
Brady, Hugh. American Military Officer..... Aerie hy Feet Lee 
Brady, James Topham. American Advocate and Politician.. 
Bragg, Braxton. ‘‘ Confederate” General..........-.....--2. 
Brainerd, Thomas. American Clergyman and Author........ 
- Brancaleone, Dandolo. Senator of Rome................ ate 
Branch, Lawrence O’Brien. ‘‘ Confederate’? General........ 
Brande, William Thomas. Eng. Physician, Chemist, Author. 
Brandis, Christian Auguste. German Philosopher........... 
Brascassat, Jaques Raymond. French Painter............. 5 
Braun, Alexander. German Botanist..............c.,ccceecces 
Bravo, Nicholas. Mexican General and Statesman........... 
-Braybrooke, Richard Neville Griffin, Third Lord. Antiquary. 
(History of Audley End: Hvelyn’s Memoir.)............ 
Breckenridge, John Cabell. American Statesman........... 
Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson. Amer. Clerg., Prof., Author. 
Breese, Sidney. American Jurist..............00.00. Si Ase ee 
Bremer, Miss Frederika. Swedish Novelist........ Wore ceissk « 
Brewer, John Sherren. Eng. Prof., Antiquarian, Author.... 


Brewster, Sir David, Kk. Hn. British Physicist and Author..., 
Briggs, Charles Frederick. American Writer............ BA 
Bright, Edmund, of Malden. Noted for weight, 6161bs...... 
Brion, Gustave. French genre Painter..... .......... 0.000. . 
Briot, Peter Francis, of Besancon. Phys., Medical Writer.... 
Briscoe, Joseph C. Brevet-General, U.S. A............000. A 
Bristed, Charles Astor. American Author......... Sree cee 
Bristow, Edmund. British Painter................. Se PRs 
Brockedon, William. Author, Artist and Inventor........... 
Brockett, John Trotter. Antiquary..................000- wees 
Brockhaus, Hermann. German Linguistic Scholar.......... 


’ Broderick, David Colbreth. American Politician......... 
Brodhead, John Romeyn. Amer, Hist. and Diplomatis... 


1745. 


TOT se 


1826, 


1792.. 
I795.. 
T7030 


1824. 
1786. 
1816, 
1815. 


1847.. 


1768. 
18r5. 


18157. 


1804. 


1820. 
1786, 


179°.. 
1805... 


1805, 
1792, 


1783.. 


1821, 
1800, 
1800. 
1802, 
1810. 
1781. 
1804. 
1721. 
1824. 


1773?. 


1834. 
1820. 
1786. 
1787. 


1788.. 


1806, 
. 1819. 
1814, 





693 


DIED, 
-1870 
1866 


.1878 


.1810 
1876 
. 3878 
1874 
1856 
1872 
.1878 
.1871 
. 1868 
.1867 
1868 
-1851 
. 1869 
1876 
.1866 


~ 1258 


.186a 
. 1866 
1867 
1867 
.1877 
.1854 


1858 
-1875 
-1871 
.1878 
. 1865 
.1879 
.1868 
S207 7, 
1759 
.1877 
1826 
. 1869 
.1874 
.1876 
1854 
1842 
.1877 
-1859 
1879 


694 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED, 
Brodie, Alexander. Scottish Sculptor..... ct'e 0's kelp og bpeees au Meee 
Brodie, George. Scottish Historical Writer................. 1786. 1867 
Brofferio, M. Angelo. Italian Statesman, Poet, Historian?... 1803..1866 
Broglie, Achille Charles Séance Victor, Ducde. Statesman 


and Publicist.5.. 7.Lui5 5 eee te tan J eeteeee eoee 1785,.1870 
Bromley, Valentine Walter. British Artist Ji Bison vevees, 1848. .1877 
Bromme, Traugott. German Geographer........ < ou. eaee eee 17712. 1865 


Brongniart, Adolph Théodore. French Botanist............ 1801..1876 
Brooke, Mrs. Avonia Jones, American Actress.............. 1838..1867 


Brooke, George M.. American General: 052. ...ss5-0eedeees — ..1851 
Brooke, Sir James, English Knight-errant, Philanthropist, 

and Governors: oe (150.6. pcaeee eeres se velegge exebiate aaeOse meee 
Brooke, William F, H. Major-General a: S. Vols. weve a ob ae eeee 
Brooks, James. American Journalist and Politician i . 1810,.1873 
Brooks, Preston S. American Politician............... vase ROIQaaeay 
Brough, William. English Comedian and Writer............ 1826, .187a 
Brougham, Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux. British States- : 

man ani Reformer.d: 80st se see ss 8 2282 9778 0868 
Broughton, Sir John Cam Hobhouse. English Statesman.. 1786..1869 
Brown, David Paul. American Lawyer and Author..... oie RTOS TET 
Brown, J.C. Scottish Landscape Painter .........-.....0.. 1805. ,1867 


Brown, Sir George. General; distinguished in Crimea... .» 1790 1865 
Brown, Goold. American Grammarian ELE ikeeies sees 1791..1857 
Brown, Dr. Samuel, of Edinb. Chemical Theorist; Poet.... 1817..1856 
Brown, John Newton, p. p. Baptist Clergyman and Author.. 1803..1868 
Brown, John Porter. Amer. Diplomatist and Orientalist... 1814..1872 
Brown, Sir William. Merchant and Philanthropist.......... 1784..1864 


Browne, Charles F. Artemus Ward. Amer. Humorist...... 1834?. 1867 
Brownell, Rt. Rev. Thomas Church. American Theologian 
and Educator a ak die b wlv's bork micig ele dies iz Ca oe Re eee 1779..1865 


Brownell, Henry Howard. American Author and Soldier... 1820..1872 
Brownlow, William Gannaway. American Clergyman, Jour- 


nalist, Politician 0. .v2.¢ cy ccisves ans on See bee senen ae 1805..1877 
Brownson, Orestes Augustus, 1u.p. American Author...... 1803..1876 
Bruat, Armand Joseph. French Admiral............ ovevsece 1790. 2055 


Bruce, Archibald, m.p. Amer. Physician and Mineralogist... 1777..1818 
Bruce, Sir Frederick William Adolphus. Eng. Diplomatist.. 1814..1867 


Bruce, George. American Type Founder........... cose desgstl7Olsy2BO0R 
Bruce, John. English Journalist and Antiquarian........... 1802. .1869 
Bruck, Baron de. Austrian Financier................s0.06-- 1799..1860 





Pl 


b 


Brunnow, Baron Philipde. Rus. Statesman and Diplomatist, 1797..1875 


Brunswick, Charles Frederick Augustus William, ex-Duke of. 1804..1873 
Bryant, William Cullen. American Poet and Journalist..... 1794..1878 


Buchan, Peter. Scottish Antiquary............. Ran secret — oakeee 
Buchanan, Franklin. ‘‘ Confederate’? Admiral........ ae 1800: . 1874 
Buchanan, James, President of U. S., 1857-1861........ wecee F7QI.. 1808 
Buchanan, John, p.p. Am. Luth. Clerg., Naturalist, Author. 1790. .1874 
Buchanan, McKean, American Actor. ...... voces. Joe ROMS ae eoge 


Buchanan, Robert C. Brevet Major-General, U. 9.A:. ee «1878 
Buchanan, Dr. Robert. Scottish Clergyman......cssccsseces 1800?. 1875 
Buchholtz, Reinhold. German Naturalist. Che ner regeeerere® 1836, ° 1576 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


695 


BORN, DIRD, 
Buckhout, Isaac Craig. American Civil Engineer............ 1831..1874 
Buckingham, Joseph Tinker. American Journalist......... 1799..1861 
Budington, William Ives, D.D. Amer. Congl. Clergyman... 1815..1879 
Buell, Rufus F. Amer. Missionary to Greece.......... erste 1813..1866 
Buford, John. American Cavalry Officer............... $2oce, 38265; 1863 
Bulfinch, Thomas. Amer. Author. (Age of Chivalry). ean tee E7075 c1SG7 
Bulgaris, Dimitri. Greek Statesman... 2) .5.........ccccccees 1801, .1878 
Bullions, Rev. Peter, p. p. American Educator and Author.. 1791..1864 
Buloz, Francois. Founder of the Revue des Deux Mondes..... 1803..1877 
Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling. Eng- 

Lisi Diplomatist arid Author... f..0ci0.0: sees cveeccdaces 1804. .1872 
Burdach, Ernst. German Physiologist............e.e0e- wee. I801,.1876 
Burden, Henry. American Inventor...............ccccescees 1791. . 1871 
Burgeoise, Sir Francis, x. A. Painter. Founder of Dulwich 

CaO eye ee aero cts o clets cis aidchale ores tv ulerela eorcels Soceecst) ——— we LOT 
Burges, Tristam. American Sistearion: cee i Soe ape ese en S77 es1OSs 
Burgess,,George. Protestant Episcopal Bishop. Poet....... 1809. 1866 
Burgoyne, Sir John Fox. English Military Officer........... 1782. .1871 
Burleigh, Charles C.’ Amer. Abolitionist and Preacher...... 1810, .1878 
Burleigh, William Henry. Amer. Jour., Reformerand Poet. 1812..1871 
Burlingame, Anson. Amer. Statesman and Diplomatist..... 1822. .1870 
Burnap, Rev. George Washington. Amer. Theol. Writer.... 1802..1859 
Burnet, John. English Engraver and Author................ 1784..1868 
Burnétt, Fanny. English.Translator and Authoress...,..... 1843..1875 
Burnham, Samuel. American Journalist and Hist. Writer... 1833..1873 
Burns, Jabez. English Baptist Minister ................0.08. 1805. .1876 
Burns, John. ‘Hero of Gettysburg”’..... ERGO te Feeeor 1794. .1872 
Burns, Col. William N. Son of the Poet.................-05 1792..1872 
Burrill, Alexander M. American Lawyer and Legal Writer... 1807..1869 
Burritt, Elihu. ‘*The Learned Blacksmith”’’.............. ee. I8IT..1879 
Burton, Henry 8. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A......... 1818, .1869 
Burton, William Evans. Comedian. (Cyclopedia of Wit 

LOL UTIOL i eked nce SOO e Oe ok Hole cc ees pees wate timeslots 1804..1860 
Bury, Lady Charlotte: Novelist. 00.25.00. 0. ses sete etec essen’ 1775..1861 
Bush, George. Aermerican. THEGlOMIAN: -o2. ts os ccs incase we on ne +. 1796..1859 
Bushnell: Horace, D.D. American Clergyman.............. 1802... 1876 
Buss, Franz Joseph von. German Jurist and Writer......... 1803..1878 

- Bustamente, Anastasius. Mexican Soldier and Statesman... 1782..1851 
Bute, John Stuart, Fourth Earl and First Marquess of........ 1744..1814 
Butler, Andrew Pickens. Amer. Lawyer and Politician...... 1796. 1857 
Butler, Benjamin F. American Lawyer and Statesman...... — ..1858 
Butt, Isaac. Irish Lawyer and Statesman..............+.000. 1813. .1879 
Buxton, Charles, M. P. English Critic and Author........... 1823..1871 
Byron, George Anson. Seventh Loré, Admiral............. 1789. .1868 
Byron, George Anson. Highth Lord.......... evel seid eeetcere ce kOlLO. T1570 
Byron, Lady Noel. Wife of Lord Byron,...,.coseseccorseees 3793, 3868 


2 





696 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTiuNARY, 


C. 


BORN. DIED. 
Caballero, Fernan. (Cecilia de Arrom.) Spanish Novelist... 1797..1876 
Cabrera, Don Ramon. Carlist General.....,..........0. 0008 1810. .1876 
Cairnes, Prof. Eng. Writer on Soc. and Polit. Questions.... 1828, .1875 
Caldwell, Charles, m.p. Medical and Miscel. Writer........ 1772. -1853 
Caldwell, Charles H. B. American Commodore............. 1838. .1877 


Calhoun, George Albion. Am. Clerg. and Polemic Writer... 1789, 1867 
Calvin, John. Life by Beza, 1564 (also in Latin and German) ; 

Bolsec, 1572 (also in German); J. P. Masson, 1598; Zie- 

genbein, 1789-90; Tischer, 1794; Mackenzie, 1809; 

Henry, 1885, enlarged and rewritten, 1846 (also in Eng- 

lish and Dutch); Audin, 1840 (also in German and Ital- 

ian); Haag, 1840; Guizot, 1844; Dyer, 1849; Strihelin, 


1863's ‘Bunpenere. 2.) cesta tetas cs csue dee cstac aves eae ae 1509..1564 
Cameroni, Angelo. Italian Sculptor.....................00-- — ..1867 
Cameron, Dr. Archibald. Scottish Jacobite; executed...... 1698. .1753 
Cameron, James, of Lochiel, brother. Scottish Jacobite..... 1696. .1758 
Campbell, Alexander. Founder of the ‘‘ Disciples of Christ.’ 1786. .1866 
Campbell, John. English Clergyman and Editor........... - 1794. .1867 
Campbell, Sherwood Coan. American Singer.............:. 18302..1874 


Canby, Edward Richard Spriggs. Brevet. Maj. Gen. U.S. A. 1819..1873 
Candlish, Rev. Robert Smith. Leader of the Free Church of 


Scotlang .... see sisgd seg eevee Seay sae wea ee ee 1807. .1873 
Canterbury, Charles Thomas Longley, p. p., Archbishop of, 1794..1868 
Capendu, Ernest. French Novelist and Dramatist.......... 1828 ., 1868 
Carafa, Michael Henry. Italian Musician and Composer Md 4785..1872 
Carbuccia, Gen. French Archeologist.........2.....5..-005. — 1.1854 
Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell. English Nobleman and 

Army Officer s'4.25.25 8.5. onde alae ea doe + Sean sees 1797... 1868 
Carey, Henry Charles. _American Political Economist....... 1793..1879 
Carey, John L. American Political Economist.............. > ..1852 
Carleton, James H. Brevet Major-General, U. 8. A....... ... 1814..1873 
Carleton, William. Irish Novelist..................sseseees- 1798. .1869 
Carlisle, Richard Risley, Professor Risley. Athlete......... 1814. .1874 
Carmiencke, John Hermann. Am. Landscape Painter...... 1809..1867. 
Carne, Louis Marcein, Countde. French Publicist.......... 1804..1876 
Carnwath, Robert Dalziel, Sixth Earl of. Scot. Jacobite... 1673..1726 
Caroll, Sir William Farebrother. Naval Officer.. ........... 1785.. 1862 
Carot, Jean Baptiste Camille. French Artist...........5..... 1796. .1875 
Carpeaux, Jean Baptiste. French Sculptor......... oats a a BaP Loom 
Carpender, Edward W. American Commodore........ ecces 1796. 1877 
Carruthers, Dr. Robert. Scotch Editor and Author......... 1799..1878 


Carson, Christopher. Brevet Brig.-Gen., U.S.A. ‘Kit... 1809. .1868 
Cartwright, Rev. Edmund, r.s.a. Topographer. (Sussew.). 1777. .1833 
Cartwright, Peter. American Methodist Preacher. ........ 1785..1872 
Cary, Alice. American Poetess and Prose Writer...... PIPE 1820. , 187% 
Cary, Phebe. Sister of Alice. (Poems of Faith, Hope and 


Love.).. FOOT THTHES OF OO COEEE EOE TOO? COPS O99 20809 OCOl 0008 00 1825,.1878 








. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


697 


: BORN, DIED. 
Cass, Lewis. American Statesman.,....c..csccceccssoeeccess 1782, .1866 
Cassidy, William. American Journalist............. Seeakedet Folds .1872 
Cassin, John. American Naturalist.............cccsccceceeece 1813. .1869 
Castilho, Antonio Feliciano, Viscount. Portuguese Poet.... 1800. .1875 
Castilla, Don Raymon. South American Statesman ......... 1799..1867 
Catlin, George. American Artist and Author....... ......... 1796. .1872 
Cattermole, George. English Water Color Artist............ 1800, , 1868 
Caulfield, James, Earl of Charlemont. Life by Francis | 

NMED Diyos u's ose ds die dowd ecne recdneodeeyoth 1728. .1799 
Caumont, Arcisse de. Archseologist and Author............. 1802. .1873 
Cavada, lrederico. Cuban Patriot... ......... cece es ceses 1832.,1871 
Cavendish, Elizabeth Hardwicke, Lady..................... 1519. .1608 
Cavendish, George. Usher and Biographer of Wolsey...... 1500?.1562? 
Caventon, i oseph Bienaimé, French Chemist.............. 1795..1877 
Cayley, George John. English Poet and Journalist.......... 1826, .1878 
Cerise or Cerisi, Laurent Alexandre Philibert, m.p. Italian 

ToyCDOLOSISG SCP AULNOL, cig. 05 ces ad Suck ace tesa dae cece 1809... 1869 
Cervantes. Spanish Novelist. (Don Quixote.) Life by 

Mayans y Siscar, 1737, Englished by Ozell, 1738;.Sar- 

miento; J. de Iriarte; Montiano y Luyando; J. M. de 

Flores; VY. de Los Rios, 1780; Claris de Florian, 1785 ? 

Pellicer, 1778, enlarged 1798; Jarvis, 1801; Merimée, 

- 1806 ; Fernandez de Navarrete, 1819 ; Auger, 1825; Fil- 

leau Saint-Martin, 1825; Roscoe, 1839; Aribau, 1849; 

NIN 5 ieee are eae peri Re SAAR ae ars aenee Ke 1547..1616 
Cesare, Joseph.. Italian Historian ..........5...c.cccccceccee 1783..1856 
Chacomac, Jean. French Astronomer................-.04 + 1823..1873 

' Cham, nom de plume of Amédée de Noé. Fr. Caricaturist... 1819..1879 
Chambers, David N. Brother of Robert ... .........3..... 1819. .1871 
Chambers, George. American Jurist and Author............ 1786. .1866 
Chambers, Robert, tu. p. British Publisher................. 1802. .1871 
Champlin, Stephen. American Commodore................ « I789.,.1870 
‘Champollion, Jean Jacques. French Author, Historian, 

Publicist 2 2% . 005333 fans Poe ei dni aee Mas atest pA Gad wis-3* 1778. .1867 

‘Chandler, John G. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A......- 1832 ?,1873 
Chandler, Zachariah. American Senator and Politician..... 1813..1879 
Chandos, John Brydges, created Duke of................-... 1673..1744 

Buhari and Hng» Siamese Twink... ... Sec cc. ecb. eee ee neg 1811... 1874 
Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule. French General..... 1793..1877 
Chapman, Reuben Attwater. American Lawyer............. 1801, .1873 
Charles, Theodore, Prince of Bavaria.............c.esere sees 1795..1875 
Charles, William Louis, Prince of Hesse...............-... 1809, ,1877 
Charles, Thomas, of Bala. Methodist Minister. Life by 

SAIAPATL .s sin.¢ 53's g Sou M mabe ee CRU de 2 sd <w's't o-s'talae Sabie ealegy 1755..1814 
Clarion John James. © Painter: 3. )..0...00 cipatkevgcccedsqes — ..1854 
Chase, Carlton, p. p. Protestant Episcopal Bishop.......... 1794. .1870 
Chase, Salmon Portland. Chief-Justice of Supreme Court of 

USRIPE CG: watES 7. ic) rere e CA oh oe bin aera GER Seer e” sot gute 1808. .1873 
Chasles, Victor Euphémion Philaréte. French Author...... 1798. .1873 
Chasseloup-Laubat, Justin Napoleon Samuel Bosper, Mar- 

quis de. French Statesman..... cccccccccessvccccccesee 1805..1873 





698 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED 


Chauvenet, William. American Mathematician...... oss sacs LOZkeeRagO 
Chelins, Maximilian Joseph. German Surgeon.............. 1794..1876 
Chelmsford, Frederic Thesiger, Baron. Lord Chancellor.... 1794..1878 
Chenu, Jean Charles. French Naturalist ..............2.. «+. 1808..1579 


Chesebro, Caroline. American Author and Teacher... ..... 1828?.1873 
Chesney, Francis Rawdon. British Military Officer.......... 1789..1872 


Chetham-Strode, Sir Edward. Admiral........... Sh Shere ++ 1775..1862 
Chevalier, Michael. French Political Economist...... Boos ces XEGO. FOIg 
Chickering, Jesse. American Statistician............... osee 2798. .1955 
Chickering, Thomas E. Brevet Brig.-Gen., U.S. Vols....... 1824..1871 


Childs, Henry Halsey. American Physician and Professor. .. 1783..1868 
Chorley, Henry Fothergill. Eng. Composer, Critic, Author.. 1802..1872 


Christina, Maria. Dowager Queen OL Spans. ouS ocickeaeee 1806, .1878 
Christmas, Rev. Henry. Noel Fearn. ates Scholar. (Uni- 

WETEAl My lhology.)e sa <ucs sind 6S Spices Me waite os os Cee 1811,.1868 
Christopher I. King of Denmark........... op sbeainteaeee +. — «21259 
Christopher il: .8.2.9) fay cseepwee te eee espe Se tebe wees expen rah Mapes 
Christopher III. Of Bavaria........ slacateceu vests os neaet ee aren 
Christy, Henry.. Antiquaryiss.. 202.3... cence sescvecs cect put OROneEOOE 
Chrzanowski, Adalbert. Polish General..............02.20 1789. .1861 


Chubbuck, Samuel W. Amer. Inventor and Manufacturer., 1800..1875 
Church, Albert E. American Mathematician and Author.... — ..1878 
Church, Sir Richard. Officer in the Greek Service........... 1785. .1873 
Cibot, Francois;Barthélemy Michel Edouard. French Painter. 1799..1877 
Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, Earl of....... 1800..1870 


Clark, Davis Wesgatt. Methodist Episcopal Bishop..... veees 18r2..1871 
Clark, Henry James. American Scientist...... sa vase eR ieabie 1828 2.1873 
Clark, Sir James, Bart. English Physician..... sistes Oats ee eteres 1788. .1870 
Clark, Lewis Gaylord. American Writer......... Sveleee eee 1810. .1873 
Clark, Thomas: British Artist 771... i cl eedss eee ent eeumen — ..1876 
Clarke, Charles Cowden. British Scholar. (Concordance to 
SRARESPCONE:)'s 055s gee mikio diss 30h eevee to wind hatha Sale ee -. 1788, .1877 


Clarke, Edward H. Amer. Physician, (Sex in Hducation).. 1820..1877 
Clarke, Gaylord J. American Jurist, Journalist, Poet ....... 1836..1870 


Clarke, Nathaniel B. (Belden.) American Actor............ 1808, 1872 
Clarke, Stephen T. American Journalist.... .............06- 1819. ,1869 
Clarke, Walter, p. p. American Clergyman, Author, Orator.. 1812..1871 
Classon, Octavius. German Philologist..........2.....-..... 1844..1875 
Clauson, Henrik Nikolai. Danish Statesman and Theologian. 1793..1877 
Clay, Clement Comer. American Statesman............ os sant 269 GeO 
Clayton, John, of London. Dissenting Ministem........... . 1780 2.1865 
Cleburne, Patrick R. ‘‘ Confederate” General..........-... 1828, .1864 


Clement, Dr. Knut Jungbohn. Danish Linguist and Historian. 1803..1873 
Cleveland, Charles Dexter. American Scholar and Author . 1802..1869 


Cleveland, Rev. Charles, ‘‘ Father Cleveland’’.............. 1772..1872 
Cleveland, Elisha Lord. American Clergyman.............. 1806. .1866 
Cleveland, John Fitch. American Journalist............... 1819, .1876 
Cobb, Howell. American Statesman............... Mew acids ss -. 1815. , 7868 
Coccia, Carlo, Italian Musical Composer................ veces 1789..1873 
Cochet, Jean Benoit Désiré. Abbot and Antiquarian...... «. 1812,.1875 


Cochrane, Clark B, American Lawyer and Politician .,, .,. 1815, ,1867 


v 











A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 699 

BORN. DIED, 

Cock, Thomas, u.p. American Med. Writer and Professor.. 1782..1869 

Cocke, Philip St. George. ‘Confederate’? General........... — ..1861 

Cockerell, Charles Robert, rR. a. Architect..........0e00--+- 1788..1863 

Cockton, Henry. Writer. (Valentine Vor)...... Roe Sa Nee: . 1808. .1853 

Coffin, James Henry. American Scientist, Meteorologist..... 1806. .1873 
Cogswell, Joseph Green, Lu. D. Writer, Professor, and Libra- 

rian of Astor Library «dint Sa OBIS ee ale Cad vicioe PR Cee baa teas 1786. .1871 
Colborne, Sir John, Lord Seaton. Field Marshal. " @ov- 

ernor-General of Canada........ Een ele he cee cece ne ee . 1779..1863 
Colour spenty.: Publisher... 00.0. dso. esc des Sane a eeeean « — ..1855 
Colburn, Zerah. American Scientific Writer..............06. 1832..1870 
Colby, Charles G. American Writer and Editor.............. 1829. . 1866 
Cole, Mrs. Florence Francis. orence Stanley. Am. Actress — ..1872 
Coleridge, Sir John Taylor. Lawyer and Writer............. 1790. .1876 
Coles, Cowper Phipps. British Naval Officer................. 1819. .1870 
Colet, Louis Révoil. French Authoress................00000- 1810, . 1876 
Collins, Charles Austin. English Painter and Novelist....... 1828. .1873 
Collins, Isaac. Violinist. ‘‘Hnglish Paganini’’.............. 1797..1871 
Collins, Mortimer. English Poet and Novelist.............. . 1825,.1876 
Collins, Napoleon. Rear-Admiral, U.S. N................-- . 1814..1875 
Colver, Rev. Nathaniel. Bap. Clerg., Oratory, and Reformer.. 1794..1870 
Colwell, Stephen. Amer. Merchant, Political Economist and 

PP IAMSHCOTISG: coiresccighcs Gen saeae eh psa chthemst © Seen 1800, ,1871 
Combe, Harvey Christian, m. p. Politician and Founder of 

BIE OW OL Vesa o ile ope orc akatiaters ae etal Matis Seay teeters 1752..1818 
Combermere, Sir Stapleton Cotton, Viscount. Field Marshal. 1772..1865 
Comer, Thomas. Actor and Musician................0.-0008- 1790. . 1862 
roman. OC. 7 Americgn Anthoress. oii. ls dec: See dzens Sees 1810. . 1865 
Concha, Don Manuel dela. Sp. General and Statesman ..... 1794..1874 
Coningsby, Thomas, First Lord. Politician ................. 1650?.1729 
Conington, John, M.A. Olassical Scholar and Author Gane 1825..1869 
Conkling, Alfred. American Jurist and Legal Writer........ 1789..1874 
Connel, Sir John. Advocate. (Law of Scotland on Tithes.).. — ..1831 

Connor, Oharies a: Comedians ry cy hoc ois oe cosa Soe tie chs eue's — ..1826 
Conolly, John, ™. Dp. English Psychologist and Author. Siete 1795..1866 
Conrad, Timothy Abbott. American Geologist.............. 1803. .1877 
Converse, Rey. Amasa.” Founder of Christian Observer..... “1795... 1872 
Conway, Frederick B. American Actor.................-005 1819, .1874 
Conyngham, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of. Irish Noble- 

AULA IY oreis everest la stetare matin eiNait atels nielSio- <p. oe Sg RIC PC rIO I Gc 1797..1876 
Cook, Henry F. ‘‘ Confederate” General .......... Fugees aed — ..1863 
Cook, John, p. p. Scottish Professor of Divinity............ 1771..1824 
Cook, Rev. Russell.S. American Clergyman...............- . 1811... 1864 
Cooke, Edwin T. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols.... .. — ..1867 
Cooke, George Wingrove. Biographer and Historian........ 1814. .1865 
Cooke, Henry, p.p. Irish Presb. Clerg. and Author.......... 1788. . 1868 
Cooper, Bransby. Surgeon....,....... soe dkcdaety Lewes ele kis oes 1792. .1853 
Cooper, Thomas Abthorpe. Actor................04- « eeceee 1776. .1849 

' Cooper, Charles Henry. English Antiquarian Scholar....... . 1808. .1866 
Cooper, William R. Biblical Archeologist......... secevecece 1843..1878 


Copland, James. English Physician and Author ...++0e0+.++ 1793+ +1870 





700)=0/d«sO A ‘BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED, 
Coquerel, Althanase Laurent Charles. Clergyman, Politician, 


BHOCAMLNOP oc ts cas wees ee aetdeatels saat eee une cee ome 1795 .. 1868 
Cordova, Filippo. Italian Statesman........... bdo os viet a aon a AGG bas BOe 
Cornelius, Peter von. German Painter.................0s0- . 1789..1867 
Cornell, Ezra. American Philanthropist.................... . 1807..1874 
Corney, Bolton. English Author and Editor. (New Curiosi- 

$268. Of ALCL AUUTE:) vvvie coins 2 cole ie EEE eee oleae eee 1783..1870 
Corning, Erastus. American Manufacturer and Politician.... 1794..1872 
Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille. French Artist................. 1796. .1875 
Corssen, Wilhelm P. German Philologist........ vs 5 semen 1820. .1875 
Cort, Franz dé! “Belgian Poet 22. 5) fewsasaeesals- teak eee 1834..1878 
Coste, Jean Jacques Marie Cyprien Victor. Fr. Scientist..... 1807. .1873 
Costello, Dudley. Author and Journalist.................... 1803 ?,1865 
Costello, Miss Louisa Stewart. Artist and Author. (The 

Queen's PrISONer’) yak phasis ag erauseee nec eae. eee 1815..1870 
Coster, Francis. Malleus Hereticorum. Belgian Theol...... 1531..1691 
Cottenham, Charles Christopher Pepys, Earl of. Lord High 

Chancellor 2). 5.57, 65 eaisines ba snort ntetaains 20 cde aceon 1781.,1851 
Cotton, Sir Stapleton, @. c. B., Viscount Combermere, Field 

Marshal. oi ic Pos Sessa atits tanemetee ote oe cee 4. emcee 1773..1865 
Courbet, Gustave.’- French Painter: ....: 2. c..scke us > os «eee 1819. .1877 
Cousin, Victor. French Metaphysician. Vonndet of Eclectic 

Schooltof Philosophy ei bec cbs cee ae oe ck eR ee eee 1792. .1867 
Couture, Thomas. French Painter of the Idealistic School.. 181§.1879 
Covyode, John, American Politician. ...................0.- .. 1808, .1871 
Cox, Edward William. English Lawyer and Author.......... 1809, ,1879 
Coxe, Richard Charles, Archdeacon of Lindisfarne. Divine 

and Poet. os2 seo 20507 abe sos Des ee ca ee ee 1799..1865 
Cozzens, Frederick. American Humorist. (Zhe Sparrow- 

GARE FADES.) var es ak ec ae hare eT cate ee . 1817,.1869 
Crace-Calvert, Frederick, M.p. English Chemist..... ‘saceee 1819. 3873 
Cradock, Joseph, F. s.a. (Literary Memoirs.).......c.20:- 1741 or 2.1826 
Cranes, James’: Politicignt (ie. ecsensekee aus owe weniaictey Ga SG ae ea ae 
Craig, Robert H.- American Actor... \s-u5.o55 Ute eusneeeee 1842. . 1872 
Craik, George Lillie. Scot. Author and Belles- Lettres Writer. 1798. .1866 
Cranworth, Robert Monsey Rolfe, Lord. Jurist............- 1790. . 1868 
Craven, Alfred W. American Civil Engineer...<).6cs0cc eee — ..187g 
Craven, Tunis Augustus Macdonough. American Naval Com-_ 

TANASE wise ee os Sei eee ela ter oe an eee — ..1864 
Crawford, John, F.R. 8s. Oriental Scholar................... 1783..1868 
Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, p. p, American Scholar and 

College ‘Presidents. 5 cos sii. she een cku.s ts ons oe eee 1811..1871 
Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd. Eng. Lawyer and Historian... 1812..1878 
Crele, Joseph. Oldest Man in America........ ook coeiom a SKeeieeee . 1725..1866 
Cremer, Camille. French General............. tL a:esain Walete samt 1840. .1876 
Creswick, Thomas, rR. A. English Painter...... sha eerie: 1811. .1870 
Cretineau-Joly, Jacques. French Writer .................6. 1803. .1875 
Crockford, William. Originator of Crockford’s Club........ 1775 2.1844 


Cromartie, George Mackenzie, Earl of. Scottish Jacobite... 1710..1759 
Crosby, Rev. Alpheus. American Scholar and Professor..... 1810,.1874 
Crosby, SirJohn. Alderman, Builder of Crosby Place...... — ..1475 








bs 


A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 7or 


BORN. DIED 
Croswell, Edwin. American Journalist and Politician...... '1797..1871 
Crowe, Eyre Evans. Eng. Historian. (History of France.).. 1799?.1868 
Crowes tev urederitk. © Writer as. ociis. ss coceedbewee es — ..1858 
Crowell, William, p>. p. Clergyman, Journalist and Author.. 1806. .1874£ 
Croxton, John Thomas. Brevet Major-General, U. 8. Vols.. 1837..1874 


' Cruikshank, George. English Caricaturist.. Supe Sean ee tTH2 elO7o 
Cruveilhier, Jean, French Physician, Prof., “Auth ok . 1791..1874 
Cullen, Paul. Roman Catholic Cardinal............. week pee - 1803. .1878 
russert,» CONCHOLOPISE, ost. cee ewe ces Geceesataes 1791 ?,1865 
Cummings, Jeremiah W. Rom. Cath.Clerg. and Author.... 1823..1866 
Cummins, Miss MariaS. American Authoress.............4. 1834 ?,1866 
Cunningham, Rev. Francis, of Harrow. Divine............. 1785 ?.1863 
Cunningham, Peter. English Author and Critic............. 1816. . 1866 
Curtis, Benjamin Robbins, tt. p. American Jurist.......... 1809..1874 
Curtis, Samuel R. Major-General, U.S. Vols.............4. 1807..1866 
Curtis, Dr. Thomas. Editor of Encyclopedia Metropolitana 

BNO) LONGO HIM YOODDOI 5% ooh 8 oe Saas Deed be debs 1788..1859 
Custs, Rev. Thomas I. American Professor and Author..... 1816.,1872 
Cushing, Caleb, American Statesman and Diplomatist...... 1800, .1879 
Cushing, William B. American Naval Commander.......... 1844..1874 
Cushman, Charlotte Saunders. American Actress. Life by 

POMP AMEE LIM <r Gcat oe new ta bien sae es ad peed ue oe esi Calo . 1816. .1876 
Cust, Sir Edward. British General and Military Writer...... 1794..1878 
Custer, George A, American General. Killed by the Sioux.. 1839..1876 
Cutler, Lysander. Major-General, U. S. Vols... .......... +e. 18062, 1866 
Cutting, Francis Brockholst. American Jurist.............. 1805..1870 
Czermak, Joseph, PH. p. German Pathologist.......esseeees — 221873 


Czermak, daroslay, Bohemian Painterseesresecraeesyenyveves bots 91078 


D. 


Dahlgren, John A, American Rear Admiral,.....csccasaeees 1820,,1876 


Dahlgren, Colonel Ulric. American Military Officer........ . 1842,.1864 
Dakin, Thomas Spencer. American Major-General and Marks- 

AULA ONO Satna. mae Mere ee ees EI ne Se alk wate ceieg od 1831,.1878 
Dale, Rev. Thomas, English Professor, Poet, Writer......... 1797..1870 
Dallas, E. 8. English Journalist and Author, (7he Gay 

OE NOE A... 2s oe MARU P RET Cc eee ey vicky sles > von woRe 1827..1879 
Dall’ Ongaro, Francisco, Ital. Poet, Dramatist, Revolutionist. 1808..1873 
D’ Alton, John. Irish Historian and Genealogist.........5.. . 1792..1867 
Dana, Richard Henry. American Poet and Essayist Pt eee 1787..1879 
Dana, Samuel Luther, M. p. American Chemist........ gsbese 2795-1008 
Danby, John, Musical Compokerys 2 oc S readies oe ets — ,.1798 
Dandolo, Ct. Emilio. Ital. Patriot, Soldier, and Litterateur.. — ..1859 
Daniel. Hebrew Prophet..:.. 5.0... ..cc ces es Mt tos 5 fl. B, ©. 607-534 
Daniel, William Francis. Naturalist....... SRP NT. ss feces ers 1.1808 


Daniels, John M, American Editor, ..seessrrevveveseevceeses — ,,1865 


~ 


702 


Dante degli Alighieri. Life by Fielfo. MS. until 1828; 
Vilani, MS. until 1826; Boccaccio, 1544; Panchiatichi, 
1576 ; Bruno Aretino, 1672; Manetti, 1747; Pelli, 1759; 
Chabanon, 1773; Fabroni, 1803; Cesare, 1811 ; Petroni, 
1816; Orelli, 1822 ; Gamba, 1825; Blanc, 1834: Fauriel, 
1834; Balbo, 1839, and Engl. 1852; Missirini, 1840; 
Savelli, 1841; Artaud de Montor, 1841; Torri, 1843; 
Wegele,' 1852's Véricour, 1858. ...csceepaets puis .aeua eee = 

Darboy, Rev. Georges, D. D. Rom. Cath. Prelate and Author. 

Darby, Prof. John. (Botany of the Southern States.)........- 

Dargan, Edmund Sparon. American Jurist.................. 

Darley, William. American Geographer and Statistician..... 

Darling, James. 
clopedia Bibliographica.).. : aivAganens 

Dartmouth, George Legge, First Baron. ‘Admiral. . ban hee 

Dartmouth, George Legge, Earl. Statesman................ 

Daubeny, Charles. Archdeacon of Sarum. 
ORUPCHh) Bier ec Be se ch iie oe Cette te Goes eae oe eee 

Daubeny, Charles Giles Bride. Eng. Physicist and Author.. 

D’Aubigne, (Merle) Jean Henri. (History of the Reformation.) 

Daubigny, Charles Francois. French Painter...... ....... A 

Daumer, Georg Friedrich. German Writer and Poet..... ane 

Daumier, Henri. French Caricaturist. abit ase use 

Davenport, Edward L. American Actor........ eccscceecces 

Davenport, N. T. American Actor............. yaescis paced as 

David, Felicien César. .French Composer.............-+ Caves 

Davies, Charles. American "Mathematician........ Pee rey 

Davies, Thomas Stephens. Mathematician................ oe 

Davis, Charles Henry. American Naval Officer and Writer... 

Davis, Edward. English Painter.................... Soa eet 

Davis, Hasbrouck. Brigadier-General, U. 8. Vols............ 

Davison, John,s.p. Theol. (Discourses on Prophecy.)...... 

Davy, John, M. p., F.R. 8 Physicist and Author........,.. ;: 

Dawes, Rev. William Rutter, F. x. s. English Astronomer.. 

Dawson, Henry. English Landscape Painters, «7 .,e.hse eer 

Day, Jeremiah, p. p. American Clerg. and Col. President.. 

Deak, Francis.. Hungarian Patriot: -.. ..f. ..,-7 sa0kss semen 

Dean, Amos, Lt. p, American Jurist and Author............ 

Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell, American Writer... 

De Bar, Benedict. “American Actor. 5.25 ...:,.0.cssceseseane 

De Bow, James Dunwoody Brownson. Am. J ournalist. onl ee 

Decatur, Stephen. American Commodore..................+ 


Deguerry, or Du Guerry, Abbé Gaspard. French Scholar and 


Orator.....cacrsedeusep vie dime ts Gueabices Ono wfaraietata-nte 
De Haven, Edwin J. American Arctic Voyager. 
De Koven, James, D. D. American Clergyman.............. 
Delafield, Edward. American Physician............ Rese onee 
Delafield, Richard. Brevet Major-General, U.S. .A......+..- 
Delafosse, Gabriel. French Scholar............+.. ag 
Delane, John Thaddeus. British Journalist,.........sese+00. 
Delangle, Claude Alphonse. French Jurist and Statesmaa.. 


ereetecoerere 


eceeve 


os 


A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. 


London Publisher and Soaauae (Cy- 


(Guide to the 


DIED, 


1265,..1%322 
1813..1871 
1804. .1877 
1805..1879 


1775-1854 


1797..1862 
1648, . 1691 
1755..1810 


1744,.1827 
1795, .1867 
1794..1872 
1817.,1878 
1800. .1875 
1810..1879 
1816, .1877 
1831,.1867 
1810. . 1876 
1798. .1876 
1794 2.1851 
1807..1877 
1833..1867 
.. 1870 
1777. .1834 
1790... 1868 
1890, . 1868 
. 1811..1878 
>. 1793 k SOO 
1803..1876 
1803. . 1868 
1783..1851 
1812..1877 
1820, .1867 
1815..1876 


— 


.. 1871 
. 1865 
1832, . 1879 
1794..1875 
1798. .1873 
1795..1878 
1817..1879 
1797.» 1809 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 703 


BORN. DIED, 
Delaporte, Michel. French Vaudevilliste...........sceeeee04 1802,.1872 
De la Rive, Auguste, m.p. Swiss Physicist and Author.,.,. 1801..1873 
Delavan, Edward C. Amer. Philanthropist and Reformer.... 1793..1871 


Delavigne, Germain. French Dramatist................... es 1789..1868 
Delitzsch, Johannes. German Theological Professor....... . 1846. .1876 
_ Delord, Taxile. French Writer and Politician............ eoee 1815, .1877 
Dembinski, Henry. Polish General... 0.3.26.0000kvccescs . 1791..1864 
De Morgan, Augustus. English Mathematician and Author. 1806, . 1871 
Denin, Miss Susan. American Actress............... sepa aee 1835..1875 
Denio, Hiram, 1u.p. American Jurist...................06. » 1799..1871 
Dennett, John Richard. American Journalist and Professor. 1837. .1874 
Denny, Thomas. American Merchant and Banker...,....... 1804..1874 
De Puy, Henry Walter. American Author...... aga Sees <r a E820. E870 
Derby, Geoffrey Stanley, Earl of. Statesman....... ee es 1799... 1868 
De Sanclis, Luigi, p.p. ItalianDivine. (Arnico de Casa.).. 1808..1869 
Deschamps, Emile. French Poet, Essayist, Novelist........ 1791..1871 
Despois, Eugéne André. French Writdees oieateess 1c: 1818, . 1876 
Desportes, M. French Translator, Dramatist, Compiler...., 1798. .1866 


Devrient, Wilhelmina Schroeder. Ger. Singer and Actor... 180 5..1860 
De Walden, Thomas Blaides. English Actor and Dramatic 

RMEMIDAE PWS cs calc acess c v.ce an six sinctte « go Moun aeeinceaed eEeRS 1813 2.1873 
Dewey, Chester. American Physician.............cesseee-e+ 1781..1867 
Diaz de la Pena, Narcisse Virgile. French Painter. Seéuccem TSO9E ISTO 


Dick, James T. American Artist.. Ppudeatevunees céacaeces GAGs 1008 
Dick, Robert. Scotch Geologist and ‘Botanist (snown a as the 
Baker of Thurso) Pen mianela bats ay elev ea nue de ce Gee's cape eds Lat <1 FS00 


Dick, Prof. William. British Surgeon and Author........s20. 1793..1866 
Dickens, Augustus N. Brother of Charles Dickens........... 1826..1866 
Dickens, Charles. English Novelist... ..........cecsecees++ 1812, 1870 


Dickinson, Daniel Stevens. American. Statesman. Poavaece ak « 1800, .1866 
Dickinson, John, F. R. 8. Paper-maker, Inventor, Philoso- 

pher, Astronomer, Geologist, Geographer............... . 1782. .1869 
Dickson, Samuel Henry. American Physician and Writer... 1798..1872 
Didot, Ambrose Firmin, French Publisher and Author...... 1790. .1876 
Dieudonne, Dr., of Brussels. Medical Writer............... 1811 7.1865 


Diez, Friedrich Christian. Student of the Romance Languages, 1794..1876 
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth. Jour. and Art Connoisseur... 1810. .1869 
Dillwyn, Lewis W. Welsh Naturalist. ................0.0.008 1778. .1855 
Di Luca, Ferdinando. Geographer and Mathematician...... 1809?,1869 
Dimick, Justin. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ ..2 1800, .1871 
Dix, John Adams, American General and Statesman.......... 1798..1879 
Dixon, James. American Politician................. ceusesnrapiola.  fSyS 
Dixon, Joseph. American Inventor............... cae Wee ahe se 1798. .1869 
Dixon, William Hepworth. English Author. (Wew America ; 

ea esti S$ TOWEN) weecg sek cos: a0 sade cdesiotecues eee 182%,.1879 
Djelal-eddyn Roumi. Persian Mystic Poet............ 1195, 1262 or 71 
Dod, Captain Robert Phipps. Peerage Compiler.............. —+ ..1864 
Dodge, Nathaniel S. American Author............ See gactesscEGlO.. 1874 
Dodo, John Bovee. Amerisan Author and Psychologist...... 1795..1872 
Donati, Prot.’ Astronomer. /.i0.-. 1. eects capac wevels s+ ces . — ..1873 
Donelson, Andrew Jackson, American Politicians “Raitor, 

Diplomatist 5. <6cc0s a: secencienecccenseverccceecuvccce. ces L000,, 187% 





704 





A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


' BORN, DIED, 


Donner, Johann Jacob Christian. German Translator....... 
Donoughmore, John Hely Hutchinson, Karl of. General.... 
Donoughmore, Richard Hely Hutchinson, Earl of. Soldier 
and Statesmen 253%. 4s04s0e8 
Donovan, Michael. Irish Chemist....... 
Doran, Dr. John. British Author and Hditor.. 
Doring, Theodor. German Actor..............0- Troy a 
Dorsey, Mrs. Sarah A. Amer. Writer and Conversationalist. . 
Dowling, John. American Clergyman and Author.......... 
Doyle, John. English Caricaturist and Painter......... 
Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm. German Scientist....... 
Drake, Andrew Jackson. American Naval Commander....... 
Drake, Samuel G. American Antiquarian 
Drayton, Henri. Opera Singer, Actor, and Author... 
Dreyse, Herr von. Inventor of the Needfe Gun 
Drozdof, Rev. Philarete.. Archbishop of Moscow...... 
Drummond, James. British Painter. ::..............206 ers 
Dubellay du Resnel, John Francis. French Writer....... 
Dubner, Frederick. Hellenistic Scholar.................ece0. 
Dudley, Benjamin Winslow. Am. Surgeon and Professor.. 
Duff, Alexander. Scotch Missionary...........ccecessecccecs 
Duff-Gordon, Lady Lucy (née Lucy Austin). Author, Transla- 
tor, and Traveller...... su ga'datd e bas os cley Sun Gide chen COR 
Duffield, George. American Clergyman, Scholar, and ‘Author. 
Dufour, "Henry. Swiss.General.’y. ): i553 taaee oo sek ae 
Duggan, Peter Paul. American Artist......... sa 
Dulce y Gary, Domingo, Spanish Soldier.............. eeeks 
Dumas, Alexandre Davy, Sen. French Novelist and Dramatist. 
Dumont, Ebenezer. Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols...... Sais 
Dumont, Léon. French ‘Scholar... 0.55 350s ee 
Dunglison, Robley, m.p. Amer. Med. Professor and Author, 
Dupanloup, Félix Antonio Philippe. French Prelate........ 
Dupin, Andrew Mary John James. French Jurist and 
Ptatesma. v5. ives el cca ee Gel sa nec wae eee nee 
Dupont, Samuel Francis. Rear-Admiral, U.S. Navy........ 
Durand, Elias. American Botanist 
Durang, Charles.) American ACtOr.<. 00. + ovine eaeave sae ee Be 
Durham, Joseph. British Sculptor. (Leander and the Siren.) 
Duringsfeld, Ida von. Poet and Romance Writer 
Dussard, Hippolyte. Writer on Political Economy.... 
Duyckink, Evert Augustus. American Author............... 
Dwight, Rev. Harrison Gray Otis. American Missionary and 
Writer. ss vcwas sic sus tee sued win hae 5 ts tee pore te cian ee ew ead 
Dwight, Mary Anne. (Mythology.)........+.++ » Sate sissies 
Dwight, Theodore. American Editor and Author.... ....... 
Dyce, Rev. Alexander. 
Dyer, Alexander B. Brevet Major-General, U. S, A, erreperce 


CCC CCST SLO 2ZOF Fee eeeeeeese 
eee ee ee ee | 


eeeseeegeeseeores 


ee eoeeeeee 


serene 


eorees 


ererene 


1756. 


1799. 
1757. 


. 1875 
. 1832 


.1825 
«. 1876 
1807.,1878 
1803..1878 
1829..1879 
1807. .1878 
1798. .1868 
1803. 1878 
1818 ?,1875 
1798..1875 
1822..1872 
1787..1867 
1782..1867 
1816. .1877 
1692..1761 
1802, ,1867 
« 1785..1870 
- 1806,.1878 


1820, .1869 
I794..1808 
1789..1875 
— ..1861 
1808. . 1869 
1803..1870 
1814,,1871 
1838. .1877 > 
1798, .1869 
1802..1878 


1783..1865 
1803..1865 
_ 1794..1873 
I794..1870 
1821, ,1877 
1815..1876 
1798..1876 
1816, .1878 


1803..1862 
1806..1858 
1797..18066 


English Critic and Commentator.....,.1798..186g 


1817,,1874 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


. 


785 


BORN, DIMD. 


Eames, Charles. American Lawyer, Journalist, Diplomatist,. 1812. .1867 
Early, John, D.p. Methodist Episcopal Bishop............... 1785..1873 
Eastburn, Manton. Protestant Episcopal Bishop.......... *. 1801, .1872 
Eastman, Harvey G. American Educator ................... 1832..1878 
Eastman, Oman. American Presbyterian Clergyman....,... 1796..1874 
Haton, Amos.. American Botanist............-.. sccecscceves 1776 2.1842 
Eckfeldt, Jacob R. Chief Assayer of U.S. Mint............. 1802, .1872 
Hddy, Edward. American Actor...........-...-.22eseccececes 182%..1875 
Eddy, Norman. Amer. Politician and Government Official... 1810, .1872 
Eddy, Rev. Thomas M. Journalist and Author .............. 1823..1874 
Eden, Hon. Emily. English Traveller and Authoress ........ 1795 ..1869 
Eggert, Franz Xavier. German Painter on Glass............. 1802. .1876 
Eglinton, Archibald William, Earl of. Lord Lieutenant of 

Prt PE eee vaats Ss ee bese ste's CSA RR o,.'On eRe boi sane 1812, ,1861 
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried. German Naturalist......... 1795..1876 
Ehrnfeuchter;Frederick August Eduard. Ger. Theologian. 1814,.1878 
Eichwald, Karl Eduard. Russian Naturalist................. 1795..1876 
Elah. King of Israel (B. 6. 930-929)........+- Pee Poe us degen: — B.C. 929 
Eli. High Priest and Judge of Israel. ...2...........ce0cceee fl. B. Cc, 1171 
Eligius,, or Eloy, St. Bishop of Tournay and Noyon......... §88.. 659 
Poseraneropliel Of LarAaeloee., .c'sccd coc dasicen ede oeeus vane fl. B.C. 910. .896 
Eliot, Thomas D. American Lawyer and Politician.......... 1808 . 1870 
Elizabeth. Princess; daughter of Charles I............... -. 1635..1650 
Elizabeth. Queen-Dowager of Prussia..................-00- 1801, .1873 
Ellenborough, Edward Lan, Earlof. English Statesman.... 1790..1871 
Ellet, Charles. American Engineer..............ecececescess 1810, ,1862 
Ellet, Mrs. Elizabeth F. L. American Author............«... 1818..1877 
MiG, WOWard, MPs Politician). - 5.520.200 dest eck lec cee ce 1789. . 1863 
Elliot, Charles. American Clergyman, Editor and Author.... 1792..1869 
Elliot, Charles Loring. American Portrait Painter........ +s. 1812,.1868 
Elliotson, John. English Physician and Author........... +. 1788,.1868 
Elliott, Charlotte. English Hymn Writer..................45 1789. .1871 
Elliott, Sir Gilbert, or Earl Minto. Gov.-Gen. of Bengal..... 1751... 1814 
Elliott, Stephen, Jr. ‘* Confederate’ Brigadier-General...... 1832, .1866 
Ellis, Sir Henry. Bibliographer and Author...........--..-08 1777..1869 
Ellis, John Willis. ee Shh eels of North Carolina; prominent 

RoR CORIO ING Prarie cb TLE. oly rnin sc vis oid wi.s aad 8s eee 1820, . 1861 
Ellis, Rev. Robert Leslie, of Cambridge. Mathematician and 

PONORODMOK: tata Seer Be ie oa day cane ak acun dolagitapen em 1817. .1859 
Ellis, Welbore, created Lord Mendip. Politician .......... ¢++ 1714, .1802 
Ellis, Rev. William. Eng. Missionary, Traveller, Author..... 1795..1872 
Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer. American Military Officer...... 1837..1861 
Elmes, James, Architect and Author................. easewe< ¥793..1802 
Eloy, or Eligius, St. Bishop of Tournay and Noyon......... 588.. 650 
Elton, Romeo, p.p. American Clerg., Prof. and Author...... 1792..1870 
Xlwart, Antoine Amable Elie. French Composer......... oe. 1808..1877 
Elzey, Arnold. ‘Confederate ’’ Brigadier-General.......... « 1816, .1871 
Emerson, Brown, p. D. American Divine..... ehiids Zee eee an » 1778..1872 


Engles, William Morrison, Amer, Pres, Clerg, and Authors. 3797»: 


1867 


406 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN, DYED, 
Eotvos, Baron Jozsef. Hungarian Statesman and Author... 1813..1871 
Erman, Georg Adolf. German Scholar ..... .........+.-000e 1806. .1877 


Espartero, Joaquin Baldomero. Sp. Soldier and Statesman. 1792. 
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse. French Writer and Politician.... 1814. 


.1879 
.1876 


Ettmiuller, Ernst Ludwig. German Scholar................-- 1802. .1877 
Evans, Arthur Benoni. Classical Scholar; Writer........... 1781..1855 
Evans, Prof. Evan William. Professor and Celtic Scholar.... 1827..1874 
Evans, Sir George de Lacy. British General and Author..... 1787..1870 
Evans, N. George. ‘‘Confederate’? General................- 1828?. .1868 
Evans, Robert Wilson. English Clergyman and Author..... 1789. .1866 
Evans, William. English Water Color Painter............... 1797..1878 


Ewald, Georg Heinrich August von. German Orientalist.... 1803. 


.1875 
Ewart, William, m.r. (The Reform of the Reform Bill.)..... 1798.. 


1869 


Ewbank, Thomas. English Scientist................-ceeee0e 1792..1870 
Ewell, Richard Stoddard. ‘‘ Confederate’ Lieut.-General.... 1820.,1872 
‘Ewing, Thomas, tu.p. American Jurist and Stutesman...... 1789..1871 
Exeter, Henry Phillpotts, p.p. English Prelate and Author,. 1778..1869 
Eyre, Sir William, Major-General, ecesvere eeee ever eeerggaese 00 EB59 


F. 


Faber, Peter Christian Frederik. Danish Pott,......sse0-006 20f0,.1879 


Fagnani, Joseph. Portrait Painter.:......5..0cccnsecceve os LOLO £073 
Fairbairn, Patrick, p.p. Scottish Clergyman and Author... 1805..1874 
Fairbairn, Sir William. British Civil Engineer.............. 1789..1874 
Fairbanks, Erastus. American Manufacturer and Statesman, 1792..1864 
Fairchild, Cassius. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A....... 1828. .1868 
Fairholt, Frederick William. English Author and Artist..... 1814..1866 
Falke, Johannes Frederich Gottlied. German Historian..... 1823..1876 
PFanfani, Pietro. Italian Philologist, :..........2cceceececosee 1815..1879 
Faraday, Michael, F.rn.s. English Physicist................ 1791..1867 
Farini, Carlo Luigi. Italian Author and Statesman...... ese. 1822, .1866 
Farmer, George Edgar. Lieutenant-Colonel, U.S. Vols...... 1840, .1870 


Farnham, Mrs. Eliza W. Amer. Philanthropist and Writer.. 1815..1864 
Farnum, J. Egbert. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols... 1824,.1870 


Farragut, David Glascoe. American Admiral................ 1801. 1870 
Farrar, Mrs. Eliza Ware. American Authoress............... 1792..1870 
Faucher, Julius. German Political Economist.............. . 1820.,1878 
Faud, Mehmed, Pacha. Turkish Statesman and Author...... 1814. .1869 
Fawsitt, Miss Amy. Actress...............-. eee cs eth iva ensue e070 
Fay, Joseph. German Painter. ..........cccccccccces eee 1813. .1875 
Fazy, Jean James. : Swiss Politician...0/2. 3.5 oc..ecke ee eee 1796..1878 © 
Fechter, Charles Albert. French Actor..... j tan Sek ea eee 1824..1879 
Felice, Guillaume de, D.D. French Author and Professor..., 1803..1871 
Felt, Rev. Joseph Barlow. American Antiquarian Writer.... 1789..1869 
Fenno; A. W. American Actor......2...... sc. Sokal ces acceso OLA cumnmEe 
e Ferdinand I. Ex-Emperor of Austria........ 9 oe s-ag's 00 en's cat OR 
Ferdinand, Maximilian Joseph. Emperor of Mexico. Exe- 
CUIGU rcs beobee See bebcaceeccen eco thaekhvh walkthriee ,eeee 1832-.1867 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 727 


BORN, DIED, 
Fernkom, Anton Dominick, Austrian Sculptor............. 1813.,1878 
Ferrari, Giuseppe. Italian Philosophical Writer............ 1812..1876 
Ferre, Théophile Charles. Communist Leader.............+-. 1846..1872 
Ferris, Isaac, p. p. American Clergyman and Teacher....... 1799..1873 


Ferry, Orris 8. U.S. Senator and Brigadier General......... 1823..1875 
Fessenden, Samuel. American Lawyer............. te . 1784..1869 
Fessenden, William Pitt. American Statesman...........,. 1806, ,1869 
Fetis, Francois Joseph. Belgian Music Composer, Critic and 

Sa UAILGSIS. |Fish RRR EE APS be GE gee eile Ot rea iahar Uitte a 1784..1871 
Feuerbach, Ludwig Marie. German Philogopher......... «+2 1804,.1872 
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann. German Philosopher........., 1796..1879 
Field, David Dudley, p. p.. Amer. Congl. Clerg. and Author. 1781..1867 
Hie10, George, Chemist and Writer... 0.0.0.0... cccccwcdecss — ..1854 
Field, Mrs. Henry M. Amer, Artist and Conversationalist.... — ..1875 
Field, Jonathan Edwards. American Lawyer............... . 1813..1868 
Fillmore, Millard. Amer. Statesman, President, 1850-1853. 1800..1874 
Hinlay, George. British Historian:.: 0. 2 sc. Soi cee 1800, . 1875 
Finney, Rev. CharlesG. Evangelist and College President... 1792..1875 
Sipe ASA. AMON Cal LAWY Cleese: dees oe hoe hans ccs an eee e veee 1820,.1879 
Fisher, Redwood. American Journalist, Political Econo- 

MUSE and Statistician ss. suse wey soul Spee eceue dee ne 1783..1856 
Fitch, Eleazar Thompson, p. p. Amer. Theol. and Prof..... 1791..1871 
Fitzpatrick, Benjamin. American Statesman............... 1802, ,1869 
Fitzpatrick, John Bernard. Rom. Cath. Bishop of Boston .. 1812. . 1866 
Flagg, Azariah C. American Politician and Financier........ 1790, .1873 
Flahaut de la Billarderie, Auguste Charles J oseph, 

Comte de............ DUE ee leone eas es Beet aeince ea ieee 1785 ..1870 
Fletcher, Richard. American Jurist. ........00..00. Fiat ar 1788, .1869 
Flocon, Ferdinand. French Publicist and Novelist.......... 1800, 1866 
Floyd, John Buchanan. American Politician and Secessionist; 

SOM LCO.CPALGie: GCHOr tint inra os oe See ub alaic oe ee we eet eee 1805..1863 
Floyd-Jones, David K. American Political Leader.......... 1812,.1871 
Flusser, Charles W. American Naval Officer................. 18327, 1864 
Foley,John Henry. British Sculptor......... Sucaens beers . 1818, .1874 
Foley, Thomas, p. D. Roman Catholic Priest................ 1822,.1879 
Folsom, George. Diplomatist, Antiquarian, Author......... 1802. .1869 
oiz, Eniipp yon, « Germam Painter, .5.2 26.2 fie eel ee lees 1805..1877 
Fonblanque, Albany William. English Author............. 1795..1872 
Foot, Solomon. American Statesman............... ag vee vane 1802. . 1866 
Forbiger, Albert. German Classical Scholar.............-+5 1798. .1878 
Forcade-Laroquette, Jean Louis de. French Cabinet 

MIN ISLERStannee ae et ee ee ci aoe coectec cos + suisd caleviedonanaa 1820. .1874 
Force, Peter. American Historian and Journalist............ 1790. .1868 
Forey, Elie Frédéric. French Marshal and Senator.......... 1804..1872 
Forrest, Edwin. American Tragedian..............cceeeo-es 1806. . 1872 
Forrest, Nathan Bedford. ‘‘ Confederate’ General.......... 1821. .1877 
Forrest, Robert. Scottish Sculptor...............seceseeees — ..1853 
Forrester, Aibert Henry. Alfred Crowquill.. Eng. Artist... 18c5..1872 
Forster, John. British Biographer...........sc.seeseeeereves 1812. .1876 


Foster, John G. Brevet Major-General, U. 8. A..........-.. 1823..1874 
Foster, John Wells. American Scientist and Paleontologist., 1815, .1873 





708 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
. f£ORN. DIR, 
Foucher, Paul. French Dramatic Writer.........+0-..seee+s 1810,,1875 
Fould, Achille. French Statesman and Financier............ 1800, . 1867 
_Fourdrinier, Henry... Inventor opes<cv sss eveeeeewes sen ais 1766. .1855 
Fowler, Rev. Henry. American Journalist and Author....... 1824.,1872 
_Fox, Sir Charles. British Civil Engineer..... St Scania mer oc 1810. .1874 
Fox, Charles Kemble. .“ American Actor. .; fgusscs ses - sous nen 1833..1875 
Fox, George L. American Pantomimist............... vanqvee ASRS C1OgF 
Franchi, Allessandro. Italian Cardinal...... Ra nies CNigis gy Soe 1819. .1878 
HWrancis Vo. Duke of Modenas 2). eee eee 1809. . 1875 
Francis, Rev. Convers, D. Dp. American Theol. and Writer... 1796..1863 
Francis, George Henry. English Editor and Author......... 1816, , 1866 
Frankcl, Zacharias. Rabbi and Author..................0+.. 1801, . 1875 

Frankenstein, Godfrey N. American Painter. (Battle of 
ELLY SOUTC) a5 win ss 3.cod bok bois Cad Hens Mea eae -a eee 1831..1873 
Franklin, Lady Jane. Wife of Sir John Franklin.......... . 1805 2.1875 
Frederick William, ex-Hlector of Hesse.............22eece0. 1802. .1875 
Frederick William, Prince of Hesse .<.. 50. cicccccnsccecsacc 1790..1876 
Fredro, Count Alexander. Polish Author..................- -. 1793-1876 
Freiligrath, Ferdinand. German Poet...,.... babes ss Osseo 1810... 1875 
Frementin, Eugéne, French Painter.................000+++ 1820. .1876 
French, John W., D.D. Episcopal Clersyman and Professor. 1810?.1871 
French, Mansfield. ‘‘Chaplain French.” Amer, Clepgyman. 1810. 1876 
Fries, Elias Magnus. Swedish Botanist =... 7c. ..ca.0ceecet 1794..1878 
Frossard, Charles Auguste. French General..... Se . 1807..1875 
Frost, John. Compiler of School Books...........2...0-02> - 1800..1859 
Frost, William Edward. British Painter.-................--- 1810, .1877 
Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon. Unit. Clerg. and Author. 1793..1870 
Fry, Joseph Reese. Scholar and Musical Writer............. » — ..1863 
Fuhrich, Joseph von. German Painter............00..e.+2+0 1800..1876 
Fulford, Francis, D. D. Bishop of Montreal......... ....,... 1803..1868 
Fuller, Richard. American Clergyman. (The Psalmist.).. oahier 1804, .1876 
Funk, Heinrich. German Painter of Tyrolese Scenes.,,,.... 1807.,1877 

G. 

Gablentz, Ludwig Karl Wilhelm, Baron von, Ans, Soldier, 1814..1874 
Gannett, Ezra Stiles, p. p. American Clerg. and Author.... 1801..1871 
Garbett, James. English Scholar and Clergyman........... . 1802,,1879 
Garcia y Tessara, Gabriel. Spanish Poet.................. 1817,.1875 
Gardner, Charles K, American Military Officer and Writer. 1787..1869 
Gardner, William. Writeron Music and Art................ 1764..1854 
Garner, Thomas. English Engraver. (/?ake’s Progress.).... — ..1868 
Garnett, Richard B. ‘‘Confederate’’ General ............. +. — ..1863 
Garnett, Robert Selden. ‘*‘Confederate’’ General........... 1822,, 186% 
Garnier-Pages, Louis Antoine. Fr. Politician and Historian 1803,.1878 
Garrison, William Lloyd. Amer. Editor and Abolitionist.... 1804..1879 

Gasparin, Agenor Etienne, Count de. Statesman, Philan- 
thropist, AUthOr....cecccrssccssderesccseeen Seeceererseoe 1820, ,187r 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 7°9 


BORN, DIED. 
Gastaldi, Professor, Itaiian Geologist.........cerecseeeees se 1818,,1879 
Gates, William. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A.......... 1788..1868 


Gatty, Mrs. Margaret Scott. (Mrs. Alfred G.) En. Writer. 1809..1873 
Gaume, Jean Joseph. p.p, French Roman Catholic Theo- 


logian and Author...... Wenn ds Mae eee CA wademewaenls Peck es 1802. ,1869 
Gauntlett, Henry John, mus. pr. Eng. Com. of Chh. Music. 1806..1876 
Gautier, Théophile. French Poet, Critic, Novelist........... 1811. .1872 
Geary, John White. Major-General, U.S. Vols.............. 1819..1873 
Gegenbaur, Joseph Anton von. German Painter............ 1800..1876 
Geiger, Abraham. Jewish Rabbi and Author............ wee. 1810..1874 
George V. Ex-King of Hanover............... AT RS 1819... 1878 
Gerstacker, Friedrich. German Traveller and Novelist...... 1816. ,1872 
Gervinus, George Gottfried, pH. p. Historian and Statesm’n. 1805..1871 
Geselschap, Eduard. Dutch Painter....................2.. 1808 ..1878 
Gibbes, Robert Wilson. American Historian, Palsecontologist 

and Physicist..... LAE AS ANGE Be GS Pie ee nop Seen a Bee 1809... 1866 
Gibbs, Alfred. Brévet Major-General, U.S. A................ 1823..1868 
Gibbs, George. American Philologist, Antiquarian, Author.. 1817. ,1873 
Gibson, John, R,:.A.. Emelish Sculptor..2 22.2 Soe ee ce aes 1790. .1866 
Gibson, William. American Surgeon and Author............ 1788, . 1868 
Giesebucht, Ludwig, pH. p. German Poet and Historian... 1792..1873 
Gilbert, George A. American Artist in Water Colors........ 1815. .1877 
Gilbert, Mrs. John. American Actress.............2.. 000005 1801, ,1866 
Gillespie, William .Mitchell, tu. p. American Engineer, 

Beare toreceor- And -AUthOrs ys ti - 8 Sree aces: caeces See valde ones 1816, 1868 
Gillett, Ezra H. American Clergyman and Author. (Life 

MES evIOS Ofere lo LEAS Neo Fes ve ba SLE os ee eis aden 1823..1875 
Gilliams, Jacob. American Physicist and Naturalist........ 1784..1868 
Ginzel, Joseph August. Austrian Church Historian......... 1804..1876 
Giseke, Bernhard Ludwig. German Philologist............. 1823..1876 
Giskra, Karl. Austrian Statesman.......,......25 BS icdta ce ee 1820..1879 
Giudici, Paolo Emiliani. Italian Author........ Ge adws a there 1812,.1872 
Glassbrenner, Adolf. German Humorist ...............0+0- 1810, .1876 
Godon, Sylvanus W. American Naval Officer............... — .,1879 
Goicouria, Domingo de. Cuban Revolutionist............... 1799..1870 
Goldschmidt, Herman. German Painter and Astronomer... 1802..1866 
Goldschmidt, Paul. German Orientalist................+... 1850. .1877 
Goodell, William. American Clergyman and Missionary .. - 1792..2867 
Goodrich, Rey. Charles A. American Writer................ 1790, .1862 
Goodrich, Rev. Chauncey. American Scholar and Author... 1817..1868 
Goodyear, Charles. American Inventor....... eres cr 1800, .1866 
Gordon, Sir James Alexander. British Admiral...........-. 1782. .1869 
Gortchakoff, Prince Peter Dmitrievitch. Russian General., 1789..1868 
Goszezyuski, Severinus, Polish Poet..........scseesceeeece 1806. .1876 
Gottlieb, Johann. Austrian Chemist................20008- . — ..1875 
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. Amer. Pianist and Composer... 1829..1869 
Gough, Hugh. British Military Officer... .................. 1779..1869 
Gould, Augustus Addison. Amer. Naturalist and Physician. 1805..1866 
Govone, Guiseppe. Italian Soldier and Statesman........... 1826, .1873 
Gowans, William. American Bibiliopolist and Author....,.. 1805..1870 


Gozlan, Léon, French Dramatist and Littérateur.......2.+», 1806,, 1864 





7119 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN, PIED, 
Graham, Thomas. English Physicist and Chemist.......... 1805..1869 
Graham, William A. American Statesman.......... wtocte se, L004 UEOTE 
Granger, Francis. American Politician........ RSs cosh s ces - 1787..1868 
Granier de Cassagnac, Paulde. French Journalist....... 1841..1870 
Grannis, Theodore C. American Journalist................. 1831, ,1878 
Grant, Robert Edmund. British Anatomist, Zoologist and 
ATOR. Dae OG Wo AE, Se cae, Sete M ane mene eas Cree tree I793..1874 
Grant, Sir Frantis;,; British Painter:\.35 focus tees es eee sone 1803..1878 
Grass, Philippe.) French Sculptor <7. s.caeeuatawe ss er ee cee 1801, ,1876 
Grassmann, Hermann Ginther. German Mathematician and 
Oriental Scholar. 22. iv. on Vas scenes caewee es ce eeee 1809..1877 
Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse. Fr. Cath. Theologian... 1805,.1872 
Graul, Charles. German Scholar and Writer............ cesee —— 0.1864 
Gray, Francis Calley. American Scholar and Writer........ 1790..1856 
Gray, Henry Peters, American Painter.....5...ce.cscescece0 1819..1877 
Gray, John Edward. British Naturalist ................ 000. . 1800, ,1875 
Grayson, John Breckinridge. ‘‘ Confederate’? General...... 1807, ,1862 
Greeley, Horace. Am. Journalist, Founder of N. Y. Zribune. 1811..1872 
Green, Rev. Beriah. American Reformer..... Ries awiesin oss a6 - 1794..1874 
Green, Duff. American General, Politician and Editor....... — ..1875 
Green, Horace. American Physician and Profesgor..... eeeee 1802,.1866 
Green, Thomas J. ‘Confederate’ General...............006 1801, .1863 
Greene, Albert Gorton. American Jurist and Poet..... nee siete 1802, .1868 
Greene, David. Cong. Clergyman. (Church Psaimody.).... 1797..1866 
Greene, William B. American Mathematician and Author... 1819,.1878 
Greene, Nathaniel. American Journalist and Author...... 2 0797. 2t877 
Greenough, George Bellas. Geol. and Physical Geog....... « 1777..1854 
Gregg, John. ‘Confederate’? General..............--, aS 1828, . 1864 
Gregory, Dr. William. Chemist and Writer on Chemistry... — ..1858 
Gregory, Francis H. Rear Admiral, U. 8. N...............2% 1789, , 1866 
Greiner, John. American Politician and Journalist, Writer 
of ‘Political: Songs... i503 os gists nisaves hoe 3 ha oie eee ee 1811.,1872 
Greswell, Rev. Edward. Theological and Chronological 
W Titer o's sis a punaweeeeier ene ebaaene hee ioe 0 ote S707 Es TOO 
Greville, Robt. Kaye. Scot. Botanist and Philanthropist.... 1794..1866 
Grier, Robert Cooper. American Jurist............ Rnalaseeetre 1794..1870 
Griffin, Charles. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A.........+2. - 1826. ,1867 
Griffin, George. American Theological Writer.............. + 1778..1860 
Gillparzer, Franz. German Dramatic Poet.. oe toc bee snare 7g kmen OMe 
Grimm, Louis Emilius. German Engraver................. . 1790..1863 


Grinnell, Henry. American Merchant and Philanthropist. . 1800, .1874 
Griscom, John Hoskins. Amer. Physician and Humanitarian 1809. .1874 


Grisi;Giulia. . Italian Opera Singer... 0..0ot yes scene eee 1812,.1869 
Griswold, John A. Amer. Manufacturer and Politician... 1822,,1872 
Groen van Prinsterer, Willem. Dutch Historian...... ss... 18Q1..1876 
Grossmith, John. English Chemist and Author. (Zhe 

Usury "Laws. Jo alecc eG hah Coes pipe ie Utes aa. ert anemia aa . 1814,,1867 
Grote, George, D. 0. L., F. R. 8. Historian and Statesman, 

-(History of Greece. Va Be oti Sans Ae Be mA es 1794,.1871 
Grote, Mrs. Harriet Lewin. Wife of George Grote......... . 1792..1878 


Grote, John. English Clergyman and Philosophical Writer. 1813,, 1866 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 7it 


BORN. DIED, 
Grover, Rev. Henry Montague. Rel., Scient. and Dram. Writer. 1791, .1866 


Grund, Francis J.~ American Writer SOUR ME Es Wain hee ots uae 1803 2.1863 
Gruppe, Otto Friedrich. German Philosopher and Poet...., 1804..1876 
Gueranger, Dorn Prosper. French Benedictine Monk....... 1806. .1875 


Guericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand. German Theologian.. 1803,,1878 
Gueronniere, Viscount Louis Etienne A.D. H.,dela. Writer 


PIETER. lap nuerec cz erased Meneame Hiplet 1816. .1875 
Guerrazzi, Francisco Dominico. It. Revolutionist and Writer. 1805..1873 
Guest, John. American Naval Officer..............c0.0eceees 1821. .1879 
Guiccioli, Teresa Gamba, Countess. (My Recollections of Lord 

MEIINM IG Vlei eeoe ono ae lr Me Nar teary etalave: miatoicioteee, ake Soam e Nee 1801, , 1873 
Guidi, Filippo Maria. Italian Cardinal.............. RAN See 1815. . 187g 
Guidicini, Guisseppe. Architect and Painter................ 1812, .1868 
Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel. French Scholar................ - 1794,..1876 
Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume. French Statesman, Diplo- 

matist, URIAe Eta Veer sore aS oo ceo iat he eset dele Cae 1787..1874 
Gunnison, J. W. American oderannical Fingineer........ — ..1853 
Gurney, Rey. John Hampden. Writer............... ghee duit 1802, .1862 
Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy, English Inventor..... Beh Soraats be 1793..1875 
Gurney, William. American Military Officer.............. «» 1821..1879 
Gurowski, Count Adam de. Polish Publicist...........5.... 1805..1866 
Guthrie, James, tu. p. American Statesmati................. 1792. .1869 
Guthrie, Thomas, p. p. Scotch Clergyman and Author...... 1803, .1873 
Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand. German Novelist............... . 1811, .1878 


Gwinn, William. American Naval Officer.........sesceecceoe 1831, ,3863 


H. 


Hackett, Horatio Balch, p. p. American Biblical Scholar..., 1808,.1873 


Hackett, James Henry. American Actor.................. ++ 1800, .1871 
Hacklander, Friedrich Wilhelm. German Novelist.......... 1816, .1877 
Hackleman, Pleasant A. American General................. — ..1862 
Hadley, James, ru. Dp. Amer. Schol., Philologist and Prof... 1821..1872 
Haffner, Karl. German Novelist and Dramatist.............. 1815..1876 
Hagenbach, Karl Adolf. German Theologian and Author... 1801..1874 
Haidinger, Wilhelm. Geologist, Geographer; Engineer...... 1795..1871 
Haigh, Rev. R. B., 11. p. Orientalist and Philologist........ 1804..1869 
Halbertsma, Hilde J. Anatomist and Physiologist.......... 1820. . 1865 
Hale, Benjamin, p.p. American Writer.............0..0008. 1797..1863 
Hale, John Parker. American Senator and Diplomatist..... . 1806. .1873 
Hale, Mrs. Sarah Josepha Buel. American Authoress......-. 1795..187g 
Hall, Alien A. American Journalist and Diplomatist......... —. ..1867 
Hall, Baynard, p. p. American Writer and Educator......... 1798... 1863 
Hall, Caldwell K. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols....... 1839. .1870 
Hall, James. American Lawyer, Editor, Author, Banker..... 1793. «1868 
Hall, Hon. Willis. American Lawyer and Politician......... 1801. . 1868 
Halleck, Fitz-Greene. American Poet.............. Bhoneasze 1790. . 1867 
Halleck, Henry Wager. Major-General, U.S. A............ « 1815.,1872 


Halett, Benjamin F, American Politician........se+++ses+++ 1798. 41864 


{i2 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
a BORN, DIED. 
Halliday-Duff, Andrew. : British Writer.........00+.00ee+e+« 1830..1877 
Hallock, Gerard. American Journalist..........0.... s.e0e- 1800, . 1866 
Halpine, Charles G. Poet, Scholar, Editor and Soldier...... 1829. . 1868 
Hamblin, Joseph E. Brevet Major-General, U.S. Vols...... 1828, .1870 
Hamilton, William John. English Geologist and Traveller.. 1805..1867 
Hammerich, Frederick. Danish Theologian. .............. 1809. . 1877 
Hammond, Jabez D. Amer. Lawyer, Legislator and Author. — ..1855 
Haneberg, Daniel von. German Catholic Prelate............ 1816, .1876 
Hannay, James. Scottish Novelist................c00ececese> 1827..1873 
Hansen, Peter Andreas. German Astronomer............... 1795..1874 
Hanson, Mrs. John T. Niece of Oliver Goldsmith........... 1786. . 1866 
Hanson, Sir Richard Davies. Jurist. (Jesus of History.)..... 1805..1876 
Harbaugh, Henry. American Clergyman and Theol. Prof... 1817..1867 
Hardee, William J. ‘‘ Confederate ’’ Lieutenant-General..... 1817,.1873 
Harding, Abner. Brigadier-General, U. 8. Vols............. 1807..1874 
Harding, Chester. American Portrait Painter............... — ..1866 
Hardwicke, Charles Philip Yorke, Earl of. English Admiral, 1799..1873 
Hardy, Sir Thomas Duffus. English Antiquarian............ 1804. .1878 
Haro-Harring, Paul. Danish Exile, Painter, Poet, Novelist. 1799..1870 
Harper, James. American Publisher..............22-cc0seees 1795..1869 
Harper, John. American Rublisher................2000-0+% . 1797..1875 
Harper, Joseph Wesley. American Publisher................ 1801. .1870 
Harrington, Marie Foote, Countess of. English Actress..... 1798. .1867 
Harris, Ira. American Judge and Senator.................... 1802. ,1875 
Harris, Sir William Snow. Physicist, Inventor, Author..... . 1791..1867 
tt axt, Joel 'T. sAmerican Sculptor; y.ccues ss aber ene 1810?.1877 
Hart, John Seely. American Author of Text-books.......... 1810..1877 
Hart, Joseph 0! American Writers. o.oo .ta sks) eke pee — ..1855 
Hartmann, Julius von. German General................+0+ 1817..1878 
Hartsuff, George L. Major-General, U.S. A...........c00eee 1830, .1874 
Hartt, Charles Frederick. American Professor and Geologist. 1840, .1878 
Harvey, Sir George. British Painter..................04. _ee« 1805..1876 
Haskell, Daniel N. American Journalist..................00- 1818..1874 
Haskin, Joseph A. Brevet Brigadier-General U. 8. A........ 1817 ?.1874 
Hastings, Thomas. American Music Composer and Author.. 1784..1872 
Hauch, Jean Karsten von. Danish Poet, Novelist and Scien- 
tist PIER GT seen Brith ER toa ee ie mmole eek She Sle Ribs Se ee a 1790..1872 
Haug, Martin. German Orientalist...............-000500. ++. 1827,,1876 
Haven, Joseph. American Clergyman and Author........... 1816, 1874 
Havin, Leonor Joseph. French Publicist and Editor......... 1799..1868 
Hawes, Joel, p.p. American Clergyman and Author........ 1789..1867 
Hawks, Cicero Stanley. Bishop of Protest. Episcopal Church, 1812. .1868 
Hawks, Francis Lister. American Clergyman and Author.... 1798..1866 
Hawthorne, Mrs. Sophia. Wife of Nathaniel Hawthorne.... 1811..1871 
Hay, David Ramsay. Scotch Portrait Painter............ eee 1798..1866 
Hays, Alexander. American General.................- diewsise 1823. . 7064 
Hays, Isaac. American Scientist and Physician............. - 1796..1879 
Hayter, Sir George. Painter-in-Ordinary to her Masestyi. Fe tke 1792,,1872 
Hazard, Samuel. American Archeologist, Historian and 
PADMSHOr eatines cc nieles hove ceva tbineieoh ome e he Teme eee ... 1784.. 1870 
Head, Sir Edmund Walker. English Statesman and Scholar.. 1805,.1868 





e 








COT Ona! Be a th A Ee eet ee 


A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


Head, Sir Francis Bond. English Diplomatist................ 
Heimann, Basili Alexandrovitch. Russian General.......... 
eis, Edaard: German Astronomer... ic cc... es endtetecc cee ons 
Helps, Sir Arthur. English Diplomatist and Author.,....... 
Helm, Benjamin Hardin. ‘Confederate’? General.........2. 
Hemans, Charles Isidore. British Author. (Catholic Ital, iy 
Henderson, J. Pinckney. Amer. Statesman and Diplomatist.. 
Hoengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm. Theologian and Hditor..... 
Henneberg, Rudolf. German Painter.................005 Rte 
Henry, Joseph. American Physicist............. Hastie esata A 
Hensel, Louise. German Poetess............... et as tian Saat 
Henshaw, David. American Politician..................005 : 
Henshaw, Joshua Sidney. Belcher. American Lawyer, 
Pepmieinatician, Od Writer: . 2s ccidip ec cc ces stew caceese 
Herapath, John. English Author and Publisher............. 
Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alexandro. Portuguese 
Scholarand Historian.................-0+ wbetarcaciner ere 
Heron, Matilda. American Actress.............-.secceeeces re 
Herrick, Edward Claudius. American Scientist and Bibliog.. 
Herring, James. American Portrait Painter.................. 
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, Bart. Astronomer, 
MMI, RELI cys fro at saee th cata neatrat dens «cer ree: 
Hertzen, Alexander. Russian Exile and Author............. 
Herwegh, Georg. German Poet........... Se yeaee comeice Peas : 
Hess, Peter von. German Painter............. sep ode ceaeecees 
Heuglin, Theodor von. German Explorer.............s0.--- 
Heunert, Karl. German Painter. ..............seccescocecess 
Hewit, Henry Stuart. American Physician See deg Sates each re 
Hewit, Nathaniel. American Cong. Clergyman and Author.. 
Hexamer, William. American Army Officer................. 
Higgins, Matthew James. Jacob Omnium. Eng. Journalist.. 
Hildebrand, Bruno. German Statistician.................... 
Hill, Ambrose Powell. ‘‘ Confederate”? General...,.......... 
Hill, David Octavius. Scotch Landscape Painter............. 
Hill, George. “American Author. i ioc... ccc isec cece cence noes 
Hill, Sir Rowland. Originator of the Penny Postage in Eng.. 
Hillard, Francis, American Lawyer and Author of Legal 


MG XG OOS seein ain tarapaaee ie sees a elt Silom ens be. eos fe shen 
Hillard, George Stillman. American Lawyer, Orator, Author.. 
Hillier, George. Hnglish Antiquarian and Historian......... ; 
Hillyer, William Silliman, Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols..... 
Hindman, Thomas C. “Confederate ” General we age meee 


Hinman, Royal Ralph. American Politician and Genealogist, 
Hinton, John Howard. Eng. Baptist Clergyman and Author. 
Hirst, Henry B. American Poet and Writer.............. eR 
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen. Major General, U.S. Vols........ : 
Hitzig, Ferdinand. German Biblical Critic................5.. 
Hoar, Samuel, ru. p. . American, Jurist. 00,5. de2 senses cece eee 
Hodge, Charles. American Clergyman and Author. (Sys- 

CLIMATE: TROOLOGY.) Fe lcalie Hed dapMeta Pod. asia k- Sei esas 
Hodge, Hugh.Lenox. Amer, Physician and Medical Writer... 


BORN, 


1808, 
1802, 


1826. 


1797.. 
1798,. 


ee 


r8rr, 


I791.. 


1796? 
1830, 
r81r. 


1793.. 


I792.. 


1816, 
1817 
1793. 
1824. 
1808, 
1825. 
1788, 
1825. 


18152. 


1812. 
1826. 


1802.. 
1796.. 
LL7OS es 


1806, 
1808, 
1816, 
1831, 


1818,, 
1784.. 


1791. 
1813. 


1708.. 


1807. 
1778, 


1797+. 


1796. 


713 


DIED. 


1875 
..1878 
. 1877 
+1873 
, 1863 
..1876 


.1858 
.1869 
. 1876 
1878 
1876 
1852 


.1859 
1868 


.1877 


.1877 
.1862 


1867 


1871 
.1870 


. 1875 


.1871 
1876 
.1876 
.1873 
.1867 
.1870 
1868 
.1878 
.1865 
1870 
1871 
1876 


.1878 
.1879 
.1866 
.1874 
1868 
1868 
.1873 
. 1874 
1870 
.1878 
1856 


1878 
+1873 


i et ee 


1). ee we 
he = 





414. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED. | 
Hodge, James Thatcher. American Geologist and Engineer.. 1816,.1871 


Hodgson, Joseph, ¥.R.s. English Surgeon..... Seroyal 1788, .1869 
Hoffman, Murray. Amer. Lawyer and Author of Legal Terms, 1791..1878 
Hoffmann, Heinrich August. German Poet, Philologist...... 1798..1874 
Hofmeister, Wilhelm. German Botanist.. ............-. eee. 1824..1877 
Hogg, Sir James Weir. British Statesman.).'; :26s-< cscs 1790. .1876 
Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Friedrich Wilhelm Constantine, 
erince Of 205). sah bree ee ees ee 180r.. 1869 
Holbrook, J ohn Edward, u.’p. Amer. Naturalist and Author. 1795..187 
Holland, George, American Actor...... cals EM an oe ars eeeee 1790..1870 
Holland, Sir Henry. Traveller, Author, Physician .......... 1788..1873 
Hollins, George N. American Naval Officer..... babeccccneues SE TOOSCnOE 
Holmes, Alfred. British Composer...........0..ce.-eeecees . 1838, .1876 
Holton, Isaac Farwell. Clerg., Botanist, Chemist, J our ne ahs - 1812..1874 
Hood, John B. ‘‘Confederate” General Drie Beh ae Regent meas (< + 1831..1879 
Hook, Rev. Walter Farquhar. English Dean, " (Lives of the 
Archbishops of Canterbury.)......ce.seeeee aa - 3798..1875 
Hooker, Joseph. American Major-General...........-..--- es 181§..1879 
Hooper, John. American Botanist....... pisccecescecpics sn gsihouseemne 
Hooper, Samuel, m.c. American Statesman............ eeoce 1808..1875 
~Hopkins, Rev. Albert. Am. Astronomer and Physicist ...... 1807. . 1872 
Hopkins, John Henry, p. pv. Bishop of Prot. Epis. Church. 1792..1868 
Hopkins, Johns. American Philanthropist...............0- 1795 ..1873 


Horsley, Charles Edward. American Musical Composer..... 1825..1876 
Horvath, Michel. Hungarian Patriot and Historian......... 1809..1878 
_Hosemann, Theodor. German Painter....... scccsks cls ewectt LOnTaniads 
Hosmer, William H.C. American Author....... oe bebe es Ue coh abla CIOey 
Houdin, Robert John Eugene. French Conjurer............. 1805.. 1871 
Hoverbeck, Leopold, Freihere von. German Politician...... 1822..1875 
Howard, Benjamin C. American Jurist.................202- I791..1872 


Howard, Frank. English Painter and Writer........ coeccsss 1805... 1866 
Howard, Jacob Merrit, Lu. p. American Statesman..,...... 1805..1871 
Howe, Elias, Jr. American Inventor................. ackss cage Rbloe seo 
Howe, Samuel Gridley. American Philanthropist............ 1801..1876 


Howell, Robert Boyté Crawford. Clergyman and Author..., 1801..1868 
Howitt, William. Eng. Poet, Novelist and Hist. Writer..... 1795..1879 
Hows, John A. American Artist and Journalist........ oeseet 3038. 11078 
Hoyt, Adolphus Davenport. American Actor..... Poe Socsvevs) MOST xylem 
Huber, Johannes. German Scholar....... .......sceceseeee - 1830..1879 
Huber, Victor Aimé. Ger. Historian, Publicist and Critic. ees 1800, .1869 
Hubner, Otto. Ger. Statistician and Political Economist.:... 1818, ,1877 
Hudson, Frederick. Journalist. (History of Journalism in 

EA INEP UC.) ae oe nice ine ee aan ee nea wededecssece cocmloloenloys 
Hudson, George. English ‘‘ Railway King.”.........ee0+.++- I8O..187% 
Huet, Paul. French Landscape Pairter.. 22sec as eee . 1804,,1869 7 
Hugel, Karl Alexander Anselm. Austrian Traveller and Nat- 

Bea aGh. 5555 cs eie Vek captted ase eaeeeynen Sie didte's Reente NVeeees ons (2700. ,kage 
Hughes, Ball. "Sculptor. Silents SEC EAS SW eye Fe Oy occpou'vas 1000s eames 
Hugo, Madame Adéle Foucher. Wife of Victor Hugo........ 1806 ?. 1868 
Haze. Charles Victor. Journalist and Author............... . 1826,,187% 
Hugo, Francois, Son of Victor Hugo, Translator of Shake- 

BPCale.cosecvoerce- 099080272 COGO SSTEORSSTOCBSG Geen seosesse ee 1828, 1373 


A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 725 


BOBM DIED, 
Hulsemann, John George, Chevalier de. Austrian Minister 


POMUIIVGCE DS ERLOSS 2005 Tas. uch ces caae een kt wa dass des cove = 6 1864 
Hulsse, Julius Ambrosius. German Scientist................ 1812, .1876 
Humphrey, James. American Lawyer and M.C........... . 1811, . 1866 
Hungerford, William, ru. p. American Jurist............... 1786. .1873 
Hunt, Edward B. American Military Officer ; Inventor...... 1822. .1863 
Hung, vredericls Knight. Journalist. 2. .0..0. 0 ctdeweteese 1814..1854 
Hunt, George Ward. British Statesman.................-0. 1825..1877 


Hunt, James. English Physiologist and Anthropologist .. coos. 1833..1869 
Hunt, Thornton Leigh. English Artist, Critic, Journalist.... 1810, .1873 
Hunt, William Morris. American Artist...............00.008 » 1824..1879 
Hupfeld, Hermann. German Hebrew Scholar............... 1796. . 1866 
Hurlstone, Frederick Yeates. English Historical Painter..., 1800. .1869 
Hussein-Aoni Paska. Turkish Statesman and General..,, 1819,,1876 


iy 


Ingersoll, Joseph Reed. Am. Statesman and Diplomatist.... 1786..1868 
Ingersoll, Ralph Isaacs. Am. Statesman and Diplomatist.... 1788..1872 
Ingham, Charles C. American Portrait Painter.............. 1797..1863 
Tmelic, John. A.. American Jurist... 3. cee ol ese es eeee nes 1813. ,1878 
Ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, Fr. Historical Painter...., 1781. ,1867 
Irving, Ebenezer. American Merchant. Brother of Washing- 


RR UOTMREE MIT] Ormi Sote ais erect hemiere Homie Cahiak dalais sale wise At he hie 1775..1868 
Irving, J. Beaufrain. American Painter...... i aeee aes oda 1827 ?.1877 

- Irving, Pierre Monroe. American Writer..... oessees o¢e'es de LGOUE TOTO 
Isaacs, Samuel M. Jewish Rabbi and Editor..... Mdaceedecec 380}. 71878 
Iverson, Alfred. American Jurist and Statesman........++-+ 1798..1873 
RSP ER RHPA INS LY GR Ios oS irae Spon oss Dare wow arae Goer. cts data'e na nctesacs. E7T7OIIeOK 


Ives, Levi Silliman, p. p, Bishop Of North Carolina. «+++. +0. 1797003807 


J. 


Jackson, Abner. Epis. Clerg. and Col. President............ 181%.,1874 
Jackson, Claiborne F. American Secessionist; ‘*Confed- 


OVA 2d CAOUECEAM cou se Nats ae vise aed Seicre cis ajeie evewh aa ou ee ako Mrs FOUS 
Jackson, Conrad Feger. American Gener al see netlatc nese mel ce T SOR 
Jackson, James §8. American General..............2.eceeee- 1822, .1862 
Jackson, James. American Medical Professor and Author... 1777..1867 
Jackson, John J. ‘‘ Confederate’ Brigadier-General......: « 1829. .1866 
Jackson, Samuel. American Physician and Author.......... 1787.,1872 
Jacobs, Melancthon, p. D. Luth. Clerg., Prof., Author....... 1806? , 1871 
Jacoby, Johann. German Politician................. teiswed cet L005. 1877 
Jahn, Otho. German Philologist. Archeologist, Critic....... 1813,.1869 
James, Charles T. Inventor of Rifle-cannon and Shell........ 1806. .1862 
Jameson, Charles Davis. American General,...,........... . 1827..1862 
“f anes, Rev. Edward L. Methodist Clergyman and Author... 1807..1875 
Janin, Jules Gabriel. French Critic and Novelist..... sesees. 1804,.1878 


Jelf, Richard William. English Author and Teacher...+.e»s» 1798..187% 








716 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 





BORN, PIED, 

- Jenks, William. American Cong. Clergyman and Author .... 1778..1866 
Jerdan, William, Fr. s. a. English Journalist................ . 1782. .1869 
Jesse, Edward. English Naturalist and Author.............. 1780. . 1868 
Jessup, ThomasS. American Military Officer....:.......... 1790. . 1860 
Jessup, William. American Jurist and Philanthropist....... 1797..1868 
Jeune, Francis, Dp. p. English Prelate and Reformer......... 1800 ?, 1868 
Jewett, Charles Coffin. American Scholarand Bibliographer. 1816..1868 
Johnson, Andrew. Seventeenth President of U.8........... 1808, . 1875 
Johnson, Edward. ‘Confederate’? Major-General........... — ..1873 
Johnson, Rey. Herman M. Amer. Clergyman and Author.... 1815..1868 
Johnson, Reverdy. American Statesman.................:.. 1796..1876 
Johnston, Alexander Keith. British Geographer............. 1804. .1871 
Johnston, Alexander Keith. Brit. Geographer and Explorer, 1841..1879 


Jomini, Baron Henri. Swiss Historian and Military Critic... 1779.. 


1869 


Jones, Ernest. English Journalist, Reformer, Orator........ 1819. . 1869 
Jones, George. Episcopal Clergyman and Author............ 1799..1870 
Jones, George, R. A. English Painter, (Battle of Waterloo.). 1786..1869 
. Jones, Henry Bence, m.p. English Medical Writer. (Life 
and Letters OF PAvAA AY Nites ne Cone ee ee ae Ee 1814. .1873 
Jones, John N. ‘‘Confederate’’ General....... ws ibs seamen 1820. , 1864 
Jones, Dr. Joseph 8. American Dramatist......... vee ceontenl k SOQLakaam 
Jones, Mrs. Melinda. American Actress............+.6. Pee 1815..1875 
Jones, Roger. American General............... Sinia 6 babe = Cee — ..1852 
Josephine.’ Ex-Queen of Sweden............ ce scccsnces wee. 1807,,.1876 
Juarez, Benito. Mexican Statesman and President. ....... .«. 18077,1872 
Jubinal, Michel Louis Achille. French Politician and Author. 1810, .1875 
Jukes, Joseph Bute. Geologist and Writer.................. 1811, , 1869 
Julio, E.D.B. Painter. (Last Meeting of Lee and Stonewall 
SACKSONY o's Baan ees veele eRe eee ene seh on tee eee ree 1843..1879 


Juncker, Henry Damian,p. Dp. Roman Catholic Bishop...... 18107.1868 


Junkin, George. American Clergyman and Author........... 1790.. 


1868 


Juvara, Tommaso Aloysio. Italian Artist... scoveerevcersece 1909,,1875 


K. 


°: 


Kamehameha V. King of the Sandwich Islands,........... 1836..1872 


Kavanagh, Julia. British Authoress....... 0 vols bs tse uebatd se ENod oka 
Karl XY., Louis Eugene. King of Sweden...........ssceees. 1826, .1872 
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von. German Painter................... 1805..1874 
Kaye, Sir John William. British Statesman and Historian... 1814..1876 
Kean, Charles John, F. 8. A., F.R.G.8. English Actor........ 1811, .1868 
Kearny, Lawrence. American Naval Officer................-. 1789. . 1868 
Keble, John. English Clergyman and Poet.................- . 1792..1866 
Keeler, Ralph. American Writer. (Vagabond Adventures.).. 1840..1873 
Keeley, Robert. English Comedian.................. Son bens 1794..1869 
Keene, Laura. American Actress........sscssceceseeeccees: . 1830. .1873 
Keightley, Thomas. English Historian and Classical Writer. 1789. .1872 
Keim, Theodor. German Theologian and Historian.......... 1825, ,1878 
Keim, William H. American General..........seoesseccsceecs 1813... 1862 


Keiser, Dr. German WHitOr vivcceentsiay Chere evereerrroe: soee 1779. 1862 











ee 


A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. "Ip 


BORN, DIED, 
Keitt, Lawrence M. American Politician and Secessionist....1824..1864 


Kellum, John. American Architect.......0si. ccc cc ee cece eee: 1809. .1871 
Kelsieff, Basil Ivanovitch. Russian Revolutionary Writer.... 1835 ?.1872 
Kemeny, Sigmund, Baron. Hungarian Author............... 1816, .1875 
Kendall, Amos. American Statesman and Publicist......... 1789. .1869 
Kendall, George Wilkins. American Journalist.............. 1807. . 1867 
Kennedy, John Pendleton. Amer. Statesman and Author... 1795..1870 
PCG Vtaete + Aierican Jurist 622s fos cag vedas sc osv ecg ume 1802. , 1861 
Kensett, John Frederick. American Landscape Painter..... 1818, .1872 
Kernot, Henry. Amer. Bookseller. (Bibliotheca Diabolica.}, 1806..1874 
Were meneee.. American Politician... 0.0.02. 30s ewes et ~1827..1876 
Kettell, Samuel. Amer, Journalist and Miscellaneous Writer. 1800. .1855 
Khanikoff, Nicholas de. Russian Orientalist ................ 1819. .1878 
Kidd, William. Eng. Naturalist. (Book of Brit. Song Bir Ue ) 1803..1867 
Kiernan, James L. Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols........%.. 1837..1869 
Kindler, Albert. German VON elf it WP Se ers Lea eee 1833..1876 
King, Charles, tu. p. American Journalist and Col. Pres..... 1789. .1867 
King, John Alsop. American Statesman............... OCS 1788..1867 
King, Jonas. American Cong. Clergyman and Missionary.... 1792..1869 
King, Richard John. English Author and Antiquarian....... — ..1879 
King, T. Butler. American Politician and Secessionist....... 1804. .1864 
Kingdom, JohnM. American Dramatic Writer.............. — ..1876 
Kingsley, Rev. Calvin. Bishop of Meth. Epis. Church....... 1812..1870 
Kingsley, Charles. English Clergyman and Novelist........ 1819..1875 
Kingsley, Henry. British Journalist and Novelist........... 1830, .1876 
Kirk, Edward N. American General................ccecceees — ..1863 
Kirk, Edward Norris, p. p. American Pulpit Orator......... 1802, .1874 
Klein, Johan Adam. German Painter...............0.... 2065 1792,.1875 
Klein, Julius Leopold. German Dramatist and Literary : 

a IRMIE RIS Saeko N oS aude We wns cde Sn 9 eater. ae ees oe 1804. .1876 
Knapp, Rev. Jacob. American Evangelist................... 1800, .1874 
Knight, Charles. Eng. Author and Publisher. (Popular 

FTESUOPRG. OF TATIGUANG=).. 5 nak Poa ceca dso pvee's SS agg ule 1791..1873 
Knight, Dr. Jonathan. Professor of Surgery................ 1789. ,1864 

-ad.Ocn, H. A. German. Classical Scholar. .5..05...2 0s veces 1829..1876 
Kock, Charles Paul de. French Novelist and Dramatist..... 1794. .1871 
NoOen es dre Geral Painter a. occ ous ts Soe aes och ovine acct 1823..1875 
Kohl, Dr. Johan George. Ger. Traveller and Antiquary...... 1808. . 1878 
Kraas, Karl Nicolaus. German Writer on Agriculture........ 1810, .1875 
Kraft, Henry, po.p. German Chentist..................00005 1801 . .1868 
Krauth, Charles P. Amer. Luth. Clerg. and Col. Pres....... 1796. . 1867 
Krebs, John Michael, p.p. American Pres. Clergyman..... 1804, 1867 
Kreling, Dr. August von. Painter and Sculptor.............. 1819.,1876 
Kremer, Joseph. German Philosopher. (System der Philos- 

PMBLARY G55. 5 sain step MT Chea a dca a arusis'> 0,0 Come RADU SE ORISA 1808. .1875 
Kriegk, Georg Ludwig. German Historian.......... Toit die Woe Wenn ss +'a0'e 
Krug, Anna Charlotte. German Authoress.................0. 1805, .1877 
Kruger, K. W. German Classicai Scholar...... BA we x oa oy 1796, .1876 
Krummacher, Friedrich Wilhelm. Prussian Preacher and 

PA TEOHLOSE Sete Cid sy05d Sth sige s fow wales cee opi owe Meter ieees te 2707..3E000 


Kuh, Emil, German Poet and Critic Wea MiGaM tats. i poes sess EODG6, LOm 





118 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BOEN. DIED, 
Ktihner, Raphael. German Philologist ...... ove ccececeséne) LOO uEEUE 
Kuztz, Heinrich, po. p, German Professor and Author...... 1805,,1873 


L “3 
iJ ad 


Laborde, Léon Emanuel Simon Joseph, Compte de. Arche- 


ologist and Traveller............. AGC INO AE oe oateiearelae 1807. , 1869 
La Borde, Maximilian. Amer. Physician and Writer....... . 1804, .1873 
Lacunza, José Maria. Mexican Statesman and Poet........ 1809 ? . 1869 
Lafont, Rev. Father Annet. American Clergyman..... Pres ht ry ts. 
Lafont, Pierre Cheri,. French Actorsiy.2-..2.+. <5 caneeenen 1801. . 1873 
Laing, David. - Scotch Antiquarian and Bibliographer ....... 1792..1878 
La Marmora, Alfonso di, Marquis. Italian General......... 1804. .1878 
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de. Poet, Historian 

and ‘Statesman s,s... .0seansde eect etaic ss cock ee eee 1790. .1869 
Lamballe, Antoine Joseph Joubert de. Surgeon and Author. 1799..1867 
La Mountain, John. American Aeronaut.................0- 1829. .1870 
Lander, Miss Sarah W. (Spectacles for Young Hyes.)....... . — «61872 


Landseer, Charles. Eng. Painter. Brother of Sir Edwin L. 1799..1879 
Landseer, Sir Edwin, rR. A. English Painter................ 1802..1873 


Lane, Edward William. British Orientalist.................. 1801. .1876 
Lang, Heinrich. German Theologian.............. wascceesee 1O20 pea anes 
Langdon, Leander W. American Inventor....... oe ck shoes 1833..1875 
Lange, Albert. German Political Agitator................... 1801. .1869 
Langsdorff, George Frederick, Baron von. Bot. and Tray... — ..1852 
Lanters, Paul. Belgian Painter in Water Colors............. 1806. .1875 
Lapham, Increase A. American Scientist........ isis ta sloetere 1811. .187§ 
Lariviere, Pierre Charles. French Painter.................. 1798. .1876 
Larochejaquelein, Henri du Virgier, Marquis de. French 

Senator... to-w. fs wad pe eulg's « tysps.s sies's ea <n we See 1804. . 1867 
Laroche, Benj. Fr. Transl. of Shakespeare and Byron SE 1798. .1852 
Larousse, Pierre. Fr. Journalist and Educational Writer.... 1817..1875 
diassen, Christian,  Orientalist:) 322.202: ices ee exueeseeen «+. 1800, .1876 
Lathrop, John H. Amer. Scholar and College President .... 1799..1866 
Latour, Isidore. French Dramatic Author .................. 1809 2.1877 
Lauder, James Eckford. Figure Painter. (Zen Virgins.)... 1812..1869 
Lauder, Robert Scott. Scotch Genre Painter................ 1803... 1869 
Launitz, Robert E. American Sculptor...............ceeee0s 1806, .1870 
Launitz. Sculptor. (Statue of Guttenberg.)......ececeeveeee 1795. .1869 


Laurentie, Pierre Sébastien. French Author and Journalist, 1793..1876 
Lauzanne de Vaux-Roussel, Augustin Théodore, Cheva- 


lier de," Vaudevilliste: 200i cc ose socn Sees eee 1805, .1877 
Lawrence, George Alfred. British Lawyer and Author. 

(Guy TAVING StONE:) ad Pes vinta he needle heed Cen eee 1827..1876 
Lawrence, John Laird Mair, Baron. British Statesman..... ~ 18rr.. 1879. 


Lawrence, Sir William. Sergeant-Surgeon to the Queen..... 1783..1867 
Laycock, Thomas. British Physician and Author. (The 

MIE QA BQN.) oo vce sac cas ne whats coat a Cena eG pane 1812, ,1876 
Leavitt, Rev. Joshua. American Journalist and Author..... 1784..1873 
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste. French Statesman...... 1807..1874 





> 





A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 719 


BORN. DIED. 


Lee, John. English Physicist......... eer etecarae cere ees 1783. .1866 
Lee, Robert Edward. American Soldier and Educator........ 1807..1870 
Leeser, Isaac. Jewish Rabbi and Author............... %.... 1806, .1868 
Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan. Irish Novelist.......... Sikes 0) 1014. 21873 
Lefevre, Andre. French Writer and Poet......... Sseree eas 1834. .1873 
Leland, Henry Perry. American Author..........2...cceeces 1828, .1868 
Lemaitre, Brederick,* Nrench Acton 2 oc ece.slecaecs cveeuend 1798..1876 
Lemon, Mark. English Dramatist and Editor............... . 1809,.1870 
eo; Heimtich. German Historian. : 2... 000000. . s eee ccectes 1799..1878 
Leonhardi, Hermann Karl. German Philosopher............ 1809,, 1875 
Leopold II., Jean Joseph Ferdinand Charles, ex-Grand Duke © 
RRM oe cS Neg ae Se Lo ale oe Oboe kd dares 1797..1870 


Leroux, Pierre. French Philosopher and Political Economist, 1798.,1872 
Leroy de Saint Arnaud, Louis Adolphe. French Senator 


RNC RISD eo. aoe e he'evie sacs Give veh arac Sar ce tasae eat 1802, ,1873 
Lespes, Napoléon. French ATEE NOR Se aes oe wee de ok caicldsalts er ok 1805.,.1875 
Leutza, Emanuel. Historical Painter. (Washington Crossing 

Ese LIGLEWOAT Ory cree ced cooks knee Canoes Soe dain Sek ole e's 1816, , 2868 
Lever, Charles J ames, Irish Novelist..1.....s.cc+--00c-sec00 1806, .1872 
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph. French Astronomer ath oe 1801, ,1877 
Levy; Michel.” French Publisher. . 0... ..5..ccdcesccccevessces 1821, ,1875 
Lewes, George Henry. English Philosopher and Critic. 

(Problems of Life and Mand. Jarag GPa eh ke atall Se ae ee eal 1817.,1878 
Lewestam, Fryderyk Henryk. Polish Journalistand Author, 1817..1879 
Lewis, Mrs. Harriet. American Authoress...........0.-s-00% 1841, ,1878 
Lewis, John Frederick. British Artist.................. ot.e2 1805..1876 
Lewis, Tayler. Amer. Writer. (Six Days of Creation.)...... 1802, 1877 
Leys, Jean Auguste Henri. Belgian Painter.................. 1815..1869 
Liebig, Baron Justusvon. Chemist and Scientist............ 1803,.1873 
woisier, a ierre, French: Tragedians.. 6.5.5... ccccccctecsceccees 1797..1872 
Lincoln, Heman. American Philanthropist.................. 1779. .1869 
Lincoln, Levi, Lu.p. American Statesman and J urist.. Bi a eaare 1782. .1868 
Lindblad, Adolf Fredrik. Swedish Composer............... 1801, .1878 
Lindsay, James B. Scottish PAG DISh, toeae eo vas Sea weet 1800, 1862 
Linderman, Dr. Henry R. Superintendent of the ee S. Mint. 1825..1879 
Lindsley, Nathan L., 1u.p.. American Philologist.. .... 1816,,1868 
Lisgar, John Young, “Baron. British Statesman...... Rae ie 1807. .1876 
Littell, Eliakim. Founder of Litéell’s Living Age..........-. 1797..1870 


Little, Charles C. American Publisher...............2.00+-+0- 1799..1869 
Little, Henry. ‘‘Confederate’’ General............. délbo acs cay ESTGus ABOz 
Littrow, Karl Ludwig von. Austrian Astronomer..... coed TORRE, 1877 
Livingston, Rev. David.. Physician, Missionary, African 
MERDLOVED J. 4 dene scauenc eee sna cas seese Sarecgn deen ee so ec SUL OE7 (204873 
Locke, John, m.p. American Geologist........0.+-+-.e0se0) . 1792. .1856 
Locke, Richard Adams. American Author and Journalist..:. 1800. .1871 
Lohde, Dr. George. German Naturalist.......cccecsssesecees —— «+1875 
Lohr, Emil. German Landscape Painter..........00.2++sseee0 1809..1876 
Lomenie, Louis Léonard de. French Scholar................ 1818. .1878 
Longley, Charles Thomas. Archbishop of Canterbury....... 1794..1868 
Longman, William. British Publisher..... Wierda ests cso... 01877 
Longstreet, Angustas Baldwin, American Jurist and Author. 1790..187¢ 


2 





IP Bo REY an, Meee Se ae 
$5" at wr Ie ae = Setse tae 


720 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


, BORN, DIED, 
Longworth, Nicholas, American Vintner..........00..++-- 1782..1863 


Lonsdale, Rev. John. English Prelate and Scholar..... weeee 1788. 1867 
Loomis, Gustavus. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ 1789. 1872 
Lopez, Francisco Solano. President of Paraguay............ 1831..1870 
Lord, Daniel, Lt. p. American Lawyer................- Ly Se 1795..1868 
Lord, J. K. English Naturalist and Author.................. 1817. .1872 


Lord, Nathan, p.p. American Clergyman and Educator..... 1798..1870 
Loring, Frederick W. American Journalist and Author...., 1846..1871 


Lough, John Graham. British Sculptor..................2.-. 1895. .1876 

Lovelace, Ada Augusta, Countess of. Only Child of Lord ; 
Byron. ‘‘ Sole daughter of my house and heart.’’........ 1815, .1852 

Lovell, Charles 8. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ 1812, .1871 


Lover, Samuel. Irish Artist, Novelist and Composer. ........ 1797. 1868 
Low, Sampson, Jr. English Publisher and Author........... 1823..1871 
Lowe, James. Inventor of the Screw Propeller.. .........- - — ..1866 
Lowell, Mrs. A. Cabbot. American Writer for Children... — ..1874 
Lowrie, Walter. American Statesman and Philanthropist... _ 1784. .1868 
Lubbock, Ellen Frances. Wife of Sir John L. (Vacation 


Tourists,\.t1 5323.5 seh aa Ae. das eee a 1835..1879 
Ludlow, Fitzhugh. American Writer. (Hasheesh Hater.).... 1837..1870 
Ludwig III. Grand Duke of Hesse... is. sn dc..4-.. <seneee 1806. .1877 
Lumpkin, Joseph Henry. American Jurist and Statesman... 1799..1867 
Lunalilo I. King of Sandwich Islands..............-s0e0 Re eee fire a 
Lutolf, Prof. Alois. Swiss Historian..............-. MPP ia a 
Lyell, Sir Charles, British Geologist. ..........0.000++e+- eee 1797..1875 
Lyman, Joseph Bardwell. Amer. Journalist, Agriculturist... 1829..1872 
Lytle, William Haines. American General.............. ss s03 X8a6, (2863 


Lytton, Sir Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer, Baron. 
Novelist, Poet, Dramatist.ys vccevnste Peer eo OO EERE L ELE OECe 1805..1873 


M. 


Macbride, John David. Oriental Scholar and Author......., 1788.,18638 
MacCook, Robert L. American General............ casce cece 18397 at802 
MacCulloch, Horatio. Scotch Landscape Painter........... 1806..1867 — 
Macdonald, J. M. American Clergyman and Author........ 1812..1876 
Macdonell, James, English Journalist..............2s-0e++0 1842..1879 | 
MacGahan, John Arthur. Journalist............0-.see0eceee+ 1842?,1878 


Mackay, Charles.. Scotch Actor......... cae secsceeue ce ¢ppeengeyier en tat —EE 
Mackenzie, Charles Kenneth. Writer.........0..cse+s . 1788,.1862 
Mackinnon, William Alexander, Author, (History of Civili- 

Laon ae See eee Nd ate e's RP Ota ene eehetes: L700 set07e 
Maclaren, Charles. Geologist and Antiquarian «es egos . 1782..1866 
Macleod, Norman, p. p, Scotch Clerg., Editor and Author.. 1812, ,1872 
Maclise, Daniel, Rr. A. British Painter........ Soceceaps cavcelg OES Sanam 


Macomb, William H. American Commodore........,«+es00. 18202,1872 
Macready, William Charles, English Tragedian............. 1793+-1873 
Madden, Sir Frederick. English Antiquarian......... oes cdo ot SCO ETS 
Madou, Jean Baptiste. Belgian Painter.....-.esse+seeoeersee 179001077 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 721 


BORN, DIED, 
Maedler, Johann Heinrich. German Astronomer............ 1794..1874 
Maenée, Pierre. French Imperialist .. 2.0... 350. oSdeccaveceess 1806,.1878 
Maguire, John Francis. Irish Statesman and Writer.... .... 1815;,1872 
Mahan, Dennis Hart, tu. p. Military Teacher and Critic..... 1802,.1871 
Mahoney, Rey. Francis. Rom. Cath. Priest and Journalist.. 18002, 1866 


Main, Rev. Robert, English Astronomer............ ey ai 1808 ..1878 
Maitland, Samuel Roffey,p.p. Writer............ 0.2.6.0. . 1792..1866 
Major, John Richardson. English Clergyman and Author.... 1797..1876 
Malitourne, M. French Author......... ARE Eres S¥sves 2705042000 
Mallefille, Félician. French Dramatist.............. eso ncev et ZORA, 2008 
Mallory, Stephen R. American Political Leader............. 1810, ,1873 
Malmstroem, or Malstrom, B. Elis. Swedish Poet and 
Wirtter=..4.. 5° eae A Gi Laat e wit Cl os cratroaes ae ek 1816, 1865 
Manly, Basil, p. p. American Clergyman and Author...... 1798..1868 
Mangum, Willie P. American Statesman.......... Uae aicaadt 370242008 
Mann, Abijah, Jr. American Politician:................c0008 1793. +1868 
Manning, William Oke. English Merchant and Writer on In- 
PormmOnAl LOWrisiwe tse rsa sy dean concteeed tee ceea ses . 1809..1878 
Mansel, Henry Longueville, p. p. (Philosophy of the Con- 
ditioned. LYS ESE ee Me rer eprrt pe Pee AICOn Er Sy anes 1820, .1872 
Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno. American General. ae ree 1803,. 1862, 
Manzoni, Count Alessandro, Italian Poet and Novelist...... 1784..1873 
March, Alden. American Surgeon and Medical Professor.... 1795..1869 
Marchi, Banner... btalian Archeologist yt ics 0.dc.cseect cs coc — ..1860 
Marguerittes, Julie de. (Mrs. Rea.) American Authoress. . . 1815.,1866 
Maria. Grand Duchess of Russia............ ates tated eens 1819..1876 
Maria Christina. Queen Dowager of Spain.................- 1806, .1878 
-Maria de las Mercedes. Queenof Spain..............-- . 1860,.1878 
Maria da Gloria. Queen of Portugal........ A ES Free 1819..1853 
Maria. Ex-Queen of Se ae eT Sees sae nf ROOS SsTO77, 
atte aoeek- Cheats Of) SPAlNe so. .c es ce ccs cavddeceteueaceecs 1847..1876 
Marie-Joseph I., John Nepomucene. King of Saxony sacks 180r,.1873 
Marie, Louise Alexandrine, Princess of Prussia..... Meat ite . 1808, .1877 
Marocchetti, Baron Charles. French Sculptor............ es. 1805,.1867 
Marsh, Rev. John. American Clergyman aud Reformer..... 1788 5.1868 
Marsh, Samuel. American Clergyman. (Uncle Ned.)........ 1796..1874 
Marshall, Thomas Alexander, Lu. p. American Judge....... 1794..1871 
Marshall, Thomas W. American Painter.................... 1850..1874 
Martin, John. Irish Agitator and Politician................. 1812, ,1875 
Martin, Dr: John. Port. Meteorologist and Author.......... 1779..1869 
_ Martin, M. Edouard. French Dramatic Writer............... 1827,,1866 
Martin, Konrad. German Bishop and Author..... seats ates . 1812,.1879 
Meta, acolas,” French PO6t voc. . fo... ee So success Secccee . 1814..1877 
Martineau, Harriet. English Authoress, Autobiography j : 
Memorials by M. W. Chapman............ 06. ..ce ede Poee 1802, .1876 
Marx, Karl, ps.p. German Reyolutionist........... Eee wets ASLO. , 1672 
- Mason, Charles Kemble. American Actor. ../..cudvecce« «es. 18002,1875 
Mason, Francis, p. p. Missionary and Scientist............. » 1799..1874 
Mason, J. L. American Military Engineer.................. - — ..1853 


Mason, James Murray. American Senator and Diplomatist.. 1797..187% 
Mason, John Y. American Statesman and Diplomatist,...... 1795..1859 


FOS 





y22 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ¥. 


BORN, DIED, 
Mason, Lowell, Mus. Doc. Amer. Gompoue and Author..... 1792..1872 
Massie, James William, Clergyman, Missionary and Author, 1799..1869 


Mathews, Charles James, English Actor........... co Aree 1803..1878 
Mattei, Marius. Roman Catholic Cardinal................-.+ 1792..1870 
Matthiessen, Augustus, PH. p. Chemist............... ce veee 1931, 41870 


Mattison, Rev. Hiram. American Clergyman and ‘Author... . 1811, .1868 
Matzerath, Joseph. German Poet..........20+.ccesececccsee 1913..1870 
Mauch, Karl. “German Explorer...) icncasasinecs sce le enue os ASS7 T8789 
Maurice, John Frederick Denison, Eng. Clerg. and Author.. 1805?.1872 
Maury, Matthew Fontaine. Am. Hydrographer and Physicist.. 1806..1873 


Maximilian, Alexander Philipp. German Naturalist......... 1782, .1867 
Maxwell, Caroline Elizabeth Sarah. Mrs. Norton. English 
Authoress 3.6 sichcats « abalone memtrn Mech sioner soot ese AOD ngy 


Maxwell, Sir William Stirling. English Historian........... 1818..1878 
May, Samuel Joseph. American Clergyman and Reformer... 1798..1871 
May, William. United States Naval Officer.................-- 1815..1861 
Mayer, Col. Brantz. American Historical Writer. (Mexican 

Aniigut tes.) 2.0 ce pode sian Atk ho eEae ee ee o ccs aes eek pe kU enemy 
Mayer, Julius Robert von. German Phy sicist. bats oe oveee eee. 1814..1878 
Mayhew, Augustus Septimus. English Writer. .............. 1812..1875 
. Mayhew, Henry. English Author ‘and Reformer..... ccietecye RO EE.G tau 
Maynadier, Henry E. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A....... - 1830. .1868 
Maynadier, William. Brevet Brigadier-Gencral, U. 8. A..... 1806, .1871 
Mayo, Joseph. American Lawyer. (JMJayo’s Guide.).........- 1795. .1872 
Mazzini, Giuseppe. Italian Reformer and Statesman......... 1808?.1872 
McAlester, Miles D. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A........ 1835..1869 
McCabe, Rev. Dr. James D. American Episcopal Clergyman. £808..1875 
McCall, George Archibald. Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols..., 1802..1868 


McCarson, Michael: Roman Catholic Clergyman........... - 1804.,1867 
McClintock, Rev. John. Clergyman, Professor, Author..... 1814..1870 
McCluney, William J. American Naval Officer...... pre eh . — ..1864 


McFerran, John C. Brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. A....... 1820..1872 
McGee, Thomas Darcy. Irish Politician and Journalist. 
(Lives of Irish Writers and Popular History of Ireland.) .. 1825. .1868 


McGrigor, Sir James. Surgeon and Writer.................. 1772. .1858 
McGuffey, William H. Amer. Clergyman and Col. President, 1800. .1873 
Mcllvaine, Charles Pettit. Protestant Episcopal Bishop..... 1798. .1873 
McKean, William W. United States Naval Officer......- ‘eee 180K... 1865 
McKim, James Miller. Clergyman and Anti-Slavery Leader.. 1810..1874 
McLeod, Rev. Xavier Donald. American Writer............ . 1821..1865 
McViekar, Rey. John, p.p. Professor and Author..... seceee 1786... 1868 
Meade, George Gordon. Major-General, U.S. A............ . 1815..187% 
Meagher, Thomas Francis. Irish Orator, and Brigadier- 

General, U.; 8... Vols: oie eceit an o's baie oe 80 Va see see 1823..1867 
Medwin, Thomas. English Army Officer, "(Conversations 

with Lord ByT0n.)..6.ccsss daccsochece ov caw tawan wrens -« 1779..1869 
Mehemet Ali Pasha. Turkish race S25 cee eae ais BAC 1830? 1878 
Meigs, Charles D. American Physician and Author.......... 1792..1869 
Meinicke, Karl Eduard. German Geographer......... seeecee 1803,.1876 
Meline, James F. American Soldier and Author...... oecccee X8E3. 1873 


Mellin, Henrik. Swedish Novelist. coerrevcreroccesesvevesees 1003008070 


=i 








oo oS aly lis ST a Saas iS ea cre eS 


A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY,  723¢ 


. BORN, DIED, 


Melvill, Henry. English Divine and Pulpit Orator.. Dayreky . 1798..187% 
Menken, Adah Isaacs. Actress and Author................. . 1832.,1868 
Mensdorf-Pouilly, Count Alexander von. Aust. Statesman.. 1812, .1872 
Menzel, Wolfgang. German Critic and Author............... 1798. .1873 
Mercadante, Saveria. Italian Musical Composer............ 1798. .187% 
Meredith, Solomon. American General..................005 « 1810. .1875 
Merimee, Prosper.. French Scholar and Dramatist........... 1803 ..1870 
Merivale, Herman. English Publicist and Professor......... 1806. .1874 
Merrick, Pliny, 1u.p. American Jurist................cceees 1794. .1867 
Mery, M. Joseph. French Novelist......... scegeaus siuer ven 1799. .1866 
Metcalf, Theron,1rxu.p. American Jurist..................005 1784..1875 
Michelet, Jules. French Historian and Essayist............ » 1798..1874 
Mieroslawski, Ludwik. Polish Revolutionist.............. . 1814..1878 
Miierepe oni DMitish BOtANISt.... ss. sae ccseeercc cane Sivaten I7SQG1979 
Miguel, Don Maria Evaristo. Ex-King of Portugal pete oe as «7 1802.2 38005" 
Miles, Dixon H. American Military Officer................... 1803. . 1862 
Mill, John Stuart. Eng. Philosopher and Political Economist. 1806. .1873 
Millard, Louis Aimé. French Musical Composer............ . — ..1871 
Millaud, Moise. French Journalist and Banker.............. 1813. .1871 
Miller, Henry. American Physician and Medical Writer...... 1801..1874 
Miller, James. American Soldier..............0..--00 ree — ..1851 
Miller, MorrisS. Brevet Brigadier-General, U. ‘Ss. AR voateles 1814. .1870 
Miller, Rev. Tobias Ham. Uncle Toby. Journalist......... 1802, .1870 
Miller, William Allen, m.p. English Professor of Chemistry.. 1817..1870 
Millet, Jean Francois. French Painter............+ee+..-.0s. 1815?.1875 
Mills, Abraham. American Professor and Author..........-- 1796. . 1867 
Milman, Rev. Henry Hart. Dean of St. Paul’s. Poet, Critic, 

PIPMEND LIne cETASUOLIBD: <.. cosa oles coed cccdeecc cote ss HARA ++ 1791..1868 
Milman, Robert. Bishop of Calcutta. Author.............. . 1816,.1876 
Minturn, Robert Bowne. Amer. Merchant and Philanthropist. 1805..1866 
Miramon, Miguel. Mexican General. Executed........ dias 0/1830... 2807 
Mires, Jules. French Adventurer, J tomas Banker......-. 1809..1871 
Mitchel, John. Irish Revolutionist............0...00. ewedwee: SOLG EATS 
Mitchell, Edward. English Sculptor................. aka Gece FOdEes O7h 

- Mitchell, John. American Clergyman, Editor and Author... 1794..1870 
Mitchell, S. Augustus. Author of School Books............ . 1792. .1868 
Mohl, Julius von. German Orientalist........ a taipiedieic wae tivo. ROCOPa Rea 
Mohl, Robertvon. German Jurist..... Di PMhcr weenie ok cee ales 1799. . 1875 
Molesworth, William Nassau. Eng. Clergyman and Author... 2816..1877 
Monnais, Edouard. French Dramatic Author........... seeee 1798..1868 
Monnier, Henri. French Author and Artist............eeee+6 1799++1877 
Montagne, Jean Francois Camille. French Physician....... 1784..1866 
Montague, Henry J. English Actor......... ae te Lee ee 1843..1878 
Montalembert, Charles Forbes de Tyron, Comte de. “Publi- 

meer Rueologian, WIGS p Secs cc sp sacs eens vedsog vavarees L010, 1670 
Montebello, Napoleon Lannes, Duc de. Diplomatist Ae odo 1801. .1874 
Montgomery, Wm. Reading. Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols. 1801. ,1871 
Morehead, Charles S. American Politician.............00-+. -1802..1868 
Morehead, James T. American Statesman...... Soc CARO ASAIO Y eee tly 
Morgan, Charles W. American Naval Officer............. e+ 1790..1853 


Morgan, George N. Brevet Brigadier-General, U: 8. Vols... — ..1866 





724. =A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. — 


BORN, DIED, 
Morgan, JohnH. ‘Confederate’ Soldier..............+..++ 1826.,1864 
Morgan, John Minter. Philanthropist and Writer........... 1783..1851 
Morilke, Eduard.*: German: Poets. +): 2.0 sic avyaso cs oom 1804, .1875 
Morlot, Francis Nicholas Madeleine. Archbishop of Paris. 
Theological. Writer o.:. <s.0. 5..bc a open einyls 6) seen 1795..1862 
Morris, George U. American Naval Commander............. — ..1875 
Morris, Henry W. United States Naval Officer............... 1805... 1863 
Morris, Thomas A. Methodist Episcopal Bishop............. 1794..1874 
Morse, Richard Cary. American Journalist.................. 1795. .1868 
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese. Painter, Author, and Inventor 
of the Electric Telegraph... ecgense co ko es 5 1791. .1872 


Morse, Sidney Edwards. American Journalist and Inventor.. 1794..1871 
Mortimer, Mrs. English Authoress. (Peep of Day Series.)... 1802..1878 


Morton, Oliver Perry. American Statesman..............-.+ » ¥823.,1877 
Moscheles, Ignace. German Pianist and Composer.......... 1794..1570 
Mosenthal, Samuel Hermann. German Poet................. 1821. .1877 
Motley, John Lothrop. American Historian and Diplomatist. 

-Life ‘by O..W: Holmes.s 5 ty saa ue cgaeos arate cc a eee 1814..1877 
Mott, Valentine. American Surgeon and Writer............. 1785... 1865 
Moulton, Joseph W. American Historian and Legal Writer.. 1789..187§ 
Mount, William Sidney. American Artist.................-5. 1807..1868 
Moustier, Léonel, Marquis de. Statesman and Diplomatist.. 1815..1869 
Mower, Joseph A. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A........... — ..1870 


Mozier, Joseph. American Sculptor. (Yhe Prodigal Son.)... 1812..1870 
Mugge, or Muegge, Theodore. German Novelist and Editor.. 1806..1861 
Muhlenberg, William Augustus. Amer. Clerg. and Author.. 1796. .1877 


Muller, Johan Heinrich Jacob von. German Physicist... ... 1809. .1875 
Muller, or Mueller, Jerome. German Scholar and Educational 

MTOR, eeinics Poses Swe iop Meee e oe see Sra Sees 1785. . 1861 
Muller, Niklas. German-American Poet................00 «+ I1809..1875. 
Mullock, John Thomas. Roman Catholic Bishop..........-. 1806?,186g 
Munch-Bellinghausen, Eligius Franz Joseph von. Baron, + 

Friedrich Haim. Poet and Dramatic Author............ 1806, .1871 
Munck, Salomon. Semitic Scholar and Orientalist........... 1807..1867 
Mundt, Clara, née Miller. Louisa Miihibach. Novelist....... 1814..1873 — 
Mundt; ‘Theodore. German Writer, 4... 722-3 tauren 1808. . 1861 
Munroe, Nathan. American Cong. Clergyman and Author... 1804..1866 
Munzinger, Werner, -African Explorer 3.0.0. 12..ssasweaeee 1832, .1875 
Murat, Napoléon.Lucien, Prince, hi asc. saat tate ere ee, 1803..1878 | 
Murat, Theodore. French Novelist, Dramatist, Historian.... 1808..1866 
Murchison, Charles. British Physician and Author.....,.... 1830, .1879 
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey. English Geologist and ; 

Geogtaphet. 7.220 8ik: ak eat eee eT, 1792. .1871 
Murphy, John K. American General....... Ee eee 1796..1876 
Mustapha Fazyl Pasha. Turkish Statesman.............. 1830. .1875 
Muzzey, Reuben. American Surgeon and Author......... . +. 1780..1866_ 
Myers, Frederick. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ 1825,.1874 _ 


Myers, Mordecai. American Army Officer.,...+ssseeesenceess 3770. .1871 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 725 


N. 
BORN. DIBD, 
Nadal, Rev. Bernard H. American Professor and Author.... 1815..1870 


Nagle, James. Major-General, U.S. Vols............06- weece — .~1866 
Napoleon III. Charles Louis N. Bonaparte..... APPR Mice 1808 . .1873 
Narvaez, Don Ramon Maria. Spanish General..... I Dt Se 1800. . 1868 
Naumann, Karl Friederich. German Mineralogist........... 1797..1873 
WNem)-onme american Atthor.i 3.0.25 2c. oc eck hec eset cwwus 1793. .1876 
Neale, John Mason. Eng. Clergyman, Poet, Linguist, Author. 1818, .1866 
Neher, Michael. Geran PRINIGE Crs con eater ty cece cae toca 1798..1876 
Nelaton, Auguste. French Physician................ eee | 1807. .1873 

‘Nelson, Samuel, ru.p. American Jurist..............2..0008: 1792. .1873 
Newcomb, Harvey, p.p. American Editor and Author...... 1803..1863 | 
Newton, Mrs. Ann Mary. English Artist...............6..00. 1833. .1866 
Newton, Prof. Henry. American Geologist..... Ae BPP ee aa Me 1845..1877 
Niblo, William. Theatrical Manager ...............000 veeee 1789. .1878 
Nichols, Edward W. American Painter............0....0008. 1820, , 1871 
Nichols, John Gough. English Genealogist and Archeologist. 

CEO PUA ANECUOLES. \oadcos secon Perna ae Cok PE Ode ee tan ws © 1806, .1873 
Nicol, Wm. Natural Philos. ; Inventor of Nicol’s Prism..... — ..1851 
Nicollini, John Baptist. Italian Sculptor...............2.0005 1789) . 1861 
Niel, Adolphe. Marshalof France....:.........ce.ccccedecees 1802,.1869 
Niemeyer, Dr. Felix von. (Hlements of Practical Medicine.). — ..1871 

“~ Niepce de St. Victor, Claude Marie Francois. Chemist and 

MRNRIE TICE cr Li ORAS wi UB Ne eS Chet Sa Suan ot 1805...1870 
Nieritz, Karl Gustav. German Writer...............0.0eeeeee 1795..1876 
Nitzch, Gregory William. German Philologist............... 1790..1861 
Noble, Matthew. English Sculptor................ 0c cece eee 1820, .1876 
Noel, Baptist Wriothesley. English Clergyman and Author.. 1799..1873 
Noggerath, Jacob. German Geologist..............000ceeees 1788. .1877 
Nolan, Samuel B. B. American Inventor.................0¢. 1808,.1875 
Norris, Edwin, px. p. English Ethnologist and Linguist..... 1795..1872 
Northbrook, Francis T. Baring, Lord. Statesman.......!... 1796..1866 
Northen, Adolf. German Painter..............-.. RT OPES 1828, .1876 
Nott, Eliphalet. American Clergyman and Educator......... 1773..1866 
Nott, Josiah Clark. Amer. Ethnologist and Physiologist..... 1804..1873 


Noyes, George Rapall. Am. Clerg,, Prof., and Orientalist,,,, 1798,,1868 


O. 


Odilon-Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe. French Statesman,.... 1791..1873 
O’Donnell, Danie! Kane. Journalist and Author............. 1842,.1871 
O’Donnell, Leopold. Count of Lucina, Marshal of Spain.... 1809.,1867 
Oelckers, Theodor. German Scholar, Author and Radical... 1816..1869 


Ogden, William B. American Philanthropist................ 1805, .1877 
Ogilvie, Robert Annesley. British Statesman............. «.. 1807,.1879 
Ohmuller, Franz Joseph. German Botanist....-......... eee 179703875 


Olney, Jesse, American Author of School Text-Books.,,.,.. 1798,,1872 


+e Oe 
at Gee > 





i” 


’26 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED. 


Olozaga, Don Salustiano. Spanish Statesman............... 18032, 1873 
Omalino d’Halloy, Jean Baptiste Julien d’. Belgian Geolo- 

Gist-and Hthnologist: ois. .cccieis s omeacaie ee eke seule 1783..1875 
ONeill, John. Irish Patriot, 5. i..c.ssssenes eens on pee oss-s 1834,.1878 
Ord, George. American Philologist and Naturalist........... 1782. .1866 
Ormond, John Butler, Marquis of. Writer..................- 1808, . 1854 
Orr, James Lawrence. American Statesman and Diplomatist. 1822..1873 
Orton, James. American Naturalist ................sesc8- ..- 1830..1877 
Orton, Jason R. American Physician, Poet and Editor....... 1806. .1867 
Orton, Reginald. Surgeon and Writer on Med. Subjects ..... 1810, .1862 
Osborn, Sherard. British Naval Officer.................sc0e.- 1822..1875 
Osgood, Mrs. Helen Louise Gilson. Philanthropist........... 1835..1868 
Ossorio, Juan Bautista. Cuban Patriot and Martyr..... nae 1839..1871 
Otey, Rev. James Hervey. Good Bishop...........+ Salata Oe . 1799..1863 
Otho, Frederic Louis. Ex-King of Greece............ sovececa ROLE EIOO 
Overbeck, Friedrich. German Painter................002ee 1789. .1869 
Owen, John Jason. Greek Scholar and Author.............. 1803. .1869 
Owen, Rebert Dale. American Writer................. eecees 180%..1877 
Owen, David Dale.; Geologist. ..: 2. eet ied Bel eae erates  1807..1860 
Oxenford, John. British Dramatic Author,........... Socbece XO%2,, O77 


P, 


Pabst, Hermann, po.p. German Historian.......sseeseeees+ — ++1870 


Pacini, Giovanni. Italian Composer..............seeeeeese0 1796..1867 
Packer, Asa. American Philanthropist..................050- 1806..1879 
Page, Charles Grafton. Physicist and Author................ 1812,.1868 
Paige, Alonzo Christopher. American Jurist.... ............ 1797..1868 
Palacky, Franz. Bohemian Historian and Statesman........ 1798..1876 
Palikao, Charles Guillaume M. A. A. Cousin- Montauban, 

The Count de: French Soldier... 7.5; J42 ts «aes Oe 1796, .1878 
Palladins, Archimandrite. Russian Orientalist............. Nc EE (4) 
Palmer, Christian von. German Theologian................. 1811,.1875 
Palmer, Mrs. Phoebe. Evangelist, Missionary, Author..... . 1807..1874 
Pangalos, M. Varnavas. Modern Greek Patriot.............. — ..1855 
Papineau, Louis Joseph. Canadian Statesman.............. 1789. .1871 
Parepa-Rosa, Euphrosyne. Operatic Singer ............... 1839..1874 
Parisel, Dr. Francis. French Communist..........- .......- 1840, .1877 
Park, Roswell. American Clergyman, Professor and Author.. 1807..1869 
Parker, Col. Edward Griffin. Politician and Author......... 1826, . 1868 
Parker, Joel. American Clergyman and Author.............. 1799..1873 
Parker, Prof. Joel. American Jurist and Author............. 1795..1875 
Parker, John Henry. English Publisher and Author. (Glossara 

Of Architectures so ices cola tine Se Soke lok sae ee eee 1806, ,1870 


Parlatore, Filippo. Italian Naturalist. (#lora Italiana.) ... 1816,.1877 
Parsons, Usher. Amer. Physician, Professor and Author.... 1788., 1868 
Parton, Mrs. Sara Payson Willis. Fanny Fern. Amerizaw 

‘ PAUGDOP fo. «oo cncsfcen s ares ee ent ha ae ne ead een 1811 ,2872 
Passavant, John David. Artist and Writer on Art .. Ceeveove “=F »86z 











Pe ee ph ak iG ak aaa 


A’ BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 727 


BORN, DIND. 


Patmore, Peter George. Writer.............cc0cees + ae 1787,.1855 
Patria, Henri Joseph Guillaume. French Scholar..... ecceess 1798..1876 
Patterson, Francie’P.’ American Generals... 2s doc. ceecececs cvclecccck 
Paulding, Hiram. American Naval Officer.......... ae takra< 1797..1878 
Paulding, Leonard. U.S. Naval Officer........... sates mie «2020, . 1867 
Paxton, Edward F. ‘‘ Confederate” General................ — ..1863 
Payne, Joseph. British Educator................. co tie eden 2 E008 2876 
Peabody, George. Banker and Philanthropist. .... ona ote w+ + 1795..1869 
Peacock, Thomas Love. English Novelist and Poet.. 1. 1786. .1866 
Pearce, James A. American “Legislator encloses Walistela'd acae es 1805. . 1862 
Pearson, George F. American Nayal Officer.............+02+ 1799..1867 
Peck, Ashel.. American Jurist,...............6. tngesacess ons) LSORCCIOTG 
Peck, John James. American General.............. Shen we kee 1821,.1878 
Peet, Harvey Prindle. Instructor of Deaf Mutes............. 1794. .1873 
Pegram, William Johnson. ‘Confederate’? General......... 1841..1865 
Pelouze, Théophile Jules. French Chemist............ EAP YS 1807. . 1867 
Pennethorne, Sir James. English Architect................ — ..1871 
Pender, William D. ‘Confederate’? General...... Badontie eee — ..1863 
Pennington, William. American Statesman................. 1797. .1862 


Perce, Elbert. Amer. Authorand Inventor. (The Battle Roll.). 1832. .1869 
Perier, Auguste Casimir Victor Laurent. French Statesman, 1811. .1876 
Perkins, George Roberts. American Author of Text Books... 1812..1876 


Perkins, Jonathan Cogswell. American Lawyer............+ 1809. .1877 
Perkins, Samuel E. American Jurist.................cceceees 1811..1879 
Perraud, J.J. French Sculptor. (Adam; Despair.)..... eee 1821..1876 
Perrone, Giovanni. Italian Priest and Author....... RG ice 1794. .1876 
Persiani, Giuseppi. Italian Musical Composer......... appa 1801, .1869 
Persoz, Jean Francois. French Chemist..................... 1805. .1868 
Perthes, Boucher de Crevecceur. Founder of the Science of . 
RIOCMEDOLO OV va hat als ce cdo ie. ua's Seeker ced co benes woe ag oes sees 1788, . 1868 
Peschel, Oskar Ferdinand. German Geographer............. 1826. .1875 
Petermann, Dr. August. German Geographer............... 1822, .1878 
Peters, Absalom. Congregational Clergyman and Author.... 1793..1869 
Peters, Adolf. German Mathematician and Poet............. 1803..1876 
-Peucker, Eduard.von. German General.................0. . 1791..1876 
Pfleger-Moransky, Gustavus. Bohemian Poet............. - 1834..1875 
Pfyffer, Casimir. Swiss Lawyer and Writer....... SOC ACSEGRA 1794..1875 
Phillip, John, R.A. English genre Painter..............sc0008 1817.. 1867 
Phillips, Willard. American Jurist and Author.............. 1784..1873 
Picard, Louis Joseph Ernest. French Senator............... 1821. .1877 
Pichot, Amédée. French Author and Translator......... oe <a DT OOws E877 
~ Pickens, Francis W. American Politician................... . 1807. .1869 
Pickering, Charles, m.p. American Naturalist and Author., 1805. .1878 
_ Pickering, Octavius, 1L1.p. American Legal Writer.......... 1791. . 1868 
Peeeteeil.. British Painters. 0 0.c sie... sta eke Sitecaas PIGu. 1875 
Pickett, George E. ‘‘ Confederate’? General........ beeen t 1025. 51875 
Pictet, Francois Jules. Swiss Naturalist.............cccceees 1800? 1872 
Pierce, Franklin, American Statesman and President...... . 1804..1869 
Pierpoint, John. Amer. Unit. Clergyman, Poet, and Author. 1785..1866 
Pilat, Ignatz A. Landscape Gardener............... preseiccs) L81S.0 2070 


Pillow, Gideon Johnson, ‘‘Confederate’’ General,,,...+++++ 1806, ,1878 


728 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN, DIED. 

Pinekney,Richard Shubrick. U. S. Naval Officer.....12..+. 1797..1854 
Pisaref, Dimitry. Russian Philosopher and Essayist......... 1840..1868 
Pise, Charles Constantine. Rom. Cath. Clergyman and Author. 1802. . 1866. 
Pistorius, Herman Alexander. Ger. Poet. (iulochke-Lied.).. 1811.,1877 
Pius IX., Pope. (Giovanni Maria Fastai-Ferretti.)............ ‘1792. .%878 
Plucker, Julius, r.n.s. German Physicist and Author....... 1801..1868 
Plummer, Joseph B. American General...................- 1822, .1862 
Pocci, Count Franz. German Poet, Artist, Composer........ 1807. .1876 
Poggendorff, Johan Christian. German Scientist............ 1796. .1877 
Pollard, Edward A. American Journalist and Historian...:.. 1827,.1872 
Pollard, Henry Rives. American Journalist................. 1833, , 1868 
Poniatowski, Joseph Michel Xavier Francois Jean. Musical 

Composer and French Senator............--eeeeeee oe aeayee 1816... 1873 
Ponroy, Pierre Gabriel Arthur. French Author.............. 1816,.1876 
Ponsard, Francois, French Dramatist and Translator....... 1814. ,.1867 
Poole, Edward Stanley. English Linguist and Orientalist..... 1831. .1867 
Poole, John. English Dramatist and Author................. 1792. .1872 
Porter, Andrew. American Brigadier-General........ S 6k te CLO ROE Te 
Porter; David’ R. : American Politician: ..5.0.3....2. sence 1788. .1867 
Porter, John Addison. American Professor of Chemistry.... 1822..1866 
Porter, Noah, p.p. American Congregational Clergyman.... 1781..1864 
Potzieter, Everhard Johana. Dutch Poet. (Morence)...... 1808. . 1875 
Potter, Chandler Eastman. American Editor and Author.... 1807..1868 
Potter, Cipriani. British Musician and Composer............ 1792. .1871 
Pouilat, Claude Servais Mathias. Naturalist, Philosopher.... — ..1868 
Powell, Lazarus W. American Politician.................+. 1812. . 1864 
Powell, W. Byrd. American Medica! Philosopher..,......... 1799. . 1866 
Powers, Hiram. American Sculptor. (Greek Slave.)......... 1805.,1873 
Pratt, Rev. John Bennett. Scctch Antiquarian. (Buchan; 4 

THE DPULAS.) 2s 0 ees Ge ee ace ae 1791.. 186g 
Pray, Isaac C. American Journalist and Dramatic Writer.... 1813..186g 
Preller, Friedrich. .German Painter... oi. \<.-:..¢ssau hous 1804. .1878 
Preller, Louis. German Archeologist and Classical Scholar.. 1809..1861 
Prentice, George Denison. American Journalist............. 1802,,1870 
Prentiss, Mrs. Elizabeth Payson.. American Authoress...... 1823..1878 
Preston, Ann, M.D. Physician and Professor............... 1814,,1872 
Prevost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole. French Publicist and 
| Diplomatists (56-1554 sev nee etm oe oh ea ees alone een . 1829,.1870 
Price, Sterling. ‘Confederate’? Major-General............. . 1809,.1867 
Prim, Don Juan. Spanish General.and Diplomatist....... ose 1924. 41870~ 
Procter, Bryan Waller. Barry Cornwall, English Poet..... 1787.,,1874 
Prossi, Thomas. Italian Poet and Author.................... 1789..1854 
Protet, Augustus Leopold. French Admiral; African Ex- 

Plover sere ae eiasw a edie wee ate ctu See elie CSTE Se 1809..1862 
Prout, Skinner. British Water-Color Artist..............2.¢ » 1806, ,1876 
Prutz, Robert Ernest. German Poet, Historian and Novelist. 1816.,1872 
Pulian, Johann Gottfried. German Painter...... ........... 1809..1875 
Putnam, George Palmer. American Publisher and Author.. 1814..1872 


Pyne, James B, English Landscape Painter.........+e+.+2++ 1800, 1876 





ad 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. (729 


Q. 
BORN. DIED, 
Quartley, Frederick W. American Engraver. bet Theme Les te AtSOS, 2875 
Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jaques. Belgian Astronomer and 
PIPIPMPUOLG Ter 854. fo. . aloes web ks rah te ab ve dasteekteted ss 1796..1874 
Quincy, Edmund. American Journalist and Author......... 1808. 1877 
Quinet, Edgar. French Writer and Politician......++e00+e00» 1803,.197§ 


R. 


- 


Rains, Rev. Canon, English Antiquarian........secesseseees 1904,,1878 
Ramberg, ArthurFreihen von. German Artist............... 1809.. 1875 
Ramsay, Edward Bennerman. Scot. Clergyman, and Author. 1793..1872 
Randall, Alexander Williams. Lawyer and U. 8. Official.... 1819.,.1872 
Randolph, Col. Thomas Jefferson. (Life and Correspondence 


OF TROMAE SEG EFEON) . ole in cba ee chen sa’ SOULS Calabar eis sale ata ted brats . 
Rankley, Alfred. English Painter........ Cte Se ote AP ee ‘1820. 1872 
Raphall, Morris Jacob. Jewish Rabbi and Author........... 1798. .1868 
Raspail, Francois Vincent. Fr. Naturalist and Revolutionist.. 1794..1878 
Ratazzi, Marie Studolmine de Solins. Writer........ Toe oe 1830, .1870 
Rattazzi, Urbano. Italian Statesman...............2.scecees 1808, .1873 
Rau, Heribert. German Novelist...............2 ceceeeseees. 1813. ,1876 
Raudon, Jacques Louis Cesar Alexandre. French Soldier and 

RIDA DMT Ti eRe bo pe aay ates OR OG al g'ad wens mae vie 1795..1871 
Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von. Historian ar a a 1781. ,1873 
Raumer, Rudolph von. German Philologist................. 1815.,1876 
Rauscher, Joseph Othmar, Ritter von. Prince, Archbishop 

OV RMR cy Cer APT. so ad caee ae cok Pause es ooo eee pas 1797..1874 
Rawlins, John A. Major-General, U.S. Army .............. 1831, 1869 

Ray, Joseph. American Mathematician...............c.c00es 1807., 1855 
Raymond, Henry Jarvis. Amer. Jour., Editte, AUCHONE. utte 1820, ,1869 
Raymond, John H. President of Vassar College...... teams 1814..1878 

. Read, Abner. United States Naval Officer........ Sehr teases — ..1863 
_ Read, George Campbell. American Admiral............... ose — «et 862 
Read, John Meredith. American Jurist................- eeeee 1797-1574 
Read, Thomas Buchanan. American Poet and Painter....... 1822. .1872 
Reade, John Edmund. English Poet............ 0... ..0000e . 1800,.1870 
Reade, William Winwood. British Explorer and Author..... 1838, .1875 
Redding, Cyrus. English Journalist........ SPihs eae eee gees 1785..1870 
Redfield, Isaac Fletcher. American Jurist..... Suisurcoe pee centead .. 1876 
Redgrave, Samuel, British Art Historian.................: . 1804..1876 
Reed, William Bradford, American Lawyer and Writer...... 1806.,1876 
Regnault, Elias. French Historian.................. seosee. 180r,, 1868 
Regnault, Henri Victor. French Physicist.................. 1810, ,1878 
Reichenbach, Baron Carl von. Naturalist, Chemist and 
ABUHOMe TAOS. J ceca Oectep oe nc eny oo ues Be CES Jace 3783e0t009 


Reinhart, Karl August. German Painter and Writer.....0.. 1828, , 1879 








> 


73° A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


; BORN, DIED, 
Reisach, Charles Auguste, Countde. Cardinal Bishop....... 1800.,.1869 
Remusat, Francois Marie Charles, Count de. Statesman and 


WUGHOT yee e waned ek pe cte o etka lek em em niet tiki anne 1797.» 1875 
Rennie, George. Eng. Engineer and Writer on Engineering. 1791..1866 
Renouard, Anthony Augustin. French Bibliographer....... 1765..1853 
Renouard, Rev. George Cecil. Hng. Geog. and Orientalist... 1780. .1867 
Renschle, Karl Gustav. German Geographer...............- 1812, ,1875 
Renshaw, William B. United States Naval Officer.......... — ..1863 


Revel, Giovanni Pietri, D. p. Waldensian Clerg. and Bishop. 1810,.1871 
Rianzares, Fernando Munoz, Duque de. King-Consort of 


Marie Christing, ooo. eet a ee ee ee 1810. .1873 
Richardson, Albert Deane. Journalist and Author. (Beyond 

the Mississippi.) 2 eee en eer eeee REE ioc: .- 1833..1869 
Richardson, Edward. English Sc: alptor Voc teicses of RRO eee . 1812..186g 
Richmond, Dean. Amer. Political 7 Tlanager and Capitalist... 1803. .1866 
Riley, H. T. English Historic>? end Critical Writer......... . 1818,.1878 
Rinaldi, Rinoldo. Italian Sculptor, Pupil of Canova......... — ..1873 
Rinehart, William H. American Scwptor... ...3.-......008 1827..1874 
Ringgold, Cadwalader. American Naval Officer........... -. 1802..1867 
Ripley, Henry Jones. Amer. Clerg., Author and Professor.. - 1798..187§ 
Ripley, James W. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A...........: 1794..1870 
Ritchie, Mrs. Anna Cora Mowatt. American Actress and 

Authoress:. 32, ones an eee ares nner eo ee eo eerinee Ren 4 . 1821?,1870 
Ritschl, Friedrich. German Classical Scholar....... ESS 1806, ,.1876 
Ritter, Heinrich. German Philosopher and Historian. 

(Geschichie der Philosophie.) i. 0. .c0c. 5.5 teecc seen es veccee I7Q1..1869 
Rives, William C. American Statesman and Diplomatist..... 1793..1868 
Roberts, B. 8. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........... . 1811. , 1875 
Robertson, James Burton. British Scholar....... oe eseenneso LOG. eaagm 
Robertson, Joseph. Scottish Antiquarian.............. seeeee 1811. .1866 


Robertson, Thomas William. English Actor and Author.... 1829..1871 
Robinson, Henry Crabb. English Conversationalist. (Diary. ). 1775..1867 
Robinson, Horatio N. American Mathematician and Author. 1806..1867 


Robinson, John Henry. English Line Engraver.............. 1796. .1871 
Robinson, Mrs. Thérése Albertine Louise. Author and 
"TranBlatore wes Fcs a's Cowes cw ceed + coe Cree ete er eee 1797..1870 


Robinson, Thomas, p. p, Canon of Rochester, Prof. of Arabic. 1790..1873 


Robinson, William 8. Warrington. American Journalist... 1818..1876 


Rodbertus, Johann Karl. German Statesman.............. » 1805, .1875 
Redman, Thomas J. Brevet Brigadier-General, U. 8. A.. aya . 182079. 1871 
Roebling, John Augustus. Civil. Hnpineero.. ste. « vuln sane 1806. . 1869 
Roebuck, John Arthur. English Politician: ..5.3.J3:..scesm 1802, .1879 


Rogers, Henry Darwin. Prof. of Geology, Univ. of Glasgow. 1809. . 1866 


Roget, Peter Mark, m.p. English Philologist and Author.... 1779..1869. 


Rokitansky, Karl von. Austrian Anatomist and Physiologist. 1804. .1878 


Rolph, John A. Artist, Landscape Engraver........ isch o-- 1798. .1862 
Romer, Miss. English Operatic Singer...... .......+-.-+-0s- 1816, . 1868 
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count’ von. Ger. Field Marshal. 1803..1879 
Roosevelt, JamesI, American Judge....... Ap Rae ey sid 398 eoees 1795. 1875 


Roosevelt, Theodore. American Civilian. ........e.secceecss 1832..1878 
Roscoe, Thomas. English Author and Poet,.....ssseeccccees 1798e+387E 








D hed ee veh, Ga ate oo + CO ee ee ead 
i,t Site an pt tend eee Sl Peat « phen ee 

The © bate me ery 2 6) he ob Bi 7 roa y- oo 

om. vie ge a a Z 


A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 731 


BORN, DIED. 
Rose, Gustav, px.p, German Chemist-and crate. ves 1798..1873 


Rose, Henry John, Archdeacon of Bedford, Author... ...... 1800, . 1873 
Roos, William Charles. Miniature Painter.................005 1794..1860 
Rosse, William Parsons, Earl of. Astronomer and Physicist., 1800, .1867 
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio, Musical Composer............ 1792. .1868 
Rossiter, Thomas P. American Painter. (Ruthand Naomi.). 1818..1871 
Rothschild; Anselm, Baron. Financier............cseeseeeee 1773..1855 
Rothschild, James, Baron. Banker................. webescerer L7Q2.. 1808 
Rothschild, Lionel de, Baron. Financier....... A esa ties eens 1808. .1879 
Rotscher, Dr. N. T. German Writer.................00-0ecce 1802. ,1871 
Rouge, Oliver Charles Camille Emanuel, Viscount de. French 

RECO EE SEG DPR a ales Js ician, hod ae Gainer cre Be a aie oecy ISEL E1873 
Rous, Henry John. British Admiral and Sportsman. ........ 1795..1877 
Rousseau, Lovell H. Major-General, U.S. Vols............. 1818, . 1869 
Ruben, Christoph. German Painter..................00 bho ed 1805. .1875 
Ruckert, Heinrich. German Historian................. oe ib's £823, 32875 
SUC eat CHuCian ETeNiCIeSCULDUON sc. o pcg cecn cue eueseasies ede) 784i SSS 
Ruggles, Edward. American Physician and Artist..... area ee 1817. .1867 
Runeberg, Johan Ludwig. Finnish Poet and Scholar........ 1804, .1877 
Rush, James. American Physician and Author. (Philosophy 

GRR LEUIBAN, VOWE i ath al cause sever caine ch cticbas de Ouse 1786, .1869 
Rusk, Thomas J. American General and Statesman.......... 1803. .1857 
Russel, John, Harl. English Statesman and Author.......... 1792" °1878 
Russel, William. American Author of Text Books.......... - 1798..1873 
Rustow, Wilhelm. German Military Writer....... eye cea. . 1821..1878 


Ryall, Thomas nee: English Historical Engraver,.... veoey ESIX..1867 


8. 


Sabine, Lorenzo. American Author.......ccccssscoecccsscens 1803.,1879 


Sack, Karl Heinrich. German Theologian.................... 1790. .1875 
Sacy, Samuel Ustazade Sylvestre de. French Academician 

REGUS OW era, toe. Poke cae ee ac oleae s puis nc aisvcen ely ar ee 1801..1879 
Sadlier, Louise. German Painter..............c.c cee ceeceees 1780, . 1866 
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin. French Poet, Critic, 

Academician and Senator............... Meh Cee Pi cual ved 1804. , 1869 
Saint-Georges, Jules Henri Vernoy de. Dramatic Author... 1801..1875 
Salles, Eusebe Francois, Count de. - French Orientalist....... 1797..1873 
Salm-Salm, Prince Felix. Austrian Nobleman and Brig.-Gen., 

es ie eo is cere eres Swain he ain OG Sota ah oat miele . 1828..1870 
Saltoun, Alexander George Fraser, Lord. Defender of Houg- 

PPEPELIO ID Goins arco at a orttte ce Pr oir enforce =isve, uo artic la wae aiuarctaiaate mie 1785..1853 
Salvador, Joseph. Jewish Historical Writer................. 1796. .1873 
Sand, George. (Amantine Lucille Aurore Dupin-Dudevant). 

Branch Novelists ..s2535 oss o4 6. ee cee Sede ue bigetcascess cs 1804. .1876 
Sanders, William P. American General..:::0)-.20.csccesccce ue. 1808 
Sandhurst, William Rose Mansfield. British General..... ... 1819..1876 
Sanford, John Langton, British Historian.............. weeee 1824..1877 


Sanger; William W. American Physician and Author..,,..., 1819., 187% 


732 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN, 


DIED, 

San Miguel, Evaristo. Spanish Journalist, Statesman and 

OQLOIOE o. as aces Co shea Cie aE . 1780.,1862 
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de. Mexican General a: bearers 1798. .1876 
Santini, Giovanni. Italian Astronomer..............-.--0+0+- 1786, .1877 
Sargent, Lucius Manlius, Am, Author, Journalist, Reformer. 1786. .1867 
Sartwell, Henry Packer. American Scientist. (Husiccate.). 1792..1867 
Savage, James. American Archeologist.............--...+-- 1784..1873 
Savage, John. American Jurist............ceceeseeeeeee vpsee A779 sr eos 
Savigny, Karl Frederich von. Prussian Diplomatist eS eee ae 1814..1875 
Schaeffer, Wilscn. Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols............ — ..1870 
Scheerer, Theodor. German Chemist and Geologist......... 1813..1875 
Schleicher, August. German Philologist and Author........ 1821. . 1868 
Schmid, Theodor. German Philologist.......... sas aa Corea 1798. .1877 
Schmucker, Samuel 8. American Theologian.............. . 1799..1873. 
Schnaase, Karl. German Art Historian............,.....2+- 1798. . 1875 
Schonbein, Christian: « Chemistsigi2 0.4 ik sss4 5 on ore 1779. .1868 
Schweitzer, Dr. J. B. von. German Socialist and Poet...... 1834..1875 
Scialoja, Antonio. Italian Statesman and Political Economist. 1817..1877 
Sclopis de Salerano, Paolo Federigo, Count. Italian Jurist. 1798. .1878 
Scott, Sir George Gilbert, British Architect.................- 1811. . 1878 
Scott, Winfield, tu. p. Brevet Lieutenant-General, U.S. A... 1786..1866 
Scribner, Charles. American Publisher................ sere 1820, .1873 
Scribner, John Blair, American Publisher..............-2-0. 1851..1879 
Scroop, Willian.” Writers: <. sc. s)0 s,s sackets eae Pas. . 1771..1852 
Seaton, William Winston. American Journalist..,......... . 1785..1866 
Secchi, Pietro Angelo. Italian Astronomer....... ei see-- 1818,.1878 
Sedgwick, Rev. Adam. English Geologist.............:..... 1786. .1873 
Sedgwick, Catharine Maria. Amer. Novelist and Hetiee 1789. .1867 
Sedley, William Henry. (W.H. Smith.) American Actor... 1806,.1872 
Seemann, Berthold, px. p. German Scientist................ 1825..1871 _ 
Sefton, John, Bnglish Actor... 6.0225 Suc Shee ep eee 1805, . 1868 
Segur, Philippe Paul, Count de. General and Historian...... 1780..1873 
Seidl, Johann Gabriel. Austrian Poet and Archeologist...... 1805..1875 
Selby, Prideaux John. English Naturalist................+.- 1789. .1867 
Selwin, William. English Clergyman and Author............ 1806. .1875 
Selwyn, George Augustus. Bishop of Lichfield.............. 1809. , 1878 
Semmes, Raphael. ‘‘ Confederate’ Naval Officer............ 1809..1877 
Seroff, Alexander Nikolaievitch. Musical Composer....)..... 1821..1871 . 
Sewall, Samuel. American Clergyman and Antiquarian...... 1785..1868 
Seward, William Henry, tu.p. American Statesman........ 1801, .1872 
Seymour, Hezekiah C. American Civil Engineer............ 1812... 1853 
Seymour, Thomas Hart. American Politician............. .» 1808, .1868 
Shakespear, Sir Richmond Campbell. Military Officer..... . — ..1861 — 
Shamyl, ‘‘ The Warrior-Prophet of the Caucasus”’........... 2797., ye 
Sharps, Christian. Inventor of Sharps’ Rifle..... oc EAS oe I811..1874 
Sheaffe, Sir Roger H. Military Officer..............ccc0 cece 1763..185% _ 
Shenton, Henry Crawner. British Line Engraver....... eee 1803..1866 
Shepherd, Nathaniel G. American Poet and Journalist...... 1835..1869 
Shepley, George F. American Jurist........:.cccccccceceees 1819. .1878 
Shere Ali, Ameer of Afghanistan........... a aces aie did eww 6b. 6 eae aoe ees ae 


Shermaa, Thomas W. American General..........eseeeeeee+ 1813, 41879 














733 

BORN, DIED. 

Shields, James. American General...........cccceeceeceeecs 1810, .1879 

Shilder-Shuldner, Jury Ivanovitch. Russian General...... — ..1878 

Shimeall, Richard GC. Clergyman and Author................ 1803..1874 
Shurtleff, Nathaniel Bradstreet, m.p. American Naturalist, 

Pee AR RT IEE MONE LILOT shy 0409 ued dg ee sie bsp aie oil Peele SE 1810, .1874 
Sibley, Henry H. ‘‘Confederate”? General................... I815. 1862 
Sidell, William H. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ 1810. .1873 
Siebold, Philip Franz von. German Botanist................ 1796... 1866 
Sill, Joshua Woodrow. American General................6... 1831. .1862 
Simms, William Gilmore. American Poct and Novelist...... 1806, .1870 
Simrock, Karl. .German Poet and Author..................-- 1802. . 1876 
Singer, Isaac Merritt. American Inventor...... NEY a acs 2 PRM IS11..1875 
Skey, Frederick. English Medical Writer.................... — ..1872 
Skinner, George Ure. English Botanist ...................2. 1805, .1867 
Skinner, Thomas Harvey, Dp. pD., Lu. D. Professor and Author.. 1791..1871 
Slane, Baron William MacGukin de. Arabic Scholar......... 1801, . 1878 
Slaughter, William B. American Writer.................... 1798. .1879 
Pleeper, Jobn S.) American: Editor...) sl ee ede 1794..1878 
Sleifeusand, Xavier. German Engraver..................20. 1809. . 1376 
Slemmer, Adam J. American General..............2...2.%-. 1828 7, 1868 
Slidell, John. American Politician and Diplomatiat.......... 1793..1871 
Sloat, John Drake. Rear-Admiral, U.S.N........... Vie hey > 1780..1867 
Smallwood, Charles. Canadian Astronomer................. 1811. .1873 
Smith, Asa Dodge. Amer. Clergyman and College President. 1804..1877 
Smith, Augustus William. American Methodist Clergyman.. 1802..1866 
mith, Benjamin Franklin. Brevet Brig.-Gen.,U.S.A...... 1831..1868 
Smith, Rey. Eli. American Missionary and Orientalist....... 1801, 1857 
Smith, Francis Gurney. American Physiologist and Author.. 1318..1878 
Smith, George. British Oriental Scholar.... ................ 1840..1876 
Smith, George, p.p. English Preacher. (History of Wesleyan 

PEE URITOO Le A Sass wher cere lISaie OR: Covel Aare eatatale: Ste tes aie dts b.laia hese 1800. , 1868 
Smith, Gerrit. American Philanthropist and Statesman...... 1797..1874 
Smith, Henry Boynton. American Clerzyman and Writer.... 1815..1877 
Smith, Major Henry. Eng. Antiquarian, Botanist and Actor.. 1793..1868 
Smith, James. Scottish Geologist and Author......./....... 1782. .1867 
Smith, Joseph Mather. American Physician, Professor and 

MEG CGAL WEIDER une wala Sic Wc whe waMeueealoy aie is saya De aes eo) nN 7 820 TOG 
Smith, Joseph R. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A......... 1802. . 1868 
Smith, Morgan L. Major-General, U.S. Volunteers.......... 1818. .1874 
Smith, Prof. Nathan R. American Physician................ 1797..1877 
Smith, Persifer F. American General..... PRA eae Coan aa Fn te — .,1858 
Smith, Seba. American Journal’st and Author...:........... 1792..1868 
Smith, Toulmin. English Publicist and Scholar.............. 1816, .1869 
Smith, Wyndham. Zhe Assassin. Sonof Sydney S......... — ..1872 
Smyth, Thomas A. American General................0.02006 — ..1865 
Snowden, James Ross. American Numismatist.............. 1810, . 1878 
Solger, Dr. Reinhold. Hungarian Patriot and Lecturer....... — ..1866 
Somerset, Sir Henry. Lieutenant-General................... 1794. . 18f™ 
Somerville, Mrs. Mary Fairfax. Authoress and Physicist. Life 

DV RIFOUMALD Tay heres dhs te dy nds teas cesuaueowe Peeper acai ss 1780, . Tore 


Sophia, Queen of the Netherlands.......-.scsccceeccoeeseeces 1818, .1877 


























Sopwith, Thomas, English Geologist and Mining Engineer.. 


Soule, Rev. Joshua. Bishop of Southern Methodist Church.. 
Soule, Pierre. Politician and Diplomatist................ eae 
Soulie, Endore, French Writer.,.......-...... hehehe cveurawes 
South, Sir James. English Astronomer............... aaas 
Sowerby, James de Carle. English Naturalist. ............. 4 
Spalding, Benedict Joseph. Roman Catholic Clergyman..... 
Spalding, Martin John. Roman Catholic Archbishop....... 
Sparks, Jared. American Clergyman and Historian......-... 
Spence, B:'K.) English Sculptor.) b.caev core ci, | eerie , 
Spiers, Alexander, PH. bp. French Philologist and Professor. 
Sprague, Charles. American Poche ieee. ec cine Wee 
Sprague, JohnJ. American General.............cccceeeeces 
Sprague, William Buel. American Clergyman and Author... 
Spring, Gardiner. American Clergyman and Author........ 
Stahr, Adolf Wilhelm Theodor. German Scholar........ AS 
Stanger, William. Physician and Naturalist.............. nee 
Stangford, P. E, A. Frederick William Smythe, Viscount. 

Orientalist and Philologist.. 20; oo0, docta aye: 3.) ee 
Stanhope, Philip Henry, Earl. Hnglish Historian, Essayist, 

Legislators: Ne. itso ie naka ae ec eel towne cebuck sea amen os 
Stanley, Anthony Dumond. American Mathematician...... a 
Stanley of Alderley, Edward John. English Statesman.... 
Stanton, Edwin M. American Statesman.............. svigttas 
Steele, William. American Revolutionary Soldier..........- 
Steers, George. American Naval Constructor............ Die 
Steinway, Englehard Heinrich. Piano Manufacturer..... Pils 
Stephen, A. J.’ Lawyer and Writer........ 0.0... .cccccwcceee 
Stephens, Mrs. Harriet Marion. Writer............... IN 
Stephens, Linton. American Jurist and Politician.......... 
Stevens, John Austin. American Merchant and Banker..... 
Stevens, Thaddeus. American Statesman and Reformer..... 
Stevens, Walter H., ‘‘ Confederate” Brigadier-General...... 
Steward, Mrs. Isabella Travers. Eng. Novelist and Poetess. 
Stewart, Alexander Turney. American Merchant GARE 
Stewart, Charles. U.S. Naval Officer..........0...07.0cesees 
Stifter, Adalbert. German Novelist and Painter..... vagpmes 
Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William. British Author............ 
Stockton, John D. American Journalist. (Yow and Geese.).. 
Stockton, Robert Field. American Naval Officer............ 
Stockton, Thomas Hewlings. American Clergyman, Author 

and Poet; vdieo tec e Ades ae's aa slag maiden we tee ane ane a 
Stoever, Martin Luther, pH. Dp. Lutheran Clergyman, Profes- 

SOY aNd AUEOPP ey ee en aa ale oe ee Rem fateleiieat 
Stone, Horatio. American Sculptor.................005 vanes 
Stone, William Oliver. American Portrait Painter......... me 


Storrs, Richard Salter, Sr. American Clerg. and Journalist... 
Stoughton, Edwin H. Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols......... 
Stow, Baron. Baptist Clergyman and Author..... a neaty Oeste 
Strachan, John, p.p. Bishop of Toronto..............0.00e ’ 
Strandberg, C. W. A. Swedish Poet.........ccscccecccraces 





"34 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN, DIED, 
1803..1879 
1781... 1867 
1800 ?, 1870 
1817. .1876 
1785. .1867 
1787. .1871 
1810. , 1868 
1810, .1872 
1789. . 1866 

— ..1866 
1807..1869 — 
1791..1875 
1810. .1878 
1795. .1876 
1785. .1873 
1805. .1876 
— *-1854 


1825.. 1869 


1805..1879 
1812. .1853 
1802, 1869 
1814. .1869 
1762, .1851 
1821. .1856 
1797..1871 
1788. , 1864 
1823..1858 
1823. .1872 
1795 ..1874 
1793..1868 
1827 ? 1867 
1807 ? 1867 
1803..1876 
1779. .1869 
1806. .1868 
1818, .1878_ 
1836. .1877 
1796. .1866 


1808 . . 1868 


1820. .1870 

— ..1875 
a |) See 
1787..1873 
— ..1869 
1801. . 1869 
1778. .1867 
1818, .1877 





“A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DIED, 


Strodtman, Dr. Adolf. German Poet and Translator. (Life 

PRIMM ie cele katy het cares bob lobe Lia's Vedra Ou ebig bls 40.5 
Strong, William K. Brigadier- General, AG) EN ViGidie de ee iu cn 
Struensee, Gustav von. Gusfav von See. Novelist,......... 
Struve, Gustave. German Revolutionist and Author,........ 
Stuart, Lady Louise. Last of the Stuarts.............0....... 


| Sturges, Jonathan. American Merchant and Philanthropist. 
American Painter. (Washington Crossing 


Sully, ‘Thomas. 


BUMEIARDOPE NS odie a ee Sk ae uid vis ean ee 
Sumner, Charles, rp. p. American Statesman and Scholar... 
Susini, Mrs. Isabella Hinckley. American Vocalist......... . 


Swain, David Lowry. Amer. Statesman, Jurist and Educator. 
Swain, William M. Founder of Philadelphia Public Ledger 


GAG SHOT OU. veka sic Celeceseehledas Suemmaladets 
Sweetser, Henry Edward.’ American Journalist............ 
Swinhoe, Robert. British Naturalist......... Raela eee Tt iivie seg 


Symington, W. Scottish Theological Writer................ 
Symons, Jelinger Cookson. Writer....c....0.ceseccccsececee 


Ai! 


Tadolini, Giovanni. Italian Musical Composer.............. 





735 


1828. .1879 
‘1805. . 1867 
1803. .1875 
1805. . 1870 
1776. .1875 
1801. .1874, 


1783..1872 
_ 1811, .1874 
— .,1862 
1801, .1868 


1809. . 1868 
1837..1870 
1836, 1877 
1795..1862, 
B810,. 1864 


1793..1872 
Talbot, William Henry Fox. English Author:........ Atte 1800, ,187} 
Tallmadge, Frederick Augustus. Amer. Jurist and Politician, 1792... 186g 
Tappan, John. American Merchant and Philanthropist..... 1781. .187% 
Tatnall, Josiah. ‘‘Confederate.”” Commodore........ on iat 1796..187% 
Tattam, Henry, p.p. English Theologian................... 1796. . 1868 
. Tausig, Karl. German Pianist and Composer................ 1841,. 1871 
Tay, Charles H. Brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols........ 1836. .187x 
Taylor, Bayard. American Poet, Traveller, Journalist, Diplo- 
wut aS ta RUD eal NA Ae Ble eee mePnighalty aaiatuie cule aid foie Mah le 1825. .1878 
Taylor, James B.,p.p. Baptist Clergyman and Author....., 1804.. 1871 
‘Taylor, Richard. ‘‘Confederate” General. (Destruction and 
LOCO MAMMUD Ce te Mh a ote alain Ala c Gal ee al a's Kola deo ae clo <i ke 1826. . 1879 
Taylor, Samuel Harvey, Lu. D. ‘Amer. Scholar and Teacher.. 1807..1871 
Taylor, Thomas House. American Episcopal Clergyman.... 1799..1867 


Tellkampf, Johann Ludwig. Ger. Writer on Political Econ,, -, 1808. .1876 
Tenny, Prof. Sanborn. American Author of Text Books..., 1827..1877 


Tenny, Sarah M. Brownson. American Authoress........... 1839. .1876 
Terrill, William R. American General............-...00se08 — ..1862 
Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigismund. German Classical, Scholar..... 1820. .1878 
Thalberg, Sigismond. Pianist and Composer................ 1812, .1874 
Thiboust, Lambert. French Dramatist.... ...... S ofan ohn in ss 1826. . 1867 
Thierry, Amédée Simon Dominique. Historian..........:.. 1797. .1873 
Thiers, Louis Adolphe. French Statesman. Ex President of 

PEO FA DUDNC. spe ced adG ies 64s ls aba mesemone wer osc 1797..1877 


Thirlwall, Connop. English Bishop. (History of Greece.)... 1797..1875 
Tholuck, Friedrich August Gobbreu. German Theologian... 1799.-1877 
Thomas, George Henry. Major-General, U.S. A............. 1816,.1870 
Thomas, George Housman. English Artist and Designer..,. 1824..1868 


on 














73° A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


3) 


BORN, Drei 
Thomasius, Gottfried. German mnaolocen: disc es eals Une eas he OUney Ena 
Thompson, George. English Philanthropicié and Reformer... 1804..1878 
Thompson, Joseph P, American Clergyman and Author..., 1819. .1879 
Thompson, Mortimer. Doesticks. Amer. Humorous Writer. 1835. 1875 


Thomson, Edward. Methodist Episcopal Bishop............ 1810..1870, 
Thornton, John Wingate. American Lawyer and Author.... 1818..1878 
Thornton, Thomas. English Editor and Author............. 1787. .1866 
‘Thorpe, Benjamin. English Philologist, Author, Translator’. 1808..1870 
Thorpe, Thomas B. American Editor and Author............ 1815,.1878 
Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine. French Statesman and Diplo- 

MAT RE eae coats Oi Aah hao cam eae Or iG oe - 1818, , 1866 
Thrasher, John 8. American Journalist.................. ... 1817..1879 


Thurston, Asa. American Clergyman and Missionary... e+ 1787..1868/ 
Ticknor, George, LL. Dp. American Scholar and Professor. 


(History of Spantsh Liierquureyo. Gos ives cn cc ow tet neneine 1791,..1871 
Tidemand, Adolf. Norwegian Painter. .............ecc-e0- 1814.,1876 
Tildemann, Frederick. German Physiologist and Anatomist. 1781, .186r 
tees Lloyd. , ‘‘ Confederate’? General... 2.22.02. 0004 — ..1863 

illy, Count Charles Gustavus Edward Augustus von Tserclas, 1784..1869 
fimoleon, Gulielmo Brutus Icilius, Italian Mathematician; 

Author and Bibliophile.......... Sinieiciow gine pine elm och prea ame 1803, .1869 
Titiens, Theresa. Operatic Singer................- oe RNG ia ok area ace 
Tobler, Titus. Swiss Orientalist.. ................. ces bean kg TBOO pane 
Tod, David. American Statesman and Diplomatist........... 1805.. 1868 
Todd. James H., p.p. Irish Professor and Author........... 1805..1869 
Todd, John, p.p. American Clergyman and Author......... . 1800, .1873 
Toldy, Franz. Hungarian Author.a...... yi. d. 12s, ceebe nee 1805, 1875 
Tolstoi, Count Alexis. Russian Poet and Novelist........... 1817,.1875 
Torrey, Joseph. American Clergyman and College President. 1797..1867 
Totten, James. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A.............0- 1816, , 1872 
Toucey, Isaac. American Jurist and Politician.............. 1796, .1869 
Townsend, Rev. Chauncey Hare. Eng. Scholar and Author.. 1800..1868 
Tracy, Joseph, p.p. Clergyman, Author and Journalist...... 1794..1874 
Tremain, Lyman.) American Lawyer. 25 20..00030. c0yp Cau ae 1819..1879 
Trevelyan, Walter Calverly. Eng. Geologist and Reformer.. 1797..1879 
Troilus, Gustavus Uno. Swedish Port: ait Painter............ 1804..1875 
Troplong, Raymond Theodore. French Jurist and Publicist. 1795.. 1869 
Tucker, Edward. English Botanist 50.324); 00 eae 1810. .1868 
Tuckerman, Henry Theodore. American Essayist and Poet. 1813..1871 
Turnbull, John. Scottish Clergyman.......,........00e.5005 47752007) .0 9 
Turnbull, Robert. American Clergyman and Author..... «eo. 1809..1877 - 
Turner, Rev. Charles Tennyson. English Poet........ Mega 2 - — ..1879 
Tweed, William Marcy. American Politician............... - 1823..1878 
Twesten, August Detlev Christian. German Theologian..... 1789. .1876 
Tyler, Robert O. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A......... seve. 18327,1874 


Tyler, Samuel. American Lawyer and Author..crr reerere + 1809,.1878 








A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 737 


U. 
BORN, DIET, 
Uechtritz, Friedrich von. German Poet...... vatveis ¥ee~ se, 1900, 1578 
Ule, Otto Eduard Vincenz. German Naturalist............... 1820, .1876 
Umbscheiden, Franz. German Revolutionist and Journalist. 1820..1874 
Upham, Rev. Thomas Cogswell. American Metaphysician 


and Professor.......... Lab MU als ciel Atalcha’y Wists ies Whee wate eras 1799..1872 
Upjohn, Richard. American Architect............ ses siéelis Sto .. 1802,,1878 
Upton, George Bruce. American Manufacturer.............. 1804. .1874 


Urquiza, Don Juste José de. Argentine General, Dictator 
and President.... ree Pees eee seeneanees aenaeee estes eeeeaa nee 1800. ,1870 


V. 
Vaillant, Jean Baptiste Philibert, Fr. Marshal and Senawi. 1790..1872 
Valentine, David Thomas. Civilian. (History of New York.) 1801..1869 


Vallandingham, Clement L. American Politician......... .» 1822., 1872 
Valpy, Abraham John. Classical Editor...............00.000 — ..1854 
Van Brunt, Gershom J. American Naval Officer............ 1800. , 1863 
Van Buren, James Lyman. Brevet Brig.-General, U.S. Vels. 1837..1866 
Van Buren, John. American Lawyer and Politician..... wee- 1810,.1866 
Vanderbilt, Cornelius. American Capitalist................. 1794..1877 
Van Dorn, Earl. ‘‘ Confederate’? General.............cec006 1823..1863 
Van Eycken, John. Dutch Painter................ Dab args — ,.1854 
Vassar, Matthew. Founder of Vassar College................ 1792..1868 
Vaugeron, Karl Adolph von. German Jurisconsalt, Pro- 

RrSBOT CTU MOT aip ms IN he te Lg Ue ad eR Liao avers ate Tae 1808. . 1870 
Vaulabelle, Achille Tenaille. French Iistorian............. 1799..1879 
Vedder, Alexander M. American Physician...... ........... 1814,.1878* 
Velpeau, Alfred Armand Louis Maries French Surgeon and 

RPCIRE LOT Osh eaperh nia oa Sere deck Rood pCR ate es 2th cog ok 1795..1867 
Vernon, Mrs. Jane Merchant. American Actress............. 1796..1869 
Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin. American Author, Jurist, 

PGALERIMAT Rel Tomer ME CEN hein Gy Vu Me ciggla co's arcs weeny 1786,.1870 
WAGCOT) MIMATIIIG) Rhee ASIN S OF LLALY © oa clale's cc cole ale ees hecuei 1820, .1878 
Vilain XIV., Charles, Vicomte. Belgian Statesman.......... 1803. ,1878 
Villemain, Abe] Francois, French Author and Statesman... 1790..1870 
Villepigue, John B. ‘‘Confederate’ General,............... 1834. :1862 


Vinton, Francis. Prot. Episcopal Clergyman and Auther.... 1809..1872 
Viriville, Vallet de. French Archeologist and Author....... 1815,.1868 


Vitet, Louis. French Journalist, Historian, Publicist........ 1802. .1873 
_Volkhart, Wilhelm. German Historical Painter....)........ r815..1876 
Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm. German Physioclogist.......... 1801..1877 
Vollmer, Alexander Joseph. German Philologist......... ... 1803... 1876 


Von der Decken, Baron Charles Clans. German Explorer... 1833..1865 
Von Roon, Count Albrecht Theodor Emil. Prussian General. 1803..1879 
Vyazemsky, Prince Peter Andréwich, Russian Poet .,,.,,. 1792-.1879 








738 . A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


W. 
BORN. DIED, 


Waagen, Gustav Friedrich. German Anthor and Art Critic.. 1794..1868 
Waddington, George, p.p. English Divine. (History of the 
Reformation on the Continent.)......ccccecccsececees 1793..1869 
Wade, Benjamin Franklin. American Politician............. 1800. . 1878 
Walcott, Charles M., Sr. Amer. Actor and Dramatic Writer.. 1808,. :868 
Waldeck, Jean Frédéric de. French Traveller and Artist.... 1766..1875 


Walewski, Florian Alexandre Joseph Colona, Comte de...... 1810, , 1868 
Walker, Amasa, tu. p. American Political Economist....... 1799..1875 
Walker, Robert James. American Statesman and Publicist.. 1801. .1869 
Waller, William. Scottish Engraver..............cceceeeeees \— ..1867 
Wallis, Robert. English Landscape Engraver..............- . 1814,.1878 
Wallner, Franz. -German ‘Actofities areas. oes ceeeenemene . 1810, ,1876 
Walsh, Benjamin D. American Entomologist................ 1808 . .1869 
Walsh, John Edward, tu. p. Jurist and Author....... apa 1816..1869 
Walworth, Mansfield Tracy. American Novelist............ 1830, . 1873 
Walworth, Reuben Hyde. American Jurist................ . 1789..1867 
Ward, Edward Matthew. ei Bae Bainter: 3 \2.2)0.0'enaney 1816. .1879 


Ward, Nathaniel Bagshaw, Fr. R.3. Eng. Surgeon and Botanist. — .,1868 


Ware, Ashur. American Nariiealty qt WTS bss eet, 5 ois) teens 1782, .1873 


Warnier, Auguste Humbert. French Scholar and Author.... 1810,.1875 
Warren, Fitz Henry. American General and Journalist...... 1816. . 1878 
Warren, Jeremiah Mason. American Surgeon and Writer... 1810?, 1867 


Warren, Josiah, Eccentric Reformer. (77ruwe Civilization.).. 1799..1874 


Warren, Samuel. Enyvlish Jurist and Author. (Zen Thou- 
BANE. GD EGK) au ELSE ea cere le Miiede nS oi ote te min ele ante bh ee 1807, .1877 


Washington, Jobn A. Proprietor of Mount Vernon......... — ..186r- 


Washington, W. D. American Painter. (Burial of Latane.).. — .,1870 


Watson, Walker. Scottish Song Writer...... TUNA DUS AF elf — ..1854 
Watts, Robert. American Physician and Professor.......... 1812, ,1867_ 
Watts, Thomas. English Linguist and Author.............. . 18r1,.1869 
‘Wayne, James Moore. American Jurist....................2- 1790, .1867 
Webb, Rev. Jobn. English Musical Composer, Antiquarian 

BN ALAUGHOP ys iE vals Sole’ se tice fe ke alia ene ope RRR nataig trie a 1776..1869 
Weber, Ernst Heinrich, German Physiologist............... 1795..1878 
Webster, Horace, M. D., LL.D. American Scholar and Teacher. 1795..1871 
Webster, J. D. Brevet Major-General, U.S. Vols........... 1811, ,1876 
Weed, Stephen H. American General, ................0000-08 — ..1863 
‘Weekes, Henry. British Sculptor...................2..00- ta:4, 0807 ..1879 
Weisbach, Julius Ludwig. Mathematician, Engineer and 

ATEN ee Ie Roe BOCe re) elo A 1810, , 1871 
Welch, Bartholomew Trow. American Baptist Clergyman... 1794..1870 
Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb. Philologist, Archeeologist...... 1784. .1868 


Welcker, Karl Theodor. German Publicist and Professor.... 1790..1869 
Weld, Charles Robert. English Traveller and Author. ( Vaca- 

VERYS TOUTE Jus ac RD eo. U nba clee pst in wie. ierete Le Uae ate eee . 1818, ,1869 
Welles, Gideon. American Journalist and Politician......... 1802. .1878 
Wells, Charles J. Eng. Author. (Joseph and his Brethren.).. 18002.1879 
Wells, Darius. Inventor of Wood Type..,.,.sespseverreerere 28%s 4875 











A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. 


Whelpley, James Davenport. Amer. Physician and Scientist. 1817.. 


739 


DIED. 


Wels, Samuel. American Phrenologist........:....00 cee ee ee 1820,.1875 
Westermann, Antoine, PH.D. German Philologist.. oie har ‘1806. ,1870 
Western, Pauline Lucille, American Acttess 0065 eco. le. 1843..1877 
Westmacott, Prof. Richard R. English Sculptor.... ....... 1798. .1872 
Weymer, Marguerite Georges. French 7ragédienne......... 1786, .1867 
_ Wheatley, William. American Actor............... 00.0. ccs 1816, ,1876 
Wheatstone, Charles. English Inventor.................... 1802, .1875 
Wheelock, MerrillG. Amer. Artist, Architect and Writer... — ..1866 


1872 


Whewell, William, p.p. Eng. Mathemat. and Philosopher... 1794..1866 
White, Hdwin.. American Painter. 2000.42.04). 060i c ded deee 1817.,1877 
White, Frank J. American Brigadier-General................ 1842..1875 
Whitman, Sarah Helen. American Poetess.................. 1803..1878 
Whitney, Asa, American Inventor and Manufacturer........ 1791..1874 
Whittingham, William Rollinson. Amer. Prot, Epis. Bishop. 180s. .1879 
Whyte-Melville. English Novelist....................0.24. 1821. .1878 
Wickliffe, Charles A. “‘The Duke.” Politician............. 1788. . 1869 
Wildermuth, Ottilie. German Authoress.................... 1817. .1877 
Wilhelm, Carl. Composer of ‘* Wacht am Rhein.” ..........4. — .1873 
Wilkes, Charles. American Naval Officer.................... 1801. ,1877 
Wilkinson; Sir John Gardiner. Archeologist and Geographer. 1797..1875 
Willard, Mrs. Emma. American Educator and Authoress.... 1787..1870 
Williams, Barney. (Bernard Flaherty.). American Actor.... 1823..1877 
Williams, Mrs. Catharine R. American Poet and Authoress.. 1790..1872 
Williams, Rowland. English Clergyman and Author......... 1817..1870 
Williams, Seth. Brevet Major-General, U.S. Vols........... 1822. , 1866 
Willis, Nathaniel. American Journalist...................... 1780. . 1870 
Willis, Nathaniel Parker, Amer. Poet, Essayist, Journalist.. 1807..1867 
Willis, Rev. Robert. British Author.............0..0...0.... 1800. . 1875 
Willis, Robert. Eng. Physician and Author. (Lifeof Servetus.). 1799. .1878 
Willis, William, tu. p. Amer. Lawyer and Historical Writer.. 1794 1870 
Wilson, Henry. American Statesman.................-2. 002. 1812..1875 
Wilson, John. American Printer and Author........ BEACON: 1802, .1868 
Wilson, Oregon. American Painter...................... tease = 4.1873 
Wilson, William. English Botanist and Rathore os i" 1800. 1871 
Winterhalter, Franz- Xavi ier. Portrait and genre Painter.... 1806..1873 
Winther, Christian. Danish Poet and Novelist............... 1796, .1876 
Wise, Henry Augustus. U.S. Naval Officer and Author...... 1819..1869 
Wiser, Dr. David Friedrich. Swiss Mineralogist........ esse. 1802..1878 
Wislicenus, Gustav Adolf. German Theologian............. 1803..1875 
Wolle, Right Rev. Peter. Bishop of Moravian Church........ 1792. .1871 
Wolowski, Louis Francois Michel Raymond. French Senator 
ana Writer: On Poumcal, MeOnomy oe Le ea 1810. .1876 
Wood, Mrs. Eliza Logan. American Actress.................. 1830, , 1872 
Wood, Isaac. American Physician and Philanthropist ....... 1793..1868 
Woodman, John Smith. American Professor................ 1819. .1871 
Woodruff, Lewis Bartholomew. American Lawyer and Judge, 1810. .1875 
Woods, Leonard. American College President and Editor.... 1807..1878 
. Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke. English Author........ .. 1816,.1869 
Wool, John Ellis. Major-General, U.S. A...... Se dececeres cee! 178Qe~ DOG 


Woolsey, Melancthon, American Commodores. sy eereseevees 1817, ,1874 











740 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 


BORN. DTD, 


— ..1866 


Worsley, Rev. Philip Stanhope. Eng. Poet and Translator... 
Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von, Prussian Mili- 


tar WV MOMICER oo sy 4 wie ada eld Wie Ginty oon Srna SCR eo ne ert 


Wright, Joseph A. American Lawyer and Diplomatist....... 
Wright, William B.» American Jurist. .......5.ce0.0----cseee : 
Wrottesley, John, Second Lord. English Astronomer....... 
Wunderlich, Karl August. German Physician............... 
Wyatt, Sir Matthew Digby. English Architect and Author... 
Wyckoff, Dr. William H. American Teacher and Author..... 
Wylie, Robert. American Painter.............. BR wa iS a aie 
Wyman, Jeffries, m.p. American Anatomistes.c.s..cseeeces 


ne 


Young, Bugham. “Mormon Prophetic sass encaue de easwecs watee 
Young, sir Charles George. Heraldic Scholar................ 


ZL. 


Zacharize, Heinrich Albert. German Jurist..............000% 
Zahn, John Charles William. German Architect............. 
Zimmermann, Clemens. Bavarian Painter............ BR 
Zimmermann, Wilhelm. German Poet and Historian....... 
Zimmermann, Karl. German Theologian.............. oii 
Zopfi, Heinrich Matheus. German Jurist...... oh bigs gates we 
Zsedenyi, Eduard von, Hungarian Statesman,,,,ceovsserers 


1784. .1877 
1810? , 1867 
1807. , 1868 
1798. .1867 
1815..1877 
1820. 1877 
1807. .1877 
— 1877 
1814, ,1874 


180%..1877 
1795..1869 


1806, .1875 
1800, . 1871 
1788, .1869 
1807. .1878 
1803..1877 
1807. .1877 
1803, ,1879 











4. Shaft coupling.—2. Claw coupling.—3, 4, Lever couplings. On the driving shaft, a disk 
With spurs is mounted, and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing this lever 
# catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is etfected.— 5. Knee or rosé coupling, of which 
28 is a side view.— 6. Universal joint.—7, 8. Disk and spur coupling.—9. Prong and spur lever 
coupling.— 10. Fast and loose pulley.—11. Sliding gear, the journal-boxes of one of the wheels © 
being movable.—12. Friction clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling a 
ered on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of gear.—13, 14. Shoe and lever brakes. 
5, 16. Change of motion by sheaves.—17. Spiral flanged shaft.—18.-Connected with the rod 
are pawl links, catching into ratchet-teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be im- 
parted. When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts; and when the rod 
moves in the opposite direction, the other pawl acts in the same direction as the first.— 19. 
The reciprocating motion of a rodis converted into rotary motion of the fly-wheel by a 
weight suspended from a cord, sib hel etna over asmall pulley that connects with a treadle, 
from which the motion is transmitted to the fly-wheel.—20. ‘Flying horse,’’ used in fairs 
for amusement. By pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occupying the 
seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled to keep the apparatus in motion.— 21, 22. 
Bow-string arrangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion.— 23, Same purpose 
by differential screw.— 24. The same by double rack and wheels.—25. Coupling for square 
shafts. —26. Slide view of Fig. 5,— 27, Sliding-spur pulley coupling.—28, Lever with bearing 
roller to tighten pulley bands. b Reser 


t 











y 
é 
ust 


NE 


29. Chain-wheel.—30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary motion by two 
racks and cog-wheel.—3l. Oblique-toothed wheels.—32. Worm and WeOreo Whoa 34. 
Claw coupling with hinged lever.— 35, 36. Disk couplings, with lugs and cavities.—37. Disk 
coupling with screw-boits.— 38, 39, 40. Shaft couplings.—41. Face view of Fig. 12,—42. Friction 
cones.—43. l'riction pulleys.— 44. Self-releasing coupling.— Disks with oblique teeth. Ifthe 
resistance to the driven shaft increases beyond a certain point, the disks separate.—45. 
Hoisting blocks.—46,. Elbow crank, for changing motion.—47. Reciprocating into rotary 
motion by zigzag groove on cylinder.— 48. Another form of Fig. 29.—49. Reciprocating inte 
arotary motion.—50. Same purpose.-51. Same purpose, by double rack aud two ratchet 
pinions. When the double rack moves in one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft; 
when the rack moves in the popents direction, the other pinion is rigid, and a continuous 
rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel shaft.—52. rigs cate into oscillating.— 53. _ 
Rotary into reciprocating. By the action of the wheel-pins the carriage is moved in one di- 
rection, and by the action of said pins on an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direc- 
tion.— 54. Stamp rod and lifting cam.—55. For giving reciprocating motion to rack.—56. 
Same motion to a bar with slot, by means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving 
disk. and catching i> the slot. 












i 


MEOWANIOAL MOVEMEN'TS. 


2 No, 8 
528 afl 53 x ; 











57. Walking-beam and fly-wheel.—5s, Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by 
means of eccentric disk and friction rollers. (See 81 and 104.)—59, Hoisting crane.— 60. 
Friction gears. (See 43.)—61. Rotary into ge eS yao af rising and falling pinion acting 
on endless rack.—62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a reciprocating rectilinear 
motion is imparted” to a drum.—63. Reciprocating motion toaframe by means of endless 
rack and pinion.— 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed rack by a toothed seg- 
ment on a lever-arm.—65, Reciprocating motion to a rod by means of revolving wheels 
of different diameters. (See 110.)—66. Cam and elbow lever.— 67. Rod reciprocates by means 
of cam.—68, Revolving into reciprocating motion, by an endless segmental rack and pinion. 
69. Elliptic Sah es Bevel gear.—71. Worm and worm-wheel.—72. Transmitting motion 
from one axle to another.—73. Continuous revolying into reciprocating, by acam disk acting 
on an oscillating lever.—74. Intermittent revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, an 
segment gear-wheel on end of shaft. —75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls which engage 
teeth in the edges ofa bar to which rectilinear motion js imparted.—76. Oscillating lever, 


connects by a link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is imparted. —77. Oscillating lever . 


and pawls, which gear in the ratchet-wheel.—78. Common treadle.—79. Describing on a re- 
volving cylinder a spiral line of a certain given pitch, which depends upon the comparative 
sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels,— 80, Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by ascrew. 
81. (See 58, )—82. Plunger and rods. 83. Crosshead and rods,—8&4, Leciprocating rod guided 
by friction rollers, 





ed el OF WB ra ee PR et) PS ee re al Vy ae dete Tid yr 4 if i hp ty 
a SAS ioe rt aie . y ae oe 
ae dee ee ae > 











8. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roller-arms, extendiis from a re- 
volving shatt.— 86. Crank motion.—87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheei and 3pring 
bar.— 88. ‘Che shaft carries a taper, which catches a hook hinged to the drum, to carry drum 
along and raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached its Le ena’ position, the 
hook strikes a pin,and disengages from the tappet,and the weight drops,—89, Reciprocating mo- 
tion toa red by means of a groove in an oblique ring secured to a revolving shaft.—90. Doubte 
crank.— 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce reciprocating motion.— 92. Belts and pulleys. 
93. Pulleys, belts, and internal gear.—4, As the rod moves up and down, the tecth of the 
cog-wheel come in contact with a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to 
said wheel,— 95. By turing the horizontal axles with different velocities, the middle wheel 
is caused to revolve with the mean velocity.—96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in a disk. 
97. Lazy tongs.— 98. Oscillating segment and belt over pulleys oho. Converting oscillating 
into a reciprocating motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever.—100. Oscillating 
motion of a beam into rotary motion.— 101. Motion of a treadle into rotary motion.— 102. 
Double-acting beam.— 193. Single-acting beam.— 104, (See 58 and 81.)—105, Device to steady 
a piston by a slotted guide-piece.— 106. Rod operated by two toothed segmeuts.— 107, Two 
cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with crank, connected by links with a crossbar to 
which the piston-rod is secured.— 108, Device for a rectilinear motion of a piston-rod.— 109, 
Same purpose as 56.— 110. Action similar to 65.—117_ Revolving motion by a circular sliding 
pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel,— 112, Similar to 06, . 


‘ 





«eu 






use MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.—No. 5. 
113. Carpenter’s clamp. The | 
jaws turn on their pivot-screws, #3 MF 48 
and clamp the board,— 114. An 
irregular vibratory molion is 
given to the arm carrying the 
wheel A, by the rotation of the] | 
pinion B.-- 1i5. Intermittent 
rotary motion of the pinion- 
shaft, by the continuous rotary 
motion of the large wheel.—116. 
Stop-motion used in watches to 
limit the number of revolutions 
in winding up. ‘The convex 
curved part, a, 6, of the wheel 
B, serving as the stop. — 117. 
Several wheels, by connecting- 
rods, driven from one pulley.— 
118. Intermittent circular mo- 
ion is imparted to the toothed 
wheel by vibrating the arm B.— 
119, Reciprocating rectilinear 
motion is given to the bar by 
the continuous motion of the 
cam.— 120. Mechanism for re- 
volving the cylinder in Colt’s 
firearms. When the hammer is 
drawn back the dog, a, attached 
to the tumbler, acts on_ the 
ratchet, 6, on the back of the 
cylinder, and is held up to the 
ratchet by a spring, ¢.— 121. 
Alternate increasing and dimin- 
ishing motion by means of ec 
ceutric toothed wheel and 
toothed cylinder.—122, Oscillat- 
ing or pendulum engine. The 
cylinder swings between trin- 
nions like a pendulum. The 
pistou-rod connects directly 
with crank.— 128, Intermittent 
rotary motion.—124. Longitndi- 
nal and rotary motion of thi 
rod is produced by its arrange- 
ment betweentwo rotating roll-]. 
ers.— 125. Frictiom indicator o1 
Roberts. Upon the periphery o: 
the belt-pulley a loaded carriage 
is placed, its tongue connected 
with an indicator.— 126. Circu- 
lar intermittent rectilinear re- 
ciprocating motion.— 127. Con- 
tinuous circular into intermit- 
tent circular motion. The cam 
is the driver.— 128, Sewing-ma- 
chine, four-motion feed. ~The 
bar B carries the feeding-points 
or spurs. and is pivoted to slide 
A. Bis lifted by a radial projec- 
tiou 01 CamC,which at the same 
time also carries A and B for- 
ward. A spring produces the re- 
turn stroke,and the bar B drop: 
by gravity.—129. Patent crank| 
motion,to obviate dead centers 
Pressure on the treadle moves 


the slotted slide A forward until the wrist passes the center,when the spring B forces the slid i 
ic l is ses the ce Ww. e 

stops. — 130. Four-way cock.— 131, One stroke of the piston gives a Apes revolution to the caked 
132. Rectilinear motion of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar by rotation of the shaft of the 
curved arm.— 133, I antagraph for copying plans, &c. ©, fixed point. B, ivory tracing-point. A, pencil 
trace, the lines to be copied with, and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Sh 

which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and size of the copy will be varied. — 134, Ball-and-socket joint 
for tubing.— 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth of the worm shaft- ear with a pair of worm- 


LY 
V 


wheels of equal diaineter, one haying one tooth more than the other Ifthe first 
> ¢ ing on > tha Pr, Y wheel has 100 te 
and the second 101, the pointers will indicate respectively 101 and 10.100 revolutions. — 136, Mont olfer'a ‘ny 


hydraulic ram. The riglit hand valve being kept open b ve] i i t 
nULiC ] r i n by aweight or spring. the current flowing through 
the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. When the pressure of the water petit Go: vet 


_ comes the weight of the right valve, the momentnm of the water opens the other valve, and the water : 


asses into the air-chamber. On equilibrium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve opens, 


37. Rotary engine, Shaft Band hub C are arranged eccentric to the case, Sliding radial pistons, a, a, Py 


moveinand out of hub C. The pistons slide through rolling packings iu the hub C.— 138. Qn 
0 Mand o I } § “4 : 1.— 138, Quadrant en- 
gine. Two single-acting pistons. B, B, connect with crank D. Steana is adniitted to actor the outer 


sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and the exhaust is between the pistons.— 139. Circular — 


into rectilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communiestes motion to the horizontal oscillating ro 


and imparts rectilinear movement to the upright bar.— Liv, Kotury motion transmitted by rulliug com 


tact between two obliquely arranged shafts, 


phe 


ift the side to 








AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, 


Genesis. 
I & Il. 


Il. 


Ba 


rt; 
F4y is 
17, 
20, 
Wily 3. 

t Pet. ITI, 20. 
2 Pet T's, 
Gen, Vij.32: 

ions 


V, 31, 


aq 
VIL, x1. 





Genesis. 
VILL, x8, 
20. 





2348 





f THE FIRST AGE OF THE WORLD. 


IN the beginning God created the heaven and.the earth, ete.. 
and last of all, man, after his own image. ‘ 

Man falls from his first state, but is promised a Saviour, of the 
seed of the woman. — 3 

The world first peopled after Adam and Eve had left paradise. 

About this time Cain and Abel offer sacrifice, and Abel is mur- 
dered by his brother. 

Seth born. 

Enos born. 

About this time men begin to call upon the name of the Lord. 

Cainan born. 

Mahalaleel born. 

die born. \ 

noch, the seventh from Adam, born. 

Methuselah born. 

Lamech, the father of Noah, born, 

Adam dieth, aged 930 years. 

Enoch, in the 365th year of his age, taken up to God. 

Seth dieth, aged 912 years. 

e Noah, the father and patriarch of the new world after the flood, 
orn, 

Enos, the third from Adam, dieth, aged gos years. 

Cainan dieth, aged gro years. 

Mahalatleel, the fifth'from Adam, dieth, aged 895 years. 

Jared, the sixth from Adam, dieth, aged 962 years. 

God commands Noah to preach repentance, and to build the 
ark, 120 years before the flood. 

i Noah, aged 500 years, is born Japheth, and two years after, 
em, 

Lamech, the ninth from Adam, dieth; aged 777 years. He is 
the first man whom the Scriptures mention to have died a natural 
death before his father. ice 

Methuselah dieth a little before the flood, in the 969th year of 
his age. He was the oldest man. 

The flood comes upon the earth in the 6ooth year of Noah’s age. 


THE SECOND AGE OF THE WORLD 


THE flood ceaseth, and Noah, with his family, and the crea- 
tures he carried in with him, comes out of the ark, and offers a 
burnt-offering, At the same time God makes a covenant with 
Noah and his seed, promising never more to destroy the world b 
water ; as a token whereof he placeth the rainbow in the cloud, 
The same year Noah begins to plant vines, and is drunk. 

Arphaxad born. 

Salah born, 

Eber born. 

Peleg born: so-called, because in his days the earth was 
divided. 

About this time Nimrod begins to exalt himself, by laying the 
first foundation of the Assyrian monarchy. 

Nineveh, the metropolis of Assyria, built. 

About this time the posterity of Nimrod begin to build the city 
and tower of Babel, so-called from the confusion of languages — 
which God sent among the workmen. 

Reu born. 

Mizraim, the grandson of Ham, leads colonies to Egypt, and 
aye thé foundation of a kingdom, which lasted 1663 years ; 
whence Egypt is called the land of Ham, and the Egyptian 
Pharaohs boasted themselves to be the jsons of ancient kings. 


746» 









1921 


1920 


1913 


I9II 
IgI0 
1908 
1897 


Genesis, 
XI, 20, 
22, 

24, 

19, 

25. 
IX, 28, 20, 


» 3% 
26, 
29, 30. 
xvit 17. 
XI, 21, 
ee 
XIV, 1, 
2, 3, etc. 


XI, 31. 


Genesis. 
wehier 2, 


3» 


10. 
Gal. III, 
17. 
Exodus 
XIT, 40. 
Genesis 


XIII. 
XIV, 4, 


24, 25, 


30% 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


| tithe. 





Serug born. on 
Nahor born, | * 
Terah, Abram’s father, born. 

Peleg, the sixth from Noah, dieth. 

Nahor, the ninth from Noah, dieth. 

Noah dieth, aged 950 years, 350 year's after the flood. 

Abram born: he was 75 years of age when his father Terah 
died, aged 205 years; so that Terah begat not Abram in the 7oth 

ear of his age, but Nahor and Haran, and in the x30th year of 

is age begat Abram. See Acts vii, 4. 

Sarai, Abram’s wife (called also Iscah), Haran, Abram’s 
brother’s daughter, born ten years after her husband. 

Reu, the seventh from Noah, dieth. 

Serug, the eighth from Noah, dieth. 

About this time Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, subdueth the kings 
of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, and Bela; who serve him 

12 years, : 

‘erah with his family leaveth Ur of the Chaldees, and dwells — 

at Haran. A 





THE THIRD AGE OF THE WORLD. .« 


ABRAM, after his father’s decease, in the 75th year of his age, 
is commanded by God to enter upon the land of Canaan, which 
God promiseth to give unto his seed, and that in his seed (uvzz. 
ol as our Lord) all the families of the earth should be _ 

essed, 

In. the year following, a famine in the land of Canaan forceth 
Abram with his family to go into Egypt. From his first coming _ 
into Egypt to the departure of the children of Israel out of it, are 
reckoned 430 years. 

Abram and Lot in this same year return into Canaan; but the 
land not being sufficient for both their flocks, they part asunder. 
Lot goeth to Sodom. God reneweth his promise to Abram; he © 
removeth to Hebron, and there buildeth an altar. . 

Bera, the king of Sodom, with four other kings, rebel against 
Chedorlaomer, but are overcome by him in the valley of Siddim, 
Lot being taken prisoner, Abram rescueth him, slayeth Chedorla- 
omer and his confederates, and in his return is blessed by Mel-  _ 
chisedec, king of Salem, and priest of God, to whom Abram gives 

The rest of the spoils, his partners having had their por- — 
tions, he restoreth to the king of Sodom. i 

Abram complaineth for want of an heir: God promiseth him q__ 
son, and a multiplying of his seed. Canaan is promised again, — 
and confirmed by a sign. 

Sarai, being barren, giveth Hagar, her handmaid, to Abram, 

Ishmael, Hagar’s son, born. 

Arphaxad, the third from Noah, dieth. Ae 

God maketh a covenant with Abram, and in token of a greater © 
blessing changeth his name into Abraham, As aseal of this cove- 
nant, circumcision is ordained. Sarai, her name is also changed 
into Sarah, and she is blessed. God promiseth them a son, and 
commandeth that his name be called Isaac; in him God promiseth 
to establish his covenant. A 

Abraham entertaineth three angels, who renew the promise to | 
him of having ason. God revealeth to Abraham the destniction — 
of Sodom, with whom Abraham intercedes for Lot and his family, 
See Gen. xix, 29. . 

Lot is commanded, for the preservation of himself and his 
family, to get out of Sodom, and to flee to the mountain; but by 
much entreaty he obtaineth leave to go into Zoar. Sodom, Go- 
morrah, and all the cities in the vale of Siddim, with all the 
inhabitants of them, are, for the most horrible sins, destroyed by 
fire and brimstone from heaven, The Dead Sea remains a 
monument thereof unto this day. Lot’s wife, for looking back 
upon Sodom, contrary to God’s command, is turned into a pillar 
of salt; and Lot himself, fearing to continue at Zoar, leaves the 
plain country, and betakes himsolf to the mountain, carrying his 
two daughters with him. i 


14% 


Pay 
ie 

















1758 
£757 
1756 
1755 
1745 


1739 


1729 


1718 


3716 
1715 


1708 


1707 | 


Genesis. 
XXI, 2. 
XIX, 36. 
XXI, 14. 
MLS TS: 
XXIL. 


XXIII. 
XXIV. 


XI, rz. 
XXV, 24. 


Vor, 
DT a7 


XXVI, 34. 


XXV, 17. 
XXVIII. 


XXVIII. 
XIX. 


32, 

33, 

34, 

35 
BON tia 


XXXII. 


XXXIL 
XXXIV. 


XXXV, 16. 


XXXVIII, 
16. 
XXXVII. 


XXXIX. 
XL. 
XXXYV, 28. 
XLI, 25, 
47, 
5°, 
Xi, r; 


17s 
20. 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, 


Isaac born in the rooth year of Abraham’s age. Not long after, 
to Lot are born Moab and Ammon, his sons and at the same time 
his grandsons. 

agar and Ishmael, at Sarah’s request, are cast forth. 

Salah, the fourth from Noah, dieth, ' 

God tempteth Abraham to offer Isaac. Abraham giveth proof 
of his faith and obedience. ; 

Sarah dieth at Hebron, in Canaan, in the 127th year of her age, 


Isaac marrieth Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel, the son of 


Nahor, in the goth year of his age. 
Shem, the son of Noah, dietn. 
Jacob and Esau born, in the 6oth year of their father-Isaac’s 


age. 

Abraham dieth, aged 175 years. 

Eber, the fifth from Noah, dieth: from him Abraham and his 
posterity were called Hebrews, Gen. xiv, 13. 

Esau, aged forty years, marrieth Judith, the daughter of Beeri 
the Hittite, and Bashemath, the daughter of Elon the Hittite. 

Ishmael dieth, aged 137 years. 

Jacob, by his mother’s instwuction, obtaineth the blessing from 
Isaac, his father, which was designed tor Esau, Upon which he 
is forced to flee into Mesopotamia, to shun his brother’s rage. 
Upon the way are foretold unto him ina vision the blessings of 
hi posterity. At length he cometh to his uncle Laban’s house, 
and covenanteth to serve him seven years for his daughter Rachel, 
but Laban deceiveth him with Leah; the marriage-week ae | 
completed, Rachel also is given him to wife, upon condition o: 
serving seven years more. 

Of Leah are born, 


Judah, from whom the Jews receive their denomination. 

Rachel, having been long barren, at length beareth Joseph, 
Jacob, desiring to depart, is persuaded by Laban to serve six 
years more for some part of his flock. 

Jacob, after he had been twenty years in Mesopotamia, sets 
forward on his journey homeward, without acquainting his father 
or his brothers-in-law. Rachel stealeth her father’s gods, and 1s 
pursued by Laban, Jacob, by his prudence, is reconciled to his 
brother Esau. He wrestleth with an angel at Peniel, and is 
called Israel. 

About this time, Dinah, Jacob’s daughter, is defloured by She- 
chem, the son of Hamor. Simeon and Levi, Dinah’s brethren, 
revenge their sister’s quarrel by putting all the males of Shechem 
to the sword ; for which thing Jacob reproveth them. 

Rachel is delivered of Benjamin on the way betwixt Beth-el, or 
Beth-le-hem, and Ephrath, and dies in childbed. Some think 
that Job lived about this time. a 

Judah lieth with Tamar, his daughter-in-law, in disguise. 

Joseph is hated by his brethren, and is sold to merchantmen, 
Ishmaelites and Midianites, who carry him into Egypt, where he 
is sold to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, and by him made oyer- 
seer of his house. 

Joseph resisteth the temptations of his master’s wife; he is 
falsely accused by her, and cast into prison. He interpreteth the 
dreams of Pharaoh’s butler and baker, which come to pass accord- 
ing to his interpretation. 

Isaac dieth, aged 180 years, and is buried by his sons, Jacob 
and Esau. 

Joseph interpreteth Pharaoh’s two dreams; he giveth Pharaob 
counsel, and is made governor of the whole land of Egypt. 

Here begin the seven years of plenty in the land of Egypt. 
About this time Manasseh and Ephraim, Joseph’s two sons, are 
born of Asenath, the daughter of Potipherah, priest of On, 

Here begin the seven years of famine. 

Jacob sendeth his ten sons to buy corn in Egypt; they are > 
imprisoned by Joseph for spies; but are set at liberty on condi- 
tion of bringing Benjamin, and Simeon is kept as a pledge 


~ 748 a2 








1706 


1704 
1793 
1689 


1635 


1619 
1577 
1574 
1573 


159% 


1531 


1530 
149 


XLVII. 


XLVIII. 
XLIX, 


L, 


Exodus. 
VI, 16. 
I, 8. 
VI, 7. 


I, 35, 22. 


I} x, 5; 


II. 


Josh. XIV, 
7, 10. 
Ex. IIT, 
I, 2, etc. 


VIL, 7. 
Psalm. 
LXXVIII. 


Ey odus. 
XII, 11, 


"29, 41. 


Numbers. 
XXXIITI. 


Exodus, 
XIV, 






AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


Jacob is with much difficulty persuaded to send Benjamin, 
Joseph maketh himself known to his brethren, and sendeth for his 
father by command from Pharaoh. 

Jacob, having offered sacrifice to God for that his son Joseph 
is yet alive, goes with all his family into Egypt, in the third year 
of the famine, and x30th year of his age. He is seated in the 
land of Goshen. 

Joseph getteth all the money, lands and cattle of the Egyptians 
for bread; only the lands belonging to the priests he buyeth not. 

Jacob adopteth Ephra:m and Manasseh, and blesseth them, 
and all hissons; prophesieth the descent of the Messiah from 
qoeeh and dieth, aged 147 years; seventeen whereof he lived in 

gypt. He is, with great pomp, carried into Canaan, and buried 
in the sepulchre of his father. 

Joseph, on his death-bed, prophesieth unto his brethren their 
return to Canaan; takes an oath of them to carry his bones out of 
Egypt, and dieth, aged r1o years. 

The book of Genesis endeth in the death of Joseph, containing 
the history of 2369 years; next to which in order of time the book 
of Job follows, written (as it is generally believed) by Moses. 

Levi dieth in Egypt, aged 137 years; he was grandfather to 
Moses and/Aaron. | 

Here begins the bondage of the children of Israel, when a king 
rose up in Egypt, who knew not Joseph. 

Aaron born, three years before his brother Moses, 83 years before 
the departure of the children of Israel out of Egypt. 

Pharaoh haying in vain commanded the Hebrew midwives to 
destroy all the males of the Israelites, sets forth an edict, charging 
that they be all cast into the river. 

Moses is born, who, being hid in the flags by the river’s side, is 
found by Pharaoh’s daughter, and becomes her adopted son. 

Moses, in the goth year of his age, having slain an Egyptian, 
whom he saw contending with a Hebrew, fleeth mto Midian, 
where he marrieth Zipporah, the daughter of Reuel, or Jethro, a 
priest, and liveth with him forty years. 

Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, born. 

Whilst Moses keeps his father-in-law’s sheep at mount Horeb, 
God appeareth to him ina burning bush, and sendeth him to 
deliver Israel. 

Moses and Aaron having declared to Pharaoh the message on 
which they are sent unto him from God, are charged by him as 
heads of a mutiny, and sent away with many bad words; and 
more grievous labors are forthwith laid upon the Israelites. 

Moses being now 80, and Aaron 83 years of age, urged thereunto 
by God, return again unto Pharaoh, where the magicians, by their 
sorcery imitating the-miracles of Aaron’s rod turned into a ser- 
pent, make Pharaoh more obstinate than he was before, Where- 
fore God, by the hand of Moses, lays ten plagues upon the 
Egyptians. ’ 


THE FOURTH AGE OF THE WORLD. 


UPON the fourteenth day of the first month (which was May 
the fourth, upon J/oxday with us), in the evening, the passover Is 
instituted. 

Upon the fifteenth of the same month, at midnight, the first- 
born of Egypt being all slain, Pharaoh and his servants make 
haste to send away the Israelites; and they, the self-same day 
wherein they were let go out of bondage, being the complete term 
of 430 years from the first pilgrimage of their ancestors, reckon- 
ing from Abraham’s departure out of Charran, take their journey 
and march away, being 600,000 men, besides children, and come 
to Rameses, from whence by several encampings they come to the 
Red sea, the Lord conducting them in a pillar of a cloud by day, 


‘| and ina pillar of fire by night. They carry Joseph’s bones with 


em. 
At the Red'sea Pharaoh with his host overtakes them, Moses 
divides the waters with his rod, and the children of Israel pass 


749 


A Pj 
{ 





Christ 
1491 


= 


1490 


Exodus, 
>:4 


XV. 


XVI. 


XVII, 1, 


8,9, etc. 


XX. 


XXI. 
XXII, etc 


XXIV. 


9, 38. 


XXYV, etc. 


RXXI, 18. 


XXXII, 


20, 28. 


RXV, 


to. 


XXXIX, 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY SIBLE, 


Sar i Gino 


pores 


through on dry ground unto the desert of Etham ; whom, whe 


Pay 


Pharaoh and his army would needs follow, they are all over- 


whelmed by the waters coming together at the dawning of the 
day, whereby the Israelites are wholly freed from the bondage of 
the Egyptians ; whose carcasses when they see floating all the sea 
over, and cast upom the shore, they sing a song of praise and 
thanksgiving unto God, 

Upon the fifteenth of the second month (our Yune the 4th, 
being Thursday), the Israelites come to the wilderness of Sin, 


which lieth between Elim and Sinai, where, for want of food, 


they murmur against God and their leaders: about the even- 
tide God sends them quails, and the next morning rains upon 
them manna from heaven; and upon that kind of bread they 
lived afterward by the space of forty years, even till they came to 
the borders of the land of promise. An omer of itis preserved 
for a memorial. 

At Rephidim, which was the eleventh place of their encamping, 


the people murmur for want of water; Moses gives them water 


by striking the hard rock in Horeb with his rod. | 

The Amalekites, falling upon the rear of the Israelites, are dis- 
comfited by Joshua, whilst Moses holds up his hands to God in 
prayer. 

God publisheth his Law, contained in the Ten Commandments 
with a terrible voice from mount Sinai. Hak 
The people being in great fear, God gives them sundry oth 
laws, all which being written in the book of the covenant, Moses 
proposeth them to the people: which done, rising early in the 
morning, he builds an altar at the foot of the mountain, and sets 
up twelve statues, according to the twelve tribes of Israel, and 


sends twelve young men of the first-born (whom the Lord hath ~ 


consecrated to himself as ministers of those holy things, before the 
Levitical priesthood was ordained), which offer sacrifice, first for 
sin, and then for thanksgiving, to the Lord: and when Moses had 
read the book of the covenant, he takes the blood of the calves 
and goats so offered, and with water, scarlet wool, and hyssop, 
sprinkles the book therewith, and all the people, or those twelve 
statues representing them; and so performs a solemn covenant 
between God and his people. 


Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy men of the 


elders of Israel, go up into the mount, and there behold the glory 


of God: the rest returning, Moses with his servant Joshua abides — 


there still, and waits six days, and upon the seventh day God 


speaks unto him, and there he continues forty days and forty hights 
(reckoning those six days which he waited for the appearance of 


the Lord), eating no meat all that while, nor drinking water — 
(Deut. ix, 9); where he receives God’s’command touching the — 
frame of the tabernacle, the priests’ garments, their consecration, — 


sacrifices, and other things comprised inthis and the six follow- — 


ing chapters. 
At the end of the forty days God gives Moses the two tables of 


the Law in stone, made by God’s own hand, and written with 


his own finger; bidding him withal quickly to get him down, for __ 


that the people had already made to themselves a molten calf to 


worship. Moses by prayer pacifieth God, and goes down from 


the mount, and seeing the people keeping a festival in honor of 
their idol in the camp, he breaks the tables of the law at the foot 


of the mount: for which the Jews keep a solemn fast unto this — 


day. 


ters to death by the hands of the Levites. 


God commands Moses to frame new tables of stone, and to 


bring them with him into the mount: Moses brings them the 


Moses having burned and defaced the idol, puts 3000 of the idola- Ae 


Ja 
‘ 


next morning, and while he stands in the cleft of the rock,Goad 


passeth by, and showeth him a glimpse of his glory. ¥ 
God renews his covenant with his people, and upon certain 
conditions gives them his laws again. 


In the first six months of this year, the tabernacle, the ark of sat 
the covenant, the altar, the table of show-bread, the priests’ gar- 


ments, the holy ointments, the candlestick, and other utensils and 
759 < 


Pe | 
tie 

ae 
H 














_ Exodus. 
1490 | XXXIX. 


a XL. 
Lev. X. 
Numb. VIL 
IX. 
ple 


Exodus. 
XVIII. 


Numbers. 


ars 
XII. 
XIII. 


XIV. 


— 1489 | Deut. I, 46. 


Numbers. 
OS oy 
XVI. 


ees: 


Oe an 


XVII. 


1452 XX, 


82, 











bi a y 








bee 1K TPH a ee pt spate 
PME ae TN NTN 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, 


vessels belonging to the sacrifices, are finished in the desert at 
mount Sinai, and are brought unto Moses. 

The tabernacle is set up and anointed with holy oil. 
and his sons are consecrated for the priesthood. 

Nadab and Abihu, for offering strange fire, are struck dead in 
the place by fire from heaven. P 

The princes of the tribes present their offerings toward the 
dedication of the tabernacle. God speaketh to Moses from the 
mercy-seat. 

The second passover is instituted. ' 

Jethro, who is called Hobab, brings his daughter Zipporah, 
with her two sons, Gershom and Eliezer, which were left with 
him, to his son-in-law, Moses: and having congratulated his aml 
the whole people of Israel’s deliverance out of bondage, he openly 
declares his faith and devotion toward the true God. By his 
advice Moses imparts the government of the people to some 
others, and ordains magistrates for the deciding of lesser causes. 

Moses complains to God of the over-great burden of his governe 
ment; God, to ease him of his charge, gives him for assistance 
the court of seventy elders. 

The people lust for flesh. God gives them quails in wrath; 
and sends withal a most grievous plague among them. 
God rebukes the sedition of Miriam and Aaron, and maintains 

Moses’ right. im 

From the wilderness of Paran, near Kadesh-barnea, twelve 
men are sent (among whom are Caleb and Joshua) to discover 
the land of Canaan. Returning, they bring with them 4 branch 
of a vine, with a cluster of grapes upon it; ten of the twelve so 
sent speak ill of the country, declare it barren, and magnify the 
cities for their strength, and the giantly’stature of the inhabitants. 

The people, terrified with this relation, are about to return into 
Egypt, from which Caleb and Joshua endeavoring to dissuade 
them are like to be stoned. At this God is so provoked that he 
threatens to destroy them; but is prevailed upon by Moses, 
through his prayers, tospare them. Nevertheless he denounceth 
that all who are now twenty years old and upward (except Caleb and 
Joshua) shall die in the wilderness. ‘The men who raised the evil . 
report are all destroyed by sudden death. Some endeavoring to 
enter upon the promised land, contrary to the command of God, 
are smitten by the Amalekites and Canaanites. 

In this place, v7z. Kadesh-barnea, the Israelites continue many 
days; but thatin some places they continued many years, appear, 
eth, for that in the space of 37 years there are but 17 encampings 
mentioned. 

To their long continuance in Kadesh, and the encampings from 
thence, all that we find delivered in the xvth and four next ensu- 
ing chapters of Wzzders seems to refer; as how Korah, Dathan, 
and Abiram, for raising a mutiny against Moses and Aaron, were 
swallowed alive into the earth, and 250 of their associates; and 
how the people, murmuring against Moses and Aaron for the 
calamity which had befallen their brethren, were destroyed by 
God, to the. number of 14,700 men: and how twelve rods being 
brought by twelve princes, and laid in the sanctuary, Aaron’s rod 
only budded, and brought forth almonds, and was laid up before 
the ark, for a memorial to those who should afterward be given 
to rebellion. 

In these 37 years the Israelites, by 17 encampings, having com- 
passed the hill country of Seir and Edom, they come to the wilder- 
ness of Zin, in the first month of the fortieth year after their de- 
parture out of Egypt. s 

Here Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron, dieth. 

The people again for want of water murmur against Moses and 
Aaron, whom when God had commanded to call water out of the 
rock only by speaking to it, Moses, being moved in his mind 
through impatience and diffidence of the thing, speaks something, 


Aaron 


| whatever it was, unadvisedly with his lips, and strikes the rock 


thrice with Aaron’s rod, and thereby draws water from it; but for 
transgressing God’s command, they are both debarred from en« 
tering into the land of Canaan. 


Zot 








Before 
Christ} Numbers. 
, 1452 | ? 


23, 28: 


XXI, 5,9, 
John III, 14. 
t Cor.%, "9: 


Numbers. 


2 





21, 


E451 
33- 


XXII, 1, 


oshua. 

XIV, 9. 
Numbers. 
XRT 7; 


35. 
2 Pet. II, 
15, 16. 
Numbers. 
# XXIII. 
Deut. 
> DG ER EES 
Joshua, 
XXIV, ro. 
Numbers 
I, 2, 3,.etc. 
Deut. IV, 3. 
Psalm. 
CVI, 28. 
. Rev. II, 14. 
x Cor. X, 8, 
Numbers, 


Psalm. 
CVI, 30. 
Numbers. 
XXV, 
13, 17. 
XXXVI. 


XXVIL, 


$372. 


I2, 23. 
Deut. III, 26, 
27, 28. 
Numbers. 

Dy GDN 
Joen. XIII, 


21, 22. 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIB 


In the fifth month of this year Aaron dieth at Mosera, on the 
top of mount Hor, at the age of 123 years, leaving his son Eleazar 
his successor in the high priesthood. . 

The people murmuring are plagued with fiery serpents, whereof 
many die; upon their repentance God commands that a brazen 
serpent be made and lifted up upon a pole, that as many as look 
on it may live. 

About the latter end of this year, all those who at Kadesh- 
barnea mutinied against God being wholly extinct and dead, the 
Israelites pass over Zared, and come to the borders of Moab at Ar, 
and at length they arrive at Bamoth, a valley in the country of 
the Moabites, and pitch at mount Pisgah. ; 

Sihon, king of the Amorites, refusing them passage through his 
country, is slain, and the Israelites possess his land. ~ 

Og, the king of Bashan, coming out against Israel, is destroyed 
with‘all his people, not one left alive, and his country possessed 
by the Israelites. 

After these victories the Israelites set forward, and encamp in 
the plains of Moab. 

Balak, king of Moab, considering what the Israelites ‘sad done 
to the Amorites, fears, lest under pretence of passing through his 
country, they should possess themselves of his whole kingdom, 
takes counsel with the princes of the Midianites his neighbors, 
and sends for Balaam, a soothsayer out of Mesopotamia, to come 


and curse the Israelites, promising him great rewards for his — 


labor, purposing afterward to make war upon them, 

Balaam, forewarned of God, refuseth at first to come; but bein 
sent for asecond time, he importuneth God to let him go, an 
goes with a purpose indeed to curse Israel; but God, offended 
thereat, makes the dumb ass of this wizard, on which he rode, 
speaking in a man’s voice, to reprove his Hels ; 

Balaam twice offers sacrifice, and would fain have cursed 
Israel, to gratify Balak therein; but being forced thereto by the 
Spirit of God, instead of cursing, he blesseth them altogether; 
foretelling what felivicy attended them, and what ca_amities shouid 
befall their enemies. 

By his advice the women of Moab and Midian are set on work 
to turn the Israelites away to idolatry. Wherefore God commands 
Moses first to take all the ringleaders of this disorder, and to hang 
them up before the sun, and’ then gives order to the judges to put 
to death all such as had joined themselves to Baal-peor. Las: of 
all, God sends a plague upon the people, whereof die 23,000 men 


in one day: which added to them which were hanged and killed © 


with the sword, amount in all to 24,000. 

Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, by killing Zimri, the chief of his 
father’s family, and Cozbi, the daughter of Zur, a prince of the 
Midianites, appeaseth the wrath of God, and the plague ceaseth. 


God therefore settleth the high priesthood forever upon the house © 


of Phinehas, and commands that war be made upon the Midian- 
ites. 

Moses and Eleazar, by God’s command, in the plain of Moab, 
near unto Jordan, over against Jericho, number the people from 
twenty years old and upward, and find them to be 601,730 men, 


By 





besides the Levites, whose number, reckoning them from oné 


month old and upward, comes to 23,000; and then Moses re- 
ceives command for the parting the land of promise among the 
Israelites. f 


The daughters of Zelophehad have their father’s land parted 


among them, for want of issue male; this occasions the law for 
succession in heritages to be made. 


God signifies to Moses that he shall die, and Joshua is thereupon — 


declared.to be his successor; upon whom Moses lays his hands, 
and gives him instructions. Several laws are made. : 
Twelve thousand of the Israelites under the command of Phine- 


has vanquish the Midianites, and put to the sword all the males 
among them, with their five princes, and among them Zur, the — 
father of Cozbi, and Balaam the wizard ; but they save the women 


alive; at which Moses is wroth, and commands that every male 
child, and all the women, except such as be virgins, be killed, __ 


ye SR 
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Numbers. 
XXXII. 
Deut. IIT. 
Josh. XIII 
and XXII. 


Deut. 
XXVITI. 
XXVIII. 


XXIX. 


XXX. | 


XXXI. 
XXXII. 


XXXII. 
XXXIV. 


Joshua. 
iL 
III. 


IV. 


Io. 
TT Ts 
13. 


Vi. 


VII. 


Vill, 


39, 






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iret? 6 ee A ie } PLY 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, ~ 


Pi 


The lands which belonged to Sihon and Og, namely, all from 
the river Arnon to mount Hermon, Moses divides and gives to 
the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh; sa 
that their possessions lay on this side Jordan; nevertheless, they 
assist the rest of the tribes in all their wars, till they have subdued 
the Canaanites, and possessed the promised land. 

Moses commands the people, that in their passage over Jordan 
they shall set up great stones, and engrave the J’en Command. 
ments on them, with the form of blessing upon mount Gerizim, 
and of cursing on mount Ebal, exhorting them to observe the law 
of God, by setting before their eyes the benefits that would ensue 
thereon. 

He also renews the covenant made by God with them and their 
children on mount Horeb, and again persuades them to keep that 
covenant by all the blessings and curses which would undoubtedly 
follow the keepers or breakers of it; yet with a promise of pardon 
and deliverance, if at any time, having broken it, they shall 
repent them of their sin; and tells them further, that God had 
therefore thus declared his will unto them, to the end that none 
hereafter offending shall pretend ignorance. 

Moses, having written this law, delivers it to the priests, the 
sons of Levi, and the elders of the people, to be kept; the same 
day also he writes his most excellent song, and teaches the same 
to the children of Israel to be sung; and having finished the book 
of the law, he takes order to have it laid up in the side of the ark. 

Moses now drawing near to his end, blesseth every tribe in 
particular, by way of prophecy, save only the tribe of Simeon. 

In the r2th month of this year he goes up to mount Nebo, and 
from thence beholds the land of promise, and there dieth, aged 120 
Aa the body of Moses God translates out of the place where 

e died into a valley of the land of Moab, over against Beth-peor, 
and there burieth it; nor doth any man know the place of it unto 


_| this day. The Israelites mourn for him 30 days. 


Here ends the Pentateuch, or five books of Moses, containing 
the history of 2552 years and a half, from the beginning of the 
world; and the book of Joshua begins with the forty-first year 
after the departure of the children of Israel out of Egypt. 

Joshua being confirmed in his government by God, sends forth 
spies from Shittim to the city of Jericho,.who, being harbored by 
Rahab, are privily sent away, when search is made for them. 

Upon the tenth day of the first month (Afvz7 30), to wit, the 
same day that the Paschal Lamb was to be chosen out of the flock, 
the Israelites under the conduct of Joshua, a type of Jesus Christ, 
go up out of the river Jordan into the promised land of Canaan, 
a type of a more heavenly country. They pass through the river 
on dry ground, the waters being for the present divided; for a 
memorial of which miraculous passage Joshua sets up twelve 
stones in the very channel of Jordan, and taking twelve other 
stones out of the midst thereof, sets them up at Gilgal, the place 
where they next encamp. x 

The day following Joshua renews the use of circumcision, which 
had been omitted forty years. 

Upon the 14th day of the same month, in the evening, the 
Israelites celebrate their first passover in the land of Canaan. 

Next day after the passover manna ceaseth. 

Our Lord Jesus, Captain of his Father’s host, appears to Joshua, 
the typical Jesus, before Jericho, with a drawn sword in his hand, 
and promiseth there to defend his people, 

Jericho, the ark of the Lord having been carried rouna about it, 
is taken the seventh day, the walls thereof falling down at the 
sound of the priests’ trumpets; all the inhabitants are put to the 
sword, except Rahab and her family. 

The Israelites besiege Ai, and are smitten by their enemies, God 
having abandoned them, for sacrilege committed by Achan; 
Achan’s sin being discovered by the casting of lots, and himself 
found guilty, he is stoned to death, and, together with his children 
and cattle, burned with fire. God being pacified hereby, Ai is 
taken by ambushment and utterly destroyed. 

On mount Ebal, according to the law made, is an altar erected, 


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1451 VIII, 
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Io, If. 
1445 | Josh. XIII. 
XI, 
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XIV. 
XV. 
1444 
XVIII. 
XXII. 
1443 AXIII. 
XXIV. 


1413 | Judges II, 7. 
IIT, 6),7, 





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1405 


1343 


2325 


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AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


7) 
—fit 


and the Ten Commandments engraven on it; the blessings and >. 


cursings are repeated on mount Ebal and mount Gerizim, and 
book of the law read in the ears of the people. d 

The kings of Canaan combine against Israel ; only the Gibeon- 
making a league 
with them ; but are afterward deputed to the servile offices of the 
house of God. 

Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, with the kings of Hebron, 
Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon, hearing that Gibeon is fallen off 
from them, join their forces together and besiege it; but Joshua 
raiseth the siege, pursueth those five kings, and smiteth them as 
far as Azekah, the Lord in the meanwhile killing more with hail- 
stones from heaven than the Israelites with their swords. Joshua 
commands the sun to stand still over Gibeon, and the moon over 
the valley of Ajalon, by the space almost of one whole day, until 
the Israelites are fully avenged of theirenemies. The five kings 





7 


hide themselves in a cave at Makkedah; from whence they are 


brought forth, scornfully used, and hanged. 
From the autumn of this year, wherein, after the failing of 


| manna, they began to till the ground, the rise of the sabbatical 
| years is to be taken. 


Joshua, now grown old, is commanded by Ged to divide all the 
land on the west of Jordan among the nine tribes remaining, and 
the other half-tribe of Manasseh. ‘The Lord and his sacrifices are 
the inheritance of Levi. 

The rest of the kings, with whom Joshua had waged war for six 
comes upon them unawares, slays them, and possesseth their 
countries, 

Joshua now roots out those giants, the Anakims, with their 


and generally out of all the mountains of Judah and all Israel. 
And having gotten the whole land into his hands, he divides it 
among the children of Israel according to their tribes; and the 
land rested from war. 
The first sabbatical year, or year of rest; from hence the year of 
Jubilee, or every fifty years’ space, is to be reckoned. i 
The tabernacle is set up at Shiloh (thought to be the same with 
Salem), where it continued 328 years. . 
The Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, with 
i sae are sent home to their possessions on the other side of 
ordan. : is 


briefly recites God’s benefits to them, reneweth the covenant 
between them and God, and dieth, 110 years old. 
After the decease of Joshua, and the elders who outlived him, 


mingle themselves with the Canaanites by marriage, and worship 
their idols. In this time of anarchy and confusion, when every 
man did that which seemed right in his own eyes, all those disor- 
ders were committed which are reported in the last five chapters 
of the Book of Judges ; to wit, the idolatry of Micah and the c 
ren of Dan; the war of the Benjamites, and the cause thereof, 
God, being highly provoked, gives them up into the hands of 
ushan, king of Mesopotamia ; which first calamity of theirs holds 
them but eight years. 
Othniel, the son of Kenaz, and son-in-law to Caleb 
by God as a judge and avenger of his people, defeats Cushan, and 
delivers the Israelites out of bondage; and the land rested forty 
years after the first rest which Joshua procured forthem,. = 
Othniel dying, the Israelites fall again to sin against God, and 
are given over into the hands of Eglon, king of Moab, who, joining 
with the Ammonites and the Amalekites, overthrows 
ites, and takes Jericho; and this second oppression continueth 
eighteen years. r¢ 
Ehud, the son of Gera, is raised up by God to be an avenger 
his people; for feigning a message to Eglon, he runs him into the 
belly with his dagger; then getting away, he gathers all Israel 


754 


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and who remembered the wonders which God had wrought for 
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AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


2 Sam. XI, 21. 








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into a body on mount Ephraim, and slays 10,000 of the most 
valiant men of Moab: and the land resteth forty years, after the 
former rest obtained by Othniel 

After him, Shamgar, the son of Anath, slayeth 600 Philistines 
with an ox-goad, and he also avengeth Israel. 

The Israelites, after the death of Ehud, returning to their old 
sin, are given up by God into the hands of Jabin, king of Canaan; 
and this thraldom of theirs continueth twenty years. 

Deborah, the wife of Lapidoth, a prophetess, who at this time 
judgeth Israel in mount Ephraim, and Barak, of the tribe of Naph- 
tali, being made captain of the host of Israel, in sight of Megiddo, 
overcomes Sisera, captain of Jabin’s army, whom Jael, the wife 
of Heber the Kenite, afterward kills in her own tent. Fora 
memorial of which victory Deborah composeth a song; and the 
land resteth forty years after the former rest obtained by Ehud. 

_ The Israelites sinning again, are delivered into the hands of the 
Midianites; which fourth thraldom lasteth seven years. Here- 
upon they cry unto God for help, and are reproved by a prophet. 
Then Gideon, the son of Joash, of Manassch, is by an angel from 
God sent to deliver them. He first overturns the altar of Baal 
and burns his grove, and is called Jerubbaal. He, out of 32,000 
men which came unto him, chooseth only (God so commanding) 
300; but with them he puts.to flight all the host of the Midianites, 
whom the Ephraimites ufterward pursue, and slay their princes 
Oreb and Zeeb. Gideon having pacified the Ephraimites, whe 
complain that they were not failed: to the battle at first, passeth 
the river Jordan, and defeats the remainder of the Midianitish 
army; he chastiseth also the men of Succoth and Penuel, who 
had refused him victuals in his journey; and slays thetwo kings 
of the Midianites, Zebah and Zalmunna, After which great vic- 
tories, the Israelites offering to settle the kingdom upon him and 
his posterity, he refuseth it; but receiving their golden ear-rings, 
he makes thereof an ephod, which afterward proves an occasion 
of idolatry. The Midianites being thus vanquished, the land 
enjoys rest forty years, after the former rest restored to them by 
Deborah and Barak. 

Gideon dieth, and the Israelites, falling back again to idolatry, 
worship Baal-berith for their god. 

Abimelech. the son of Gideon (begotten upon his concubine), 

urposing to get to himself the kingdom which his father had re- 
fed slayet) seventy of his brothers all upon one stone; and 
having, by the help of the Shechemites, got to be made king, 
Jotham, the youngest son of Gideon, who only escaped Abime- 
lech’s fury, from the top of mount Gerizim expostulates with them 
the wrong they had done to his father’s house; and, by way of a 
parable, foretells their ruin; which done, he flies, and dwells 
quietly in Beer. 

Abimelech, having reigned three years over Israel, Gaal, a 
Shechemite, conspires against him; which being discovered to 
him by Zebul, he utterly destroys the city of Shechem, and puts 
all the inhabitants to the sword, and burns the temple of their god 
Berith with fire ; from thence he goeth and layeth siege to Thebez, 
where he is knocked on the head with a piece of a millstone, cast 
upon him by a woman from the walls, and then killed outright by 
his armor-bearer. 


Judges X, 1,| _Tola, the son of Puah, after Abimelech, judgeth Israel twenty- 


three years. 

Jair the Gileadite succeeds Tola, and judgeth Israel twenty-two 

ears. 

‘4 The Israelites, forsaking again the true God, fall to worship the 
sey of several nations, and are given up into the hands of the . 
hilistines and Ammonites; which fifth thraldom'lasteth eighteen 
fears Upon their repentance, and abandoning their idols, at 

ength they obtain mercy. 

Jephthah the Gileadite, being made captain of the host of 
Israel, subdues the Ammonites; before the battle he vows his 
daughter unaware to be offered in sacrifice, and afterward performs 
it. He puts to the sword 42,000 Ephraimites, who had behaved 
themselves insolently against him, and judgeth Israel six years. 





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1182 IL3} 
1175 It, 
1164 : ri 
1156 1 Samuel, 
IV, 18. 
udges. 
IAT, 
I, 2, 
TI55 24. 
1137 XIV. 
1136 XV. 
S117 XVI. 
1116 rt Samuel. 
V. 
Vi. 
VII. 


rog6 











AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. — 
Ibzan, the Bethlehemite, succeeds Jephthah, and judgeth Israel — 
seven years. 4 

Elon the Zebulonite succeeds Ibzan, and judgeth Israel ten 

ears. 
4 Abdon the Ephraimite sacceeds Elon, and judgeth Israel eight 
ears. 

Eli the high priest (in whom the high priesthood was translated 
from the family of Eleazar to Ithamar’s) succeeds Abdon, and 
judgeth Israel forty years.. The Israelites again provoke the Lord 
to anger, and he delivers them into the hands of the Philistines. 
This sixth thraldom begins seven months after Eli’s entering upon 
the government, and lasteth forty years, even till seven mon 
after his death, when the ark was brought back again. 

Samson the Nazarite, as an angel had foretold, is born at Zorah. 

Whilst Eli the high priest executeth the office of a judge in civil 
causes under the Philistines, Samson takes an occasion to quarrel 
with them, by marrying a woman of ‘Timnath: for having on the — 
day of his betrothing propounded a riddle to the Philistines, and — 
laid a wager, his wife tells them the meaning of it; enraged here- 
at, he goes and slays thirty men of Askelon, and gives them the 
suits of raiment which he had stripped off their bodies, in perform- 
ance of the wager which he had lost, and returns home to his 
father. 

Samson again in harvest-time goes to present his wife with a kid 
at her father’s house, but finds her given away in marriage to 
another man; Samson resolves to be avenged; he catches 300 
foxes, and tying firebrands to their tails, turns them all into the 
corn-fields of the Philistines, and into their vineyards, and olive- 
gardens, and sets them all on fire. The Philistines take Samson’s 
wife and father-in-law, and burn them; Samson in revenge slays 
a great multitude of them, and sits down upon the rock Etam, 
from whence being taken by 3000 of the Jews, and by them de- 
livered into the hands of the Philistines, he slays of them a thousand 
men with the jawbone of an ass; in which place he is miracu- — 
lously refreshed, when thirsty and ready to faint. 

Samson is betrayed by Delilah his concubine, bereaved of the - 
hair of his Nazariteship, and delivered to the Philistines, who 
put out his eyes, and bind him with chains of brass. The Philis-- 
tines gather together to offer sacrifice to Dagon their god, and 
Samson is brought to make them sport; whose hair being grown, — 
and his strength in a great measure restored, he takes hold of the - 
two chief pillars whereon the house stood (wherein were the 
princes of the Philistines, and a great multitude of people), and 
pulls down the house, killing more men at his death than he did — 
in all his lifetime. So he died, having judged Israel in the days 
of the Philistines twenty years. es 

The Israelites take up arms against the Philistines, but with 
very ill success, for they lose 4000 men in one battle. Then they — 
send for the ark of the covenant from Shiloh, and cause it to be ~ 
brought into the camp. The Philistines, seeing now all lie at 
stake, encourage one another to behave themselves like men that — 
day; and so falling on, they slay of the Israelites 30,000 men. — 
The ark of God is taken, and Hophni and Phinehas, priests, and — 
sons of Eli, are slain. Of all which, when tidings are brought to 
old Eli, frighted thereat, he falls from his chair and breaks his — 
neck, in the 98th year of his age. i. masa 

The Philistines, having brought the ark into Ashdod, set it in 
the house of Dagon their god. But when Dagon had been found — 
two several times fallen groveling before it, and broken in pieces, 
and the inhabitants of the place sorely plagued, they remove it 
from thence to Gath, and from thence to Ekron. But the same 
plagues and judgments following wherever it went, after seven 
months, by the advice of their priests, they send home the ark 
again, with presents and gifts, into the land of the Israelites, and it 
is brought to Beth-shemesh, where 50,070 men are smitten for look- 
ing into the ark. From hence it is carried to the house of 
pene, in Kirjath-jearim, who sanctifieth his son Eleazar to 

eep it. eS 
After twenty years the Israelites, by Samuel’s persuasi 


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XXVIII. 
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rt Samuel. 
XXVIII. 


XXIX, 


XXXI. 


2 Samuel. 


11 Oe 


t Chron, XII, 
23. 


Samuel, 
II, 8, 


12. 
II, 6, 
22. 


IV. 


solemnly repent at Mizpeh, and, upon their conversion, God by 
thunder from heaven delivers them from the invasion of the 
Philistines, who are subdued, the hand of the Lord being against 
them all the days of Samuel. 

Samuel, being grown old, takes for his assistance in the govern- 
ment his sons, by whose iil management of affairs the Israelites 
require a king to be given them: whereupon God gives them a 
king in his wrath, to wit, Saul, the son of Kish, after Samuel had 
judged Israel twenty-one years. Saul is privately anointed by 
samuel, and afterward publicly proclaimed king at Mizpeh: 
About a month after Jabesh-gilead is besieged by Nahash, king of 
the Ammonites, and the siege raised by Saul: whereupon the 
whole congregation of Israel, coming together at Gilgal, again 
proclaim Saul king. 

David, the son of Jesse the Ephrathite, born at Beth-lehem- 
judah, thirty years before he succeeded Saul in the kingdom, He 
was his father’s youngest son. ; 

God rejects Saul, and sends Samuel to Beth-lehem, there to 
anoint David king, whom Saul ever after extremely persecuteth. 

Yet Jonathan, Saul’s son, loveth him, and oftentimes rescueth 
him from Saul’s cruelty. 

David, having Saul twice in his power, forbears to hurt him. 

David, fearing he may some time or other fall into the hands of 
Saul, flies to Gath under king Achish, carrying with him 600 men; 
and having obtained of him the town of Ziklag to dwell in, he con- 
tinueth one year and four months in the land of the Philistines: 
from whence he invadeth the countries of the Geshurites, Gezrites, 
and Amalekites, and puts to the sword all, both men and women, 
not leaving one alive to carry the news thereof to king Achish. 

Achish, proposing to make war upor the Israelites, takes David 
along with him in that expedition, to whom, whilst he is upon his 
march with his 600 men, repair a great many others of the tribe of 
Manasseh, and join with him, 

Saul, seeing the army of the Philistines, is in great fear, and 
(Samuel being now dead) goes to En-dor to consult with a witch 
there; the woman raiseth an apparition of Samuel, and Saul re- 
ceives from it that dreadful doom, The Lord will deliver israel, 
together with thyself, into the hands of the Philistines. 

The princes of the Philistines growing jealous of David, he and 
his company early the next morning leave the army, and return to 
Ziklag. 

The armies join battle, anc the Israelites are defeated; the 
three sons of Saul are slain, and he himself falls on his own sword. 

Three days after, an Amalekite ‘brings Saul’s crown, and the 
bracelet that was upon his arm, and presents them to David, pro- 
fessing that, finding him fallen upon his sword, he had killed him 
outright, and taken <hc crown from off his head: whereupon 
David causeth him to be put to death for stretching forth his hand 
to s!ay the Lord’s anointed, and lamenteth the death of Saul and 
Jonathan his son in a funeral song. David, having asked counsel 
of God, goes up to Hebron with those that are about him, where 
he is anointed king by the men of Judah, his own tribe, in the 
3oth year of his age; and there he reigns seven years and six 
months. 

Abner, who was captain of the host of Saul, carries Ishbosheth, 
Saul’s son, to Mahanaim, and there makes him king over the rest 
of Israel. _ 

After two years there arise frequent and mortal skirmishes be- 
tween a party of men on David’s side, headed by Joab, David’s 
nephew, and another party on Ishbosheth’s side, whereof Abner 
is chief; but the former still grows stronger and stronger. 

Abner, affronted by Ishbosheth, revolteth to David, and deals 
with the chief men of Israel to transfer the whole kingdom unto 
him, and this in the hearing of the Benjamites. 

He comes to David, and is kindly received; returning, he is 
treacherously murdered by Joab. David much laments his un- 
timely death, and buries him at Hebron, 

Baanah and Rechab murder their lord and master Ishbosheth, 
as he lieth resting himself upon his bed. They bring his head to 


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Benre 


Christ 
1048 


1047 


1045 


1044 


1035 


1034 


1033 


1032 
1030 


1027 
1025 


1024 


1023 


IOI7 


1016 


ZOI5 


_ Samuel, 


Vv. 
z Chron. XI. 
2Sam, V, 


5,6, 7,9-— 


VI. 
x Chron. 
XVI. 
2Chron, I, 4. 


2 Sam. 
VII. 

t Chron. 
XVII. 

>, ©. 4 8 i 

2Sam. VIII. 
1 Chron. 
XVIIT 


Gen. XV, 12. 


Deut. 
XI, 24. 

t Kings IV. 
2Sam. XI. 
xt Chron. 
XX. 


2 Sam 
XII, 
25. 
1 Chron. 
XXII, 9. 


2 Sam. 
XIII. 


XIV. 


XV, 


AVAL 
XVIII. 
XXIV. 


1 Chron. 
XXI, 


x Kings. 
XIV, 21. 


x Kings I. 





; 








David, who in detestation of their treason causeth them immedi, 
ately to be put to death. TEBE cee: ‘ . 

The captains and elders of all the tribes, coming to Hebron, 
anoint David'a third time, and make him king over all israel. — 

David with all Israel marcheth to Jerusalem against the Jebu- 
sites, and taketh the fort of Zion, and calls it the city of David, 
and making Jerusalem the seat of his kingdom, reigneth there over © 
all Israel 33 years. 

The ark of the covenant, which in the first sabbatical year was 
brought from Gilgal to Shiloh, is this year, being also a sabbaticat 
year, brought from Kirjath-jearim, out of the house of Abinadab, 
and placed at Zion; 30,000 choice men of Israel attending it, and 
singing the 68th Psalm. 

David now dwelling in his honse of cedar, which he had built, 
and living ina full and perfect peace, imparteth to Nathan the 
prophet his purpose of building a house for God; but is answered 
from God, that this was a work which should be done, not by him, 
because he was a man of blood, and trained up in war, but by his 
son Solomon, a man of peace, which should be born unto him. 
The time which passeth from hence till the birth of Solomon is 
spent in wars, wherein David subdues the Philistines, Edomites, 
Amalekites, Moabites, Ammonites, and Syrians, and extends his 
kingdom to the utmost bound of that land which had been promised 
to the seed of Abraham, and never possessed by any of them, save 
only by David and his son Solomon, 

At the end of this year Joab, going with the army against the 
Ammonites, besiegeth Rabbah, the metropolis of Ammon, whilst 
David takes his ease at Jerusalem, and there commits adultery 
with Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah the Hittite, who was then in 
the army, whom he also procures to be slain. We 

Theschild so gotten in adultery is born, David is convicted by ~ 
Nathan the prophet of his sin, and he repents; in testimony 
whereof he composeth the 51st Psalm. The child dieth. 

Bathsheba becomes now David’s wife, and beareth him a son 
unto whom, as unto one who should prove a man of peace, God 
gives the name of Solomon; and, as to one beloved of the Lord, 
the name of Jedidiah. _ 

Amnon, David’s eldest son, defloureth his sisters Tamar. ve 

Absalom avengeth his sister Tamar, and killeth his brother 
Amnon; for which thing he fleeth to Geshur in Syria, where he 
continues three years with king Talmai, his grandfather by the ~ 
mother’s side. ay as. 

_ After three years’ exile he returns to Jerusalem, where he con- 
tinues two years, before the king his father admits himinto his 
presence, and is reconciled to him. Nie 

This rebel son having got chariots and horses, and.a guard to 
attend him, insinuates himself into the favor fof the people,and __ 
steals away their hearts from his father David. . aS aC ny 

The next year following, under pretence of a vow, he obtaineth 
leave to go to Hebron, where, by Ahithophel’s counsel, he breaks ip 
out into open rebellion, and forceth his father to fly from Jerusalem, 

Ahithophel, because his counsel in all matters is not followed bya 
Absalom, hangs,himself. ARR 

Absalom having lost 20,000 men, fleeth, and a bough of an oak 
catching hold of him, he there hangs, and is run through by Joab. 

David, tempted by Satan, commandeth Joab to ae oo the. 47" 
people: God, offended thereat, sends a prophet to put three 
plagues to his choice, wzz., the famine, sword, or pestilence. 
David chooseth to fall into the hands of a merciful God, rather 
than into the hands of men. So God sends a pestilence, whereof 
70,000 men die in one day. The angel being about to destroy 
Jerusalem, God bids him hold his hand; for he beholds David re~ 
penting in sackcloth, and entreating him to spare the innocent 
peceley and to turn his hand upon himself, and upon his father’s 

ouse. ee 

Rehoboam is born unto Solomon by Naamah, an Ammonitish 
woman. M 

David being now 70 years of age, and broken with continual 
cares and wars, grows so weak and feeble that clothes can ne 


758 




















IO14 


roI2 
L005 


1004 


975 


074 


97t 


958 
957 
955 


IL. 


LB Wah ed 
2 Chron, 
VII Axx. 


1 Kings. 
III, 5. 


VEy.x. 
2 Chron, 
PE 
x Kings. 
Miva 
VIII. 

2 Chron. 
V, VI, VII 
1 Kings XI 

2 Chron. 

EX 


‘t Kings. 
XII, 


25. 


XIV, 17. 
XII, 28. 


XIV. 
2 Chron, 
XII. 


XI, 17. 


t Kings. 
21 bees 
XIII, 2. 


XIV, 25. 
2 Chron, 
XII. 

1 Kings. 
ba 
2 Chron, 
‘the 
1 Kings, 
XV, 8, 












BIBLE. © 


X TO THE HOLY 


, 
longer preserve heatin him, Therefore, Abishag, a young vi n 
is appointed to keep him warm. Adonijah, seeing his aaah We 
declining, by the assistance of Joab and Abiathar, makes himself 
king: which David understanding, he presently commands Zadok 
the priest, and Nathan the prophet, with other great men, to 
anoint Solomon king. Adonijah hearing this, betakes himself to 
the sanctuary, and is pardoned. 

David, having given instruction to his son Solomon, dieth, 
after he-had reigned in Hebron seven years and six: months, and 
33 years in Jerusalem over all Israel. ; 

haraoh, king of Egypt, gives his daughter in marriage to 
Solomon. 

The Lord appears to Solomon in a dream, and bids him ask 
what he will, and it shall be given him. Solomon asketh wisdom: 
God gives him wisdom from above, and adds thereunto riches and 
honor. Of this divine wisdom Solomon makes an eminent mani- 
festation in judging between two harlots. 


THE FIFTH AGE OF THE WORLD. 


SOLOMON layeth the foundation of the temple in the 480th 
year after the departure of the children of Israel out of Egypt. 

Solomon’s temple finished in the eleventh year of his reign, 
having been seven years and a half in building. 

Solomon this year (being the 9th Jubilee, and opening the fourth 
Millenary of the world) with great magnificence celebrates the 
dedication of the temple: at which time God giveth a visible sign 
of his favor, 

Solomon having, as it is with reason believed, forsaken his 
lusts and vanities, to which he had been too intemperately ad- 
dicted, and written, as a testimony of his repentance, his book 
called the Preacher, dieth. He reigned 40 years. 

The Israelites assemble at Shechem to crown Rehoboam, Solo- 
mon’s son, king over all Israel. The people by Jeroboam sue 
unto him for a removal of some grievances; to whom Rehoboam, 
by the advice of young men, returning a harsh answer, alienates 
the hearts of ten tribes from him, who make Jeroboam king over 
them, and fall at the same time from the house of David, and from 
the true worship of God. “ 

Jeroboam, in tlie beginning of his reign, repairs Shechem, de- 
stroyed by Abimelech 258 years before, and there dwells; after- 
ward going over Jordan he builds Penuel, and at length makes 
Tirzah the seat of his kingdom. But fearing lest his new subjects, 
by going to Jerusalem to worship, may be induced to revolt from 
hinr, he deviseth a new form of religion, setting up two golden 
calves, the one at Beth-el, the other at Dan, for the seduced people’ 
to bow down unto. 

From the time of this dismal rent Rehoboam reigneth over Judah 
and Benjamin 17 years, and Jeroboam over Israel, or the other 
ten tribes, 22 years. 

The Priests and Levites, and other Israelites who feared God, 
stick to Rehoboam, and maintain the kingdom of Judah three 
years; after which time Rehoboam falls to idolatry, and walketh 
no more in the ways of David and Solomon. 

Jeroboam sacrificing to his calf at Beth-el, a prophet is sent 
unto him from God, who foretells the judgment which should one 
day be executed upon that altar, and the Priests (vzz., those whom 

eroboam had made of the lowest of the people)that served at it. 
hich prophecy then and there is confirmed by signs and wonders 
upon the king himself, and upon the altar. 

Shishak, king of Egypt, spoileth Jerusalem and the temple; but 
the king and the princes repenting at the preaching of Shemaiah 
the prophet, God gives them not over to utter destruction. 

Abijam, the son of Rehoboam, succeeds his father in the kingdom _ 
of Judah; and reigns three years. 

e obtains a great victory over Jeroboam, killeth 500,000 men 
in one battle, and taketh Beth-el. 

Asa, in the twentieth year of Jeroboam, succeeds his fathet 
Abijam, and reigns 41 years. 


159 





951 


941 


93° 


ke 


925 
ian) 
918 


914 
gi2 


gor 


899 


898 


897 


2 Chron. 
XIV, 


9» 


XV. 

1 Kings. 
XVI, 6, 8, 
9, 

II, 

18, 
aI, 

22, 

23, 24, 
29. 
XXII, 41. 
2 Chron. 


XX, 31. 
XVII, 7. 


1 Kings. 
XX. 


XXI. 


XXII, sr. 


2 Kings. 
Lilia 
Li 


1 Kings. 
XXII. 
2 Chron, 
XVIII. 


2 Kings, 


VIII, 2. 
2 Kings I. 


_puts the king in possession of the vineyard. Whereupon eg 





Nadab, in the second i of A eletendeit his father Jeroboam | 


in the kingdom of Israel, and reigneth not full two years. 

Nadab, at the siege of Gibbethon (a town of the Philistines), i is 
slain by Baasha, of the tribe of Issachar, in the third year of Asa 
and .the same year, having made himself king over Israel, tie 
utterly destroyeth the whole race of Jeroboam, and reigneth 24 
years. At this time lived the prophets Jehu, Hanani, and Azarias. _ 

Asa destrcyeth idolatry, and enjoying ten years of peace, | 
strengthens his kingdom with forts and a standing army. Aas 

Zerah the Ethiopian, with an innumerable army, invadeth — 
Judah: Asa overcomes him, sacrificeth to God of the spoil, and 
maketh a solemn covenant with God. He also deposeth Maachah 
his grandmother, a great patroness of idolatry ; bringeth into the™ 
temple those things which his father and himself had consecrated 
unto God, and enjoys a long peace. 

; Elah, the son of Baasha, succeeds his father in the kingdom of 
srael. 

In the second year of his reign, and the twenty-seventh of Asa’s 
Zimri, one of his captains, conspires against him, kills him, an 
reigneth i in his stead. As soon as he sits on the throne, he ed 
stroyeth the whole family of Baasha; but the army which then. 
lay before Gibbethon makes Omri “then king, who presently 
besiegeth Tirzah, and taketh it ; which Zimri seeing, he sets on fire 
the king’s palace, and perisheth i in the flames. 

The people of Israel are now divided into two factions; one 
follows Tibni, the son of Ginath, and endeavors to make him. king; 
the other adheres to Omri; but Tibni dying, Omri reigns alone, in 
the 31st year of Asa. 

‘Omri having reigned six years in Tirzah, removes the seat of 
his kingdom to Samaria, a place which he himself had built. 

Ahab succeeds his father in the kingdom of Israel, and reigneth 
22 years in Samaria. He did evil in the sight of the Lord above 
all that were before him. 

Jehoshaphat succeedeth his father Asa in the fourth year of 
Ahab, king of Israel, and reigneth 25 years in Jerusalem. ey 

Jehoshaphat being settled in his kingdom, and having de- . . 
molished the high places and groves, in the third year of his — 
reign he sends Levites with the princes to instruct the people in _ 
the law. God in the meantime subdueth his enemies under him. _ a 

Ben-hadad, king of Syria, layeth siege to Samaria, who by the — 4 
direction of a prophet is beaten off, and a vast number of the | ie 
Syrians slain. o, 

Ahab not being able to persuade Naboth to sell him his vine- % 
yard, falls sick upon it; Jezebel, his wife, suborning false witnesses — 
to accuse him of blasphemy, causeth Naboth to be stoned, and — 


q 

















prophet Elijah denounceth judgments against Ahab and ezebel ; 
wicked Ahab repenting, God defers the judgment. 

Ahab, in the seventeenth year of the reign of Jehostauhany mn 
maketh his son Ahaziah his associate in the government of his Me 
kingdom, 

Jehoshaphat also maketh J-horam his son copartner with him; 
whence it Is, that Jehoram, the son of Ahab, who succeeded his Por 
brother Ahaziah in the kingdom of Israel, in ‘the eighteenth year — 
of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, is said to have begun his ei in ee a 
the second year of Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat. 1S 

Ahab having got Jehoshaphat to assist him in the siege of — 
Ramoth-gilead, before he goes, he asketh counsel of 400 false 
prophets, who promise him victory and success ; but, by Jehosha- ce 
phat’s advice, Micaiah, a true prophet of God, is consulted, who — 
foretells his overthrow, and according to his word Ahab is slain at 
Ramoth-gilead, and buried at Samaria. 

Ahab being dead, the Moabites revolt from Israel, who ha 
continued in subjection ever since king David’s days. 

Ahaziah, king of Israel, lying ill “of a fall, sends to consult 
Baalzebub, the god of Ekron, concerning his recovery. Elijah the 
prophet meeteth the messenger, and telleth him Ahaziah shall 
surely die ; whereupon two captains, with over fifty men apiece are 
sent to apprehend him, and bring him before the king; Bl 


760 









PE ee ee ck 


Before 
Christ 
896 


892 


889 


888 


885 


884 


aki . 
Ey 


t Kings. 
XX 


° 


2 Kings. 
Tita 


Te ex 
2 Chron. 
XXI, 2, 3. 


2 Kings. 
VIII, 16. 
2 Chron. 
Sul 45.5, 

Genesis. 


XXVII, 40. 
2 Chron. 
XXI, x10, rr, 
12, 


2 Kings. 
VIII, 25, » 


28. 
IX. 


2 Kings. 
X. 


IX. 


», ae 
2 Chron. 
XXII, 10. 


2 Kings. 
XI. 

2 Chron, 

» XXITI. 


2 Kings. 
XII, 7. 


calleth for fire from heaven, and destroyeth both them and theit 
companies. A third captain, with his fifty men, being sent, and 
behaving himself submissively, Elijah goes along with him; the 

rophet certifies the king that he shall not come down from his 
Bed alive. So Ahaziah dieth, having governed (partly by himself, 
and partly together with his father) two years. 

Jehoram succeedeth his brother Ahaziah in the kingdom of 
Israel in the latter end of the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat, and 
reigneth twelve years. ‘ 

Elijah is taken up into heaven in a fiery chariot. 

Jehoshaphat, grown old, gives to his sons many gifts, with fenced 
cities in Judea; but his eldest son, Jehoram, he now more abso- 
lutely investeth with the throne of the kingdom, in the fifth year of 
Jehoram, king of Israel. 

Jehoram new, by the death of his father, has the kingdom of 
Judah to himself, which he holds four years. He is no sooner 
settled in his throne, but he puts all his brethren_to the sword, 
with many of the princes of Israel. At this time the Edomites, 
who ever since king David’s time had lived in subjection to 
Judah, revolt, and (as it was foretold by Isaac) they forever shake 
off his yoke; Libnah also, a city of the priests in the tribe of 
Judah, falls off from him about this time. 

Jehoram, following the counsel of his wicked wife Athaliah, the 
daughter of Ahab, king of Israel, sets up in Judah, and even in 
Jerusalem itself, the idolatrous worship of Baal, and compels his 
subjects thereto; a letter which was left for him by Elijah the 
prophet comes to his hands, which reproves him, and denounces 
all those calamities and punishments which afterward befell him. 

Ahaziah succeeds his father in the kingdom of Judah (having 
had part of the government bestowed upon him the year before), 
in the rath year of Jehoram, king of Israel, and reigneth one year 
in Jerusalem. 

ehoram, king of Israel, and Ahaziah, king of Judah, lead their 
armies to Ramoth-gilead against Hazael, who had newly suc- 
ceeded Ben-hadad in the kingdom of Syria: Jehoram is danger- 
ously wounded, and retires, himself, to Jezreel tc be cured. In the 
meantime Elisha sendeth a young prophet with instructions to 
anoint Jehu, the son of Jehoshaphat, the son of Nimshi, at 
Ramoth-gilead, king over Israel, and to open to him the will of 
God for the rooting out of the house of’ Ahab; who, being pro- 
claimed king by the soldiers, marcheth straight to Jezreel, killeth 
Jehoram in the field of Naboth, and causeth Jezebel to be cast out 
at a window, where she is eaten by dogs. He dispatcheth letters 
also to Samaria, and causeth seventy of Ahab’s children to be be- 
headed. ‘hen taking with him Jehonadab, the son of Rechab, 
he comes himself to Samaria, and destroys the whole family of 
Ahab, and all the priests of Baal. Nevertheless, having put down 
the worship of @aal, he departs not from the worship of Jeroboam’s 
golden calves, but maintains that idolatry all the time of his reign, 
which was 28 years. 

Jehu proceeds further, and executes the divine vengeance upon 
the idolatrous house of Judah; he pursues Ahaziah, who fled 
toward Megiddo, and overtaking him at Gur, causeth him to be 
killed in his chariot. Going also to Samaria, he meeteth with 42 
of Ahaziah’s kinsmen, whom he causeth to be slain. 

Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab, seeing her son Ahaziah dead, 
usurps the kingdom, destroying those that had right to the suc- 
cession; but Jehosheba, the daughter of king Jehoram, and wife 
to Jehoiada the high priest, takes Jehoash, being then an infant, 
and son to her brother Ahaziah, and hides him in the temple, and 
so saves hint from that massacre which was made of the rest of the 
blood royal, 

Jehoiada, the high priest, brings out Jehoash, now seven years 
old, and anoints him king; causeth Athaliah to be slain, and 
restoreth the worship of the true God, destroying the house of 
Baal, and commanding the idolatrous priest Mattan to be killed 
before his altars. Jehoash now beginning his reign, in the seventh 
year of Jehu, reigneth 40 years in Jerusalem. 

Jehoash, in the 23d year of his reign, giveth order for the repalr 


76% 





841 


840 


839 


836 


825 


810 


808 


784 


773 


772 


77 


XV,x. 


XIV. 
2 Chron. 
XXV. 


2 Kings. 
XIV, 16. 
2 Chron. 
XXV.- 
2 Kings. 
XV. 


XIV, 25. 
Tsay hV pe; 
Jonah IIT. 
Matthew. 

be Wy wo 
2 Kings. 


XIV, 29. 


XV, 8, 


Io. 


Amos. 
WITS 9. 
2 Kings. 


Ue Vegi 4s 


19, 





| of the temple, commis the 

































priest. ig : 
Jehoahaz succeedeth his Given Jena § in the in, dom of | 
and reigneth 17 years : during all which time Hazael, king of Syri 
oppresseth him, and ¢xerciseth all those cruelties upon the Israel- 
ites which Elisha the prophet had foretold. 

Jehoash, the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, is’ taken acta S| 
consortship of that kingdom by his father, in the 27th year 
Jehoash, king of Judah, and reigneth 16 years. ‘ 

Zechariah, the son of ‘Jehoiada the high priest, for reproving the a 
people of Judah that fall to idolatry after the decease of Jehoiada, is 
stoned to death in the court of the house of the Lord by the com- 
mandment of king Jehoash, who the next year after is murdered 
by some of his servants, as he lay in his bed; and Amaziah his 
son succeedeth him. ae 

Jehoahaz dieth, and Jehoash his son succeedeth in the isncdaee Nae P 
of Israel. Not long after his father’s funeral he visits Elisha the ~ 
prophet, then lying sick, and with many tears asketh counsel of 
him, who promiseth him victory over the Syrians. A dead man 
is brought to life by being laid in Elisha’s grave. 

Jeroboam the second is this year taken into the consortship | orn ry Hd 
the kingdom of Israel by his father Jehoash, going to war against 
the Syrians, This is gathered from Azariah king of Judah’s be- 
ginning to reign in aus 27th year of this Jeroboam. 

Amaziah, king of Judah, growing proud upon a victory obtained © 
against the Edomites, this 14th year of his reign, provoketh 
Jehoash, king of Israel, to battle. Jehoash overcomes him, and 
takes him prisoner, breaks down 400 cubits of the wall of Jer 
salem, and, having ‘spoiled the temple and the king’s house of 
vast treasure, returns to Samaria. 

Jehoash dies, fifteen years before Amaziah, and Jeroboam: 
second, his son, reigneth in Samaria 41 years. ie 
Amaziah, finding, a conspiracy against him at Jerusalem’ fics: 
Lachish, where he is murdered; after whom comes his son Uzziah, ri 
or Azariah, in the 27th year of Jeroboam the second, and reigneth 

52 years in "Jerusalem. 

Now is held the 13th Jubilee, under the two most Aeaushiv 
kings ; in whose times live sundry great prophets in both king- 
doms; Isaiah and Joel in Judah; Jonas, Hosea, and Bee 
Israel. 

Jonas of Gath-hepher, a town belonging to the tribe of Ze ulon 
in Galilee of the Gentiles fovecrye here the blindness of the Phari- 
sees, Fohn vii, 52), was afterward sent into Nineveh, the metropo- f 
lis of Assyria, where both. king and people at his. Pr hin; 
repented. : 

Jeroboam, king of Israel (under whom that kingdom ca 
its full height of glory), dieth; after his death all things fa 
confusion, and the State is reduced to a plain anarchy, ' 
lasteth 11 years and a half; for such an interregnum or va 
the synchronism of Kings requires, that the six months of — 
ariah, the son of Jeroboam, may answer the 38 years an 
month of Shallum, who murdered him, in the 39th year of Aza: 
or Uzziah, king of Judah. 

Zachariah, the son of Jeroboam, the fourth and last of the r 
Jehu (as was foretold), begins his reign over Israel, in th 
year of Azariah, or Uzziah, king of Judah, and reign th 
months. 

Shallum, the son of Jabesh, at the end of six months, m Ir 
him in the’ sight of the people, and reigns one month, in the 
year of Uzziah, king oe Judah. After Zachariah’s death : 
those direful calamities foretold by Amos the prophet. - 

Menahem, the son of Gadi, going from Tirzah to ‘sS 
killeth Shallum, wasteth Tiphsah and the borders thereo 
because the town would not open to him, he takes ity Sai) 
all the women with child. Som 

While Menahem in these broils labors to get the possessi of 
the kingdom, Pul, king of Assyria, invadeth his country, to whom 
Menahem giveth 1000 talents of silver, and, per ary, reig zneth — 
quietly 10 years. Shi hs 


162 





















2 Chron. 
XXVII, s. 
Mic. I, x. 


742 2 Kings. 

VES 

2 Chron. 
XXVIII, x. 

Tsai VIt: 


742 


739 . 2 Kings. 
XV, 30. 


© 78) XVII, 3. 


Mitine ir XVIII, x. 
2 Chron, 

. XXIX. 

XXX, 

sy i ce cbt 

oy 2 Kings. 

DG 8 











XVIII. 
XX. 


Isaiah. 
POG xe MOV LIT, 
2 Kings. 
XIX, 


Isaiah. 
XXXVIL. 


4 


_ 2 Kings. 

‘ Bex}, 

, _2Chron. 
XXXII. 


Pekahiah succeedeth his father Menahem 
Uzziah, king of Judah, and reigneth 2 years, 

Pekah, one of his captains, kills him in his own palace at 
Samaria, and reigneth 20 years. 

Jotham succeedeth his father Uzziah in the kingdom of Judah, 
at the age of 25 years, and reigneth 16 years in Jerusalem. 

Jotham subdues the Ammonites, and makes them li pre for 
3 years. Under him and his two successors the prophets Micah 
and Hosea execute their prophetical office. About this time lived 
the prophet Nahum, and prophesied the destruction of Nineveh. 

Ahaz succeedeth his father Jotham, in the 17th year of Pekah, 
king of Israel, and reigneth 16 years. 

This year Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel, are 
confederate against Judah, which strikes a great terror into that 
nation; but unto Ahaz, God, by the prophet Isaiah, sends a 
gracious message, with a promise of deliverance ; fora sign whereof 
(when the incredulous king, being bid to ask a sign, refused to do 
it) God gives him the promise of Immanuel to be born of a virgin. 
Rezin and Pekah.now lay siege to Jerusalem, and therein to Ahaz, 
but are beaten off; Ahaz is no sooner delivered from his enemies 
but he forsakes God his deliverer, and falls to idolatry. Wheres 
fore God gives him over into the hands of the king of Israel, who 
slays of the men of Judah 120,000 in one day, with a great many 
of the nobility, and carrieth away 200,000 captives ; but these, by 
the advice of the prophet Obed, are released and sent home. 

Hoshea, the son of Elah, murders Pekah, king of Israel, and 
gets the kingdom into his own hands, it is said, in the 2oth year 
of Jotham, that is, from the time that Jotham first began to ey 
which is the same with the 4th of Ahaz his son. Hoshea, by 
reason of the tumults and disorders which ensued, cannot be said 
to have reigned till 9 years after, the’state continuing all that time 
in great confusion, without any form of government. 

Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, comes up against Hoshea, and 
makes him to serve him, and pay him tribute. 

Hezekiah succeedeth his father Ahaz in the kingdom of Judah: 
he destroyeth idolatry, and prospers: he also celebrates a solemn 
passover, and reigneth 29 years in Jerusalem; his father had 
made him, in the last year of his reign, his assistant in the govern- 
ment. 9, 

Hoshea, king of Israel, having consulted with So, king of Egypt, 
refuseth to pay tribute to Shalmaneser: provoked hereby, and 
jealous of some further design in that confederacy of Hoshea with 
the king of Egypt, Sk&lmanesér layeth siege to Samaria, and 
toward the latter end of the third year taketh it, and carrieth. 
away the Israelites captive into his own country. This was the 
end of the kingdom of Israel, when it had stood divided from the 
kingdom of Judah 254 years. tiie 

Sennacherib, king of Assyria, coming up against Judah, be- 
siegeth their fenced cities, and taketh many of them, but is pacified 
by a tribute. 

Ahout this time Hezekiah falls sick, and is told by Isaiah that 
he shall die, but pouring out his tears and prayers unto God, he 
recovereth his health, and obtaineth a prolongation of- his life and 
kingdom for 15 years. Forasign whereof the sun goes ten degrees 
backward. 

Sennacherib, not observing the articles of peace, at Ae siege to 
adler. and sendeth a blasphemous letter to Hezekiah ; which 

é€ opening, and spreading before the Lord in the temple, with 
many tears, craves assistance from God against the Assyrians. 
Whereupon the prophet Isaiah assures him that Cod will deliver 
him, and defend that city. The self-same night an angel of the 
Lord slays 185,000 men in the Assyrian army; and the next 
morning Sennacherib departeth, and returns to Nineveh; where 
not long after, whilst he is worshiping in the house of Nisroch 
his god, he is slain by his own sons. 

Manasseh, at 12 years of age, succeedeth his father Hezekiah, 
and reigneth 55 years. He setteth up idolatry, and sheddeth 
much innocent blood, Wherefore God delivers him up into the 
hands of the Assyrians, who in the 22d year of his reign carry him 


, in the soth year of 


he <i — 


4 “w ) 








~ Christ 
677 


656 


643 
641 


630 
624 


610 


609 


607 


606 


605 





* 


XXXII. 


Judith, 
XIII. 


2 Kings. 
raeierk 
2 Chron. 
XXXIII, 
21, 22. 
2 Kings. 
XXII, 1x. 
2 Chron. 
XXXIV. 


2 Kings. 
XXIII. 
2 Chron. 
XXXIV. 


2 Kings. 


XXIII, 29. 


Zech. 
ally x2. 


2 Chron. 


XXXV, 25. 


Lam, 
IV, 20, 


2 Kings. 
XXIII. 


2 Chron, 
XXXVI, 


5. 


Jer. 
XXVI. 


XXV,1 
2 Chron. 


XXXVI, 6. 


Jer. 
XXV, 11. 
XXIX, ro, 
Daniel, 
I, 3, 7- 
Isaiah 


XXXIX, 7. 





2 Chron. 


‘ be ‘ mt 








AN INDEX ‘TO THE HOLY 





away captive to Babylon: but upon his repentance God restores 
him to his liberty and kingdom, Nis RA Shy 

This year Nabuchodonosor, king of Assyria, purposing tomake 
himself universal monarch, sends Holofernes, his general, against = 
Judea, who layeth siege to Bethulia, andthere hath hisheadtaken 
off by Judith, a woman of the tribe of Simeon. pa) “He 

Amon, aged 22 years, succeedeth his father Manasseh, and 
reigneth two years. An idolater indeed, as his father, but no 
penitent: he is murdered by his own servants. 

Josiah, a child of 8 years old, succeedeth his father Amon, and i 
reigneth 31 years. In his time lived Jeremiah and Zephaniah the 7 
prophets, and Huldah the prophetess. ‘ 

In the 12th year of his reign he begins a reformation in Judah 
and Jerusalem, and carries it on successfully. 

This year he giveth order for the repair of the temple. Hilkiah 
the high priest, having found a book of the law, sends it to the 
king, who hears it read all over to him, and thereupon asketh 
counsel of Huldah the prophetess, who prophesieth the destruction 
of Jerusalem, but not in his days. Josiah, calling to him the 
elders of Judah and Jerusalem, with the priests and prophets, 
causeth the book of the law to be read over before all the people, 
and reneweth the covenant between God and his people; he 
burneth also dead men’s bones upon the altar at Beth-el, as was” 
foretold, and keepeth a most solemn passover. 

At this time a war breaks out between the king of Egypt and 
the king of Assyria. Josiah unadvisedly engageth in the war 
against Necho, king of Egypt, and is slain in the valley of 
Megiddo, The good king being thus taken out of the world, 
whose life only kept off the Babylonish captivity from that nation, 
not only the people then living bewailed his death, but even in 
after-time a public mourning for him was kept. The prophet ~ 
Jeremy also, in remembrance thereof, composeth his Lamentations, © 
wherein, bewailing the calamities which were shortly to befall that 
people, as present before his eyes, in a most compassionate man~_— 
ner he points, as it were with his finger, at the death of Josiah as 
the source and original of all those ensuing miseries. f , 

After the death of Josiah, the people anoint Jehoahaz,one of his 
younger sons, to be their king. After three months’ reign, he is 
deposed by Pharaoh Necho, who makes Eliakim, his elder brother, 
king over Judah and Jerusalem, and changes his name into 
pencil ; but Jehoahaz he carries along with him captive into — 

gypt, where he ends his days. ona. 

Jehoiakim, at 25 years of age, begins to reign, and he reigneth 
II years. { fy EN 

Uriah and Jeremiah prophesy against Jerusalem; the formeris 
put to death, the latter is acquitted, and set at liberty. About this 
time Habakkuk also prophesieth. Saray 

_Uhis year is Nebuchadnezzar the Great made, by his father, 
Nebopolazzar, his associate in the kingdom of Assyria and Baby- | 
lon ; into whose hands God delivers up Jehoiakim, who is put in 
chains, to be carried to Babylon; but upon his submission and 
promises of obedience is left in his own house, where he lives a. 
servant to Nebuchadnezzar 3 years. From which entering of the _ 
king and people of the Jews into the subjection and service of — 
Nebuchadnezzar are the 70 years of the captivity of Babylon to be 
reckoned, which were foretold by the prophet Jeremy. Mare 8 

Nebuchadnezzar gives order to Ashpenaz, master ofthe eunuchs, _ 
that he shall carry from thence of the children of Israel, both ‘of ay 
the blood royal (as was foretold by the prephet Isaiah to arene 
and also of the nobility, the choicest youths, both for beauty and 
wit, that he can find; who, being educated 3 years in the languag 
and sciences of tne Chaldeans, may afterward be fit to serve th 
king in his palace; among whom, of the tribe of Judah, ai 
Daniel, called  Belteshazzar; Hananiah, called Shadrach er aS Wea 
Mishael, called Meshach; and Azariah, called Abed-nego ; their 
names being thus changed by the master of the eunuchs. : 

Whilst Nebuchadnezzar pursues his victories over the king o 
Egypt his father dies, which coming to his knowledge, he giveo 
order for the bringi . 9 ee 

nging away of the captives, and posts with 


704 




















a. 


a | 


—. 





‘Before 
Christ 
605 


Dan. I, 2. 
2 Chron. 


XXXVI, 7. 


63 2 Kings. 
XXIV, 1. 


Dan. II. 


600 2 Kings. 


XXIV, 2. 
er. 

xxi, 18, 

XXXVI, 


ae 
2 Kings, 


XXIV, 8. 
2 Chron. 


XXXVI, 9. 


Isaiah. 


KEXIK 6. 


er. 

XXIV, xr. 
Ezekiel. 
XVII, 12. 


Pr Pec 
Baruch. VI. 


2 Kings. 
XXIV, 17. 


2 Chron. 
XXXVI. 


588 
2 Kings. 
XXV. 
Merc. 35 
XXXIX., 
Lii, 


26. 


2 Kings. 
XXV, 2. 


Jer. 
XLIX, 7. 
Ezekiel. 
XXV, 12. 


a 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


small company the nearest way to Babylon, where he is receiveq 
as the lawful successor to his father’s dominions. He causeth 
to be brought to Babylon what he thinks fit of the vessels and fur- 
cate ipsa the temple, and placeth them in the house of his god, 
viz., Belus. 

Jehoiakim, having lived 3 years in subjection to the king of 
Babylon, falls off, and rebels against him. : 

This year (being the second of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign, taking 
it as begun at his father’s death) Daniel recovers Nebuchad- 
nezzar’s dream, and interprets it to betoken the four chief mon- 
archies; whereupon he and his companions are highly ad- 
vanced. 

Nebuchadnezzar sends an army, consisting of Chaldeans, 


| Syrians, Moabites, and Ammonites, against Jehoiakim; these 


waste the whole country of Judea, and carry away from thence 
3023 captives. Jehoiakim also is taken prisoner, whom they put 
to death, cause his carcass to be drawn out at the gate of Jerusa- 
lem (as was foretold by the prophet Jeremiah), and leave it with- 
out the walls unburied. 

Jehoiachin (called also Conias and Jeconias), at 18 years of age, 
sees his father Jehoiakim, and reigns three months in Jerus 
salem, 

Against him Nebuchadnezzar leads an army, and besiegeth 
Jerusalem : Jehoiachin, with all his kindred and courtiers, come out 
to meet him. Nebuchadnezzar makes them all prisoners, enters 
Jerusalem, and takes all the treasure he can find in the temple and 
the king’s palace, breaking in pieces,all the vessels of gold and 
furniture which Solomon had made for the temple; he carrieth 
away captive to Babylon the king, his mother, wives, courtiers, 
magistrates, and 10,000 able men out of®Jerusalem, leaving none 
behind but the poorer sort of people ; and out of the country round 
about he carried also away 8000 artificers. Among the captives 
are Mordecai, and Ezekiel the priest; Ezekiel, therefore, in his 
prophecy reckons the time all along from the beginning of this 
captivity. An epistle, said to be Jeremiah’s, is now sent to the 
captives, admonishing them to beware of the idolatry which they 
shall see in Babylon. 

Nebuchadnezzar, before his departure from Jerusalem, makes 
Mattaniah, Jehoiachin’s father’s brother, king, changing his name 
into Zedekiah. 

Zedekiah, beginning his reign at 21 years of age, reigneth 11 
years; he, by rebelling against Nebuchadnezzar, or rather b 
continuing in open rebellion (as his father had done) against God. 
brought upon jerusalem and the whole nation of the Jews those long- 
deserved calamities which God had so often forewarned them of 
by his prophets ; for, in the latter end of the 11th year of Zedekiah, 
ae em, after a long siege, is taken by Nebuchadnezzar, and 

is Chaldeans enter it. Zedekiah flees away by night, but, being 
pursued, is taken, and brought prisoner to Riblah, Nebuchadnez- 
zar’s headquarters ; there having first seen his children slaugh- 
tered before his eyes, he has afterward those eyes put out, and, 
being loaded with chains, is carried away captive to Babylon. 
About a month after the taking of the city, Nebuzaradan, captain 
of the guard, sent by Nebuchadnezzar, makes his entry into it, 
sets fire to the raraaies the king’s palace, and some noblemen’s 
houses, and so layeth the whole city in ashes; the walls of Jeru- 
salem being razed to the ground ; all that were left in the city, 
and those that a little before had fallen to the Chaldeans, with 
what treasure he can find, doth Nebuzaradan carry with him into 
Babylon. 

And thus was Judah carried out of her own land, 468 years after 
David began to reign over it, 388 years after the falling off of the 
ten tribes, and 134 years after the destruction of the kingdom of 
Israel. 

Obadiah, the prophet, denounceth God’s judgments against the 
Edomites, who now exult, over the calamity of the Jews. The 
same do Jeremy and Ezekiel, and the author of the 79th and 137th 
Psalms, who wrote all about the same time. 


765 


Before 
Christ 
569 
The 
Bahy- 
lonian 
¥im- 
pire. 
562 


555 


553 


537 


536 


Daniel. 
IV, 


29, 33; 


34 


er. 
XXVII, 7. 


Dan. V. 


Isa. XIII. 
Hab. II. 


Jer. 
XXV, 12. 
L, LI 


Dan. V, 31. 


VI. 


IX. 


yer, 
XXIX, 10, 


Dan. IX. 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


THE SIXTH AGE OF THE WORLD. 


NEBUCHADNEZZAR, proud of his victories over Egypt, and 
his conquest of Judea and other countries, and boasting the magni« 
ficence of his buildings, falls distracted, and is driven from the 
society of men. : 

After seven years spent among the beasts of the field, his under- 
standing returning to him, he humbly acknowledgeth the power of 
God, and his goodness toward him, and is restored to his king- 
dom, A few days after, he dies, having reigned about 20 months 
together with his father, and 43 years by himself. 

Evil-merodach, his son, succeeds him, in the 37th year of the 
captivity of Jehoiachin, or Jeconiah, who presently gives order for 
the enlargement of Jehoiachin, and two days after changeth his 
prison clothes, sets him above all the princes of his court, and 
causeth him to eat at his own table. Jehoiachin dies about two 
years after. 

Belshazzar, having removed some persons who had murdered 
his father, Evil-merodach, and usurped his throne, succeeds in 
the kingdom of Babylon. In the first year of this king’s reign 
Daniel has the vision of the four beasts, signifying the four great 
monarchies of the world, and of God delivering over all power 
and sovereignty tothe Sonof Man. ; e 

In the third year of Belshazzar, Daniel receives the vision of the 
ram and the he-goat, betokening the destruction of the Persian 
monarchy, and the great misery which Antiochus should bring 
upon the people of God. 

This year Belshazzar makes a great feast for all the nobles, and 
causeth to be brought forth all the vessels of the house of the Lord, 
which Nebuchadnezzar, his grandfather, had brought away from 
Jerusalem, to the glory of his idols, and dishonor of the true God. 
In the midst of all this jollity a hand appears writing on the wall 
of the room in which the king and his numerous guests sit drink- 
ing. The king, greatly terrified hereat, sends for his Chaldean 
astrologers and wizards, and commands them to read the writing, 
and give him the interpretation of it; but they not being able to 
do either, Daniel is sent for, who reads the writing, and gives the 
king the interpretation of it: whereupon Daniel is publicly pro~— 


claimed the third manin the kingdom. The same night Belshaz~ — 


zar is slain, Babylon is taken by Cyrus, and the empire translated 
to the Medes and Persians, as had been sundry times foretold by 
the prophets. 

Cyrus having given the kingdom of Babylon to Darius the 
Mede, reserving some palaces in the city for himself, he returns 
through Media into Persia. 

Daniel’s greatness raising envy in some principal courtiers and 
officers, these contrive his ruin: but finding nothing in his man- 
agement of affairs whereof to accuse him, they resolve to order 
matters so that Daniel’s piety toward God shall become an offence 
worthy of death. They move the king to make a decree that for 
30 days no petition shall be made to any god or man, but to him- 


self only. Which decree Daniel breaks by making supplication 
to his God, and is, for so doing, cast into a den of lions; but being 


feund to have received no hurt there, Darius commands the cons 


spirators to be cast into the same den, who are presently devoured; __ 


and the king publisheth a decree that all persons throughout his 
dominions shall reverence and fear the God of Daniel. 
Toward the end of the first year of the reign of Darius the 


Mede, to be reckoned from the subversion of the Babylonish — 


empire, begins the 7oth year of the captivity of the Jews, which, 


Upon consideration of which time, so near at hand, Daniel pours 


out his most fervent prayers to God for the remission of his own — 
sins, and those of his people, and for that promised deliverance ~ 


out of their captivity; to whom the angel Gabriel brings an 


answer not only of this, but also of the spiritual deliverance of the ~~ 
church by the death of the Messiah; uttering that memorable 


prophecy of the seventy weeks. 


Cyrus, his father Cambyses, and his father-in-law Cyaxares, BS 


7600 


Se 
x! = 


= 


by Jeremiah’s prophecy, was to be the last year of their calamity. — @ 






a eesihy 





iy (atest 
ve hemi i 


ye 
opie Teh 











535 


534 


529 


§20 


919 
518 
515 





Isaiah. 
XLIV, 28. 
XxLV,; 


Trg 


Acts. 
XXXVI, 7. 
ame, or: 
Luke II, 

86, 


2 Chron. 
XI, 16. 


Ezra III, 
Oar. 


EVs. 55 


6. 


Hag. II, 
I, 9. 


zZ2ech.I, 
1, 6. 

Esther. 
Ezra. 


VI, 
15-22, 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


both dying, Persia falls to him by inheritance, and Media by com 
tract of marriage: and so he is possessed of the whole eastern 
empire ; from which time both Xenophon (/mst., 275. 8) reckons 
the 7 years of his reign; and the Holy Scripture, out of the records 
of the Medes and Persians, reckons this his first year; for it 
teacheth us that in this year came forth that renowned edict of 
his, Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia, The Lord God of Heaven 
hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth, and hath charged 
me to build him a house at Jerusalem which is in Judah, etc. At 
which time the 70 years of the Babylonish captivity being expired 
(as was foretold by Isaiah and Jeremiah, the former making men- 
tion of Cyrus by name), he gives leave to all the Jews, dwellin 
in all parts of his dominions, to return into their own country, an 
commands them immediately to fall in hand with rebuilding of 
the temple. 

_He restoreth also all the vessels of the house of God, which 
Nebuchadnezzar had brought from thence; and contributes 
toward the building. 

The Jews, therefore, return into their own country, the poorer 
sort having allowance made them to defray their charges upon the 
way. ‘he number of the children of the province, or Hebrews 
born in Chaldea, which, with their captain, Zerubbabel, and their 
high priest, Jeshua, return out of captivity, is 42,360, besides 
proselytes, men-servants, and maid-servants, to the number of 
7337. Now the particular sums of Ezra’s catalogue being cast up 
amount only to 29,818; and those in Nehemiah’s account make 
but 31,031, both which come far short of that genera) sum of 
42,360, which at the bottom of each catalogue is said to be the 
number of the whole congregation, Wherefore the Hebrews, in 
the xxixth chapter of their great chronicle, tell us, that to complete 
the full sum of 42,360, we must cast in those of the other ten tribes 
of Israel who came up out of the captivity with the Jews. .For 
even till the last extirpation of the Jewish State there remained 
some relics of the other ten tribes, not only in the dispersion, 
and at Jerusalem, and other cities of Judah, but also of those 
who kept still in their own seats; for Shalmaneser swept not 
away all out of the whole ten tribes, but left a remnant of them in 
their own country, who were afterward, together with the Jews, 
Benjamites and Levites, carried away by Nebuchadnezzar into 
Babylon, and are now dismissed and sent back again by Cyrus. 

In the second year after their return from Babylon, in the second 
month, they appoint Levites to oversee the work of the house of 
God, and lay the foundation of the temple ; the old men lamenting, 
who 53 years before had seen the old temple standing, and the 
younger sort rejoicing to see the new one going up. 

The Samaritans, by the means of certain courtiers about Cyrus, 
whom they had bribed for that purpose, disturb the Jews in their 
work of the temple. 

In the beginning of the reign of Artaxerxes (called in profane 
story Cambyses) the Samaritans, who, whilst Cyrus lived, had 
secretly undermined the Jews, now openly frame a direct accusa- 
tion in writing, against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem, 
and present it to the king, who presently forbids the Jews to pro- 
ceed in the building. 

In the second year of king Darius Hystaspes (the same with 
Ahasuerus), Zerubbabel and Jeshua, incited by the prophets 
Haggai and Zechariah, set forward the building of the temple. 

Haggai prophesieth that the glory of this second temple shall be 
greater than that of the former; not as being a more magnificent 
structure, but in regard that the blessed Messiah shall one da 
honor it with his presence, and from thence propagate peace to all 
nations. 

About this time Zechariah the prophet exhorteth the Jews to 
repentance. 

Ahasuerus puts away queen Vashti, his wife, and not long after 
espouseth Esther, the niece of Mordecai the Jew. 

In the sixth year of Darius, or Ahasuerus, the temple is finished, 
the dedication whereof is celebrated with great joy and abundance 
of sacrifices, the priests and Levites, every one in his place, attend: 
ing on the ministry of the temple. The passover also is celebrated. 


767 


Before 
Christ 


510 


509 
467 


455 


442 
415 


335 
332 


Esther. 
Ill. 


Deut. 
XXV, 109. 


Esther. 
IV. 


WI: 


XIII. 


Malachi. 
Wind 


Luke I, 17. 


Matthew. 
DULG ira: 
AVEL, 1x2. 


Hg Ant. 
HET VeCaoe 


Id, ibid. 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


« 


Haman, an Agagite, of the race of the Amalekites,a great 
favorite of king Ahasuerus, offended at Mordecai, because he falls 
not down and adores him, as others do, resolves to be revenged of © 
the whole nation of the Jews (which was ever averse to his), and 
to root it out; for the executing of which purpose, that he may 
find a successful time, he causeth Pur, that is, the lot, to be cast 
before him, for to know the day and month wherein the Jews shall 
be destroyed, and the lot falls on the 12th month, Adar. 

Haman obtains an edict from the king, that all Jews, without 
respect to sex or age, upon the thirteenth day of the month Adar, 
be put to death, in all the provinces of the king’s dominions, Here- 
upon Mordecai, Esther, and all the Jews, humble themselves 
before the Lord by fasting and prayer. 

Ahasuerus, hearing it read in the chronicles that a conspiracy 
had been discovered to him by Mordecai, commandeth that he be 
publicly honored, and that by Haman himself, his deadly enemy. 

Esther, entertaining the king and Haman at a banquet, maketh 
suit for her own life, and her people’s, and accuseth Haman. 
The king, understanding that Haman had provided a gallows for 
Mordecai, causeth him to be hanged thereon. In memory of this 
great deliverance the two days of Purim are made festival. 

Ezra the priest, a man skilled in the law of Moses, obtains a 
large commission from king Artaxerxes to settle the Jewish com- 
monwealth, and to reform the church at Jerusalem. 

In the seventh year of Artaxerxes, Ezra, with a great multitude 
of Jews, sets out from Babylon. 

Ezra obligeth those who had taken strangers to wife to send 
them back. 

In the twentieth year of king Artaxerxes, Nehemiah, a Jew, 
one of his cup-bearers, being made governor of Judea, obtains 
leave to build the wall of Jerusalem, and finish that great work, 
Here begins Daniel’s 70 weeks, to be fulfilled before the passion 
of our Saviour. 

Nehemiah, having governed Judea 12 years, returns to the king 
of Persia. 

This year is the 21st Jubilee, the last that ever the prophets of 
the Old Testament saw; for that place in Nehemiah, chap. xii, 22, 
is not to be understood of the last Darius, but of Darius Nothus, 
who now reigns in Persia; the full history of Nehemiah ending 
with the time of Artaxerxes Longimanus, father of this Darius 
Nothus. 

Hitherto (saith Eusebius, in his chronicle, to the 32d year of 
Artaxerxes) the Divine Scriptures of the Hebrews contain: the 
annals of the times; but those things which were done among 
them afterward we must deliver out of tlie books of the Maccabees 
and out of the writings of Josephus, who have delivered a general 
history of the Jewish affairs from thence down to the times of the 
Romans. 

That Malachi, the last of the prophets, was contemporary with 
Nehemiah, appears from hence, that he nowhere exhorts the 
people to the building of the temple, as Haggai and Zachary did; 
but the temple being now built, he reproves those disorders which 
Nehemiah, at his second return with a new commission from 
Babylon, saith he found in his absence to have crept in among the 
Jews, as marriage with strange women, withholding of tithes 
and abuses in the worship of God; and because a succession of 
prophets was not to be expected, as before, he exhorteth the 
people constantly to adhere to the law of Moses, till Christ, the 
chief prophet, should appear, whose forerunner, John the Baptist 
should come in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts o 
the fathers unto their children, and the disobedient to the wisdom 
of the just. See 1 Mac. iv, 46, and ix, 27. 


ALEXANDER the Great, king of Macedonia, passeth out of 
Europe into Asia, and begins to lay waste the Persian empire. 

Manasses, brother to Jaddus the high priest, refusing to put 
away his strange wife, is driven from the sacrifice: Sanaballath, 
his father-in-law, governor of Samaria, revolteth from Darius, 
obtains leave of Alexander to build a temple on mount Gerizim, 


768 








Mee rnae en ee 


Before 
Christ} fos. Ant. 
332 
; 1 Oe cat oa 
Daniel. 
VIII, 7. 
>, 4 bEe 
330 
The 
Mace- 
do- pes. Ant. 
nian eet hp 
Em- x Mac. I. 
pire. 
2 
ab Jos. Ant. 
ie, C23: 


277 | 1. x2, ¢. 2. 


| 3977 | 2 Mac. Ill. 


176 1 Mac. I, 
10, 
175 | 2 Mac. IV, 7, 


172 23, %4, 


x70 27. 


t Mac. I, 
21, 22. 
2 Mac. V. 
js Jos. Ant. 
ate. C. 7. 
Daniel. 


XI, 28. 


~ 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, 


* x <7 
and makes Manasses high priest thereof, to which resort all such 
as are entangled in unlawful marriage, with all such offenders as 
think themselves not safe at Jerusalem. This was the rise of that 
schismatical Lonventicle of the Samaritans. See ¥ohz iv, 20. 

Alexander marchcth toward Jerusalem, intending to besiege it. 
Jaddusz the high oriest, hearing of it, putteth on his priestly orna- 
ments, and. accompanied with the people all in white, goeth out to 
mect iim. Alexander, seeing his habit, Mlls prostrate before him, 
saying <hat, whilst he was in Macedonia, a man appeared unto 
him in the very samc habit, who invited him to come into Asia, 
and vromised to deliver the Persian empire into his hands. After 
this he goes to the temple, and offers sacrifice, according to the 
high priest’s direction. They show him the prophecy of Daniel, 
that a Grecian should come and destroy the Persians, whereby 
he is mightily confirmed in his persuasion that he himself is the 
man. Lastly, he bestoweth on the Jews whatever favors they 
desire, and departeth. 

The Persians are overcome, Darius slain, and Alexander re- 
mains universal monarch of the eastern world. 

Alexander, having reigned six years and ten months, dieth ; his 
army and dominions are divided among his captains. Antigonus 
makes himself governor of Asia, Seleucus of Babylon and the 
bordering nations ; Lysimachus hath the Hellespont; Cassander, 
Macedon; and Ptolemeus, the son of Lagus, gets Egypt. 

Ptolemeus, surnamed Soter, makes himself master of Jerusalem 
by a stratagem, for he enters the city on a Sabbath-day, under 
pretence of offering sacrifice, and whilst the Jews suspect nothing, 
but spend the day in ease and idleness, he surpriseth the city, 
without resistance, and maketh the citizens captives. He sendeth 
cee colonies of Jews into Egypt, and puts great confidence in 
them. 

Ptolemeus Philadelphus, son of Ptolemeus Soter, being a great 
favorer of learning, builds a most magnificent library at Alexan- 
dria. Demetrius Phalerius, to whom he had. committed the care 
of procuring all sorts of books, and out of all countries, persuades 
him to employ 72 Jews in translating the Holy Scriptures out of 
the original Hebrew into the Greek tongue, which was done, in 
the seventh year of his reign. The king also dismisseth many 
captive Jews, and dedicates many presents to the temple of God 
at Jerusalem. 

One Simon, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, governor of the 
temple, falling out with Onias the high priest, goes to Apollonius, 
the governor of. Celosyria, and informs him that there is a vast 
treasure in the temple; Apollonius acquaints king Seleucus, his 
master, with it, who presently sends his treasurer, Heliodorus, to 
Jerusalem, to bring this money away. Heliodorus, entering the 
temple, is by angels struck down in the very place, and carried 
from thence half dead ; but by the prayers of Onias he is soon after 
restored to his health. Returning to Seleucus that sent him, he 
magnifies the holiness of the temple, and the power of God dwell- 
ing in it. 

Antiochus Epiphanes succeeds Seleucus in the kingdom of 
Syria, and reigneth 11 years and some months. : 

Jason, by corrupting king Antiochus, obtaineth the office of high 
priest. 

Menelaus, brother to Simon the traitor, being employed by 
Jason -to carry the money to the king, promiseth 300 talents of 
silver above what Jason had sent, and getteth the priesthood to 
himself, : 

Menelaus, not paying the money he had promised the king at 
his admiszion, is summoned to appear before Antiochus; he sub- 
stituteth Lysimachus, his brother, in his place. 

Antiochus taketh Jerusalem, and sacking it, pillageth the 
temple, destroyeth 40,000 of the inhabitants, and selleth as many 
more. He endeavoreth also to abolish the worship of God, and 
forceth many Jews to forsake their religion, The Samaritans now 
disown their relation to the Jews, to whom-in prosperity they pre: 
tended alliance, and consecrate the temple on mount Gerizim t¢ 


Jupiter. 
769 


Before 
Christ 
168 
x Mac. 
VIII, 5. 


167 I, 45. 


1 Mac. II. 
2 Mac. VI. 
Jos. Ant. 
ioe ll oa fe 


166 1 Mac. III. 
2 Mac. VIII. 
Jos. Ant. 
Lipide, Cy ige 


xr Mac. ITY. 
Jos. Ant. 


165 


163 | 2 Mac. XIII. 


Jos, Ant. 
Lie SC. 2G 


162 t Mac. VII. 


r6r | 2 Mac. XIV. 
Jos. Ant. 


ers, Ciur7. 


x Mac. IX. 
Jos. Ant. 
l. 12, c, 18, 
19. 

1 Mac, 
VIII, 19. 
Jos, Ant, 


260 lava Seca ye 
t Mac. IX, 


BD? 7% 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 
8 


Perseus, having made war upon the Romans, is this year over- 
come by them, and the kingdom of the Macedonians ends, when 
from Caranus; it had stood 626 years. Nevertheless, the relics of 
the Macedonian empire, while that of the Roman was rising, did 
yet survive in the Ptolemies of Egypt and the kings of Syria. 

King Antiechus, by a public edict, commands all nations that 
are subject unto him to observe the same way of divine worship, 
and, laying aside their peculiar customs, to profess the same reli- 
gion with the Grecians, the punishment of death being threatened 
unto such as shall be disobedient ; and he appoints overseers over 
every people and nation, who shall compel them hereunto. Of the 
Jews many choose rather to undergo the most cruel torments than 
to offer sacrifice unto idols; all which martyrdems, with those 
glorious sufferings of the seven Maccabean brethren, are recorded 
in the two books of Maccabees. 


Mattathias, a priest, with his five sons, slay those that are sent . 


by king Antiochus to compel them to offer abominable sacrifices, 
and after betake themselves to the desert. They are followed by 
many others, of whom a great number are stifled in their caves, 
because they would not defend themselves on the Sabbath- 
day. Mattathias abolisheth that superstition, and exhorts his 
ae to assert their privileges, and deliver their country from 

ondage 

Mattathias dies, and Judas Maccabeus takes upon him the 
management of this affair. He delivers his country, and purgeth 
it from the abominations which had been committed in it. 

Apollonius, governor of Samaria, having raised an army among 
the Gentiles and Samaritans, falls upon the Jews, but is diseom- 
fited and slain by Judas Maccabeus. 

Seron also, governor of the lower Syria, musters up all the 
forces under his command, and invades Judea; him Judas Mac- 





cabeus encounters, slays 800 of his men on the place, and puts the ~ 


rest to flight. 

Judas Maccabeus defeats a great army which Antiochus sent 
against the Jews. lLysias returns with a great power; Judas 
kills 5000 of his men, and causeth him to retreat. He purifieth 
the temple, and setteth it in order, after it had lain desolate three 
years, and buildeth a wall about Zion. 


Antiochus is taken with a violent pain in his bowels, and such © 


a rottenness seizeth his flesh that worms breed in it; he confesseth 
that he is plagued for the wrong done to Jerusalem, and dieth, in 
the 149th year of the kingdom of the Grecians. His son, Antiochus 
Eupator, a child about nine years old, succeeds him. He maketh 


peace with the Jews, but quickly breaketh it; he puts to death — 


Menelaus the high priest, and confers that honor upon Alcimus, or 
Jacimus. 


Onias, the son of Onias III, retires into Egypt, where Ptolemeus 
Philometor, and Cleopatra his wife, permit him to build a temple 


at Heliopolis in imitation of that at Jerusalem, and they constitute 
him high priest there. 


Demetrius Soter, the son of Seleucus, escapes from Rome, and 


comes into Syria, where he causeth himself to be crowned king, 
and putteth to death Antiochus and Lysias. : s 
Demetrius, at the instance of Alcimus, sends Nicanor with a 


great army against Judas Maccabeus, whom he endeavors to sur- — 


prise. They join battle, and Nicanor is slain. 
bees, being an abstract and breviary of the five books of Jason, a 
Jew of Cyrene. 

King Demetrius sends Bacchides with a new army, consisting 
of 20,000 men, against Judas Maccabeus i Judas, having with him 
but 800 men, ventures to engage him, and is slain. His brother 
Jonathan is chosen general in his stead. 

Jonathan enters into an alliance with the Romans. Josephus 


observes, that this was the first league that ever was known to be 


between the Jews and the Romans, 


Whilst Alcimus commands the wall of the inner court of the _ 


temple to be pulled down, God strikes him suddenly with a palsy, 
so that without speaking a word he dies in great torment, \ 


779 


Here ends the continued history of the second book of Macca- 





= 













Before 


Christ 
158 


153 


152 


150 


148 


146 


245 


Jos. Ant. 
Raz3; ©... 2: 
t Mac. X,1. 
Jos. Ant. 


Pr ta, e. 3: 


t Mac. 
ea iTO! 
Jos. Ant. 

Tere c. 4. 


t Mac. X, 15. 


Jos. Ant. 
ease Cons 


1 Mac. X, 21. 


Id. ibid. 
1 Mac. X, 
49, 50. 
Joseph. 
ubi supra. 
z Mac. 


t Mac. X, 75. 
Jos. Ant. 
| ape ey ae 
1 Mac, XI. 


Jos. loc. citat. 


t Mac. XIII. 
Jos. Ant. 
lib. 13, 

Cc. Io, 11. 


t Mac. XIII, 


31, 32. 
Jos. Ant. 
Wars, ¢, 12) 


51. 
Jos. l. 13, c. 7s 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, 


Jonathan, having wearied Bacchides by war, compelleth him 
to make a league and draw off his army. 

Alexander Balas, the son of king Antiochus Epiphanes, enters 
with an army into Syria: the garrison of Ptolemais set open their 
gates to him, by reason of their hatred to king Demetrius, who 
prepares himself for war, 

Demetrius desireth an alliance with Jonathan, who makes use 
of this occasion to repair the fortifications of Jerusalem. 

Alexander Balas is no less careful to obtain the friendship of 
Jonathan, and, to oblige him, confers on him the high priesthood. 

Jonathan puts on the holy vestment on the seventh month of 
the 160th year of the kingdom of the Grecians, at the feast of 
Zaina He was the first high priest of fae Easmonean 

amily. 
Demetrius and Alexander come to battle, ead Bemetrius is 
slain. 

Alexander Balas, finding himself in th peaceable possession ot 
the kingdom of Syria, espouseth Cleapatra, the daughter of Ptole- 
meus Philometor, king of Egypt. /slexander highly henors 
Jonathan the high priest at his nuptiais. 

Demetrius Nicanor, eldest son of Gemetrius Soter, enters into 
Cilicia with anarmy. King Alexander Balas gives the command 
of Syria to Apollonius, who sets upon Jonathan the high priest; 
Jonathan defeats him, and takes Joppe and Azotus, and burns the 
temple of Dagon. 

Ptolemeus Philometor, king of Egypt, comes to the relief of 
king Alexander, his son-in-law; Alexander ungratefully sets Am- 
monius to lie in ambush to kill him. ‘The treachery being discov- 
ered, Ptolemeus takes away his daughter from Alexander, and 
marrieth her to Demetrius. Alexander having been driven from 
Antioch, the inhabitants of that place make offer of the kingdom 
to Ptolemeus ; but he refuseth it, and persuadeth them to accept 
of Demetrius for their king. 

Alexander returns with a great army. Ptolemeus and Deme- 
trius unite their forces, and overcome him in a pitched battle; but 
Ptolemeus dies of the wounds which he received, after he had seen 
the head of Alexander, sent to him by Zabdiel, an Arabian prince. 
ee besiegeth the citadel at Jerusalem, held by a garrison of 

acedonians. Complaint hereof being made to Demetrius, Jona- 
than appeaseth him by presents, and obtaineth new favors for the 
Jews. Demetrius incurreth the hatred of his soldiers by abridging 
their pay in time of peace. 

Tryphon, with some soldiers that revolted from Demetrius, un, 
dertakes to establish Antiochus, the son of Alexander Balas, in 
the kingdom of Syria. 

Demetrius is vanquished by young Antiochus, and made to fly 
into Seleucia. Great honors are by Antiochus conferred on Jona- 
than, who assists him against Demetrius. 

Jonathan renews his alliance with the Romans and Lacedemo- 
nians, and fortifies Jerusalem. 

Tryphon contrives how he may quit himself of Antiochus, and 
reign in his stead; but fearing Jonathan’s opposition, he invites 
him to come to Fiolemais, and bring with him some few of his 
soldiers, promising to deliver that city into his hands. Jonathan, 
suspecting no treachery, comes only with 1000 men to Tryphon at 
Ptolemais; but as soon as he is entered the city, Tryphon com- 
mands the gates to be shut. Jonathan is taken prisoner, and all 
his men put to the sword. 

The Jews hereupon make choice of Simon Maccabeus for their 
general, in the place of his brother Jonathan. ‘Tryphon leads an 
army against Simon. He promiseth for 100 talents of silver to 
release Jonathan; the money being paid him, he breaks his 
promise, and puts Jonathan to death. Simon erects a stately 
monument for his father and his brethren. 

Tryphon murders the young king Antiochus, and puts the crown 
on his own head, 

The Romans and Lacedemonians renew their leagues w‘th 
Simon, and write them in tables of brass. 

Simon has the government and high priesthood settled on him 


771 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


Before e 
Christ t Mac. , ; 
142 XIV,18. |and his heirs; the Jews are by his means discharged from all ~ 
Jos. Ant. manner of tribute to any foreign prince. He takes Sion, the for- 
1, 13, c. 13. | tress of Jerusalem, drives out of the city all idolaters, clears the 
houses of their idols, and placeth in the city such as are true wor- 
shipers of God. 
139 | ‘L. 13, C.*x2. ‘ryphon’s vices render him so odious to his soldiers, that they 
submit themselves to Cleopatra, Demetrius’ relict. She marrieth 
Antiochus Soter, Demetrius’ brother, and causeth him to be 
138 crowned king. Antiochus drives Tryphon out of Syria, and be- 
siegeth him in Dora, whence he flies to Apamea, where he is taken 
and slain. 
135 1 Mac. Simon the high priest, traversing the cities of Judea, and taking 
XVI. care for their orderly government, comes down with his two sons, 
Jos. Ant. Mattathias and Judas, to Jericho; Ptolemeus, the son of Abubus, 
1. 13, c.14. | Simon’s son-in-law, invites them to the castle which he had forti- 
fied, called Dochus, and there, whilst he entertains them at a 
banquet, barbarously murders them. John Hircanus succeeds 
his father in the high priesthood. 
Here ends the first book of Maccabees, containing the history 
of forty years. 
T3001 erss Ce T7, John Hircanus takes Shechem, and demolisheth the temple on 
mount Gerizim, 200 years after it had been built by Sanaballat. 
107 thie I, 1. Judas, eldest son of Hircanus, otherwise called Aristobulus, 
ell. c. 3. | and surnamed Philellen, succeeds his father in the government 
Ant. lib. and the high priesthood. He was the first of any that, after the 


88 


63 


49 
The 


Rom. 
Emp. 


40 
38 


37 
3r 


e8 


£7 


iT) 


13, c. 19 and 
lib. 20, c. 8. 
Luke IT, 37. 


Jos. 1. 2. 
Bell. c. 5. 
Ant. lib. 
T451C.-0- 


Jos. 1. 14, 
Gr a5: 
Id. Ibid. 
Ci aGul ar: 
Bell. c, 13. 


Dionys. 
lib. 52. 
Jos. Ant. 
lib. 20. 


John II, 20. 
Luke I, zz, 


26, 


return from the captivity of Babylon, set a crown upon his head, 
and changed the State into a monarchy. 

Anna, the prophetess, daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser, 
this year becoming a widow, departs not from che temple, but 
serveth God with fasting and prayer night and day, for 84 years 
together, until such time as she sees Christ in the temple. 

Jerusalem in this year is taken by Pompey, who meddles not 
with any of the treasure which was in the temple, but makes the 
Jews tributary to the Romans. 


Here begins the empire of the Roman Caesars, when Yulius 
Cesar, having overthrown Pompey at the battle of Pharsalia, 
was made perpetual dictator. 

Herod, the son of Antipas, or Antipater, an Idumean, is this 
year by the Romans declared king of Judea. 

Herod, assisted by Sosius, the Roman general, lays siege to 
Jerusalem, and cakes it: the soldiers fill all corners of the ci 
with blood, rapine and cruelty. Antigonus, the prince and hig 
priest, is by Sosius carried away prisoner to Rome, and Herod 
put in full possession ot the kingdom. 

About this time Hillel, a Babylonian, descended from David, 
flourished at Jerusalem ; one of whose disciples was Jonathan, the 
son of Uzziel, the famous author of the Chaldee paraphrase. 

Czsar Octavianus, nephew to Julius Ceesar, in his fifth consul- 
ship, with the assent of the senate and people of Rome, assumes 
the title of emperor; at which time the government among the 
Romans was legally changed from a republic into a monarchy. 
The next year following he is by the senate surnamed Augustus. 

erod this year begins to enlarge, or rather to rebuild, the 
temple at Jerusalem, 46 years before the first passover of the min- 
istry of Christ, and in nine years and a half finisheth that magnifi- 
cent structure. ) 
_ The angel Gabriel appears to Zachary the priest, as he is offer- 
ing incense in the temple, telling him that a son shall be born 
unto him, whom he shall call John; who also shall be a Nazarite, 
and the forerunner of the Lord in the spirit and power of Elias. 

In the sixth month after John was conceived, thé same angel 
Gabriel is sent by God to Nazareth in Galilee, to the most blessed 
Virgin Mary (espoused to Joseph, a person of the house and line- 
age of David); the angel declares unto her that she shall conceive 
by the overshadowing of the Holy Ghost, and bring forth a son, 
and call his name JESUS. 

John the Baptist born, six months before Christ, 


ie) 


‘,; 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


THE SEVENTH AGE OF THE WORLD. 


Luke IT, 6, CHRIST, our Lord and Saviour, in the fullness of time, is born of 
the blessed Virgin Mary, at Bethlehem, and laid in a manger. 


21, On the eighth day after his nativity he is circumcised, an 
Matthew. | JESUS. : d : Bee 
iD i The wise men of the east bring presents to the new-born king of 
Esir2, the Jews. 
I4, Joseph flees into Egypt with the child Jesus, and Mary his 
’ mother, 
16.” perio commands the infants in and about Bethlehem to be 
slain. 
3 Jos. Ant. Herod dieth, and his son Archelaus is by Cesar made tetrarch 


1.17, ¢. 17. | of Judea; other dominions which belonged to Herod are divided 
among his sons. 
Matt. II, Christ, by God’s appointment, is brought back out of Egypt into 
19-23. Nazareth. 


The first year of the vulgar Christian Era begins here, 


After Luke II, By occasion of the passover our Lord goes up with his parents 
Christ 46. ee, and there disputes with the doctors in the temple. 

8 ugustus dies, and Tiberius succeeds him. 

14 Josephus, called Caiaphas, is made high priest of the Jews by 

the favor of Valerius Gratus, the Roman governor. 
26 Jos. Ant. Toward the end of this year Pontius Filate is sent to be pro- 
1. 18, c. 3. | curator of Judea, in the place of Valerius Gratus. 
27. | Matt. III, r. John the Baptist begins to preach and to baptize in the desert of 


Mark I,2. | Judea, thereby preparing the way of the Lord, and doing his en- 
Luke III, 3. | deavor that Christ, coming after him, may be made known unto 
John I, 7. | Israel. Unto John God gives a sign whereby he may know the 
Isa. LXI, 1. | Lord’s Christ, that upon whom he shall see the Spirit descending 
and remaining on him, the same is he which shall baptize with 
the Holy Ghost. 
Matt. III, Jesus, entering upon the thirtieth year of his age, comes from 
13. Galilee to Jordan, and is baptized of John, at which time a most 
Mark I, ro. | illustrious manifestation is made of the blessed Trinity; for the 
Luke IiI, | Son of God ascending out of the water, and praying, the heavens 
22. are opened, and the Spirit of God in the shape of a dove descends 
upon him: and the voice of the Father is heard from heaven, say- 
ing, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. 
John I, 34. ohn sees it, and bears record that this is the Son of God. 
30 Matt. IV, r. esus, full of the Holy Ghost, returns from Jordan, and is led by 
Mark I, z2. | the Spirit into the wilderness, where he fasteth forty days and forty 
Luke IV, nights, and is tempted by the devil. 
rs 14) After this our Lord returns into Galilee. 
John. John gives testimony to our Saviour passing by him; Andrew, 
5355.47: Peter, Philip, and Nathanael acknowledge him to be the Messias, 
and become his disciples. 
II, 1. Christ, at a marriage in Cana of Galilee, turneth water inte 
wine; this was his first miracle. 


The first passover of Christ's public ministry, from which the 
Jirst year of the seventieth and last of Dantel’s weeks begins : 
In which the covenant is confirmed with many, Dan. ix, 27, 

compared with Matt. xxvi, 28. 
John. JESUS cometh to Jerusalem at the time of the passover, and 
II, 13-19. | entering into the temple, scourgeth out those that bought and sold 
there. The Jews require a sign of his authority : Christ bids them 
destroy that temple (understanding the temple of his body), and in 

three days he will raise it up. 

Matt. XIV, 3.| Herod, the tetrarch, casteth John the Baptist into prison for rep- 
Mark VI, 17. | rehending his incest with his brother Philip’s wife, {and other 
Luke III, 19. | evils done by him. 

3t |JohnIV, 7, 42.) Christ discovers himself to the woman of Samaria. 
Luke IV, 43. He goes throughout all Galilee, teaching in the synagogues, and 
working miracles 
V, 27. Matthew called to be a disciple. 


773 


After 
Christ John 
3r 
V,1,; 
19. 
Matt. X, 1. 


Mark III, 14, 
Luke VI, 13. 
Matt. V, 
VI, VII. 
Luke VI, 20. 
Mark VI, 7. 
Matt. X, x. 
32 |Matt. XIV, 10, 

Luke IX, a2. 
John VI, 
I-15, 


Matt. XVII, x. 
Mark IX, 2. 
Luke IX, 28. 

Matthew. 
XVII, 24. 
Luke. 
IX, 54. 


X, 1. 


pears 
33 | John XI, z, 
49. 


Luke XIX, r. 
Mark X, 46. 
John XII, 3. 


Matt. XXI. 
Mark XI. 

Luke XIX. 
John XII. 

Zech. IX, 9. 


Matt. 
XXI, 19. 


XXVI 
Mark XIV. 
Luke XXII. 


John XIII- 
XVII. 
Matt. XXVI. 


Mark XV. 
Luke XXIII. 
joe XIX. 
se SX 
Matthew. 
XXVIII. 
Mark XVI. | 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 






The second passover of Christ’s ministry, John v,1, compared 
with iv, 3,5, from which the second year of the seventieth 2 
week of Daniel begins. 
JESUS comes up to Jerusalem at the time of the feast, and heals 

on the Sabbath-day a man that had an infirmity 38 years, lying at 

the pool of Bethesda. He makes a most divine apology to the 

Jews that sought to kill him, because he said that God was his 

father. 

Christ out of the multitude of his disciples chooseth 12, whom he 
calleth Apostles: namely, Peter, Andrew, james, John, Philip, 
Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, 
Simon called Zelotes, Judas the brother of James, and Judas 
Iscariot. To these our Saviour chiefly directs his discourse in 
that glorious, full, and admirable sermon on the mount. 

Jesus sends his 12 apostles by two and two, to preach, and heal 
the sick, 

ohn the Baptist is beheaded in prison by Herod’s command. 

a feeds 5000 men, besides women and children, with five 

barley loaves and two little fishes. He refuses to be made a king. 


The third passover of Christ's ministry, John vi, 4, from which 
the third year of the seventieth week of Daniel begins. 

JESUS is transfigured on the mount; Moses and Elias are seen 
to talk with him; and a voice from heaven is heard a second time, 
saying, This is my beloved Son; hear him. 

Christ payeth tribute to Cesar, 

A certain village of the Samaritans refuseth our Saviour enter- 
tainment in his way to Jerusalem: the disciples, desiring to call 
for fire from heaven to consume them, are severely reprehended. 

The seventy disciples are sent out by two and two to work mira- 
cles, and to preach. 

Christ teacheth his disciples to pray. 

Christ raiscth Lazarus, that had been buried four days. 

Caiaphas, high priest of the Jews, prophesieth concerning the 
death of Christ. : 

Zaccheus, a publican, converted. 

Christ restoreth to blind Bartimeus his sight. - 

Mary, the sister of Lazarus, anoints our Saviour’s feet with 
costly spikenard, and wipeth them with the hair of her head. 





Christ rideth in triumph into Jerusalem: the multitude spread 
their garments in the way, and cry, Hosanna to theSonof David. 
Coming near the city, he weeps over it, and foretells its destruction,  — 
He enters the temple, and casteth out those that bought and sold iy 
there, and heals the blind and lame. SO se ee 


He curseth the fruitless fig-tree, and the next morning it is 
found dried up and withered. Thence he takes occasionto show —s——~S 
the power of faith. or 














The fourth passover,in which Christ our passoverwas sacrificed, — 
1 Cor. v, 7, and so an end is put to all legal sacrifices prefigur- eet 
ing this great expiation, The fourth or middle year SP ABN 
Daniels last week begins, Dan. ix, 27. ya 
ON the first day of unleavened bread, when the passover of the 

Jews was to be slain (AfriZ 2), in the evening, Jesus eateth the — 

passover with his disciples, and institutes the sacrament of his 

body and blood in bread and wine. eee 
Christ washeth his disciples’ feet, and exhorteth them to humil- 
ity and charity. a 
In the self-same night Christ is betrayed by Judas, mocked, 
buffeted, and spit upon by the soldiers. esa: 
Next day he is condemned by Pilate, and crucified; the sun 
during the crucifixion is darkened, and the vail of the temple rent 
in the midst. Christ, praying for his enemies, gives up the ghost. 

Joseph of Arimathea begs the body, and laysitinanewsepulchre, __ 
On the third day, the next after the Jewish Sabbath (Agrvi/75), 

Christ riseth from the dead; his resurrection is declared by angels - 

to the women that came to the sepulchre. Christ first appeareth 

to Mary Magdalene, and afterward to his disciples, and dineth _ 
with them. Pee 
774 > a 


a 





34 


aD: 


38 


Acts. 
Il. 


III. 
by 


V, I-10, 


17-42. 
VI. 


VII. 


WALT 


5> 


14; 


26, 
EX} rf; 


23. 
2 Cor. XI, 32. 
Gal. I, 18. 


Acts XXII, 17, 


Yee ere, ot Bae te te 
AS ro aN 


5, Foheathy 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, 


Christ bringeth his apostles to mount Olivet ; commandeth them 
to expect in Jerusalem the sending down of the Holy Ghost; 
sends them to teach and baptize all nations, and blesses them ; and 
while they behold, he is taken up, and-a cloud receives him out of 
their sight. After his ascension the disciples are warned by two 
angels to depart, and to set their minds upon his second coming; 
they accordingly return, and, giving themselves to prayer, choose 
Matthias to be an apostle in the place of Judas. 

On the day of Pentecost (Jay 24), the Holy Ghost descendeth 
on the apostles in the form of cloven tongues, like as of fire, and 
enableth them to speak all languages. Peter the same day 
preacheth Christ and the resurrection, and about 3000 believers 
are added to the church, 

Peter, by faith in Christ’s name, healeth a lame man. 

The rulers of the Jews, offended at Peter’s sernion, and his 
miraculous cure of the Jame man, cast both him and John into 
prison ; upon their examination they boldly avouch the lame man 
to be healed by the name of Jesus, and that by the same Jesus we 
must be eternally saved. After this the Jews forbid them to speak 
any more in that name; but the apostles answer, That it is fit 
ey should obey God rather thanmen. They are threatened and 

et go. 

Ananias and his wife Sapphira, for their hypocrisy, are suddenly 
struck dead. . 

The apostles. are again cast into prison by the high priest; but 
an angel sets them at liberty, and bids them preach the gospel to 
the people without fear: being taken again teaching in the temple, 
they are brought before the council, where, by the advice of 
Gamaliel, a Pharisee, and doctor of the law, they are delivered. 

The number of believers increasing at Jerusalem, the apostles 
ordain seven deacons, who should distribute the alms of the whole 
church to the widows and poorer sort of believers. Stephen, one 
of these deacons, having confounded some that disputed with him, 
is by them falsely accused of blasphemy, and brought before the 
council, where he reprehends their rebellion, and murdering of 
Christ. Whereupon they cast him out of the city, and stone him ; 
he in the meantime praying for them. 

A great persecution of the Church at Jerusalem follows after the 
death of the first martyr, Stephen. 

Philip, one of the seven deacons, preacheth at Samaria, and 
converteth many; worketh miracles, and healeth the sick. 
Simon the sorcerer, seeing the wonders that are done by Philip, 
believeth, and is baptized. 

The apostles at Jerusalem, hearing that Samaria had received 
the faith, send thither Peter and John to confirm and enlarge the 
Church. The apostles by prayer and imposition of hands confer 
the Holy Ghost on all believers. Simon Magus offers them 
money, that he may receive the power of conferring the same, 
whose impiety is sharply reproved by Peter. Having completed 
their ministry in those parts, they return to Jerusalem. 

An angel sendeth Philip to teach and baptize the Ethiopian 
eunuch. 

Saul, a violent persecutor of all that call on the name of Jesus, 
and one who consented to the death of Stephen, goes now toward 
Damascus, with commission from the high priest and the council, 
to apprehend all Christians in those parts, and to bring them 
bound to Jerusalem ; on the way he is miraculously converted by 
a voice from heaven, and three days after baptized by Ananias at 
Damascus, where he preacheth the gospel of Christ with great 
boldness, to the astonishment of those that knew upon what design 
he was sent thither. 

Saul having preached the gospel at Damascus a long time, the 
Jews lay wait to kill him, but he escapeth from thence, and comes 
to Jerusalem ; there he sees Peter, and James, the brother of our 
Lord, and abides with them fifteen days. Here he speaks boldly 
in the name of Jesus, and disputes with the Grecians, or rather 
Jews that used the Greek tongue. ‘These also consult how they 
may kill him. 

While Saul prays in the temple, he is in a trance, and the Lord 


775 


After 
Christ Acts. 
38 XXII, 17. 


IX, 30. 
Gal. I, 21. 
Acts. 
IX, 32, 36, 


41 X. 


XI. 


44 XIL 


45 XIII. 


46 XIV. 


2 Cor. 
XI, 25. 


XII, 2. 


2 shims, 2505. 


52 Acts. 
RV 


Ve. ae 





AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


appears unto him, and bids him to depart from Jerusalem, because 
they will not receive his testimony; adding, that he will send him 
to the Gentiles. 

Saul, leaving Jerusalem, goes to his own country, Tarsus, and 
from thence travels into Syria and Cilicia. 

Peter visits the churches of Judea, Galilee, Samaria, etc. At 
Lydda he cureth Eneas of the palsy, and at Joppa restoreth 
Tabitha to life. 

At Cesarea, Cornelius, a centurion, by prayers and alms finds 
favor in the sight of God, and is commanded by an angel to send 
for Peter, now at Joppa. God bya vision teacheth Peter not to 
despise the Gentiles. Peter, being sent for by Cornelius, goes and 
preacheth Christ to him and a great company that were met at his 
house: while Peter preacheth the Holy Ghost falls upon them all, 
and immediately the apostle baptizeth them. 

Peter, at his return to Jerusalem, is accused by those of the cir- 
cumcision for conversing with the Gentiles; but he declares to 
them his vision, and the whole matter concerning Cornelius, and 
they glorify God for granting to the Gentiles also repentauce unto 
life. 
The believers, who ever since the martyrdom of Stephen, and 
the persecution thereupon ensuing, had been dispersed throughout 
all Phenice and Cyprus, come now to Antioch, and preach the 
gospel to the Greeks there, having before preached to none but the 
Jews. The church at Jerusalem, understanding this, and that the 
number of believers increased exceedingly, sends Barnabas thither 
to confirm them; he goes to Tarsus, and takes Saul along with 
him to Antioch, where they continue a whole year, convertin 
multitudes to the faith. Here the disciples were first calle 
Christians. 


About this time James, the brother of John, is beheaded by the © 


command ot Herod Agrippa. He also imprisoneth Peter, whom 
an angel delivers upon the prayers of the church. This same 
Herod, not long after, speaking to the people at Cesarea, some of 
them cry out, It is the voice of God, and not of man: and imme- 
diately an angel of the Lord smites him, because he gave not the 
glory to God, and he is eaten of worms, and dieth. 

Barnabas and Saul set forward in their preaching of the gospel. 
They plant the Christian faith in Seleucia, Cyprus, and other 
places. At Paphos they preach the gospel to Sergius Paulus, 
governor of that country : Tiscias: a sorcerer, withstanding them, 
and endeavering to turn away Sergius from the faith, is at Saul’s 
rebuke stryck blind. From this time Saul is always called by his 
new name, Paul; he preacheth cz Antioch; the Gentiles believe, 
but the Jews gainsay and blaspheme. Whereupon he and his 
assistants turn to the Gentiles, and come to Iconium. 

At Iconium they are persecuted and ready to be stoned. From 
hence they fly to Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia. At 


Lystra, Paul healing a cripple, the multitude cry out that the © 


gods are come down, and call Barnabas Jupiter, and Paul 
Mercurius, and would have sacrificed to them, had not the apos- 
tles, with clothes rent, run in among them, and assured them that 
they were men like themselves. Soon after there come Jews from 
Antioch and Iconium, who excite the people against them. Paul 
is by the furious multitude stoned, and drawn out of the city as 
dead; but whilst the disciples stnnd about him, he riseth up, and 
the next day departs with Barnabas to Derbe. 


In this year, perhaps at this very time, Paul was caught up into — 


the third heaven, and heard unspeakable words, fourteen years 
before he wrote his second cpistle to the Corinthians. ; 
About this time Timothy, though a child, with his mother 


Eunice, and his grandmother Lois, embrace the Christian faith - 


preached by Paul. 
Certain Jadaiang Christians come from Judea to Antioch, and 
teach that the Gentiles ought to be circumcised, and observe the 


law of Moses; these Paul and Barnabas oppose, and a council 


is held by the apostles and others at Jerusalem to determine 
this controversy. The decrees of the synod are sent to the 
churches. 

776 


ar 


“ANY 
Sey 


/ 


. 


ves 


oe 





54 


55 





XVII, 


XVIII, 


18-23. 


XIX. 


“Acts. 


XXII. 
XXIII. 


XXIV. 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 


Paul and Barnabas, thinking to visit the churches together, fall 
at strife, and part asunder: Barnabas and Mark’ go into Cyprus, 
Paul and Silas into Syria and Cilicia. 

Paul coming to Derbe, finds there Timothy, whom (because his 
mother was a believing Jew, though his father a Gentile) he 
causeth to be circumcised, and takes him along with him. He is 
by a vision admonished to go into Macedonia: coming to Philippi, 
the chief city of that part of Macedonia, he converts Lydia; 
casteth out of a certain maid-servant a spirit of divination, whose 
master, losing a considerable gain thereby, brings Paul and Silas 
before the magistrates: these cause them to be whipped and im- 
prisoned; but at midnight, Paul and Silas praying and singing 
psalms, the doors of the prison fly open, and their bonds are 
loosed: the jailer, ready to kill himself, is converted to the faith, 
and baptized the same night, with his whole family. Next day the 
magistrates come themselves, and pray them to depart the city. 

From Philippi Paul takes his journey through Amphipolis and 
Apollonia, and comes to Thessalonica, where he finds a synagogue 
of the Jews ; there he preacheth three Sabbath-days ; some believe, 
others persecute him. Leaving Thessalonica, he comes to Berea, 
and soon after arrives at Athens, disputes with the philosophers 
and declares unto them that UNKNOWN GOD whom they ha 
ignorantly worshiped. He converts Dionysius the Areopagite, 
and thence passeth to Corinth. 

Paul, at Corinth, meets with Aquila and Priscilla, not long 
before banished from Rome by the decree of Claudius. Here he 
ames a year and six months, and thence writes to the Thessa- 
onians. 

Paul is accused by the Jews, and brought before Gallio, procon- 
sul of Achaia, who refuseth to be judge in a controversy about re- 
ligion, and so drives them away from the judgment-seat. 

Paul departs from Corinth, and passeth to Ephesus, thence he | 
sets out toward Jerusalem, that he may be at the feast; he lands 
at Cesarea, goes down to Antioch, and comes into the regions of 
Galatia and Phrygia, confirming the disciples in all those places. 

Paul returns to Ephesus, disputes daily in the school of Tyran- 
nus, and continues preaching there, and the parts thereabout. 

He writes his epistle to the Galatians. 

At Ephesus, Demetrius, asilversmith, jealous of his gain, raiseth 
a tumult against Paul, which is appeased by the town clerk. 

About this time a schism ariseth in the church at Corinth, which. 
causeth Paul (now in or about Ephesus) to write his first epistle to 
the Corinthians. 

Paul departs from Ephesus, and comes into Macedonia, and 
gathers a contribution for the relief of the saints at Jerusalem, 

The apostle, having learned from Titus the success of his first, 
writes now his second epistle to the Corinthians. Out of Mace- 
donia he goes into Greece, and comes to Corinth, where he writes 
his epistle to the Romans. 

Paul purposing to go directly from thence into Syria, that he 
may carry the collections to Jerusalem, the Jews lay wait for him; 
he understanding this, thinks it best to return into Macedonia the 
same way he came, and thence to pass into Asia. 

After the days of unleavened bread Paul sails from Philippi, 
and comes to Troas: there he restores Eutychus to life. Having 

assed through several cities of Greece, he arrives at Miletus; 
aes thence he sends to call the elders of the Church of Ephesus, 
whom he earnestly exhorts to the performance of their duty, 

Paul comes to Jerusalem, is apprehended in the temple, and 
secured in the castle; he claimeth the privilege of a Roman, and 
escapeth scourging. 

Paul Bieadeth his cause before Ananias the high priest. The 
chief captain, understanding that above forty Jews had bound 
themselves under a curse neither to eat nor drink till they had 
killed him, sends him to Felix, the governor of the province, by 
whom he is imprisoned at Cesarea. 

Paul is accused before Felix by Tertullus the orator: Felix goes 
out of his office, and, to gratify the Jews, leaves Paul in prison 
Portius Festus succeeds him in the government. 


777 


AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. 






After 
Christ Acts. 

62 XXYV. The Jews come to Cesarea, and accuse Paul before Festus. He 
answereth for himself, and appeals unto Cesar. King Agrippa 
comes to Cesarea, and Festus opens the whole matter to him. 

XXXVI. Paul makes his defence in the presénce of Agrippa, who thereby 
is almost. persuaded to be a Christian, and the whole company 
pronounce him innocent, 

63 XXVIII. Paul comes to Rome, is a prisoner at large, and preacheth there 
two years. 

Here ends the History of the Acts of the Apostles, written by 
St. Luke, St. Pauls beloved contpanion in his travels. 
64 St Paul, from Rome, writes his epistles ; 
To the Philippians. 
To Philemon. 
To the Colossians. 
To the Ephesians. 
65 Heb. About the latter end of this year St. Paul is set at liberty, and a 
XIII, 24. ‘| little before his departure out of Italy into Asia he writes his epistle 
to the Hebrews. 
tals s He preacheth the gospel in the isle of Crete, and leaves Titus 


there to set things in order, and ordain elders in every city. 
66 St. Paul writes his epistles : 
To Timothy I. 


To Titus. 


To Timothy IT. 
About this time the epistles of St. Peter, St. John, and St. Tuite 


Euseb. 
67 Hist, Ec. 
If 2, c. 24. 
70 Luke XIX, 
43, 44. 


seem to be written. 
St. Pctcr and St. Paul are said to have suffered’ martyrdom at 
Rome toward the latter end of Nero’s reign. > 
This year Jerusalem (according to Christ’s prophecy) is besieged, 
taken, sacked, and burned, by Titus ; 
7,000 are taken prisoners ; 


1,100,000 of the Jews perish, _ 


besides an innumerable company that 


in other places of Judca kill themselves, or perish through famine, — es 


banishment, or other miseries. 2 
96 St. John is banished into the isle of Patmos by Domitian, and 
there receives and writes his Revelation. 


After the death of Domitian, St. John returns to Ephesus,and 
at the request of the Church writes his Gospel. . ar 





ANALYSIS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS, - 


BOOKS in the Old Testament.... 


Chapters... 


Words,..... 
Letters..... 


PEC e eee eeoeeeseeerse 


NIGTSCS. os vc ater anniee Aer eee 


SOHC HOSS HOG AHeeeeree 


Books in the New Testament..... 
ASNAPCEKS, ene vc. cs Senet arate wets 
BTS Sutera Sa ais Saco a weg oe Rican 


39 

929 
23,214 
592,439 


2,728,100 


27 
260 


The middle chapter and the least in the Bible, 


is Psalm ecxvii. 


The middle verse is the 8th of Psalm 


CXViii. 


The word avd occurs in the Old Testament 


35,543 times. 


e same in the New Testament also oc- 


curs 10,684 times. 


778 










The word Yehovah occurs 6855 times. 

The middle book of the Old Testament t is 
Proverbs. 

The middle chapter is Job xxix,” ; 

The middle verse is 2d Chron., chapter xx. 
the 17th verse. 2 

The least verse is rst of Chron., chapter rf tS 
and tst verse. a 

The middle book in the New Tetouan is 
2d Thessalonians. 

The middle chapters are Romans xiii and - 
xiv. 

The middle verse is Acts xvii, 17th verse. 

The least verse is in John xi, verse 35nen 

The 21st verse, chapter vii, of Ezra, has all 
the letters of the alphabet. 

The xixth chapter of the 2d of Kin; 


chapter xxxvii of Isaiah are both tke 


ite a rie! one vi ag pas . * : 4 ‘ee NG ee ree et 
MAS \ " “ 


‘ TABLES OF SCRIPTURE MEASURES, 
\ WEIGHTS, AND COINS: 


WITH AN APPENDIX, 


CONTAINING THE METHOD OF CALCULATING ITS MEASURES OF SURFACE, 
HITHERTO WANTING IN TREATISES ON THIS SUBJECT. 


- BY THE RIGHT REVEREND RICHARD, LORD BISHOP OF PETERBOROUGH. 


~ A MEASURE isa known quantity applied to another of the same kind that is less 
known, to make its dimensions better known, by help of numbers expressing the propor- 
tion that the known quantity bears to the unknown. ‘The dimensions to be measured are 
three: x. Mere Zength, which hath but one dimension. 2. Surface, which consists of 
length multiplied into breadth ; so it hath two dimensions, as it were, interwoven; and 
this is always measured by some square surface already known, as by a square foot, or 
a square cubit, or any other square already known, by help of its side. Moses generally 
useth the square cubit. 3. Sodidity or capacity, which hath three dimensions multiplied 
into each other: length, breadth, and height, or depth. Thisis measured by a known 
cube. From solidity ariseth weight in all sublunary bodies; and by weight we measure 
the value of coins. Therefore, I shall join weights and coins together in the fourth table. 


I use = to signify Equal; :: to express Proportion; . zs called Separatrix, parting 
Decimals from Integers. 


i. TABLE. Measures of Length. 


leapress the Cubit, and its Parts, both by Inch Measure and dy Foot Measure; which 
Ll deduce from Inches by this Proportion : 





Inch Measure. Foot Measure. 
As 12.1 3: 21.888 1.824. 
Inch Dec. Foot Dee, 
RRINAE YEE i St=we= 10 s\,\arerala Wisiaic-a'd.ca's'a fale clove orn else odie dieis wiwislouic wwe ors 21.888 = 1.824 
A Span the longer = ¥4 a Cubit...... eocccrccccccccccecessce = 10,044 = .Q12 


A Span the less = ¥ of a Cubitysssemasecaeeti at heseucesenees 7-296 = .608 
A Hand’s breadth = 1 of a Cubit.........scececccccccecees = 3.684 == .304 
A Finger’s breadth = gly of a Cubiteccc.csessceecceeersseees == .QI2 == .076 
3 Measures of many Cubits length I express only in Foot Measure. 

Feet Deo. 
PAMPIRA CHOI. 6 6515 6:6 dd .c tease Whe Cis Cannes oboe eetenss dane ema 4 Cubits == 7.296 
Ezekiel’s Reed..cccccsscscccccvesscsccccsecsesecccsoee = 6 Cubits== 10.944 


Schenus, the Egyptian Line for Land Measure, which I 
think Scripture useth to divide Inheritances. Psalm 
xvi, 6, and Ixxviii, 55. They used different Lengths, 
but the shortest and most useful was, 
Herodotus mentions a Schenus just 300 times as long: I judge that all the greater were 
made in proportion to the least. 


PERG OUUGita sed esiaewdeicluaese ceeccesesocssecescess = 4000 Cubits = 7296 Feet. 
Stadium, ds of their WMilentiacah aveterecece ees eooe ™s 400 Cubits = 729.6 


: : == 72,000 Cubits = 4 English 
Parasang, 3 of their Miles Pe ecn6 oe): bsterssccses4 Miles and 580 Feet. 


== 80 Cubits = 145.92 


il. TABLE. Measures of Surface. 


Moses hath described these by square Cubits. I here express them reduced to our 
square Feet. The method of this reduction is taught in an Appendix, I first propose 
three clear examples given by Moses; secondly, i place six instances of greater difficulty. 


THE CLEAREST EXAMPLES ARE; 


I. The Altar of Incense. Only two sides of it, wZz., its length and breadth, are ex- 
ressed by Moses; each of them is affirmed to be one Cubit. Yet he declares it was 
Peateuare whence we collect that it was just one square Cubit. See Zxodus xxx, 2, 


: 779 


SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND COINS. 


Now, it is demonstrated in the Appendix that one Yewzsk square Cubit amounts to, In 
surface, three Exg7ish square Feet, and about 47 square Inches. 


II. The Table of Shew-bread, H.xrodus xxv, 23. It is affirmed to be two Cubits in- 


length, and one in breadth. Nonc-doubt but it was rectangular, containing two Jewish 
square Cubits. These amount to six Hvglish square Feet, and above half, vzz., 94 
square Inches. 

III. The Boards of the Tabernacle, each ro Cubits in length, and one and a half in 
breadth, Exodus xxvi, 16, being rectangular, must contain 15 square Cubits, Fewzsh. 
These are proved to contain very near 50 squard Feet of Luglish Measure. 


THE MORE DIFFICULT CASES, RESERVED TO THE APPENDS, ARE: 


I. The Mercy Seat, whose surface is = 12 square Feet and a half. 

II. A general method is taught of reducing any given number of Yewisk Cubits to 
Linglish square Feet. 

ee The example of the 15 square Cubits in the Boards of the Tabernacle is made 
clearer. 

IV. The Court of the Tabernacle, described Exodus xxvii, 18, is found to be just half 
the Leyptian Aroura, and to contain 1 Rood, 21 Perches, 27 square Feet, etc. 

V. The whole Avoura is determined, and reduced to our Auglish Measures, 3 Roods, 
2 Perches, 55 square Feet. : 

VI. The suburbs, or Glebe Land, given to each city of the Levites, Num. XXXv, 3-5 
is shown to be a square, on each of the four sides of every city, containing a million o 
Fewish square Cubits, or 100 Avoure; which amounts to, in each square, 76 Acres, 
1 Rood, 26 Perches, 80 square Feet. Whence we collect that all the four Squares 
amounted to 305 Acres, 2 Roods, 1 Perch, besides 51 Feet square. 





tll. TABLE. Measures of Capacity. 
Wine Gal. Pints. Inch Solid. 


Rpia OF. Matti. isa oa%ocekereehengesaey bacnaee eeesee 7. 4 15 
Chomer, Homer in our translation........ as see ah bacaeae 75 5 7 
Seah, *34:0f Ephacis ess ctmes a uns cones ae Ties ecmes tense 2 4 3 
Hin = ¥ of Epha..... eeeesecsee ecccceves eoeceesseoceeee I 2 I 
Omer, x5 of Ephadraces cane te ccreccaetrccne waste cree °o 6 ©°.5 
Kab; why Ot pba: 000% cpues s4euuee Laegh hpeeserastee ° 3 Io 
LOE oper OF DUA civsty vonne foocaaelventa deny? eeecveeee ° o% 10 
Metretes of Syria (ohn ii, 6) = Cong. Rom........e00 ° 7% ° 
Cotyla, Eastern, yy of Epha ...ccccsesscccesssvicsnese  'O of 3 


This Cotyla contains just ro Ounces Avoirdupois of Rain water; Omer 100; Epha 1000; | 


Chomer 10,000,. So by these Weights all these Measures of Capacity may be expedi- 
tiously recovered very near exactness. 








IV. TABLE. Of Weights and Coins. 


The Jewish Weights are reduced to the] The value of Yewish and Roman Weights 
Standard Grains of our Z7yoy Weight;| and Coins, at the present rate of Silver 
whereof 433 are equal to the oman! and Gold, expressed in Pence and Deci- 
ounce, and to our ancient English Avoir-| mals of a Penny. : 
dupois ounce. : 


Grains Deo. Pence Dec. Si.@ings 
Shekel is the original weight......... = 2190 == 28.2875 == 2 4 I 
Bekah; %4 a Shekel...) J. cesses asics me 109.5 = 14.1437 = r 2 4X 
Gerah, yg of Bekah... .....cs0seee00 = T0.95== «1.41437 0st HX 
Maneh = 100 Shekel wt.. oi... scccec = 21,900 
Cusuee 


Maneh in’Coin, = 60 Shekels.....006 = 13,140 == 1,697.25 == 7 2 °5 
Talent of Silver, == 3000 Shekels..... == 657,000 == 84,862.5 == 358 11 1000. 
Talent of Gold the same Weight........ = 5075 15 700. 


The Golden Darics, Ezra ii, 69, seem 
to be coins of Darius the Mede. 


= I31.4 = Ir 0 4 
They weighed 12 Gerahs. 


780 











5 SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND COINS. 
Roman Money Blentioned in the New Testament. 

Penes. Farthings 
MPRTUME OUVEN: Sohn ep ucdnsccpehas cr ieV ees oeeestireatebeucese. 7% 3 
AERIS, (CODDET 9 occa ceseccceceseucesadbestépesvccscevg0eecsccesoe e 3 
ASSATIUD, .ccccesescecsencccevccccscceccccecscccces wersccsesess O 1% 
Quadrans....sccccceccccccervccccsccccccecscesssoccecccscsesssess O % 
PP UICC UME celelaics citlacisiy vie tees sia dee tleldadpd se sionties vue eiiccieee o yy 











AN APPENDIX 


TO THE SECOND TABLE OF MEASURES OF SURFACE, DESCRIBED BY MOSES, SHOWING THE 
METHOD OF REDUCING THEM BY CALCULATION TO THE MEASURES USED IN ENGLAND, 
FOR THE BENEFIT OF THOSE THAT UNDERSTAND DECIMAL ARITHMETIC, AND DESIRE 
TO TRY THE REDUCTIONS GIVEN IN THE TABLE, OR TO MAKE FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS 
IN THIS KIND OF MEASURES. 


1. The Mercy Seat.—I shall begin with Reduction of the Measures of the Mercy Seat, 
which was God’s throne of Grace among the Fews. Moses, in Exodus xxv, 17, affirms 
that its length was two Cubits and a half, its breadth one Cubitand a half. The fractions 
adhering to its length and breadth make some difficulty to beginners in Arithmetic, 
which the Decimal way doth much abate. Supposing, therefore, what I have elsewhere 
proved, that the Fewzsh Cubit was in Foot measure 1.824; the length must be expressed 
in Foot measure, and Decimals thereof, 4.560. The breadth in like measure will be 2.736. 
Wherefore the product of these numbers multiplied into each other gives its surface 
12.47,616 ; in number of its square Feet, and Decimals thereof, 12 square Feet, and very 
near half a square Foot; if the Decimals had been .so, it had been just a half a Foot. 
If we desire to express those Decimals of a Foot in square Inches, as is usual in Zxg- 
land, we must multiply .47,616 by 144, the square Inches of a Foot, and the product will 
be 68.56,704 ; which shows that the Decimals we found amount to 68 square Inches, and 
about half an Inch more: we need not be nicer. 

2. A Square Cubit reduced to our Measure.—z2. In the Altar of Incense Moses de- 
scribes the ¥ewzsk square Cubit, which must be reduced to our Foot measure, thus, 
$334. The product of these numbers multiplied will be the upper surface of this altar, 
3.326,976, that is, three square Feet, and .326,976 Decimals of a square Foot, which we 
may aS by 47 square Inches, and a few Decimals of an Inch square inconsiderable. 

3. The Boards of the Tabernacle.—3. Moses’ description of the Boards of the Taber- 
nacle, Exod. xxvi, 16, by 10 Cubits in length, and one and a half in breadth, naturally leads 
a man to discern in each Board’s surface 15 Yewish square Cubits; because if we con- 
ceive a linc drawn from the end of one Cubit at the bottom of the Board to the end of one 
Cubit at the top of the Board, this must needs be 10 whole square Cubits on one side of 
that line, and 10 half square Cubits (= 5 whole) on the other side of that line: here, there- 
fore, are rsgsquare Cubits. The reduction of these into Ang7ish square Feet is performed 
by multiplying 15, vzz., the number of Cubits given, into 3.326,976, the Feet and Decimals 
of one square Cubit, and the product will be 49.90,464, and that is very near to fifty square 
Feet; for those Decimals amount to above 130 square Inches; and little more than 13 
square Inches would make it just 50 Feet, which abatement we need not here regard. 

4. The Court of the Tabernacle.—4. Let us now go to the measure of the surface of 
land. But we will begin with the Court of the Tabernacle, the ground on which the Priests 

erformed all the solemn public worship of /svae/ in Moses’ time. The Area of this Court 
is described by Moses, Exod. xxv, 18, by its length 100 Cubits, and its breadth every- 
where 50 Cubits. Wherefore this Area must be in Yewish measure 5000 square Cubits, 
for that is the product of 100 multiplied into 50. To reduce these 5000 Fewzsh Cubits intc 
ee, square Feet, I must multiply 5000 into 3.326,976; the product is 16,634.88 English 
square Feet. 

Bat in cases of such long numbers of Feet we use, for brevity’s sake, and to help oui 
memorics, to reduce them into Perches, or Roods, or Acres, which contain known num 
bers of square Feet. A Perch contains 272% square Feet. A Rood is = to 10,890 square 
Feet. An Acre is = to 43,560 square Feet. It is plain that the number 16,634.88 hath 


- not Integers equal to those of an Acre; but it hath enough to answer those in a Rood. 


and sore overplus, therefore I must divide 16,634.88 by 10,890, which is a Rood. By 
such division, continued in the Decimal way, until I have a fraction of five or six places 
which is exact enough, I find the quote to be 1.527,537, which assures me that my numbe: 
16,634.88 hath but once entirely in it a whole Rood: but it hath moreover in it many 
Decimal parts of a Rood. These, therefore, I reduce to the Perches contained in them. 
by multiplying them into 40, which is the number of Perches that make up a Rood: anc 
cutting.off six places from the product, which is 2r.101,480 ; so I find there are 2x Perches 
entire, and the figures after the Separatrix are Decimals of a Perch. These, also, I mul- 


781 





INS. | 
tiply by 272.25, which are the square Feet and Decimals ofa Perch. The product of this 2: 


last multiplication, after eight places cut off from it by the Separatrix, because there were 
six places of Decimals in one of the multipliers, and two in the other, is 27.62,793,000. cor 
Hence I learn that there are therein but 27 entire Feet; all the eight Deena placest= =. 
amount to little above half a Foot, and, therefore, I cast them away as inconsiderable in 
the measure of land. This method of reduction by multiplication of Decimals I find to ; 
be easier than the common way of reduction by division, and, therefore, I propose it to 
be used by beginners in this practice of surveying. SolI find this Court to contain in 
English measure 1 Rood, 21 Perches, 27 Feet, and little more than a half a Foot squared. 
But reflecting upon JZoses’ measure*by Cubits, and finding them to be precisely 5000 
square Cubits, 1 observed that they were just half 10,000, which I had observed from 
Herodotus’ Euterpe to be the Area of the Zgyptran Aroura, by which their land was as 
generally measured as ours is by Acres and Roods. See Herodot. 1. 2. c. 168. I called 
alsoto mind a passage in Manetho, an Egyp~tian Priest, cited by Yosephus in his first 
book against Afzon, where he affirms that //anetho, in his history of the reign, wars, and 
expulsion of the Pastors (whom Africanus affirms to be Phenicians, or Canaanites, and a 
Fosephus vainly believed to be Fews), wrote out of the public Records of Aeyft, that 
these Pastors made at Adarzs a very large and strong encampment, that encompassed 
10,000 Aroure, sufficient to contain 240,000 men, and long maintain their cattle. ence _ 
it appears, that not only the Zgy/tians, but the Phenicians or Canaanites also, that had 
dwelt among them, and had reigned there during the time of six kings successively, used 
the measure of land called Avoura. Now, this was long before J@oses’ time: for the be- 
ginning of Amosis or Tethmosis, who expelled them out of Zgyft, was very near the time 
of Abraham’s death, as appears by the annals of the learned Primate of /reland. -Where- 
fore, I believe that Moses, who was skilled in all ZgyAtzan learning, especially surveying, 
did of choice make the Court of the Tabernacle to be just half an@4rvouva, which was a 
known measure to him and his people, who had long dwelt in ZeyZ¢, and Divine Author- 
ity directed him so to do. 

5. Lhe Reduction of an Aroura to English Measures.—s. Because we have shown 
from Herodotus that an Aroura is the square of 100 Jewish or Egyptian Cubits, and 100 
such Cubits may in Zxg/ish Foot measure be expressed by 182.4 English Feet, it follows 





that the square of this number will express exactly the number of the English square feet La 
that are contained in an Avoura. Now by multiplication of 182.4 into itself, I find the 3 
product to be 33,260.76: therefore, I conclude that there are 33,269 square Feet entire, ea 
and .76 Decimals of a square Foot, in an Avoura. Now, to reduce these English square Tok 
Feet into Roods, Perches, and the remainder of square Feet, I use the fecthed! 


used in the = § 
last paragraph: First, I divide them by 10,890, the square Feet in a Rood ; and the quote é 
I find 3.055,094, that is, 3 Roods, and .055,094 Decimals of a Rood. Secondly, I multiply 
those Decimals by 40, which is the number of Perches in a Rood; the product is 2.202,- 
60. Hence I conclude there are therein two Perches, and .202,960 Decimals of a Perch, 
hirdly, I multiply these last Decimals by 272.25, which are the square Feet of a Perch, © 
The product is 55.25,586,000, that is, 55 entire square Feet; the eight places of Decimals 
amount to little above 4 of a square Foot, therefore I reject them as inconsiderable in a 
measure of land. By ijl these reductions it is found that an Aroura is,in English 
measure, three Roods, two Perches, 551% square Feet. Hence it follows alsothatitismot 
well translated by Yugerum, for it is much larger: nor is it well in Auglish called an 


Acre, for it is considerably less, To this place I refer the use of the lesser sort of yotvog, — = 


which yet is most convenient for the use of the Egyftzans, and of the Hews, to measure _ 
out private men’s inheritances by a line which was 80 Cubits long. For thelength ofthis 
line will measure one side of an Avoura, if the other side be 125 Cubits long, which is the 
length of this line, and its half, and 5 Cubits above half of it, which they might easily  —=— 
mark on it by a knot ora ring. And by this means they might easily jay any numberof 
Aroure together, all of them rectangular and parallel to each other. SuchlinesI sup- 
pose for measure of inheritances arc intimated, Psadm xxviii, 55, and xvi, 6, ete. ees: 
6. The Levite’s Glebe.—6. I shall conclude with an example amounting after reduction 
to a number of Exglish Acres, which measure we have not yet reached to. This I take — 
from Num. xxxv, 3, 4,5, verses. There Moses describes what measure of land the 
Levites were to be allowed for their cattle, their goods, and all their beasts, on the north, 
east, south, and west sides of each of their cities. So that the city was to be in the midst wat 
of the land belonging to it. This land in our translation is called suburbs, because of its 
nearness to all their cities. But we must not thence imagine that it means houses and 
streets adjoining to their cities, in which sense we sometimes use the word suburbs. For 
Moses plainly tells us they were places for their several sorts of cattle tofeedin,such as 
might also be orchards or gardens for fruit, or perhaps for a little corn, comprehended in 
the words their goods. ‘These fields he limits by 1000 Cubits, which was just a quarter 
of an eastern mile, but amounts in mere length to 608 yards ZugZish measure, and, there-— 
fore, exceeds a quarter of an English mile by 168 yards inlength. But it is certain that Naan 
cattle cannot feed upon mere length, but this must signify the side of some surface ofland 
bounded thereby, and we must have two sides of that surface given before we can find: ==" 


782 
























oy 


= ah 27) gai Nae: 


SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND COINS. 


the Area, or surface contained. Therefore, Moses, ver. 5, tells us, that on each side of 
each city they must measure 2000 Cubits, which will determine no surface, unless we 
understand it to mean the two sides of a square, bounded on every side by 1000 Cubits; 
these two sides multiplied into each other will produce a square that contains just a 
million of square Cubits, and that is a known and exact measure of just 100 Avoure ; and 
this shows that the 2000 Cubits mentioned ver. 5 are the two sides of that square, where- 
of the 1000 mentioned ver. 4 is one, and may be called the root of the square. This shows 
the agreement of the two different.numbers. ‘The reduction of this million of square 
Cubits will be performed by the same method that I have used before. Therefore, first, I 
express 1000 Yewtsh Cubits by 1824 Lxglish Feet, without any Separatrix, according to 
the principles owned in Decimal Arithmetic; and the square of that number will be 
3,326,976, without a Separatrix. Secondly, I divide this number by 43,560, which are the 
square Feet of an Acre, and find the quote to be 76.376,859, which signify 76 entire Acres, 
and 376,859 Decimals of an Acre, ‘lhirdly, to find what Roods are contained in these Deci- 
mals, I multiply them by four, the number of Roods in an Acre, and find the quote to be 
1.507,436, which proves that there is but one Rood in them, and the six figures cut off by 
the Separatrix (because there were six Decimals in one of the multipliers), are all Decimals 
ofa Rood. Fourthly, therefore, to find what Perches are in these last Decimals, I multi- 
ply them by 40, which is the number of Perches contained ina Rood. ‘The product is 
20.297,440; hereby I find there are zo entire Perches, besides the Decimals of a Perch 
placed after the Separatrix. Fifthly, to find what square Fcet are in those last Decimals, 
I multiply them by 272.25, which are the square Feet and Decimals ina Perch, the pro- 
duct is 80.97,804, which is 80 square Feet, and all the Decimals not amounting to a square 
Foot I reject as inconsiderable in measure of land. Thus we have found that this, and 
every other square on each side of every Levitical City, was prescribed to be 76 Acres, 1 
Rood, 20 Perches, 80 square Feet in our measure, but was just a million of square Cubits 
in their measure. 

To add the four squares belonging to one Levitical City together, the best way will be 
to take the first quote that we found in Acre measure, v2z., 76.376,859, and we must mul- 
tiply it by four, and we shall find, by the method I have used, all the four squares 
together to amount to 305 Acres, 2 Roods, r Perch; we need not take notice of any lesser 
quantities in this case. We may also by this method find the sum of the Acres belonging 
to all the 48 cities of the Levztes, and many other improvements in this kind of measuring 
surfaces. But I leave them to the industry of others. 





ASTABLE OF TIME, 











: NISAN, or Abib........{ March. DAYS OF THE WEEK. 
. pe First day of the week......0.- Sunday. 
@ Jiar, oF Ziff. ..cccsseccees ae : Second day........ cesseess+e Monday. 
Mae: Third Cay ave se cds ds ctewceie of MESHEM 
BRPOIVAD sae hon eccceuseces J: Fourth day...... cecscccsccee Wednesday 
June. Fifth day........ sessecsceces LRUISAAY, 
A. Lhammuz...o:.ccswsecee June. Sixth days sak. wswceas seen LP1AGYN. 
Ful * S 
ae om of ; eventh day, ov Sabbath. .... Saturday. 
5 eee eee eeeeeeeereee . 
Gee. HOURS OF THE DAY. 
6 iO ae eeeeeeceese reson September. The dey, reckoning from Dede ane the 
“itl é September. night from sunset, were each divided into 
7 Tisri, or Ethanim.....0. pet 12 equal parts, called the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 
8 Marchesuan, ov Bul...... eee os Sie esate 
November. WATCHES. 


Bee esse ae0= 3042494) December, The First Watch, from sunset to the third 


December. | hour of the night. . 
BRE nS anand nese iiss ce: Fanuary. |The Second or Middle Watch, from the 
tr Shebath..se.csceseeceenny POMMG"Y. | third hour to the sixth. 

february. |The Third Watch, or Cock-crowing, from 
I2 Adar. @eeeeeereeeeeseeereeeee February. the sixth to the ninth. 

March. The Fourth, ov Morning’ Watch, /roam ke 
33 Veadar, intercalary. - ninth hour to sunrise. 


783. 


A CHRONOLO 





GICAL INDEX 


OF THE YEARS AND TIMES FROM ADAM UNTO CHRIST, PROVED BY THE 


SCRIPTURES, FROM THE COLLATION. OF DIVERS AUTHORS, 


FR bees Adam unto Noah’s flood are years 
i . 

For Adam, being 150 years old, begat Seth. 

Seth, being ros years, begat Enos. 

Enos, being go years, begat Cainan. 

Cainan, being 70 years, begat Mahalaleel. 

Mahalaleel, being 65 years, begat Jared. 

Jared, at the age of 162, begat Enoch. 

Enoch, being 65 years, begat Methuselah. 

Methuselah, at the age of 187, begat Lamech. 

Lamech, being 182 years, begat Noah. 

Noah, at the coming of the flood, was 600 
years old, as appeareth in the 7th chapter 
of Genesis. ~ 

The whole sum of the years are 1856. 


From the flood of Noah unto Abraham's 
departing from Chaldea were 422 years 
and ten days. 


For the said flood continued one whole year 
and ten days. 

Shem (who was Noah’s son) begat Ar- 
phaxad, two years after that. 

“tere begat Salah, when he was 35 years 
ol 


Salah, being 30 years old, begat Eber. 

Eber, at the age of 34, begat Peleg. 

Peleg, being 30 years, begat Reu. 

Reu, being 32 years, begat Serug. 

Serug, being 30 years, begat Nahor. 

Nahor, being 29 years, begat Terah. 

Terah, being 130 years, begat Abram. 

And Abraham departed from Chaldea when 
he was 70 years old. 

These, accounted, are 422 years and 10 days. 


From Abraham's departing from Ur in 
Chaldea, unto the departing of the chit- 
dren of Israel, are 430 years, gathered 
as followeth :— 


Abraham was in Charran five years, and 
departed in his 75th year. 

Begat Isaac when 100 years old, in the 25th 
year of his departing. 

Isaac begat Jacob, when 60 years old. 

Israel was in Egypt 220 years. 

Then deduct 80 years from this; for so old 
was Moses when he conducted the Israel- 
ites from Egypt. 

So the rest of the years, that is to say, 130, 
are divided between Amram and Kohath 

Then Kohath begat Amram, at the age of 67 
years. 


é 


4 


Amram, being 65 years, begat Moses, who, 
in the 8oth year of his age, departed with 
the Israelites from Egypt. 

So this chronology is the 430 years men- 
tioned in the 12th chapter of Exodus, and 
the 3d chapter to the Galatians. 


From the going forth of the Israelites from 
Egypt, unto the first building of the tem- 
ple, are 480 years, after this chronology 
and account. 


Moses remained in the desert or wilderness 
forty years. 
peat and Othniel ruled forty years. 
thud, 80 years. 
Deborah, 4o years. 
Gideon, 40 years. 
Abimelech, 3 years, 
Tola, 23 years. 
pe: 22 years. 
hen they were without a captain, until the — 
18th year of Jephthah. 
ephthah, 6 years. 
bzan, 7 years, 
Elon, 10 years. 
Abdon, 8 years. 
Samson, 20 years. 
Eli, judge and priest, 44 years. 
Samuel and Saul reigned 4o years. 
David was king 40 years. 
Solomon, in the 4th year of his reign, began 
the building of the temple. 
These are the 480 years mentioned in the __ 
first Book of Kings, Chapter 6. 





From the first building of the temple, unto 
the captivity of Babylon, are 419 years 
and a half. 


Solomon reigned yet 36 years. 
Rehoboam, 17 years. 

Abijam, 3 years. 

Asa, 41 years 

Jehoshaphat, 25 years. 
Jehoram, 8 years. 

Ahaziah, 1 year. 

Athaliah, the queen, 7 years. 
Jehoash, 40 years. 
Amaziah, 29 years. 
Uzziah, 52 years. 
Jehoahaz, 16 years. 
Ahaz, 16 years. 
Hezekiah, 29 years. 
Manasseh, 55 years. 





wee 
’ 
*- 





OFFICES AND CONDITIONS OF MEN. 


Amon, 2 years. From the re-edifying of the city, unto the 
Fehoak 31 ead Cae of ft le as 483 years, after 
ehoahaz, 3 months, is chronology. 
liakim, 11 years. It is mentioned in the ninth chapter of 
Jehoiachin, Jechonias, 3 months. Daniel, that Jerusalem should be built up ~ 
And here beginneth the captivity of Babylon. | again, and that from that time unto the 
The sum of these years is 419 and 6 months. coming of Christ are 69 weeks, and every 
Jerusalem was re-edified, and built again,| week jis reckoned for 7 years. So 69 
after the captivity of Babylon, 70 years. weeks amount to 483 years: for from the 
The captivity continued 70 Geb 32d year of Darius unto the 42d year of 
The children of Israel were delivered the ‘Augustus, in which year our Saviour Christ 
first year of Cyrus. was born, are just and complete so many 


The temple was begun to be builtin the) years; whereupon we reckon, that from 
second year of thesaid Cyrus, and finished | Adam unto Christ are 3074 years, 6 
in the 46th year, which was the 6th year! months, and ten days ; and from the birth 
of Darius, After that Darius had reigned | of Christ unto this present year, is 1876. 
26 years, Nehemiah was restored to liber- | Then the whole sum and number of years, 
ty, and went to build the city, which was| from the beginning of the world unto the 
finished in the 32d year of the said Darius. end of the year of our Lord God, 1876, 


All the years from the building of the temple | are 5850 years, 6 months,and the said odd 


again, are 26 years. ten davs. 
‘The whole sum of years amount to 70. 7 





‘ A TABLE 


OF OFFICES AND CONDITIONS OF MEN, 


PATRIARCHS, or Fathers of Families,such as Abraham, Isaac, and ¥aceb, and his 
sons. 

Fudges, temporary Supreme Governors, immediately appointed by God over the chil- 
dren of /srae/. : 

Kings, and they either of the whole nation, or, after the falling off of the ten tribes, of 
Sucre or Israel. ! 

F,*levs, senators, the LX X, or Sanhedrim, 

Dficers, provosts, sheriffs, or executioners. 

Fudges, inferior rulers, such as determined controversies in particular cities. 

Israelites, Hebrews, descendants from ¥acod. 

A Hebrew of Hebrews, an Israelite by original extraction. 

A Proselyte of the Covenant, who was circumcised, and submitted to the whole law. 

A Proselyte of the Gate, or Stranger, who worshiped one God, but,remained uncir- 
cumcised. 

OFFICERS UNDER THE ASSYRIAN OR PERSIAN MONARCHS. 

Tirshatha, or Governor appointed by the kings of Assyria or Persia. 

Heads of the captivity, the chief of each tribe or family, who exercised a precarious 
government during the Captivity. 


UNDER THE GRECIAN MONARCHS. 


Maccabees, the successors of ¥udas Maccabeus, high-priests, who presided with kingly 
power. 


UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS. 


Presidents, or Governors, sent from Rome with imperial power. 
Tetrarchs, who had kingly power in the fourth part of a province. 
Proconsuls, or Deputies of Provinces. . 

Centurions, captains of a hundred men. 

Publicans, or Tax-gatherers. 


ECCLESIASTICAL OFFICERS, OR SECTS OF MEN. 
High-priests, who only might enter the Holy of Holies. 
tated Priests, or Sagan, who supplied the High-priest’s office in case he were dis< 
abled, 
High-priests for the War, set apart for the occasion of an expedition. 
15 


4 







* 


JUDEA, PALESTINE, OR THE HOLY LAND. 
Priests, Levites of the sons of Aaron, divided into twenty-four ranks, each rank serving — 
weekly in the temple. ens 
Levites, of*the tribe of Zevz, but not of Aaron’s family; of these were three orders, — 
Gershonites, Kohathites, Merarites, several sons of Levi. BE oN 
Nethinims, inferior servants to the Priests and Levites (not of their tribe), todraw _ 
water and cleave wood, etc. 5g 
: edna anciently called Seers, who foretold future events, and denounced God’s __ 
udgments. i 
Children of the Prophets, their disciples or scholars. ieee 
Wise Men, called so in imitation of the eastern Magi, or Gentile philosophers. Se 
Scribes, writers and expounders of the law. me gue’ 
Disputers, that raised and determined questions out of the law. : Bias 
Rabbins, or Doctors, teachers of Israel. SR RS 
Libertines, freedmen of Rome, who, being Jews or Proselytes, had a synagogue or _ 
oratery for themselves. =o 
Gautonites, or Galtleans, who pretended it unlawful to obey a heathen magistrate. at 
Herodians, who shaped their religion to the times, and particularly flattered Herod. 
Epicureans, who piaced all happiness in pleasure. ee 
Stoics, who denied the liberty of the will, and pretended all events were determined by __ 
fatal necessity. 35 Be 
Simon Magus, author of the heresy of the Gnostics, who taught that men, however 
vicious their practice was, should be saved by their knowledge. i aie 
Nicolaitanes, the disciples of Nicholas, one of the first seven Deacons, who taught the 
community of wives. Aa eae 
WNazarites, who, under a vow, abstained from wine, etc. 
Nazarenes, Jews professing Christianity. os 
Zelots, Sicarii, or murderers, who, under pretence of the law, thought themselves 
authorized to commit any outrage. tes pele 
Pharisees, separatists, who, upon the opinion of their own godliness, despised all others. 
Sadducees, who denied the resurrection of the dead, angels and spirits. pee 
Samaritans, mongrel professors, partly heathen, and partly Jews, the offspring of the 
Assyrians sent to Samaria. Bee 
Afostles, missionaries, or persons sent; they who were sent by our Saviour; from their 
number, were called 7he Twelve. 
Bishops, Elders, or Presbyters, spiritual overseers. 
Deacons, officers chosen by the Apostles to take care of the poor. 






























PALESTINE is bounded on the north by mount Libanus, or Lebanon, which sepa 
it from that part of Syria anciently called Phcenicia; on the east by mount Hermon, - 
which divides it from Arabia Deserta; on the south by Arabia Petrea; and on the west 
by the Mediterranean sea, or sea of Syria. a 
This country received the name of Palestine from the Philistines, who dwelt onthe 
sea-coast: it was called Judea, from Judah: and it is termed the Holy Land, being the 
country where Jesus Christ was born, preached his holy doctrines, confirmed them by 
miracles, and laid down his life for mankind. Palestine is about one hundred and eighty- 
five miles in length, and generally eighty in breadth; it is situated between 31° and 33° 
40’ north latitude. ; hale 
The climate of Palestine is, during a great part of the year, very hot. The easterly 
winds are usually dry, though they are sometimes tempestuous ; and those which ar 
westerly are attended with rain. The heat here might be expected to be excessive; 
mount Libanus, from its uncommon height, is covered all the winter with snow. 
The first rains, as they are called, generally fall about the beginning of November; and 
the latter rains in the month of April. In the country round Jerusalem, if a moderate 
uantity of snow falls in the beginning of February, and the brooks soon after overflo 
their banks, it is thought to forebode. a fruitful year; and the inhabitants make rejoicing: 
upon this occasion, as the Egyptians"do with respect to the Nile: this country is seldor 
refreshed with rain during the summer season. 3 ae 
The rocks of Judea are, in many places, covered with a soft chalky substance, in which 
is enclosed a great variety of shells and corals. The greatest part of the mountains © 





t, 


JUDEA, PALESTINE, OR THE HOLY LAND. 


Carmel, and those of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, are overspread with a white chalky 
stratum, In mount Carmel are gathered many stones, which, being in the form of olives, 
melons, peaches, and other fruit, are imposed upon pilgrims, not only as those fruits 
petrified, but as antidotes against several diseases. 

With respect to the rivers of the country, the Jordan, called by the Arabs Sceriah, is 
not only the most considerable, but, next to the Nile, is the largest, either in the Levant 
orin Barbary. It has its source at the bottom of mount Libanus, or Lebanon, and is 
formed from the waters of two fountains, which are about a mile distant from each other, 
One of them lies to the east, and is called Jor; the other, which is exposed to the south, 
is named Dan. The confluence of the two streams is found near the ancient city of 
Cesarea Philippi, which is at present only a village, and called Beline. The river takes 
a course between the E. and S., and, after running seven miles, falls into the lake Samo- 
chon or Mathon, at present called Huletpanias, about six miles in length, from north to 
south, and nearly four in breadth, from east to west. The Jordan issues from this lake, 
and flows through a great plain, passing under a stone bridge called Jacob’s bridge, con- 
sisting of three arches well constructed. The river then continues its course as far as the 
lake of Tiberias, near the ancient cities of Chorazin and Capernaum, where it mixes with 
{ts waters. When it issues from this lake, which is about eighteen miles in length and 

eight in breadth, it takes the name of Jordan major, dividing Peros from Samaria, the 

lains of the Moabites from Judea, and receiving the waters of the Dibon, the Jazer, the 
Wacob. and the Carith. After being augmented by these streams, in a course of sixty-five 
miles from the lake of Tiberias, or sea of Galilee, it discharges itself into the Dead sea. 
The Jordan, in the rainy seasons, overflows its banks to the distance of more than four 
miles ; and, on account of the inequality of the ground, forms two or three channels. Irs 
current is extremely rapid, and the water always muddy: but when taken from the river, 
and put into any kind of vessel, it very soon clarifies, and is sweet. 

The Dead Sea is a name of modern date; the ancients call it the lake of Asphaltites, 
the sea of Sodom, the Salt sea, the lake of Sirbon ; the Arabs name it Bahheret-Lut; that 
is, the sea of Lot. It is about fifty miles in length, and ten in breadth. The lofty moun- 
tains of the country of the Moabites are on the eastern side, and discharge into it the 
waters of Arnon and the Jaret. On the west and south it is bounded by very high moun- 
‘tains also. It is likewise on the west that the brook Cedron, which rises at Jerusalem, 
empties into this sea. 

We are informed that this vast lake was covered formerly with fruit trees and abundant 
crops, and that from the bosom of the earth, now’buried under its waters, arose the superb 
cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, and Segor. No plants of any kind grow in 
this lake, The bottom of it is-black, thick, and fcetid. Branches of trees which fall 
therein become petrified ina little time, The Dead sea produces a kind of bitumen, 
which may be found floating on the surface, like large lumps of earth. This bitumen is a 
sulphurous substance, mixed with salt; it is as brittle as black pitch, is combustible, and 
exhales, while burning, a strong and penetrating smell. The ancient Arabs used jt for 
smearing and embalming their dead, to preserve them from perishing. The mountains 
near this sea produce a kind of black stone, which, when polished, has a beautiful lustre. 

Acra, or Acre (now cailed St. John de Acre, and which the Arabs call Accho. or Akka) 
is one of the places from which the Israelites could not expel the ancient Canaanites, and 
was formerly reckoned among the ancient cities of Phcenicia. It is also known by the 
name of Ptolemais. The situation is advantageous: on the north and east it is encom- 
passed by a fertile plain; on the west, it is washed by the Mediterranean; and on the 
south by a large bay, which extends from the city as far as mount Carmel. It contains 
little more than a few cottages, and heaps of ruins. The residence of the bashaw of the 
province is at this place. 

To the south of Acre is Sebasta, the ancient Samaria, the capital of the ten tribes after 
their revolt from the house of David. It is seated on a long mount, which rises in a 
fruitful valley, and is now converted into gardens. 

A little further to the south is Naplosa, the ancient Sychem, which stands in a narrow 
valley, between mount Ebal on the north, and Gerizim on the south. Atasmall distance 
from Na losa is Jacob’s well, famous for Christ’s conference with the woman of Samaria. 

Jerusalem is encompassed with hills, so that the city seems as if situated in an amphi- 
theatre ; there are few remains of the city as it appeared in Christ’s time; the situation 
being changed ; for mount Sion, the highest part of ancient Jerusalem, is almost excluded : 
while the places adjoining to mount Calvary are nearly in the centre. This city, which 
is about three miles in circumference, is situated on a rocky mountain, on all sides of 
which are steep ascents, except toward the north. The walls are not strong, nor have 
they any bastions. The city has six gates, There are supposed to be about twelve or 
_ fourteen thousand inhabitants in Jerusalem. 

Jasa, the ancient Joppa, is the port where the pilgrims disembark. They generally 
arrive in November, and repair without delay to Jerusalem. 

Bethlehem, also called Ephrata, and the city of David, is famous for being the birth. 
place of Christ. It is about two miles to the S. E. of Jerusalem, on the ridge ofa hill, at 
present only an inconsiderable place. 


One 787 





* JUDEA, PALESTINE, OR THE HOLY LAND. 


Raha, the ancient Jericho, is eighteen miles N. E. of Jerusalem, situated in a plain six 
or seven leagues long, by three wide, surrounded by a number of barren mountains. 

Habroun, or Hebron, is twenty-four miles S. of Bethlehem. The Arabs call it El-Kahil, 
the well-beloved. It is situated at the foot of an eminence, on which are some remains of 
an ancient castle. . 

Nazareth, now only a small village, is on the top of a high hill. 

Cana of Galilee, otherw.se called Cana Minor, celebrated for the miracle wrought by 
Christ, of changing the wates into wine, is nothing more than a small village, with very 
few inhabitants. 

Sidon, called by the Turks Sayd, is situated on the sea-coast. It was anciently a place 
of great strength, and had a very extensive commerce. Though it is still populous, and a 
place of considerable trade, it has fallen from ts ancient grandeur. Its exports consist in 
silks, with raw and spun cotton, the manufacturing of which employs most of the inhabit- 
“igs amounting to about five thousand. ‘The city is defended by an old castle, built in 
the sea. 

Tyre, called by the Turks Sour, is about twenty miles to the south of Sidon. It was 
once very celebrated for its purple, called the Tyrian dye, produced from a shell-fish. 
This city was, in ancient times, the centre of an immense commerce and navigation, and 
the nurse of arts and sciences. The ancient city stood, originally, on an island, joined to 
the main land by a mole, the remains of which appear at present. It has two harbors ; 
that on the north side is very good; but the other is choked up with ruins. The present 
inhabitants are only a few poor fishermen, who live in vaults and caves. 

Cesarea was at first called Strabo’s Tower, and was the capital of Palestine. This 
aye was divided into two parts by a little hill, whereon was erected a temple dedicated 
to Cesar. 

Jericho is situated in a large plain, about twenty miles long and ten broad, bounded 
by a variety of mountains on the southwest, the west, and north; it is at present inhab- 
ited by a few miserable Arabs. 

The Mount of Forty Days is situated on the north ‘side of the plain of Jericho: the 
summit is covered neither with shrubs, trees, nor earth, but consists of a solid mass of 
white marble; it is very difficult and dangerous to ascend, the path leading by a winding 
course, between two dismal abysses. This mountain is one of the highest in the province, 
and one of its most sacred places. It takes its name from the rigorous fast which Christ 
observed here. From this mount may be seen the hills of Arabia, the country of Gilead, 
the country of the Ammonites, the plains of Moab, and that of Jericho, the river Jordan, 
a the whole extent ofthe Dead Sea. Opposite to Jericho, beyond Jordan, rises Mount 

ebo. 

Mount Carmel, on the south side of the bay of Acre, projects at one part into the sea, 
forming a great promontory, called the point of Carmel. There are a number of grottoes, 

ardens, and convents, on this mount; as also many cisterns for receiving the rain-water. 

n this mountain was a fortress called Ecbatane. 

Mount Tabor is most delightfully situated, rising amidst the plains of Galilee, distant 
about twelve miles from the city of Tiberias; it is distinguished by different names, as 
Itabyrion, Taburium, and by the Arabs Gibel-el-Tor. It is in appearance like a sugar- 
loaf, and is covered from the top to the bottom with small trees. 

Palestine, which comprehends the ancient country of Canaan, and was occupied by 
nine tribes of Israel, has experienced many and severe revolutions; the extreme fertility 
of the country, and its many advantages and happy situation, induced the neighboring 
and powerful kingdoms to attempt its subjection; most of them succeeded in reducing to 
obedience and slavery the peaceable inhabitants: the Persians, Saracens, Syrians, and 
Romans, have alternately been masters for a time, and then obliged to yield to superior 
force: they treated the conquered with the utmost barbarity, and committed the greatest 


devastation and slaughter; not even sparing old or young, women or helpless children. — 


Thus it continued changing its ferocious masters, until, in the twelfth century, the Turks 
taking Cesarea, the whole country fell into their possession, and has continued under 
their power ever since. ‘The innumerable scenes of blood and desolation exhibited in 
this country have changed it from that happy, fruitful, and prosperous state, so beauti- 
fully described in Deuteronomy, to an almost uninhabited desert, and hea of ruins ; few 
traces of its ancient splendor remain ; and confusion and doubt hang over all the researches 
of the inquirer. 

The present masters exercise unlimited and tyrannical authority over their slaves in 
Palestine, keeping the miserable inhabitants in the utmost subjection ; governing them by 
Caliphs and Bashaws, with rods of iron; and holding them in the most deplorable ignore 
ance and superstition. 


788 














CONTENTS. 


Alphabetically. 


eee ee ees se eseeFFSSFH SOSH eHeHeeseeeeses 


PART I. 


A Gomprehensive. Dictionary of Art, Science and Literature, eee 


PAGE, 
1 to 370 





PART II. 


A Brief Biographical Dictionary, Alphabetically Arranged..............685 to 739 


PAGE. 





PART [II. 


PAGE 
Abandonment (marine insurance)...477 
Abbreviations Used in Writing and 
MRP VIFIGANG coe ce ccwacicescccasecesees 659 
_ Aborigines of North America.......554 
_ Abstract (in Bue ness): COSCO ICE LL LE 
Acceptance.. 
ACER DEOR Foose cs ccs voce ccccesseeces o s400 
Accounts....... 


Pe reeveereeteeeseeeoses ATT 


Era arg 


Account Current....2. sscsccccseees 418 
Account, Sales........ RR eee Gree oe. 
Acknowledgment of Deed...........499 
ACGUITtANCE . 0 oe es eee ee recs 478 
Acre, Different Measurements of....536 
RGITEAEW cig i c's os cilee site's sans Bin arateiae ate 478 
Adjustment (in insurance).........-. 478 
Adjustment (of accounts)........... 478 
AAMMistrator. . 6.5. sew ccces OCIA CI CIC 478 
Adoption of the Constitution. . . 658 
Aa Valorem Dutye.........s0- dalsle'ss : 478 
Advances (in finance).....-.....-. 000418 
Adventure (in marine)..............- 479 
Africa, Ancient and Modern Geograph- 
ETE ATY CD. OLS «a 'sresiinin's leis e oie @ sere’ 384 
Africa, Cities and Towns in.......... 388 
IAPPICOSORIVOLER Of. ccrcesc-cceescescecs 386 
pee: MErCAaNtilos. cos cece. cosdees 479 
PPOMIMITUICS n1, Colals vc due cig cscs oc css le40O 
MPTLOMMETEET Ire on Sag o18'3)s ois waa cess ov slo e cio\e 479 
Agreement between Landlord and 
MRGERLIN GG ele. ae ops/<\e cece cla see, Sx cacare 
Agreement for Sale of Land.........479 
Agreement for sale of Grain......... 480 


Agreement with a Clerk or Salesman 
MI SBE VICES sc css tesa 'b.creic.e ces . 480 
Alabama, Insolvent and ‘Assignment 
SE eae aimee 603 
Amendments to the Toca ie Se of 
the United States.. 5 
Americanisms....... 
American Cities, Rate of Mortality of.654 


PAGH 


American Petroleum.,...... . 654 


e@eenee 


American Wars.. ais.c's 6 chaste sinters sO 
Ancient Geogr aphical Names........ 383 
AMMUIGY:.s ciate ces deiegas os tcicleinee Seep eee 
Arbitration....... Seeisels shee cee tak 
Analysis of the aja ‘and New Testa- 

AWN GIEDL soaisip acaiersiate eet icleidim ai aus erere BACH Ait: 
Assyrian and Persian Officers.......785 
Arbitration Bond......... Povcaceanae 481 
Arbitration of Exchanges........... 481 


Area and Population of the Earth....613 

Area and Population of the United 
SUA LCM 3c eitla a) Sok ae arth wine came eee ome erate «574 

Arizona, Insolvent and Assignment 


Haws: Of cto cte ce. have toe te cn ee 603 
Arkansas, Insolvent and Assignment 

LIAWSOfs be ie arenas aera ciy eatatateiouer 
Armies of the World..... a pa alsa rere 625 
Army of the United States........... 586 
Arrests (when allowed in debts).....536 
Articles of Copartnership..........-.610 
Aryan Languages, Divisions of.. 2 
Asia, Ancient and Modern Geographi- 

CalaNames- Of ceah cites casaetcmnets 38 
Asia Minor, Cities and Towns in....388 
Asig.,; RIVOPSAID: Jo. gicee cc cece cicelveaen 886 
ASSEtS S20: 2 fans ete saiee ee Sdelatevem ater 
Assignm ents.......... ADEA AG LE’ 482 
ASSIOTIOO.cvclett aud ae tag's sa pee cece eon 
Assignment Tawtitecccers epieniete 603 
Assignment of Account.........0..-482 
Assignment of Bond.....s..e.ss0.+-482 
Attachment (in law)........ cievetenvow 
Attorney, Power of......... RAR SY fe 
Attorney-General, Salary of..........580 
AULA emciticnire ule sixgua els 1e sete bislen Sats ee 482 


Auditor of RailroadAccounts Salaryof 580 
Average (in shipping transactions) ..483 
Average of Payments.......++.000+--483 
Avoirdupois Weight........sseecece.s620 





. ae PAGE 
y Baty Ont is os sas eae Se eee cles cet aoe 
Balance (in Accounts)...........0...484 
Balance-Sheet..... Raarsiele sie tinkieis watis ct 484 - 
Balancing. ACCOUNTS... 2... eee eee 0 SOF 
Balance of ‘Trade. s+. ces..s ES 484 
FSB TICO rein Gis or kwie eee elk siete ee talin nla aba eo He OOS: 
PS ATVIOT. ccna tcatene oie e wiavacaeiere o Bag Pee tale 
SESLLLESULD) Gaeta stata a eiale © a sluie so leresior eine 485 
DALE BIGIY itera wegteis's Tale o's e7o/e e's pw SKS 'C ageals 485 
IBGAT STAN VOLS) s\n aes cise a Guleter edie 485 
BOLL AGVENtUPC:.\.. os eisee seers estia 
Bill of Entry....... ip imin tem eialbneragarn sso 486 
Bila EMER CHANCO... Wort teases eee es 436 
ESL MeroL PAIR ID ois eae wevere lee SPS eee we 
Bill Of; Parcels sic. taceseseesiseces 490 
TO LES ALD ooo wiecs slersaas edie sceecee ert tO0 
Bit POL Siont.. ssn « RE A ae erica 490 
PROT alts cee e wis clea Soe sen atee eats 490 
BONG OLredilOLs: soc cetkscnee bake ee wrens 4992 
Bonded Goods....... Sit Sie Ar ee 492 
SINS,» (HULLS LO. . acc ee eacic woe eater ATT 
Bond Debt... .. eeseee Ae couch Gee ues 492 
Bonus. SAR i SAAB ee es 492 
Book Debts.. Sag wa RIA eA 492 
Bottomry.... ss... ocreisieb win ais't pls laine - 492 
IBLOKOL |. Nisa senses sisciscle hime ee coed Cua 
Broker sf CONWACH ic. rec ose s eae 492 
ES UIE ocre ole are atoleinve ee Relsvsion CacpueeRaue. 
BWHON oe eccit es piacere Ree Te Secs etos: 
PaisINess-aW:. cs sec s vee tee ee eee eeaDoe 
Bank Account, To Nfs and Keep...528 
Bookkeeper’s Proof suteraretsscalare See pee ae 530 
Janks, History Of-...s cesses as SSptnaiae al 
Bank VR WLS es ecm s vote ca ok oe he ra 3! 
Bank Laws........ A BH ee YA ares 532 
Bank Discount......... Sab pe oOo 
By-Laws for a Social Club. . Be Sag Se 22.053 
Battles and Losses of the Revolution- 
BEY EW BE es ate So ges vcklGess ae Seas es 
Battles of the War of 1812........ oe ebT0 
Boats and Vessels (Names and Tech- 
nical Terms) eeeeee ese Pe Sa PSS td UR oy Fe 
Business Vocabulary........+.e0 eeed00 
British Imperial Measure............629 


Bayalof the World acc: sushsce sos covesOD! 


Common Errors in Speaking and Writ-. 


ing Corrected........ pa wie lets ain ais ate,cle 453 
Clerk, Agreement with..... Faerie ee 480 
Oanital soos. sae Araswaa ne wear aa es 493 
NGAP OOM c's. ae wale a vier Sian aoe te hee aeatee 
Cash ACcOuntss i. sne «5 Stele Fate ween 493 
Cash Credit..... rainve as pest suisse eos 
NP AAIRTOT. class o's jax aie eels valeur aie we veces es 40D 
Center of Population. Vaip odieee see sae OUD: 
Charter Party.. Here rey ine S85) 
Checkenen too. Peeeeae Migh es URI 08 
GirenlariNote oka) Scsis Sel Saeawnan 494 
Clearing a Vessel..........00. ase 494 
Clearing (in Banking)..............- 494 
COD ae eee ian} "a ucaneiareste inne .494 
Collateral Security Riciateiaisere's Ceaiote owtaiene 494 
Commission....... Rivieiseisvatuia'erpternorsis ot 494 
Commissioner .......... Silas ete" e Osatete 495 
Commission-Merchant...........000 495 
Compound Interest...........eeeeeee 495 
Composition siacees weno. es veh ees hs 495 
Composition with Creditors aR aes ates 495 





























Ch ieees 5 win Se mepimeee 6 8 
Consultcacs scree aieteve elcoaee Pe rietre be 
Consulage eeeeeee se eeesecesesesae joe AOE a a WEE 
Contraband aed gb 0pSObv eee ae -. 
Contract eeeeees esse erence ereese << eves e406 ee 
Contractors <2. s..c 4c tise oma e elem eine 
Contract for Building..... + Onis baie EO 


Conveyance of PrOperey «0 197 tee ee 
Conveyanicer.......sseteeerss ocean eam 
Coupons ase ss sa es a's tie d's ois eaters arama 
Credit eee@Cseseeve eee cewes ots Com aaeeeun 
Creditor dcuS'a es <8 bs 0:0 oN m sige aes = 
Currency iio. use bin ac nec.b ug we Omen a elas 
Customs and Excise. .<. .cescie pete sie i 
Copartnership, Articles Of. ......+++0510 
Cash-Book, Form of. eeeeeeeeeeeeee 526 
Commercial Paper. coctios as cevble ajecseooee 
Checks.e 3 sc. soca ee eee cae eee Ow 
Checks, Laws Relating to. rh ane 
Commencement of Lawsuits ese wae 
Contracts... 3 
Counterfeit Money......- Pages 
Counterfeit National Bank Notes.. 
Counterfeit National Notes, Oma 
List of Oss oe mee ee : 
Canada Bills, Gounterfeits of. pos 


States 6625 a. siecle ot eee ee 
Coal Production of the Worla Set 
Counterfeit United States Bondsand - 

Interest-Bearing Notes... e 
California Insolvent and Assignment ; 

TB WSs wicy cin ise Sein menrstenes J 


bis 3 eeeeee 


‘Laws... 


ay 


ment Tawe! apie A 
Commissioner of ‘Patents, ee, See 
Commissioner of General Land Office 

Salary Of. <.s\ss%\scr ese ateatee ote 
Commissioner of Pensions, errs of Bs ; 


eee 


OL Eee aie sales ols te ES 
Commissioner of Indian me 

Salary:-of 2.1. 007s wise eaentaiens 
Commissioner of Education, Salary fe) 
Cities and Towns, Ancient Names of. 
Christian Names of Men....... 
Christian Names of Women..... 
Classical and Mythological Names 


Chronological Table-....... aes 
Colleges and Universities in 

United States..... Pea e st 
Cloth Measure..... 
Commerce of Nations 


woes eer ese eeoe 


eocoreceense 


%) 


im oy - “a 


te 


‘ee 
Bs 





Florida Insolvent and Assignment 
MG ge sie b pda sero eorrerp ee sectreoe - 604 








CONTENTS. 791 
PAGE PAGE 
Declaration of Independence....... 556 | German Names, To Pronounce......450 
Greek, Latin and Scripture Proper 
Debts, Revenues, Expenditures, and Names, To Pronounce..... re tase 446 
Commerce of Nations........ ..-.624 ; Grain, Agreement for the Sale of....480 
Debts of the Principal Cities and Guide to Business............ eeeteeeen 
Towns of the World............... 610) Garblesieesics’. 6 SO Ee Bevelaioie Ole 
Dictionary of Musical Terms........ Ofd 3) GaTAIShMONt css sivecerecs cee cute 2. 502 
Due-Bill..... mierisle ele plies Simisiaes spies was SBOE GOOMUWALL gorse c eacele eM tere t ane alete arent 502 
MOR GLACE) vci's cisecisie tips © ate 166-498 | Guarantee . 2. 06. cess arate oid crenata 502 
WGDONTUTS osc0 coc ce cicess ce nees eece 498 | General Partnership .. ease DL2 
PRIS UUM RCo aia (Winlnie mers! ehs/aids o's 6,00 ssa 'sie's 499 | Gold and Silver, Certain Test “for... .536 
NAMIC gad dah a’e k viclawro Bois ss's's a ced ae 499 | Gold Coin, Counterfeit, To Detect....544 
RL ersis te Ca Piaiclc sitieisis v ceisie sie ice va cs 499 | Guardian, Receipt on Account for....515 
RIGO OLE! tos.creree siasio cs cscs Serene agtehs 500 | Great Britain, Cities and Towns in...386 
PEPIMIEERIG ceva ceiseciecnccceqcsssssees 600 | Gaul, Cities and Towns ine ss e4 Sea 387 
(LU SOE ASS Ss Soe aS See 500 Greece, Cities and Towns in ......... 387 
PERU as Ore actrls Circe a's os vee ce'e ossie's 500 | Grecian Officers......+.ceseeeeeseues 78) 
Deviation (in Shipping)............. 500 | Georgia Insolvent and Assignment 
WEMGUDLO ig wis ov bie's cise cise radieisjoaee - -500 Laws.. oe iar 
EMDR UL EM ciate sia sl e'e id gia a'sis.e aevche sve «5 si 500 | Gulfs, Ancient Names of.. ipdise fee COA 
Discounting Bills of Merchandise. . 500 Germany, RIVETS INE owes) pacers coe SOOR 
PPIVICGUG...c<cvea. teen... Bt Gitatl RAV GrStiiy vcs in eaters ves o'er dase OO 
TOME ISILUS , aioe oc 4's sams a vies 8 tes SOL IGTeOCe FRIVELA cL). cen ase U ceensen 386> 
ECE ATcinth s\s a5 eis aise t/0:< a 9-4/0 Rint ve. Tasers 501 | General Councils of the Church..... 652 
Drawback (in Exports)............:. 501 | Geographical Discoveries..........e. 631 
MEER race aici clk oe ite wscca.t fae'ces 501 | Geographical Vocabulary............371 
Daily Savings at Compound Interest.505 | Geometrical Definitions............. 372 
Dissolution of Partnership..........511 
MPa OOK, MOLT OL 2. slog occas islets 523 | History of the United States Flag... .567 
Director of Geological Surveys, Salary | History of the World from the Crea- 
MERE s ssc s cies roles vaeuleeais e's 5 tion to the Present Time .......... 630 
_ Dry, or Winchester Measure......... 629 | Heads of the Principal Nations of the ; 
Director of the Mint, Salary of...... 580 AMG Yo sac see eave che sae te pee 619 
Dakota Insolvent and ecg Highest Mountains in the World....650 
MRR a cic ale's «pire spe <ie'l as o's s 604 | Homesteads on Public Lands........ 585 
Delaware Insolvent and Assignment Holder of a Draft, Duty of........... 532 
(ooo 3 CASED Sn Coen ee Gee 604 | House, Mercantile. . Wis teeceiesceesOUe 
Dominion of Canada..............0 620 | Holy Land, Topography of asta Mee OG 
Ecclesiastical Officers, or Sects...... 785 | Italian Names, To Pronounce....... 450 
Expectation of Life at All Ages...... 623 | Inaccurate Terms and Expressions. .398 
Expenditures, Revenues, Debts, and Iniand Bill of Exchange............. 487 
Commerce of Nations.............. 624 | IMport..-.s.ee eee reese eee sseeces ee 503 
Europe, Ancient and Modern Geo- Ha parents pinja a cea carta dics cust ee Merrie wueeie Ea 
QZ | SLLQCHLOULO . noe were en ee nneeceveves oervet (lu 
BRDagO ves ceececdevvcsscrcvsnse nf Index to the Holy Bible...0100.2.0.. 746 
UE re ses a i Goh vc'cc Ving ves ac 502 | Lndia, Description of................ 786 
eee Sica tan ate > 5OQ | LNGOrse 1.2.22. see eceescesereeee #0008 
LN TUTIGELOM cs oes co caces Sonn css. aU 
ANSULTANCE vostee Vs sx seas seeks a eet Re 
False Pronunciation Corrected......422 | Interest.. E SC eihfere aie OO 
Fifth Age of the World.............. 754 | Interest Table at 6 per noenbe tes 50+ 
First Age of the World........ 745 | Interest Table at 7 per cent.......... 505 
Foreign Names of Persons and Places, ATIVOStMOND y went cy ce Sas vem a ee 506 
PE OROUNCEs a2 oi oa sh veg h sa wees 447 | Invoice . astacn evans ails al Sarelat ates se ate 505 
Fourth Age of the World............ 750 | Interest Policy Fold creo’ tases see 513 
French Names, To Pronounce.......448 | Interest Rules..............2.-s0000- 535 
RMN aaah O86 ibis Sain freislere to's, o% 479 | Interest Laws ofthe Different States .601 
PIT rePIU Re isin" as 's's'0)o ev nels sid wae 502 | Insolvent, Assignment and Home- 
PPEOTETS vide c's sse.s ale ois « Sanwa sas O02 stead Laws of the Various States. .603 
ME MILUE Mal ca afshe vote ss tie 60's dw aie Zeae's 502 | Issue and Redemption of Silver and 
Farmers’ Club, To Organize.........551 Minor Coins.. a ijtenanie pero 
Foreign Bills of HXCHAN GO. seine p toc 0-0 487 | Interest, Legal Rate Of. i. Coke ee 521 
meorm- OL Dill of Gading. ... 2.26.26. 6% 490 | IdahoInsolventand Assignment Laws 604 
Five Cent Pieces, Counterfeit........ 544 | Illinois Insolvent and Assignment 
_ Foreign Coins, Value of........ s002 e009 SAWS a anvetc Ce ooraia en owie bias eseateaterS 604 


Indiana Insolvent and Assignment 


WSeeeeveropeogrery oo Fete oeonense 





792 CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
Iowa Insolvent and Assignment Laws.605 
Italy, Cities and Towns in........... 387 
TTItOLOSt LADIOS. «oe siscguienieeind ve ac fate 645 
Illyricum, Rivers in.. Face borat alow OO 
Ttaly; Rivers ines. sows ae so «00002000 
Islands, Ancient Names of.... . 385 
Interest, How it Increases...........629 
MOLBAIN Gos shade b elvicccls s cicur aseaeds sie0U0 


Kansas Insolvent and Assignment 


UE WES Cais Eo oo owe eee etek eee cele 605 
Kentucky Insolvent and Assignment 

LGA AVM SISo is siln’Gac b's oe yeh re Uo caus 605 
Knots and How to Make Them......394 
Latin Proper Names, To Pronounce. .446 
HietbercOf AGAViCO.)<.\v's\ss5 sa sawee beeen 479 
Land, Agreement for the Sale of..... 479 
Landlord and Tenant............ 480, 535 


Wadasatiy Kors css .cscerckeen el hele DOB 
Lay DaGW io. nce nee ee 


CARO Lit Ae wens dle saicee lem ness ¢Fee DOG 
GA SO.0L LLOUSOS cis vende eco ays uile dae 507 
etter of Credit: sc s5sc cb ec'sais.< ee aae DOT 
Letter of License... ..csc ccvecccscsee 507 
ABA DUIGION 6 «ss: ac'e's sicle a taiele AB ORC sae DOV 
Lien eeee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee es 507 
Lighterage ............ qditeeemieeessne OOS 
Liquidation....... sioieie"@siale eevee a a ote 508 
Lloyd’s Register..... ace sie@hvcimoaes 508 
DIOP BOOK Ie Jjalecine' sae eeeia eos «.--508 
Laws Relating to Checks.. oe. O34 
Laws Relating to Wills.............. 535 
Limitation of Actions in Different 
BLAtOS ccicas s,s canes wach sue cao ule ek 602 
edger HOM VOL ste weaisss esos cease 526 
Laws and Decisions Relating to 
DITALUSS ise ule g sores ce bese 8 ewes tee esis « 533 
Limited Partnership .............- 7.019 
Lost Time Calculations.............. 536 
TiGASOOfia APM 265; 56h e400 St os Blak 528 
Legal Rate of Interest in Different 
BtQteSiscsh i: neemios ss sae oe ee oh ekies 521 
Laws Relating to Business........... 522 
Longest Rivers of the World........651 
Lakes, Ancient Names of......... 22 084 
EATIOMD MCASULTO Cs sic eunenisiss dere 6 o- 628 


Legal Weight of a Bushel............649 
Lakes of the World 02.6 .eescs cencee O51 
Louisiana Insolvent and Assignment 
WGN GS fp eis se craic 6 eusiie's sisitibismiso 6 wes 605 
Levites Glebe..... 


Aa AS Aarne euNea pes 


Mercantile Agencies.......... See vhs) 
Manifest (in Shipping).............. 508 
Marking Goods, Method of.......... 508 
Measurement GOOdS,:......sseccesee 508 
Merchantable Goods.........-...... 509 
Mercantile and Commercial Goods. .509 
MONOPOLY <7 dae caw tases sacs cs cadets £09 
MOTORS... reap disp emateies aie ses <e oo 009 
BVLOTISULALION ciety ae eins suse. co SORT 
Multiplication, Rapid.............. 537 


Military Strength of the United States 
during the Rebellion..,,...,....».590 


5 


PAGE 

Minor Coins, Issue of... nang be se DAG 

Minor Coins, Redemption of........546 
Maryland Insolvent and Assignment 

Laws side i vie Derm orscstenete Thee ae to caren OU 


vf 
Metric Byntete of Weights and 
Méasures .:..,. sscescimcs ase amen 
Massachusetts Insolvent and Assign- 


ment LAWS isisscc06 o08 seat tee 605 
Michigan Insolvent and Assignment 
Lawes, 0'0 24 s\s'ak-cwis arena cleans aa eee 606 
Minnesota Insolvent and Assign- 
ment Laws .....-.. ae ne sOUG 
Mississippi Insolvent and “Assign- 
Ment LAWS... 55.5. see cec ce bavi 606 
Missouri Insolvent and Assignment 
LG WS 300s: s'sinia's s's1slh bis ale berate bien ame 606 
Montana Insolvent and Assignment 
LB WS sires ds'ela's 6 ciate spulstnane corel eee 60 
Macedonia, Cities and Towns i Ii ce 387 
Mesopotamia, Cities and Towns in. .388 
Mexican War, Battles of............. 572 


Merchant Shipping of the World....626 
Mythological and Classical Names.. .688 
Mountains of the World....-........650 
Musical Terms, Dictionary of........873 
Maine Insolvent and Assignment 


LAW. . ccc ccccdecccct cee cece ene eenue 
Note on Demand....... 52) eee ee 
Note on Time......... ols ie BRAS Rie 


Note not Negotiable............ 
Note, Negotiable in Merchandise... .489 


Negotiable NObG resale seve ses ovecveee hOo 
Negotiable Paper...... dececercesesseDOe 
NOtEIY 5 x25 /ces ot emake renee o ois aereile 
Notice of Dissolution of Copartner- 
BNI ss nies cen POS ss oe gece 
National Banks.<<. i:. 2.8000 eee 53 
National Bank Blank Bills, List of 
Stolen is .i4 SO een eee 543 
National Bank Notes, Official List of 
Counterfeit... s.cnene vevae Ceca coae 


Navy of the Revolution..............569 
Naval Battles of the War of 1812.....571 


Navy of the United States........... 588 
Navy Yards of the United States.....588 
Navies.of the World.....c.s 0. scees 626 


National Debts, Expenditures, ant 


Commerce of Nations, per head.. Me 


Nails, Sizesof 2... vos cates eee 58 
Number of Plants and Quantity of 
Seed to Use ..... 4: sou dessutewee cea 
Newspapers and Periodicals in the 
United States:’:. 5... si sas cu anemia 
Nautical Vocabulary ove: 6 sibosaln Os Pale eaten 871 
Nebraska Insolvent and Assignment 
Laws $s45.00% 50 cre suites eee 606 
Nevada Insolvent and Assignment 
Dawa oe sil vics $255.55 0 ee 606 
New Hampshire Insolvent and As- 
signment LAWS... «0s. seccumenen 
New J ersey Insolvent and fag 
DLW nas js c= ces ase sp ae nee -606 
New Mexico Insolvent and Assign- 
ment Laws. SP reese rgreresgeseose reel 





Ais 


CONTENTS, 


PAGE 
ys York Insolvent and Assignment 


2 COA TIRSIR SP eat aire A ea aan 607 
New York and Brooklyn Bridge...... 390 
North Carolina Insolvent and Beene 
UUEWAMUWE Wacielesscecerecctcen veces sOUt 
Objectionable Words and Phrases...398 
Oceans of the World.. .651 


Ohio Insolvent and Assignment Laws. 607 
Old and New Testaments, Analysis of. 778 
Oregon Insolvent and Assignment 
Laws....... Reem tenes dslieeOUd 
Odd Arithmetical Question.. APs afte} 
Occupations of the People of the 
United States............6. went.es eODd 


Principles of Correct Pronunciation. .422 
IPAPCMOTODIAD ot .25 sie cc aes ee Deevee se yO 
Partnership Settlements. . Aditi ab 
Pass-Book, Uses GETS eee... .B19 
Per Co ee ee... B19 
WOrmit. sees cco Eek aintabinenesele'e eee sc OLe 
Policy, Insurance..... MiecveceuviceecOld 
OUCY, INLOTCRE... 00 .ccccccceccecs so Ols 
PEA VV ALOL c)cicicin os ceceapieisiseeae ee DLS 
Posting (in Bookkeeping)............513 
PAO MET DONG ws.d 0c o'svcelccccevesccDlo 
Premium...... Minielels visjeisic'y sivie <'o.ts\c Sie7s 513 
PIO-CUITONG o0d0 secs cevcsecs sees ste OLo 
Price-List eeeeeeeeseseeese sere engaeeee Lo 
Principal (in Business)..............514 
MEPOCUTAUION 26.< i010 0.0505 halve cae ges v0. O84 
UMMMESI Re hanacvicecsce sss svcicece 514 


Prompt (in Businesgs)................514 
Pro rata 
Public Meetings, To Organize ane 


Conduct MP itiaosics Socile cclebe 


er 
Public Debts of the United States.573,576 
Paper Money of the United States... .573 
Population of the United States..... 574 
Population of the Towns and Cities of 


DHE WIL: States... cs... s powess - 578 
Public Lands of the United States.. . 582 
Parlimentary Proceedure.......<... 396 


Pay of the Army of the United States.587 
Pay of the Navy of the United States.589 
Principal Towns and Cities of the 
United States 
Population and Debts of Cities, Xc., 
of the United States 
Population of the United States, by 
Races . -615 
Popular and Electoral Vote ‘for Presi- 
dent, 1880, of the Various States.. 616 
Prices of Commodities for 53 years. .653 


er 


Petroleum, Statistics of-.............654 
Palestine, Description of..... micew eaLlok 
Palestine, TOWNS ifl......sscecee tes .088 
President of the United States, Salary * 
RE oor aie cha ooic's Cs <5.sle ale 35. 
Postmaster-General, Salary of....... 580 
Memmerriat “ALCOITICY< «...- 0. - gee cess ces 482 
emmmiesory Notes,.....-..-s--.0-008 488 
Pennsylvania Insolvent and Assign- 
BGG LARWA.2.. ce sccscccccccesesess 607 


Population of the Earth....+++r0.-.580 


Ee eee SSS Se ee ee eee ee ee eee ee ee ee 


793 


PAGE 
QUATANLING V's desicsocées tec eeree mole 
Quotations (in Stocks)........cc00e+ e014 


Rebate (in Business)......cee.sccceeedl4 


FROCOLDUSh isierinntaeala’e nawnis oes eceseocees Ole 
Receipt on Account. . cece. sce oclecees DLO 
Receiptin Pull oriciae ecu nee cas soos Oko 
Receipt for Cash Payment...........515 


Receipt in Full of all Demands......515 


Receipt in Full of Account...........515 
Receipt Rendered.......... veesecse OLD 
Receipt in Full for Goods............ 515 


Receipt, Sold and Delivered without 

BABU es aiala oe wheteraen Meum iis eaten 
Receipt to Guardian .for Payment on 

Account of his Ward... 
Receipt of Lading for Wagon........ 515 
Receipt for Stock put out to Winter. .516 
Ré-exchange.. Pi ldtsekh CoI 
Register (in Shipping). . Vielv’eoe oeeDLO 
Re-insurance..........65 UE RES atn 


Release for Freight.........cesccees516 
-Remittance......... coccevocccccscee 1G 
MENT codce veces aweesiee vices as erie OLG 
RROUUNIG'.. pees te's v cede cls wet cbc senmmeeOLe 
ROVEESLOM sc ccaine anthers eke cece suite 516 
Rules for Detecting Counterfeit 
WEOTLGY: ate sinters oa sin sisce a/sieleieninwiee on D2 


Revolution, Troops Furnished in....555 
Receipts and Disbursements of Uni- 
ted States Government........000. 6i4 
Raiiroads of the World.......... seesOne 
Revenues, Expenditures and Com- 
merce of Nations 
Rate of Mortality of American Cities. 654 


Rivers, Ancient Names of............ 385 
Representatives in Congress, Salary 
RecN Uke wig nainiie my creche a Dita Oeameten 580 
Rhode Island Insolvent and Assign- 
Ment LAWS ore tc ose ee deere w6 Settiniee res OLE 
Rate of Mortality...... Restate SCONCE Ee 623 
Rapid Multiplication........ seccceseDad 
Religions of the World..............580 
aces of the: Worlds. leis eos oe cee 580 


Rate of Mortality in American Cities.654 
Rivers of the World..... aviaieles tre ---651 
Roman Officers......... Soviets sepacsloe 


Salesman, Agreement with..........480 
Short Form of Deed 


POD ROU i exttors openers eiaie ete Wotaiewsssavate 481 
Special Partnership....... oc cvecsce Ol? 
Second Age of the World............ 746 
Scripture Weights, Measures and 

Bophal Sem ecireroae Orr Pe ene cia she wes ia 
Scripture Time-Table ............... 783 
Stock, Receipt for Wintering........ 516 
Sal yaAseas svc vole reata wis ss cca eee 016 
SAM DIG oe 2s verve a ceases cc ss'e\e vaecins 516 
Scrip sosen cee ne Sate} aleretd aes 517 
BECULIZIOS santgeats + clad seth s waare orton 517 
BSU-GIA (BT IUAAW) 15 ace vse sisioicie wiuieiatele ae i yt 
RL ANG Mepacerelnts/si6-0) elalgrs'4 <tele'sie ‘tueldole 016 oislatens 517 
Ship’s Papers.-..... if wtacare asics aie een as 517 
Shipping Articles. % 5 scacele:sioe salesies as 517 
Short Exchange........ eee etre OLE 


Es eile gees ok 


ae PAGE 
Sinking Fund. epeeeneorte jeee See cicaDLe 
Solvent . SCis Waleiatcis Mp erate Wee ose Se LO 
Specie.......; Sielue ate sve tmse ewawce bee ee LO 
SeeuAvations 3) (Le BIS 
MIANUAT be sscdeincksdasd sted syenes ele 
RADIO vocaig os aicleccth wiclsiccide o's sis seve ese 
tering COU cacnds cose os esa ses sc OLO 
Stock, Varieties of.............. «e» 518 
‘Stock Exchange............... aes 518 
Stoppage in Transitu................519 | 
Subpoena (in Law)........ee-ee- Saetes OLY: 
BUPCLCATYO .... 2. cece ceccvcsovecs Pi ye) 
Suspension of Payment.. Sep a etidies fe eOLU 

~ Suits, Commencement of............535 
Summons at Court........... oh oa OO 
Shoemakers’ Measure............... 537 


Stolen National Bank Blank Bills... 
Silver Coin, Counterfeit, to detect.. 


543 
544 


Silver Coin, Issue of.................545 
Silver Coin, Redemption of......... 546 
Social Club, By-Laws for....... Rien Doe 
Scripture Proper Names, To Pro- 
nounce. nines 6 Poker SEU, 
Settlers of ‘the United States de reuines 555 
Settlement of the United States......555 


er ye ele Declaration of Inde- 

pende 
State awa Relating to Limitation of 

Action 
Summer Heat in Various Countries ..608 
Shipping of the World............... 626 
Square Measure in the United States. 628 
Solid Measure in the United States. te 


ORS OL: LUE: WOTIG. dic5 erotesses'cin arerwie scr 651 
Statistics of Churches in the United 

BtALGS. oh: shme sicie Re ASCO OE: 652 
Seas, Ancient Names of...... Wee ste el Owe 
Sarmatia, Rivers in............ petite 385 
Spain, Towns and. Cities inseceees....386 
Spain, Riversine Fess. owas clays oot 385 
Syria, Towns and Citiesin.......... 388 
Salaries of the Principal Civil Officers 

of the United States............... 580 
Secretary of State, Salary of......... 580 


Secretary of the Treasury, Salary of .580 
Secretary of the Interior, Salary of...580 


Secretary of the Navy, Salary of..... 580 
Secretary of War, Salary of.......... 580 
Sixth Age of the World......... teewe tae LOG: 


Seventh Age of the World............768 

Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives, palary Of js.) i oc see sas ch oeere 580 

Superintendent of the Census, See 


Snetetanaent of the Naval obser! 
COLT HOMIBTY OF os sie vseis t Veweete «pales 580 

Superintendent of Patents, Salary of .580 

Superintendent of the Nautical Al- 


FOANA COALAEVAOL oi ook eon tee ene 580 
South Carolina Insolvent and Assign- 

MON LAWS es'e'isie ss cicveeve pigisa sts OOH 
Savings Banks...........-. seeisarocians 
Straits, Ancient Names of........ 2 384 
Third Age of the World............. 748 
Tables of Scripture Measures » Weights _ 

EL pte sesh cacoe Meaebenes Beg aweta es TT4 


Tabernacle, Measurement of....,....781 


























Table of Officers and Conditions a 
Men.. eevee rere eeveveene veeeee ee I8 
Traveler, ‘Commercial. ce eeeeeecees e eD20 
Treat io. okeae teense esoeeereseseseee 520 — Ye ie 
Test for Gold and Silver.............586 | 
Troy Weight (U.5S.).. 1628 
Tennessee Insolvent and Assignment as 
La aws seeeen 607 = 
Texas Insolvent and Assignment 
Laws. 


ewer e ee sesene 
ee ae’ 


eoseee 


aSaen/e tine Gels celec ¢ tate aaa 


Tale QuUale....seeeceeeerseeree sees B19 oy 
Tare seeeeee ereeeece eeeeeeraece eeeeeenes 519 a are 
Tariff, er eee eweeeeeee eee eeee eeeteeeeeners 519 aE 
Tender (in Money)....... 203% we d-eaisOuNnee 

Time. Bargaine. ins ~ cecmete ose Foie y eee 
TONNAGE: a cacccetncdstase ne eee E20 é 


Troops Furnished by each State dur- vs 
ing the Rebellion: < 4... £.0+ sensor 591- 
pro ana in the United 
* States lisse. odecea tie mete i 9 ten ONOn 


United States bee, Penalty for Muti- — 
PEAS bAT: Bnpin ee eRGe ERA we me ci 0 osc USO 
United States Coin, Table Showing | 
when Coined, Weight, Se. seeavwe 
United States Senators, Salaries of.. 580. 
-United States Judges, Salaries of....580 poe 
United States Ministers, Salaries of..580 — 
Universities and Colleges in the Uni- — 
ted States: 7... ... .. ceuen cee eee 
Utah Insolvent and Assignment Laws.607 


Wages css ce eens PROC vn o ee vinewate een 
Underwriter 2.0 .s's...s cee eee coos O20 
USance sss < ccs ob occ’ a sdmelneenete eerie 
Usury eee eevee eee eeeeeeeceeoeeoeeeueeese ee 520 


Vermont Insolvent and Assignment ie 
LA WSs 32 S55 ao Le «Whee a ool te een ee 60 
Virginia Insolvent and Assignment 


WO. sigs icis wee we ko eee eee ae 
VO@MC OSs cine pete tele Aeros Tep'v'elee De 
Voucher . . Vater 
Vessels, Technical Terms. of.. <'saaes ott 
Vice-President, Salary of......... Baa 
Vocabulary of Business pe re seen eB 
Words Commonly Mispronounced. 42 
A pill Werner Crate on 
Wager Polity: «ec. arnged inde a 
Wagon, Receipt for Lading..........51 
WaAlTality s. Jeasicelcs = sat oo oe Cae eRe 52 
Wharfage. 2... ss sot ohiees t-te ete eae 
Warehousing......sses6. $e wees eee 
Warrant of Attorney.......«.......-..02 
Ways and Means...... os ee cosas eee 
Wages Table by the Day............. 


Wages Table by the Wests Saat 
Weights and Measures of ese 
States and Other Countries... 
Wine Measure, 752%... vse camimnsiieeeee : 
War of 1812, Battles of............ 225 
Washington Femro eee and =. 
Assignment Laws. . 


LOWS 2/2 ae oe'c010:0 e nib ni craieate care eae 
Wyoming Insolvent and Lees 


UWSsscccccrrorespercesergascrsver 4 


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